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This paper considers three moments in the treatment of data about race and identity in India. Many elements go into the development of data imaginaries as these change over time. A complete history is beyond the scope of this paper, but I develop three key episodes to explore critical but changing features of interrelations between race, identity and statistical arguments historically. One aim is to explore key features of the argument developed by two significant individuals -- Thomas Nelson Annadale and P.C. Mahalanobis -- as they sought to develop databases that could answer questions about race formation and, in the case of Mahalanobis, might also be used to develop statistical methods on the one hand and aid governance on the other hand. A second aim is to use this historically based but highly selective investigation to uncover key features of the ideology with which the government of India has presented Aadhaar, its vast biometric identification system powered by authentication technologies afforded by artificial intelligence. This enables me to identify different forms of racial or ethnic identity that could be -- and in one or two cases actually have been -- implicated in the way Aadhaar has been used in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on mixed racial and ethnic identities has developed rapidly over the past decades, increasing in theoretical scope and depth, and exploring mixedness across a growing range of national and social contexts. Recent research has highlighted the huge variations and shifts in conceptions of mixedness around the world, and the different pathways to understanding what it means to be mixed through migration, development, postcolonialism and different forms of nation-building. This paper seeks to connect theory to practice, approaching mixedness through the lens of clinical sociology, applying sociological theory on the ground and exploring the utility of critical mixed race studies in everyday life. Clinical sociology as a practice is first outlined, juxtaposed against the development in theorizing around mixed racial and ethnic identities on an international level. The paper then looks at some possibilities for practical impact: by acknowledging the complexity of mixedness and everyday life, research on mixed identities can go beyond the development of theory and case description, with applied and clinical impacts ranging from the level of the individual to the level of the state. Research on mixedness worldwide illustrates the diversity inherent within ideas of mixing, and the micro, meso and macro applications and potential outcomes of such theories. This paper draws on new and shifting conceptions of mixedness, emphasizing that the sociology of mixedness can have considerable value in effecting positive social change: positioning the (mixed) individual within the (mixed) society and allowing sociology to become action. The development and use of theories around mixedness emphasize the importance of clinical sociology as a practice: a reason for theory, connecting the abstract to the everyday. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to recognizing a commemorative space and geography that serve to legitimize a particular racial identity, streetscapes in the U.S. named after Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., (MLK) are also a stereotyped space that is presupposed as marginalized. The main objective of this paper is to investigate whether stereotyped MLK neighborhoods differ from the lived spaces. To achieve this objective, the paper relies on two indexes of segregation: namely dissimilarity and interaction indices, the racial composition, and the socioeconomic characteristics of MLK neighborhoods in the 48 contiguous states. Both dissimilarity and interaction indices implied higher segregation in the South and Midwest. The higher proportion of the African American population relative to Whites and other races in the MLK neighborhoods, except in California, confirms that the MLK streetscapes are racially concentrated spaces. Further, analysis of socioeconomic variables does resonate with the stereotype of MLK neighborhoods as marginalized spaces. To demystify the stereotype and to reconstruct the identity of African Americans and their lived and experienced spaces, this paper draws upon studies of the broader process of racialization, critical toponymy, and stereotype theories. Based on this exploratory approach, the paper concludes that though the characteristics of MLK neighborhoods reflect their marginalized status, this status is itself the result of a broader process of racialization. This process has distributed resources unequally among racial groups, forming and buttressing negative stereotypes about African Americans while also stigmatizing their living spaces, which are all too often susceptible to a policy of benign (or not-so-benign) neglect, property devaluation, and industrial pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Critical African Studies is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper elucidates how using a dialogic approach to interracial conversations supported two cohorts of campus leaders to engage in organizational change. Dialogue centralizes relationship-building as a key mechanism for addressing organizational problems collaboratively. This paper describes the processes undertaken and lessons learned in the interracial dialogue program, which could serve as a guide for institutions of higher education (IHE) interested in anti-racism work. Findings include the ways relationships supported growth in understanding of the racialized experiences of BIPOC participants, differences in emotional taxation for participants given their racial identities, and the importance of acknowledging pain before moving towards change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with disabilities have been historically underrepresented in scientific fields as a result of systemic barriers and a "leaky pipeline" through academia. This has been especially true in field science, where a lack of resources and limited access to adaptive equipment have made accommodating disabilities in field settings seem daunting. This paper introduces the Equipment Repositories for Accessibility (ERA) model as a blueprint for universities to implement and improve the accessibility of field research and field-based courses. It first provides an overview of the history of disability in science and how systemic barriers contribute to underrepresentation and reduced access to field science. It then outlines the steps for the establishment and long-term management of the ERA model as a means of overcoming these barriers and provides a brief overview of the types of adaptive equipment available for a diverse range of accessibility needs. The scientific community benefits from the inclusion of diverse individuals and addressing barriers to accessibility is a necessary step in creating a truly intersectional academic community, which acknowledges the deeply interconnected nature of