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One of the relatively inexpensive alternative energy sources in terms of production and relatively environment friendly was the development of bioethanol from urban wastes that contain many lignocellulose such as paper waste. This study characterizes the composition of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in blank HVS paper, inked HVS and newspaper. The results showed the predominate cellulose (49-60 %) while the lignin concentration was very low due to the removal of colors (lignin) in the manufacturing process. The experiments continued with synthesis of bioethanol through Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) process. A combination of enzymes (Cellulase + Cellobiase) in 1:1 weight ratio and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used for hydrolysis and fermentation in the SSF process. Paper waste from newspapers, inked HVS, and empty HVS papers were used as raw materials. The initial pH of SSF in the column was at pH 5. Variation of enzyme concentration was carried at 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 g. The SSF process was carried out at incubation time of 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 hours. The ink affected the concentration of bioethanol produced. In this study, the best bioethanol content was produced by inked HVS and Newspapers at 0.5 grams of enzyme with a concentration of 1531 and 1111 ppm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In industries such as the chemical industry, the oil industry, the steel industry, and the pulp and paper industry, energy systems are the basis of the production process and represent key indicators of the profitability of the process. Energy efficiency in industry is long-term related to technological development and the dynamics of renewal of production capacities. Increasing energy efficiency in the industry leads to a reduction in energy consumption but also reduces the negative impact on the environment. The rise in energy prices, both electricity and other energy sources, and the development of fees for emissions into the environment will mean important economic incentives in efforts to reduce energy consumption and emissions, thus increasing efficiency and the use of renewable sources in the industry. The paper presents several measures that achieve fuel, energy, and air savings in Natron-Hayat Maglaj. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is to design a Solar Thermal Energy Harvesting System that can produce electricity from solar turbine. Solar energy was divided into two categories, thermal and photovoltaic. Thermal system operates using sun rays to drive a turbine. While photovoltaic system converts the photons in sunlight into electrical energy. Sunlight is a renewable energy and can produce electrical energy. In this paper, the main focus is the sun rays that reflected on the solar concentrator to heat a water and produce steam. The steam produce will turn a turbine and generate electricity. Concave mirror was selected because the focus to reflect sunlight is better than another light reflector. The parallel light rays from the sun become incident on the mirror and get reflected at focus. Thus, concave mirror was used to focus light to a point and used as a solar concentrator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research population is all students of Narotama University, 1633 students. There are 286 document results of urban solar articles on scopus.com. Select year range to analyze: 2011 to 2022, documents per year by source. More than 10 papers: Solar Energy 26 documents, Energy Procedia 16, Renewable Energy 13, IOP Conference Series Earth And Environmental Science 11. There are 286 document results of urban solar articles on scopus.com. Select year range to analyze: 2011 to 2022, documents by affiliation. More than 5 paper: Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 13 documents, Universidade de Lisboa 11, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa 8, University of Zagreb 7, Politecnico di Milano 7, Lunds Universitet 7, Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet 6. There are 286 document results of urban solar articles on scopus.com. Select year range to analyze: 2011 to 2022, documents by country or territory. More than 20 papers: China 34 papers, the United States 34, Italy 28, the United Kingdom 27. There are 286 document results of urban solar articles on scopus.com. Select year range to analyze: 2011 to 2022, documents by subject area. More than 30 papers: Energy 161 documents, Engineering 89, Environmental Science 86, Social Sciences 38, Materials Science 32, Computer Science 31, and Earth and Planetary Sciences 31 researches. There are 286 document results of urban solar articles on scopus.com. Select year range to analyze: 2011 to 2022, documents by funding sponsors. More than 5 papers: National Natural Science Foundation of China 9 documents, Horizon 2020 Framework Programme 7, Energimyndigheten 6, European Commission 6. Crosstab analysis is intended to cross two or more variables to determine the relationship between these variables. The data used is nominal or ordinal type data, categorical data. Student support MBKM especially MBKM KKN Village, we can see that the best Department are Civil Engineering, Law, Information System, Computer System, Accounting and PGPAUD. Curriculum support MBKM especially MBKM KKN Village, we can see that the best Department are Law and PGPAUD. Ministry support MBKM especially MBKM KKN Village, we can see that the best Department are Civil Engineering, PGPAUD and Accounting. Student support to share MBKM program especially MBKM KKN Village, we can see that the best Department are Civil Engineering, PGPAUD and Accounting [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fossils are depleting in the present situation which will not be available for the future generation which is a bad situation to be faced by our future generation. It is estimated that existing charging facilities will not be