disability with other identities including race, gender, and sexuality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As researchers' identities impact the research process, researchers need to take a reflexive stance toward their positionality in the research. The issue of positionality is especially important for research focusing on multicultural issues, which necessarily involves dynamic power relations among different racial/ethnic groups. Drawing from reflections on my research focusing on South Korean adolescents' understandings of migrants, this paper illustrates when and how I confronted my positionality. My positionality as a racial/ethnic minority in the United States affected the process of selecting the research topic and the theoretical framework as well as analyzing interview data while my positionality as an ethnic Korean was salient when making interview questions, interviewing ethnic Korean adolescents, and reporting the findings. There was also a moment in which my identity as an international student from the United States outweighed my ethnic/racial identity during interviews. By sharing my experiences in conducting transnational research in my home country, this paper attempts to contribute to underrepresented discourse on the use of reflexivity in non-Western societies, especially when neither the researcher nor the researched is White. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Latinoamericana de Geografia e Gênero is the property of Revista Latinoamericana de Geografia e Genero and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Studies in the United States have shown that minority students might face a trade-off between better academic performance and peer acceptance, which has been termed "acting White." This paper investigates racial differences in the relationship between grades and popularity in five Brazilian schools. Popularity is measured using friendship ties among students, assigning a higher value to students more central in the network. The racial composition of friendship ties is generally diverse, although they tend to favor racial peers, especially among Black students. We find a positive correlation between grades and popularity of non-White students that is driven by their friendships with their White classmates. This contrasts with patterns associated with acting White, where a negative correlation between minorities' grades and their popularity among racial peers is not compensated by their status among White students. We also investigate how academic performance is associated with racial identity choice conditional on skin color, finding a weak negative relationship between higher grades and the odds of classification as mixed race. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The desideratum of this study is to evaluate the racial and identity perspective in the work of Maya Angelou, predominantly in her second autobiography. The racial and identity aspect in Gather Together in My Name, Maya Angelou's autobiographical work, will be the objective of the study. It highlights the racial encounters and identity crisis brought out by Maya Angelou. Her second autobiographical book follows the story of the author's life as a projection of American culture. It aims to look at Angelou's autobiography as just an illustration of a few of the issues that exist amongst racial groups in America, particularly concerning African-Americans who are constantly trying to find ways and establish themselves like normal citizens. The autobiography portrays Angelou's fight for her and other black women's rights in the United States and around the globe. She has uncovered significant certainties to any ear which can hear it. Her personal assertions present an incredible and true state of Afro-American womanhood as she continued looking for comprehension and love. She has freely examined her own life. The current paper delivers an investigation of the racial and identity aspect as it gradually unfurls Angelou's recreation of the dark-skinned women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the notion of intersectional discrimination in the context of the responses Italy has given to the challenge of protecting migrant women from persecutions, violence and severe exploitation. The essay moves from the acknowledgment that women's voices and experiences of subordination and oppression are often overlooked. Too often the different overlapping of discriminatory grounds are taken into account separately, without capturing the complexity of experiences they face with. It is argued that intersectionality is a realistic and effective way of incorporating women's human rights, not only in the analysis of their conditions, but also in the various policies and practices of governmental and nongovernmental agencies involved in such activities. The concept refers to the interrelation of the different forms of social stratification and identity such as race, gender, religion, age, class, ethnicity and disability, and to the fact that people belonging to multiple categories suffer a unique form of discrimination and face unique challenges. Intersectionality however requires a careful, flexible and context-specific proceduralisation of the respective practices, in particular through the referral from one agency to the others. Public and private actors active in Italy in the areas of asylum seeker/refugee protection, anti-trafficking/labour exploitation, and anti-violence have recently realized the crucial importance of a more substantive collaboration through 'intersectionality' in approaching situations of vulnerability and in crafting appropriate responses, while respecting the respective professional skills and mandates. The national legal framework, although theoretically committed to the imperative of protecting human rights and empowering victimised women, has not consistently supported such efforts. Legal fragmentation and a prevalent securitizing narrative, especially evident in the 2018-19 urgency legislation on asylum seekers, have posed serious obstacles to a consistent practice of crossreferral among social agencies. Margins of maneuver still exist however to elaborate alternative practices of inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyse the upward mobility path of some Romanian Roma, who were beneficiaries of the state-supported affirmative action programmes (Roma school mediator training, Romany language teacher programme, special high school and university places for Roma students). Social climbing in this research is investigated in case of first-in-family high school and university graduates. Simultaneously, these persons have higher school attainment than their parents (and beyond the compulsory minimum of ten grades). Based on previous research, the social climbing up is understood here as the possession of different capitals: cultural, network, and especially resilient and navigational capital, which plays a crucial importance in striking back in racially hostile social environments. The narrative interviews indicate that mobility lays on previously acquired symbolical capital (recognition of the family) and it is supported by many protective factors (neo-protestant churches, communist orphanages, and the state-supported projects themselves). Interviews also reveal how racial identity was transformed under the impact of mobility. Some respondents narrate themselves as cultural straddlers, who commute between the Roma and the non-Roma social worlds; the majority of them considers that education enables the erasure of racial stigma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated existing racial/ethnic health disparities in the United States. Monitoring nationwide Twitter conversations about COVID-19 and race/ethnicity could shed light on the impact of the pandemic on racial/ethnic minorities and help address health disparities. Objective: This paper aims to examine the association between COVID-19 tweet volume and COVID-19 cases and deaths, stratified by race/ethnicity, in the early onset of the pandemic. Methods: This cross-sectional study used geotagged COVID-19 tweets from within the United States posted in April 2020 on Twitter to examine the association between tweet volume, COVID-19 surveillance data (total cases and deaths in April), and population size. The studied time frame was limited to April 2020 because April was the earliest month when COVID-19 surveillance data on racial/ethnic groups were collected. Racially/ethnically stratified tweets were extracted using racial/ethnic group–related keywords (Asian, Black, Latino, and White) from COVID-19 tweets. Racially/ethnically stratified tweets, COVID-19 cases, and COVID-19 deaths were mapped to reveal their spatial distribution patterns. An ordinary least squares (OLS) regression model was applied to each stratified dataset. Results: The racially/ethnically stratified tweet volume was associated with surveillance data. Specifically, an increase of 1 Asian tweet was correlated with 288 Asian cases (P<.001) and 93.4 Asian deaths (P<.001); an increase of 1 Black tweet was linked to 47.6 Black deaths (P<.001); an increase of 1 Latino tweet was linked to 719 Latino deaths (P<.001); and an increase of 1 White tweet was linked to 60.2 White deaths (P<.001). Conclusions: Using racially/ethnically stratified Twitter data as a surveillance indicator could inform epidemiologic trends to help estimate future surges of COVID-19 cases and potential future outbreaks of a pandemic among racial/ethnic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differences in health outcomes across racial groups are among the most commonly reported findings in health disparities research. Often, these studies do not explicitly connect observed disparities to mechanisms of systemic racism that drive adverse health outcomes among racialized and other marginalized groups in the United States. Without this connection, investigators inadvertently support harmful narratives of biologic essentialism or cultural inferiority that pathologize racial identities and inhibit health equity. This paper outlines pitfalls in the conceptualization, contextualization, and operationalization of race in quantitative population health research and provides recommendations on how to appropriately engage in scientific inquiry aimed at understanding racial health inequities. Race should not be used as a measure of biologic difference, but rather as a proxy for exposure to systemic racism. Future studies should go beyond this proxy use and directly measure racism and its health impacts.VISUAL ABSTRACTAppeared as Annals "Online First" article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detecting and reporting systemic racial bias is an essential step toward the eradication of racial discrimination in our society. Doing so not only requires society members to voice and share their anecdotal experiences, but also relies on researchers to document systematic statistical evidence of racial bias. This paper documents the first large-scale evidence of business-to-customer racial bias on digital platforms on which the perpetrators are individual employees who act on behalf of a company and the victims are customers. This is in contrast to existing studies of racial bias on digital platforms that focus on peer-to-peer marketplaces in which both the perpetrators and the victims are individuals acting independently and on their own behalf. By analyzing more than 57,000 social media customer complaints to U.S. airlines and leveraging a variety of analytics techniques, including text mining and facial recognition, we present quantitative evidence that African American customers are less likely to receive a response when they complain than otherwise similar White customers. Furthermore, our deep learning–based falsification test shows that the bias is absent without the race-revealing visual cue. This study offers a practical yet powerful recommendation for companies: conceal all customer profile pictures from their employees while delivering social media customer service. This paper provides the first large-scale evidence of business-to-customer racial bias (B2C bias) on a digital platform, on which the perpetrators are individual employees who act on behalf of a company and the victims are customers. This is in contrast to existing studies of racial bias on digital platforms that focus on peer-to-peer marketplaces (e.g., eBay), in which both the perpetrators and the victims are individuals acting independently and on their own behalf. In particular, we present the first evidence of B2C bias in corporate social media customer service, a practice that has grown in popularity recently. Unlike traditional call centers, agents providing customer service on social media respond, on average, to fewer than half of the complaints they receive as per our analysis. We investigate the effect of a complaining customer's racial identity, as revealed by the social media profile picture, on the chance of receiving a response. By analyzing more than 57,000 social media customer complaints to major U.S. airlines and leveraging a variety of analytics techniques, including text mining and facial recognition, we present quantitative evidence that African American customers are less likely to receive a response when they complain than otherwise similar White customers. Furthermore, our deep learning–based falsification test shows that the bias is absent without the visual cue that reveals racial identity. This study offers a practical yet powerful recommendation for companies: conceal all customer profile pictures from their employees while delivering social media customer service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigrant communities have varying degrees of acculturation based on their predispositions for specific cultural norms and their propensity to exhibit similarities in principles, values, and a common lifestyle with dominant racial and ethnic groups. Food metaphors like the Melting Pot and the Salad Bowl theories have illustrated different approaches to integration by explaining the political and power dynamics between dominant and minority groups. Yet, little