able to satisfy the marvellous charging demands of a vividly increasing number of EVs. They are a lot of methods to charge an EV. In this paper, we are using solar energy for charging. This paper projected an approach to efficiently decide the locations and sizes of solar energy-assisted charging stations. This paper shows optimal strategies for the in-home energy management system (HEMS) integrating solar power, energy storage, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capability for predetermined scenarios. This paper also says the present scenario of EV India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar power is one of the fastest-growing means of renewable energies. This paper is designed and implemented with the help of the internet of things to efficiently manage the load of the solar panel based on the weather data. The weather data is stored and managed by cloud storage, using these data a smart algorithm efficiently manages the power to meet the load and store it in a battery. This system uses ESP8266 NodeMCU to monitor, manage IoT weather data and the power management of the solar system, thereby enabling the system to operate independently, which in turn reduces the error and increases the overall efficiency. The user can get over the control of the solar power system when it is needed. It greatly helps to reduce the electricity charges for the user and also stresses on the power supply provider during peak hours. In existing systems, only MPPT or PWM controllers are used to charge the battery all time irrespective of the weather data. This paper uses reliable components available in the market so it is more economical to implement. This paper makes the solar power system its system to meet the load in a cost-efficient manner and efficiently [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper gives a complete survey of the security-obliged unit responsibility issue coordinated with environmentally friendly power sources and module electric vehicles. This paper gives the current situation of the world connected with SCUP of module electric vehicles and environmentally friendly power sources. A comprehensive survey is done to make up for the lack of a literature review on this subject and their result is discussed on the different parameters. The main objective is to help a reader to gain complete knowledge in this area and summarize the recent development in the file of security-constrained unit commitment problems related to electric vehicles and renewable energy resources assimilation. The paper also provides major development in the field of renewable energy sources and electrical vehicles and the impact of security-constrained on the electrical vehicles and renewable energy resources. The paper specially provides a very comprehensive review of the research and development in the SCUC problems interrelated to plug-in electric vehicles and renewable energy resources and the efforts that are going on for its enhancement to help the new researchers in addressing the problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of energy self-sufficiency is currently crucial. The concept of energy selfsufficiency is closely related to the concept of energy security; yet, there are many definitions for the term energy security. The essence of all of them is for a country to secure enough energy resources to cover its needs. If a country can secure these resources on its own without depending on imports from other countries, one refers to energy self-sufficiency. Energy self-sufficiency can be achieved in a number of ways such as reducing energy demand, improving fuel efficiency, securing physical infrastructure networks, increasing storage capacity, or increasing the use of renewable energy sources. Fundamental forms of energy self-sufficiency are external self-sufficiency, internal selfsufficiency, and energy consumption; overall, energy self-sufficiency consists of four components: availability; affordability; energy and economic efficiency; and environmental stewardship. Low energy self-sufficiency has a significant economic and social impact, which is reflected in a country's balance of payments and employment, it can lead to economic crises and price instability. Lack of access to reliable and affordable energy can result in food insecurity; health problems; limited access to education, social and economic development. The linkages between energy, food self-sufficiency, and self-sufficiency of water resources are considered in terms of the so-called WEF Nexus (Water-Energy-Food Nexus) that focuses on the interconnectedness of water, energy and food systems to promote sustainable development and address global climate change. Based on the application of scientific methods in relation to the investigation of energy self-sufficiency (the "E" Matrix in the framework of the WEF Nexus) on the background of quantitative & qualitative sustainable development and CSR trends, the main aim of our paper is to assess energy self-sufficiency in the context of the WEF nexus as well as in the light of the United Nations 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in order to formulate opportunities arising from the European Union Recovery and Resilience Plans. When documenting quantitative & qualitative sustainable development trends in the context of the WEF Nexus, our paper addressed the United Nations 2030 Agenda (alias "SDG diplomacy") as well as the NextGenerationEU Agenda (alias "Green Deal diplomacy"). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on robust and efficient control for a two-stage PV Solar water pumping system (PVWPS) Renewable energy(solar) is among the most affordable forms of renewable energy sources to meet the world's growing energy needs, due to its lower investment and running costs. Agriculture is one of the most important sector in our economy because it supports a large portion of the people. PV solar powered water pumping systems have recently gained popularity over traditional diesel engine-based pumped systems due to features such as fuel-free operation, lower operating costs, and environmental friendliness. Because to the lack of grid electricity in rural locations, this application is more useful. Since it is a two-stage system, the first stage includes an MPPT control mechanism that limits the duty ratio of the DC-DC Boost Converter to extract as much power as available from solar PV panels. The incremental conductance approach is used in this system because it generates a good amount of power under rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. For controlling the switching pulses of Voltage Source Inverter(VSI) in the second stage, a controller is used. Because of this, a sliding mode controller is employed in this paper. The MATLAB-Simulink setting has been used to implement both the system under consideration and the control schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The residential load sector ensures power system stability and effective energy management. Despite efforts to integrate renewable energy sources and develop information and communication technology, the residential sector's flexibility, energy management, and scheduling challenges persist, impeding the power grid's stability and efficiency. Demand Side Management (DSM) has emerged as a crucial solution to address these challenges. This paper proposes a DSM model that employs Binary Particle Swarm Optimization to perform residential load scheduling while considering a time-of-use pricing scheme. Simulation results demonstrate a significant reduction in energy costs, validating the proposed model's effectiveness in enhancing the power grid's stability and efficiency. By adopting this approach, residential consumers can efficiently manage their energy consumption, reducing overall energy costs while contributing to the power grid's stability and efficiency. The proposed DSM model represents a significant step towards achieving a sustainable and cost-effective energy future, offering a compelling argument for its adoption in residential settings. This paper contributes to the field of energy management by providing a technically rigorous and persuasive analysis of the benefits of DSM in residential load scheduling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to observe the possible future desalination techniques. Currently, the different types of technologies are proposed by the desalination industry. The number of RO applied worldwide increased over other desalination methods. In PLN, RO represents 39% of the total installed capacity, about 31% is provided by MSF, and MED units produce 30%. Therefore, this paper discussed the opportunities and challenges of desalination plants by reviewing the published papers and based on application experience in PLN. The traditional review method is used by summarizing previously published on-topic, further elaborating with PLN research in 2017 according to the context of this study. The results reveal that membrane, corrosion, and fouling are common problems in applying RO globally and based on practice in PLN. Meanwhile, the significant issues in thermal processes are problems with the instrument, pumps, and electrical systems. Optimization in material use, the mechanical design of evaporator systems, and performance rates are the main areas of improvement in thermal. These improvements are expected to reduce the energy demand of thermal processes due to the consumption of energy for thermal is higher than RO. Emerging trends in desalination innovation are also described in this paper. Since climate change has urged the energy transition worldwide by increasing the adoption of renewable energy for both electricity supply and direct use, renewable energy with desalination for future purposes has become a significant choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is getting more attention in recent years as it is bringing more devastating natural disasters such as heat waves, drought and floods around the world. Human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels, which produce heat-trapping gases, are the main driver of climate change. The enormous amount of greenhouse gases that are released into the atmosphere accelerates the pace of global warming. On the other hand, renewable energy is usually clean and sustainable. Thus, turning down the role of fossil fuel in the energy sector should be a priority and facilitating the use of renewable energy is the best solution to mitigate climate change. To have a clear picture on the current situation, the paper will include a literature review about climate change, greenhouse gases and renewable energy. The methodology, analysis methods and results will be included in the paper. Data collection, pre-processing, data analysis and data visualisation dashboard will be involved during the process. A data analysis dashboard will be created to incorporate the background of the story and the results of the data analysis. The users will be exploring the trends of renewable energy and greenhouse gas emissions with data analysis tools to gain useful insights from the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of developing alternative energy sources with high efficiency was posed back in the middle of the 20th century. One of the possible ways to solve it is the development of systems based on direct absorption solar collectors based on nanofluids. Systems of this kind are the most environmentally friendly and modern, the disadvantages of which include the complexity of maintenance and climatic restrictions of widespread use. The aim of this paper is to determine ways to increase the efficiency of heat transfer in systems for collecting and storing solar energy by means of mathematical modeling of heat and mass transfer processes in direct absorption solar collectors based on nanofluids. When constructing a mathematical model, the contributions of the diffusion and electrostrictive components were taken into account. A mathematical model of heat and mass transfer in a liquid-phase medium with nanoparticles under the action of a light field is investigated, taking into account one-dimensional concentration convection in the form of a boundary-value problem for a system of second-order partial differential equations. The reported study was funded by RFBR, project number 19-31-90070. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the possibility of floating photovoltaic farms on the reservoirs of the Olt river in Romania. For the analysis, a database with the solar irradiance evolution for one year in the four possible locations was created, using the PVGIS-SARAH2 database. The locations were chosen according to the surface area of the reservoir, geographical position, and possibility of connection to the national energy system. After the analysis, it was observed that during the cold season, the solar irradiance is higher in locations 1 and 2, while locations 3 and 4 show higher irradiance during the warm season. Simulations of electricity production were carried out for the location of solar farms, with an installed capacity of 1 MWh, with a southern positioning of the panels having different tilt angles of: 0, 15, 30 and 45 degrees. The paper continues with a statistical analysis of the monthly and annual electricity production when installing solar farms in the analysed locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Question In this paper we explore elements of distributive energy justice, asking: are renewable energy power plants sited near privileged or marginalized communities, and how does this compare with fossil fuel power plants? Our premise is that just because the U.S. is shifting to a more ecological sustainable energy grid, it is not being done in an equitable way. Method and Data We align U.S. EIA (2019) data on the location of oil (n=1600), coal (n=327), wind (n=1138) and solar (n=3330) power plants with the U.S. Census Bureau's (2019) American Community Survey (ACS) demographic information for the block-groups (communities), using geographic information system shape files to match communities with power plants. We also added in the average wind speeds (Draxl et al. 2015) and solar radiation (Sengupta et al. 2018) of the areas to capture context-specific effects. We focus on coal and oil because of their higher toxic profiles (natural gas is a cleaner burning fuel), and wind and solar because these technologies are expected to make up the largest shares of low carbon energy in the future. Using a centroid-distance based method (Mikati et al. 2018), we compare the demographic profiles (race, class, education, limited English/linguistic isolation) of host communities for oil, coal, solar and wind power plants to those who are non-host. Host communities are those whose centroid fall within a 5-mile radius of the power plant; non-hosts have their centroid fall within a 50-mile circle of the power plant but outside of the 5-mile radius. We build logistic regression models for each type of power plant (Lilijenfeldt and Pettersson 2017; McCoy 2017), assessing the odds that a community with a certain demographic profile will be a host community. Distributive injustices are evident but vary pending the type of power plant. For coal, we find that communities with higher levels of Indigenous or White populace are significantly more likely to host power plants (odds ratios greater than 1), however, those with Black Americans are less likely (odds ratio less than 1). This could reflect the effects of the transition away from coal (since 2010, 1/3 of coal plants have shut down) (U.S. EIA 2019), and the support among White populaces for coal due to a perceived fear of job losses (Blaacker, Woods, and Oliver 2012). For oil, we find the typical energy distributive injustice scenario (Mohai & Saha 2015; Richmond-Bryant et al. 2020): communities that are low-income, with a higher proportion of Blacks, Latinx, Asians and Indigenous people or those who have limited English (linguistic isolation) are more likely to host an oil power plant. Solar power plants are more likely to be located in Black, Latinx, Asian, and Indigenous communities, yet are also overrepresented in those communities with a higher level of income, education, and lower levels of linguistic isolation. This points to the ability of non-White communities to utilize their social capital to secure the benefits of solar farms, however, it also means that these latter additional inequities skew these (desirable) power plants away from those who are more marginalized within these non-White groups (lower-income/education, linguistically isolated). Communities that host wind farms are more likely to have a higher proportion of Latinx and White populaces (but not Black and Indigenous Americans) and lower levels of income. The White communities also tend to have lower levels of education and limited English capabilities. These findings could point to the rural nature of wind farms, generational differences (in English/education levels), and/or the economic (and likely social) power needed to stymie undesired wind farms. Key Contributions Our results provide updated data regarding the transition of U.S.A.'s energy system to more renewable sources, demonstrating that inequities are occurring in various ways. These insights highlight the importance of power dynamics that policy makers and marketers need to recognize, as these can influence which communities get undesirable or desirable power plants. This includes power that stems from economic (income), social (education, race), and political (linguistic isolation) sources. Thus, for policy makers and utility companies, our paper demonstrates a need to take a more targeted approach when siting desirable renewable sources of energy, employing intersectionality analysis and using social marketing tactics that can accommodate a spectrum of education/English literacy capabilities and socio-cultural pressures (e.g., the perceived necessity of coal plants among certain White communities). They also need to look at the flip side of our research: the notable absence of wind energy in places where natural conditions are prime