consideration is given in either theory to existing local contexts that influence the actions of these groups. By combining ethnic identities into homogenous outcomes, food metaphors empower dominant ethnic groups and set the tone for discriminatory legislative policies that eliminate programs aimed at helping minorities. For refugees, this obscures their actual socio-political circumstances and erases their historical experiences. This paper aims to review and critique existing literature about metaphorical homogenous assimilation and integration theories, with experiences from around the world. This paper postulates that using a homogenous common good as the baseline metaphor for assimilation and integration disregards the individual accommodations that need to be made for both dominant and minority communities. These accommodations, although sometimes separate from the collective good, have a significant role in creating conducive environments for diversity and inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the nature and significance of belonging and its intersection with Identity and being in the world. Its primary impetus is to address the question of belonging as it arises in postcolonial multi-ethnic, language, religious and racial identities in Africa. Where does ethnic and national Identity intersect and diverge? It remains a highly politicised and contested issue. Narratives on African belongings provide insights into the shape and complexity of the contemporary African debate and illustrate how, in the presentation of belonging as having multiple and competing manifestations, what it is to belong per se is rendered indistinct. This exemplifies the critical problem where Belonging is concerned. While Belonging is invoked as an issue of crucial existential concern in public discourse and across a broad range of disciplines, there is an apparent and troubling lack of conceptual or linguistic apparatus. The notion can be grasped and critically analysed. Therefore, this paper seeks to explore and redress this problematic situation. Consideration of Belonging also involves Identity and thinking of how these two concepts are articulated together in theory. This latter question is explored by surveying the theoretical and conceptual frameworks from which 'senses' of Identity and Belonging are commonly expressed in postcolonial Africa. Belonging qua correct relation represents an entirely new way of understanding, in existential terms, what it is to belong (or not), not only in the postcolonial African context but wherever and whenever the question arises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bessie Amelia Head, one of the most renowned African woman writers, explores the effects of racial oppression. Her novels portray the intricate relationships that exist between the constructive identity and racial discreteness. Being bi-racial, she experienced discrimination even in her birth place as well as in her adopted land Botswana. Head's novels can be seen as a systematic study of women's roles and handicaps in society, especially in an unjust one like South Africa. She has also x-rayed their emotional, psychological and spiritual endowments in the context of human society. Her women characters are always thrust into a resisting landscape from which they must transcend and realize their identity. This paper focuses on the magical realism in her novels that can be seen through the psychological sphere of her fictional characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The end of apartheid predictably caused something of an identity crisis for white South Africans. The sense of uncertainty about what it means to be white has led to much public debate about whiteness in South Africa, as well as a growing body of literature on whites in post-apartheid South Africa. One of the many responses to this need to rethink white identity has been the claim by some that white South Africans can be considered to be African or ought to begin to think of themselves as being African. This paper argues that whites' assertion of an African identity does not necessarily assist in the achievement of racial justice, but that some kind of shift in white identity is required in order for whites to be able to contribute to the achievement of a racially just South Africa. In making this argument, the paper brings contemporary discussions on race and whiteness, and in particular discussions about racial eliminativism, to bear on the question of whether or not white South Africans may rightly claim an African identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reflects on the articles that recount two incidents of racism at the Olympic games of 1936 and 1968, the article entitled "Open Letter to a Young Negro" by Jesse Owens with Paul G. Neimark from the book "Blackthink: My Life as Black Man and White Man" and the articles "A Courageous Stand" and "The Eye of the Storm" by Kenny Moore in "Sports Illustrated" magazine. The readings were used for a compare/contrast paper in a first-year composition class at Tulane University in Louisiana.

This study seeks to explore the career trajectories of Black South African female academics at the University of Kwa-Zulu Natal. Their lived experiences continue to include the political uncertainties of race and gender. Global scholarship on the challenges experienced by Black women in academia is palpable; the South African landscape is distinctive, resultant from the complex intersections of apartheid and the 2004 higher education transformation process. Fourteen in-depth interviews were conducted with 14 black female academics from five different campuses at the University of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. They were invited to recount their lived experiences as academics. Notable themes that emerged when examining race and gender included the old boys' network, the leadership paradox of feminised leadership versus the "queen bee" as well as the impact of stress. The theoretical framework that underpins this paper is social constructivism with a specific focus on intersectional theory. The intersectional theory will give context to race and gender identity in the experience of academics. The South African government documents intersectional experiences recorded in legislation that addresses disparities that existed during apartheid; nonetheless, these intersectional experiences of disadvantage are perpetuated. The dimensions of race and gender play a critical role in academia, while transformational legislation is responsible for facilitating gendered targets. These findings seek to provide a tool of support for Black women, as they continue to be exposed to innumerable challenges, including perfunctory appointments, remuneration incongruence and inconsistencies in the apportionment of research funding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I use discourse analysis as a framework to examine Facebook posts and understand how South African ethnic and racial slurs are used and responded to on social media platforms. I illustrate how language in