yet where privileged people (e.g., coastal communities) undermine their development. Tracing distributive injustices is thus key to shedding light on the resource and power imbalances that are shaping the landscape of power plant sittings. While we may be shifting to a more environmentally-friendly energy system, much work remains to ensure that this is also an equitable transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growth of global energy demand and the pressure of environmental protection, ocean energy has received widespread attention as a clean and sustainable form of energy. The purpose of this paper is to analyze various forms of ocean energy, explore its working principles, power generation technologies and application potential, and evaluate its research progress on a global scale. This paper details the working principle and power generation technology of ocean current, tidal, wave, temperature difference and salt difference energy. Especially in terms of salt differential energy, this paper analyzes the key role of permeable membrane technology and the large-scale production of low-cost special membranes. The analysis shows that countries have made significant progress in research in the field of ocean energy, especially in ocean current energy and tidal energy. China has also made breakthroughs in ocean current, wave and temperature difference energy. In short, ocean energy has great potential for development as a clean and sustainable energy source. Future development trends will focus on improving power generation efficiency, reducing costs, and reducing ecological environmental impact. As technology advances and costs fall, ocean energy is expected to occupy a more important position in the global energy system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's power scenario, the increasing power demand is a prevailing concern. The electrical power generated by non-renewable energy sources falls short in meeting this escalating demand. Utilizing renewable sources in conjunction with non-renewable energy becomes imperative. Among various renewable energy sources like wind, tidal, biomass, and solar, the latter is especially advantageous due to its widespread availability and environmentally friendly nature. However, the power generated by solar cells is influenced by atmospheric conditions, and its delivery hinges on connected loads. Achieving maximum solar cell power output is challenging due to atmospheric variations, necessitating the use of various Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) methods. This paper introduces the application of the Incremental Conductance (INC) method for MPPT, which, in comparison to the Perturb and Observe (P & O) method, is better suited for tackling oscillations arising from diverse atmospheric conditions. The selection of a DC-DC CUK converter holds significance for maximizing power, offering low ripple levels at both input and output stages. The paper comprehensively covers converter design, simulation outcomes for a battery-connected standalone PV system employing the INC MPPT method [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is a crucial technique for photovoltaic (PV) systems to maximize their energy conversion efficiency. This paper briefly reviews various MPPT techniques and algorithms utilized in solar-powered systems. The benefits and drawbacks of each strategy are explored, and a brief comparison table is offered to make it easier to choose the best MPPT approach for a given application. The paper also discusses the importance of MPPT research in harvesting pure energy from renewable energy sources. The paper also highlights the power output issues faced by solar-powered systems, especially in partial shading conditions, which reduce the power output of the systems. Nonetheless, the maximum power point (MPP) is the only power point needed to obtain maximum PV power. Overall, this paper provides valuable insights into MPPT techniques and algorithms, their strengths, and limitations, and their suitability for different applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition to renewable energy resources is a challenge for Romania, as well as for the whole world. The goal of the European Commission is to accelerate the use of renewable resources to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030. Romania had in 2022, 40,171 prosumers with the forecast that they will reach 100,000 in 2023. The previous research carried out showed a positive attitude of the household population in Romania towards these energy resources, but also important barriers that considerably slow down the process, Romania being behind the target set by the European Commission. Through this research, we seek to identify how gender differences are reflected in the approach to renewable energy resources to facilitate this transition. The present research covers a gap in the specialized literature by investigating, differentiated by gender, the perception of Romanian residents regarding renewable energy resources. The case study was carried out in 2023 on residents of two cities out of the 266 in Romania, Oradea and Timișoara. The reasons for choosing the two cities are related to their similar economic development, positioning in the same part of the country, and, in particular, their performance in increasing the number of green energy prosumers. A questionnaire survey was carried out with a result of 1098 valid questionnaires with a gender structure that allows a differentiated analysis (42.53 men, 53.18 women, 4.28 unspecified). The internal consistency of the answers was carried out with aCronbach. The data processing methods used are Importance-Performance Analysis, RStudio202207.1+554, and qualitative processing with Atlas.ti22. A hypothesis we tested is whether women are more sensitive to environmental issues and the type of energy produced and consumed or the cost factor is the one that dictates. The results suggest gender-differentiated solutions for raising public awareness and encouraging action. Limits of the