general and slurs in particular work as tools for the negotiation, (re)production, (re)circulation and maintenance of particular ethnic and racial identities and representations. My findings focus on two interrelated aspects of the data: the first concerns the discursive features of the initial posts and the second relates to subsequent responses to the posts. The close examination of initial posts reveals the ways in which the original posters (OPs) position themselves and those they refer to using these slurs. Social media interlocutors recognise the words "kaffir", "coolie", "Hottentot" and "makwerekwere" as strongly tied to power and racial/ethnic identity and deliberately use them to provoke controversial debates and to construct "us vs. them" scenarios. The significance of the study is twofold: firstly, it contributes to literature that highlights the role of social media platforms as vehicles for racial and ethnic hate speech. Secondly, it underlines the complexities of race and ethnic relations in the country by highlighting the need for robust discussions around the way South Africans view themselves in comparison to out-group members, including other Africans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidemiological studies frequently classify groups based on phenotypes like self-reported skin color/race, which inaccurately represent genetic ancestry and may lead to misclassification, particularly among individuals of multiracial backgrounds. This study aimed to characterize both global and local genome-wide genetic ancestries and to assess their relationship with self-reported skin color/race in an admixed population of Sao Paulo city. We analyzed 226,346 single-nucleotide polymorphisms from 841 individuals participating in the population-based ISA-Nutrition study. Our findings confirmed the admixed nature of the population, demonstrating substantial European, significant Sub-Saharan African, and minor Native American ancestries, irrespective of skin color. A correlation was observed between global genetic ancestry and self-reported color-race, which was more evident in the extreme proportions of African and European ancestries. Individuals with higher African ancestry tended to identify as Black, those with higher European ancestry tended to identify as White, and individuals with higher Native American ancestry were more likely to self-identify as Mixed, a group with diverse ancestral compositions. However, at the individual level, this correlation was notably weak, and no deviations were observed for specific regions throughout the individual's genome. Our findings emphasize the significance of accurately defining and thoroughly analyzing race and ancestry, especially within admixed populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychological literature on race has discussed in depth how racial identities are dialogically constructed and context dependent. However, racial identity construction is often not compared across different socio-political contexts. By researching racial identity construction in three different multicultural countries, Malaysia, Singapore, and the United Kingdom, we examined how three racial identities, Chinese, Malay, and Indian, are constructed among Malaysians and Singaporeans in this qualitative study comprised of 10 focus group discussions (N = 39). We applied Dialogical Analysis to the data. This paper shows that both racial ingroups and outgroups constructed all three racial identities, with ingroups constructing their identities more heterogeneously compared to outgroups. Participants also engaged with colonial constructions of the three racial identities. The geographical locations, and therefore their perceptual contexts, of the participants differed. Yet, colonial constructions of race endured in contemporary identity construction and were contested in the group settings. We conclude that the socio-political context as understood by the context of colonialism and post-coloniality influenced their racial identity constructions. Participants, regardless of differences in geographical location, used similar colonial constructions of Malay, Chinese, and Indian identities to position themselves as well as Others in their group interactions. These findings show that there is value in conceptualising the context beyond that which individuals are immediately presented with, and that psychologists should consider the inclusion of cultural legacies of colonialism in their conceptualisation of the present context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the Munzur Culture and Nature Festival organized by the people of Dersim, an eastern province of Turkey, as a site of political activism, cultural reproduction, and intra-group contestation. The festival began as a groupremaking event for restoring cultural identity, defending locality, and mobilizing Dersimli people in the face of political repression. In time, socio-spatial and political fragmentation within Dersimli society became more prevalent. The festival experience came to reflect and contribute to the debates and anxieties about identity whereby different political groups competed to increase their influence over local politics as well as the event itself. On the one hand, this article discusses the organization of the Munzur Festival, its historical trajectory, and the accompanying public debates and criticisms. On the other, it explores festive sociabilities, cultural performances, and the circulation of politically-charged symbols throughout the event which showcases the articulation and competition of multiple ethno-political belongings which are the Dersimli, Kurdish, Alevi, and socialist ones. The festival's historical trajectory is dealt as two stages, unified struggle and internal strife, whereby the festival appeared as first a group-remaking then unmaking public event. The paper argues that this transformation is tied to hanging power relations in the local politics of Dersim, and the shifting state policies, namely the phase of repressive control strategies until the mid-2000s and the peace process and political relaxation until 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the theoretical and methodological principles of Variationist Sociolinguistics, this paper analyzes the use of the aspirated variant of postvocalic /s/ by residents of City of God, a predominantly-black neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro that is widely known as a favela (roughly, shantytown or slum). The analyzed data consist of seventeen sociolinguistic interviews conducted in 2015 with twenty-two residents of this community. The quantitative analysis included six social variables-race/color, regional origin, age, gender, education, and speaker-as well as six linguistic variables-preceding vowel, following sound, syllabic stress, number of syllables, grammatical category, and word. Race/color, age, and all the linguistic factors considered in the analysis were selected as statistically significant to the occurrence of /s/ aspiration. This study indicates a possible connection between aspiration and race/color and stresses the importance of including racial identity as a relevant factor in sociolinguistic studies in Brazil, especially those focusing on favelas and other similar urban communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Education Policy Analysis Archives / Archivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas / Arquivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas is the property of Educational Policy Analysis Archives & Education Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Though they differ in gender and racial mix, the authors Rebecca Walker and Kip Fulbeck use their respective memoirs, Black, White, and Jewish: Autobiography of a Shifting Self (2001) and Paper Bullets: A Fictional Autobiography (2001) to express the sometimes painful, complicated, and confusing experience of growing up racially mixed from the 1970s through the 1990s. This article reads their work side by side to demonstrate their common experience, revealing that both authors create multiracial identities to critique American liberal multiculturalism, which they view as an entrenched response to race and racial hierarchy inadequate in addressing the complexities, sensibilities, and vicissitudes of individual multiracial lives. Further, this article suggests that in the process of writing their respective memoirs, Walker and Fulbeck come to recognize and convey common theoretical insights regarding the contingency of social identities; the interconnectivity of race, class, gender, and sexuality; the historicity of multiracial self-awareness; the precarious status of multiracial bodies; and creative practice as a means to develop multiracial identities that empower the self to shift, evolve, and transgress multicultural designations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A literature review supplemented by interview data from a small sample of Haitian and Dominican immigrants living in Miami, Florida elucidates the complexities of Afrolatino-Dominican identity. The data include Dominican recollections of childhood warnings about threats posed by Haitians allegedly willing to cast spells and act as agents of punishment for misbehaving Dominican children. These data are consistent with antihaitianismo and the tendency for Dominicans to deny their African heritage in favor of their European Hispanic roots. The paper also explains how Dominicans' ethnic flexibility in navigating "racialized" social space in the US is relevant to future census measurement of race and ethnicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The present research investigates whether ingroup-outgroup distinction salience moderates automatic intergroup bias (i.e., more positive evaluations of ingroup targets relative to outgroup targets) toward multiply categorizable social targets. Methods: In two experiments, we manipulated the salience of participants' social identity based on age vs. race, respectively. Afterwards, we measured automatic evaluations of social targets varying in age and race. Results: Young White participants exhibited higher automatic race bias when their racial identity (i.e., White in contrast to Black) was salient. Conversely, they exhibited higher automatic age bias when their age identity (i.e., young in contrast to old) was salient. Discussion: Going beyond previous research, we show that it is sufficient to direct participants' attention to their ingroup-identity in contrast to the respective outgroup to cause changes in automatic intergroup bias. This is important because it provides a strong test of the hypothesis that ingroupoutgroup distinction salience moderates automatic intergroup bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the benefits of using diverse picture books to foster cultural understanding, positive racial identity, empathy, and racial justice among children, providing a framework for selecting and analyzing such books for cultural stereotypes and bias.

Race is one of the most contested topics. With the political victory of Barack Obama as the first African American president, discussions about racial issues in the United States have surfaced to the forefront of political debates. Yet, critics have argued that there is not much discussion about race given its significance in the history of this country. Informed by critical race theory, this paper examines the underlying reasons explaining the silence of many people about race. It goes on to examine race through a mosaic lens, pointing out various factors directly connected to it, such as racial identity politics, racism, multiracialism, and White hegemony. Finally, this paper analyzes the manner in which socially constructed racial stereotypes have contributed to and have been used to justify the poor socioeconomic situation and marginalization of People of Color, including linguistically and culturally diverse students. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

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This article demonstrates racial hybridity. The novel The Last of the Mohicans depicts racist stereotypes, but sometimes with more complexity. Sociological perspective on race prevailed all over America at the beginning of the 19th century. Cora is a leading female character in this novel. She is born to a White father and a Black mother. First, Cora is born of mixed-race. In earlier days, slavery has prevailed in America. So Americans thought that how could a mixed-race girl live in a higher society. This was the problem faced by her: Mauga, a White man, the antagonist of this novel, mentally torchers her to avenge her father. Unfortunately, at the end of the novel, she is dead owing to interracial mingling with Uncas. This paper portraits how she suffers due to a mixed race. The racism towards mixed-race people is very strongly portrayed. White people think that a person born of mixed race is a freak of nature. They also think that a person born in a mixed-race is a violation of nature. This article consists of the impact of mixed racial identity on people and how they are treated in society, and how they overcome it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on whiteness in Western cinema has effectively revealed how cinematic representation contributes to formulating, perpetuating, normalizing, and contesting white superiority in Western cultural discourses. However, little research considers how Chinese cinema imagines and negotiates whiteness. Using the visual-textual analysis method, this article examines the representations of white identities in Big Shot's Funeral (2001, dir. Feng Xiaogang) and Crazy Alien (2019, dir. Ning Hao). These are two well-received post-socialist Chinese dark comedy films depicting encounters between Chinese people and Westerners in contemporary China. Approaching racial identity as a form of social positioning, I analyze how various meanings are ascribed to white identities in the films, and how these meanings articulate Chineseness and Chinese nationalist sentiments. I show that white superiority is simultaneously reinforced and contested