paper are found only in the two Romanian cities, the geographical extension of the sample being a possible future research direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaysia has targeted to achieve 40% of renewable energy (RE) by 2035. It is evident that solar energy shall contribute the largest portion of the target due to the abundant resources of solar in Malaysia. Nevertheless, Malaysia should not limit its' RE resources to only solar energy. This includes RE in the likes of wind energy. Although generally Malaysia has comparatively low annual average wind speed, numerous studies have shown that there are several areas with relatively higher annual average wind speed. These areas may potentially be considered for wind energy development. Several methodologies have been utilized by researchers to identify such areas. Several researchers opted to develop wind maps to identify the potential area in Malaysia for wind energy development. Interpolation methods such as Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) and Kriging are commonly utilised in wind mapping studies as these methods are effective to estimate the wind speed at unmeasured area. This paper reviews the comparison between the wind speed interpolation methods which are IDW and Kriging for wind energy applications in Malaysia. Among the interpolation parameters compared include input, results and validation. The way forward proposed by this paper will aid as a reference for future advances in wind mapping in Malaysia and its surrounding region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates how Thai micro-enterprises give significance to energy, as part of the sustainability indicators. The questionnaire is constructed based on the sustainability focus, constructed on 3 dimensions, 6 sub-dimensions, and 23 indicators, by which energy is a sub-dimension of interest. The questionnaire is sent to 100 Thai micro-enterprises and 49 are returned. The paper then investigates (1) the significance level of the sustainability indicators and (2) the correlation of the sustainability sub-dimensions. The results show that energy is one of the least concerning areas of Thai micro-enterprises. Substitution of renewable energy and shift to fewer energy products and technologies are amongst the least significant topics out of 23 sustainability indicators. Energy also has a direct correlation with raw material & natural resources and human resource management. The result is thus suggestive to the policymakers if there are measures to leverage the energy, sustainability, or to any specific dimensions of this enterprise sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy generated from Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are eco-friendly, sustainable, reduces global warming and greenhouse effect. Reduction in the capital cost of solar photovoltaic panels and wind generators helps to enhance the utilization of RES. Along with the usage of renewable energy the smart grid (SG) technology is preferred over traditional grid. SG uses Advanced metering infrastructure and Demand side management techniques to balance the load and generation. The objective of this paper is to utilize the maximum amount of renewable energy from the Roof Top Solar Photovoltaic (RTSPV) and minimize the electricity bill to be paid to Distribution Company. To reduce the dependency on the grid further, Energy Bank (EB) is used. The Real time pricing (day-ahead pricing signal) tariff is used for the home system used in this paper. The proposed Automatic Home Renewable Energy Management and Distribution System (AHREMDS) methodology helps to reduce the monthly bill from 30% in summer months to 50% in winter months. Double area strategy reduces the bills further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous, reliable electrical energy supply is essential in this modern world as humanity's day-to-day activity depends on uninterrupted electrical energy. Power Electronic converters play a crucial role in power quality improvement, variable-speed drives, grid integration of renewable energy conversion systems, energy storage systems, and electric vehicles. Experiences in the field reveal that power semiconductor devices are the most critical component in the power conditioning unit in terms of failure rate. Power devices reliability analysis and prediction play an essential role in determining the overall functionality of renewable energy power conversion systems. In this paper, the reliability of various DC-DC converters is predicted using the Markov analysis method with the help of the Symbolic Hierarchical Automated Reliability and Performance Evaluator tool. This paper reports mainly on the reliability of power electronic devices as they are a severe risk factor to converter system reliability. Comparative analysis of converters gives an explicit knowledge of which system is best concerning the reliability point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar Grid-tie Inverter System is rapidly developing in response to the trend of converting to using renewable energy. In which, the research of power electronics to imply has an important role. Researchers often use Matlab and PSIM software to simulate power electronics systems to help compute and analyze algorithms very well. These softwares can generate code automatically embedded in the MCU to directly control Power Electronics switches such as IGBT, MOST FET ... so the evaluation of the theory is developing very fast. However, when implemented in practice, programs generated automatically in the simulation have not high reliability, and may cause problems in the first time test. This article analyses possible causes of problems in DC / DC converters and proposes solutions to test the system with a degree of safety while the driver program may be incomplete. This article content includes: Introduce overview DC / DC converter in solar GTI. Control errors can occur in the circuits and their consequences. Generalizing incident possibilities and proposing a prevention method. Verification