in the two films. While doing so, I will also highlight Western cultural theories' lack of analytical power in explaining how white superiority in cultural discourse transforms across different geographical locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The popularity of direct-to-consumer genetic ancestry services has exploded over the past five years, with as many as 250 direct-to-consumer genetic ancestry testing companies currently operating and estimates that 1 in 5 Americans are customers of one or more of those companies. Marketing of genetic ancestry testing has consistently linked the results of DNA testing to a consumer's racial and ethnic identity, and, because of that, can help consumers find out "who they really are." We argue that the "biologization" of race and ethnicity promoted in such marketing violates norms of marketing ethics. In particular, we show that this marketing technique violates a number of the core commitments and values of the American Marketing Association Statement of Ethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay offers a critical introduction to the circulation of racial materialities, and especially whiteness, in North American and European academic contexts. It proposes that we can escape from the dominant epistemology of identity as a fixed attribute of individuals without losing the urgent and much-needed analytics of identity as social and material force. In the gap between "identity politics" and a richer critical politics of identity lies the difference between a discursive public sphere of agonistic conflict and one of potentially transformative relationality. Drawing on critical race theory and especially black radical thought, my analysis rejects the reduction of identity to discrete census categories and attempts to situate contemporary scholarly practices in the context of a planetary decolonial movement. If "identity" today is all too frequently dismissed by a methodological whiteness that strictly separates it from materiality, politics, and knowledge, then a dramaturgical or choreographic analytics of race might better address how racial materialities operate both above and below the level of individual bodies, subjects, and citizens. Synthesizing practical insights from artistic research and performing arts with critical theories of race and identity, this essay refers to some of the author's recent personal experiences at academic events in order to describe and analyze whiteness as a form of social choreography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1996, Helen Lee dubbed the departure of second-generation Asian Americans from the non-English-speaking immigrant churches that they were raised in as the "silent exodus". This nationwide phenomenon was taking place largely because first-generation churches failed to provide the second generation with culturally relevant care that would enrich their ethnic, national, and spiritual identities. Glory, the church of focus in this study, was founded by and is home to many silent exiles. In hopes of being an enriching church for second-generation Asian Americans, pastoral staff and leaders have created spaces within Glory for racial identity and faith to be in conversation with one another. However, in regard to the music of the church, they were stumped on what could be done to make it uniquely and proudly Asian American. This conundrum inspired a key question in this study: What is distinct about the way that Asian Americans worship God through music? This study argues that the worship music at Glory Church is distinctly Asian American not by what is sonically perceived, but rather by what is physically performed and collectively experienced. The Korean-English, or Konglish, term nunchi bwa-ing (눈치 봐-ing) is utilized as a keyword to describes Christian musicking in a multilingual setting and foregrounds the Korean/Asian American worshiping body. This study concludes by looking forward and arguing that Asian Americans ought to amplify their worship music to the larger Contemporary Worship Music scene as it has the potential to be a powerful site of intergenerational healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness, and its pathophysiology includes neuroinflammatory changes. The present therapies for glaucoma target pressure-lowering mechanisms with limited success, making neuroinflammation a target for future interventions. This review summarizes the neuroinflammatory pathways seen in glaucoma and their interplay with stress. Glucocorticoids have been shown to activate proinflammatory glial cells, contributing to the neuroinflammation in glaucoma. Glucocorticoids have also been shown to increase the IOP directly. Stress-associated autonomic dysfunction can affect the vascular homeostasis in the retina and create oxidative stress. Diabetes, hyperglycemic-mediated endothelial damage, and vascular inflammation also play important roles in the neuroinflammation in glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. Psychosocial stress has been implicated in an increased IOP and glaucoma outcomes. People who experience maladaptive chronic stress suffer from a condition known as allostatic load, which describes pathologic neuroendocrine dysregulation. The effects of allostatic load and chronic stress have been studied in patients affected by a lower socioeconomic status (SES) and marginalized racial identities. A lower SES is associated with higher rates of glaucoma and also affects the access to care and screening. Additionally, people of African ancestry are disproportionately affected by glaucoma for reasons that are multifactorial. In conclusion, this review explores neuroinflammation in glaucoma, highlighting opportunities for future investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the concept of identity and the notion of transgressing the color line in Brit Bennett's The Vanishing Half. Racial passing, in which light-skinned African Americans lived their lives as white people, is a trope present in numerous African American novels, notably Nella Larsen's Passing. Brit Bennett's novel returns to the once-popular trope of transgressing the color line in the second half of the twentieth century in the United States. Although Bennett subverts the trope as no tragedy befalls those who cross the line of the racial divide, the novel presents how one's race, circumstance, and choices shape not only one's own identity but also how they impact the next generation. Through the return to the past, Bennett's novel emphasizes the continued divide within American society. Based on the historical and cultural backdrop of the United States, as well as through the application of affect theory, the article explores to what degree one's race, choices, experienced violence, and society's stereotypes and prejudice impact how characters feel, behave, and define themselves. The focal point of the analysis is the exploration of two generations of women from one family and the examination of how differently their racial identities have been shaped. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shares findings from a critical reflection on a collaborative participatory research initiative called "The Improving Schools Project." The first author's reflections explored the interaction of race, space, and positionality within the context of a cross-racial participatory research project. She considered how the racial identity of organizations and individuals nested within organizations impacted patterns of engagement and participation in this project. Through engaging in critical reflexive work facilitated by co-inquirers, she developed a clearer understanding of how the racialization of organizations played a critical role in mediating participants' engagement in terms of control, collaboration, and commitment. Organizational histories and legacies grounded in (mis)treatment and relationships with communities of color shaped and were shaped by the racial identities of individuals representing these organizations. Multi-layered critical reflexivity allowed for the examination of unintended impacts on participatory processes and practices in cross-racial participatory projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Revelations of organised abuse by men of Asian heritage in the United Kingdom have become a recurrent feature of international media coverage of sexual abuse in recent years. This paper reflects on the similarities between the highly publicised 'sex grooming' prosecutions in Rochdale in 2012 and the allegations of organised abuse in Rochdale that emerged in 1990, when twenty children were taken into care after describing sadistic abuse by their parents and others. While these two cases differ in important aspects, this paper highlights the prominence of colonial ideologies of civilisation and barbarism in the investigation and media coverage of the two cases and the sublimation of the issue of child welfare. There are important cultural and normative antecedents to sexual violence but these have been misrepresented in debates over organised abuse as racial issues and attributed to ethnic minority communities. In contrast, the colonialist trope promulgating the fictional figure of the rational European has resulted in the denial of the cultural and normative dimensions of organised abuse in ethnic majority communities by attributing sexual violence to aberrant and sexually deviant individuals whose behaviours transgress the boundaries of accepted cultural norms. This paper emphasises how the implicit or explicit focus on race has served to obscure the power dynamics underlying both cases and the continuity of vulnerability that places children at risk of sexual and organised abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Western society's preoccupation with the veil and the women who don them continues to occupy political and public arenas, garnering widespread attention. In the west, the veiling practices of Muslim women are most commonly as either a symbol of oppression or resistance. This dichotomy of prevailing discourses fails to capture the complexities of navigating gender, religious and racial identities within western society, thus perpetuating reductive representations of Muslim women. This article examines Western perceptions of Muslim women who choose to veil. Prevailing discourses are problematized, and considerations to elevate nuanced narratives of Muslim women that transcend the veil are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on a study of the decision-making and patterns of discourse of 21 novice teachers as they engaged with, reflected on, and discussed school-based scenarios about English learners. Employing qualitative content analysis, researchers explore patterns related to intention, bias, and criticality in participants' discourse. Participants avoided engaging with scenarios where solutions could not be enacted solely within their classroom, expressing hesitation about being disruptive to the school ecosystem and fear of conflict with colleagues, superiors, or parents. They focused on immediate solutions but rarely endeavored to identify the underlying assumptions that compelled characters to act in biased ways. While participants expressed awareness of their own privileged social positionings, they often struggled to connect their social identities to the underlying assumptions that informed their reactions to the scenarios. Notably, participants often used language that exonerated them from the judgment being cast on a character. Additionally, participants repeatedly racialized social identities unrelated to race and expressed distrust of students speaking a language they could not understand. These findings offer insight regarding novice teachers' intentions and (mis)understandings when working with English learners and offer important implications for teacher educators' as they prepare pre-service teachers to respond to such learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Systemic racism impacts personal and community health; however, education regarding its role in perpetuating healthcare inequity remains limited in medical curricula. This study implemented and evaluated the impact of a student-led anti-racism programme on medical students' perceptions of racial bias in medicine, awareness of, and confidence to advocate against racism in medicine. Method: A total of 543 early stage medical students were invited to participate in the programme. Participants were assigned readings and videos exploring racial injustice in medicine and attended a virtual small-group discussion facilitated by faculty and students. Online surveys were used to collect pre- and post-programme data using Likert scales for response items. Open-ended questions were independently reviewed by three authors using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Sixty-three early-stage medical students enrolled in the programme, of which 42 completed the pre-programme survey. There was a 76% (n = 32) response rate for the postprogramme survey. The majority of students (60%, n = 25) had no previous education about racism in medicine. From pre- to post-programme, there was a significant change in students' perceived definition of race from genetic, biological, geographical, and cultural factors to socio-political factors (P < 0.0001). Significant increases in almost all factors assessing student awareness of racism and confidence to advocate against racism were observed. Studentidentified barriers to discussing racism included lack of education and lived experience, fear of starting conflict and offending others. All survey respondents would recommend this programme to peers and 69% (n = 32) engaged in further topical self-directed education. Conclusion: This simple and reproducible programme improved awareness and confidence to advocate against racism in medicine and resulted in a change in opinion regarding racebased medical practice. These findings are in line with best practice towards addressing racial bias in medicine, decolonizing medical curricula and strengthening anti-racism teaching of future physicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]