simulation: Surveying a solar GTI 1P - 5kW system solar with voltage VSolar = 200- 500VDC (MPPT point), connecting to AC grid 1P - 50Hz. This paper uses PSIM software to simulate the DC/DC converter to analyze the transient as well as possible failure cases in the DC / DC converter to propose an absolutely safe test solution for the first time test. The results applied in the Solar GTI (Grid Tie Inverter) system actually include the test of creating control errors, but the parameters of the test system are still safe. The demonstrations were assessed through simulation using PSIM that imaged the current and voltage of the test system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a multi-criteria model to solve the planning problem of a renewable energy portfolio in which economic, social, and environmental sustainability objectives are considered. In the first stage, a parametric set of Fuzzy Hierarchy Goal Programming models is built to find a collection of energy mixes that satisfy soft priorities according to the corresponding economic, social, or environmental profile. In the second stage, we determine the weights of the goals based on stakeholder preferences using the Extended Best-Worst method. We then calculate the utility of each renewable energy portfolio detected in the first stage by applying a value function associated with the importance of the objectives. Finally, the best energy mix for each profile is found by applying a behavioral TOPSIS method. The proposal is applied to Spain. This method allows us to find renewable energy systems that guarantee good economic performance and environmental and social benefits. Purpose: A model that is able to flexibly take into account the preferences of different stakeholders when designing a portfolio of alternative renewable technologies. A hybrid methodology Goal Programming with a Fuzzy Hierarchy (GPFH) model combining with a Behaviour TOPSIS is proposed to achieve this purpose. The methodology is applied in Spain for 2025 and 2030 according to the provisions granted for the Reference Scenario 2020 model (Commission et al., 2021). Methodology: The pioneering model of goal programming (GP) was proposed by Charnes and Cooper (1955) and further developed by several authors, including Lee (1972), Ignizio (1985), and Romero (2014). GP has become one of the most popular techniques within the field of multiple criteria decision-making (Jones & Tamiz, 2010) and is one of the most widely used methods due to its applicability to real problems (see, e.g., Bilbao-Terol et al., 2012; Chang, 2015; Hocine, 2020). The methodology unfolds in two stages. In Stage 1, a Goal Programming Model with a Fuzzy Hierarchy is applied. Assume that a stakeholder with a specific profile wants to propose a Renewable Energy (RE) portfolio that addresses the conflicting impacts of the different technologies according to her preferential structure. To incorporate the priority structure of the impacts for the stakeholders, we develop a decision goal programming model in which the particular preferred solutions of the stakeholders and their imprecise hierarchy structure are taken into account. Stage 1 gives a finite set of portfolios in which the corresponding stakeholder should choose her preferred solution according to the importance awarded to the impacts of each alternative. In Stage 2, we select the best portfolio by applying Behavioural TOPSIS with Best-Worst weights. We address a weighting process to determine the relative importance of the impacts according to the profile of the corresponding stakeholder. We use the Extended Best-Worst method (Bilbao-Terol et al., 2022), which determines the priority weights from interval pairwise comparison judgments and is based on the Best-Worst (BW) method (Rezaei, 2015) for constructing the incomplete interval comparison matrix. We solve an Extended Best-Worst (EBW) method considering the most important criterion (best) and the least important criterion (worst) for the decision maker. The results of EBW are applied to a value function to assess the alternative RE portfolios. Lastly, a Behavioural TOPSIS is used to find the best RE portfolio. Results: The proposed MCDM methodology allows us to use six impacts, specifically Total Employment (APPA, 2022), Energy return on investment (Mekonnen et al., 2015), Land-use footprint (King et al., 2023), Levelised Cost Electricity (IRENA, 2023), Lifecycle assessments of GHG emission values (IRENA, 2022), Water footprint (Mekonnen et al., 2015) to assess six renewable technologies: Bioenergy, Concentrated Solar Power, Hydropower, Offshore and Onshore Wind, and Solar Photovoltaic Power. We present three profiles: economic, ecological, and social. Each profile is determined by fuzzy relations modelled according to the proposed methodology, and a set of weights is obtained by applying the EBW method. The results show that the largest share corresponds to onshore wind in the economic and environmental profiles. For the economic profile, the largest share corresponds to onshore wind, the technology with the lowest LCOE. Also, Bioenergy and Offshore wind increase their use concerning generation in 2023. For the environmental profile, the largest share corresponds to onshore wind, the technology with the lowest LU. Bioenergy decreases its share compared to generation in 2023 due to its highest LU and high WF. Also, the SPV decreased its share with respect to generation in 2023 due to its highest LCA, and the CSP and Hydropower decreased their share with respect to generation in 2023. Finally, the social profile's largest share corresponds to solar power and wind. Bioenergy's share with respect to generation will decrease in 2023 due to its highest LU and high WF. Research limitations: In future research we want to address the treatment of imprecision and ambiguity in the coefficients that determine the performance of each technology in each of the criteria considered. Our idea is to extend the work of Inuiguchi (1991), Arenas et al. (1999) by proposing an interval goal programming. Originality: A new methodology that, in two stages, achieves an RE portfolio according to the soft priorities of DMs. Fuzzy relationships allow us to overcome the drawbacks of the lexicographic order. The different energy profiles have different priorities for the considered impacts, but they cannot forget the impacts situated in inferior positions. Therefore, fuzzy relations are suitable in energy planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have seen a huge demand in Energy due to the industrial revolution and urbanization. Though most of the energy need is compensated by fossil fuel which leads to depreciation in underground resources for fossil fuel. Also the major concern for utilizing the fossil fuel is releasing of CO2 in the atmosphere causing global warming. The aforementioned concern around the fossil fuel has seen a shift in dependency towards the renewable energy sources such as Solar, Wind, and Water etc. Although renewable sources of energy are very clean and abundantly available in nature but the intermittent behavior of these energy source create a huge mismatch between the energy demand and energy supply. To bridge these above gap, Thermal energy storage plays a pivotal element role which stores energy by heating and cooling of storage media. In this paper we will analyses the various storage materials and their suitable characteristics which influence the duration of the storage also their constrains while deploying in commercial plants. The various types storage media comes under Sensible Heat Storage such as Water, Concrete, Sand, Rock, Molten salt etc. are reviewed. Along with SHS, Latent Heat Storage materials which are also called Phase change materials such as Paraffin, Eutectics, Inorganic materials are also discussed in this paper. The discussed analysis presented in this paper may be helpful to carry out future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With advancement in technology, Energy Sector has seen a great shift in dependency from fossil fuel towards the renewable energy sources specifically among all the other sources of renewable energy, Solar has gained much attention due to its abundant availability. But due to stochastic behavior of the Solar energy, the power generated by solar energy is highly variable and affecting both the power quality and the power planning system. To reduce the effect of intermittent nature solar energy, Energy storage system(ESS) play a vital role in controlling the overall output from the generating system and providing other extending support towards the working of the system. This paper discusses the different variants of energy storage methods deployed with solar power and a comprehensive investigation is carried out on various storage technologies. The paper includes most of the energy storage technologies present in themarket such and Electrochemical Energy Storage, Pumped Energy Storage, Thermal Energy Storage, Compressed air Storage, flywheel energy storage, magnetic energy storage and hydrogen energy storage. The main objective of the article is the analysis of aforementioned storage technologies and their operating constrains as well as characteristics of various storage types. Based on literature survey it is found that most of the researches have been carried out around Sensible Heat Storage and Latent Heat Storage. Further Pumped Hydro storage is found to be the widely used technology in integration with renewable energy due to its operational and maintenance ease and lower impact on environment. The recent advancement in storage technologies and their deployment with solar power are also included in this paper throughout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tremendous development of technology led to increase the consumption of energies. Whereas, this consumption motivate the researchers to start looking for alternative energy sources that inexhaustible such as solar thermal, wind and tidal energies. However, this paper presents a novel intelligent controller that similar to the behavior of human brain in processing and producing the necessary commands to control the body's members. This controller has been trained and used in the solar tracking system to facilitate the process of controlling direction of the solar cell based on the intensity of the light throughout the day. Moreover, the intelligent controller processed the received signal from the LDR sensors similar to the behavior of the human brain that processed the received signals from the human eyes to enforce the neck to move towards the required direction. The processes of training and evaluating the performance of the controller carried out using of MATLAB. Furthermore, The simulation results show that the proposed system satisfies the required aims; where a few consumption associated with an increasing rate of 35% to 40% in the generated energy are achieved. This improvement leads to present solar tracking system that controlled by an intelligent controller with a higher efficiency at a lower cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous use of conventional fuel is harming the environment beyond the threat limit, Even the limited number of resources are motivating the researcher to look for an alternate source of energy. Waste cooking oil can be the best alternate for the conventional fuel, It will help in reducing the cost of machinery loss and even protect the environment. However the thermal efficiency of waste cooking oil is not meeting the requirement. So, in present paper we tried to check the effect on thermo physical property like density, isothermal compressibility and isobaric relative expansivity on mixing of propanol and WCO. Density of this mixture was measured by using specific gravity bottle over the mole fraction range of 0.1 to 0.9 at 300.15 K. further this density data is used to measure isothermal compressibility and isobaric expansivity. In this paper the experimental density data is correlated with the Tait equation of state. PC-SAFT equation to used for the calculation of parameter and prediction of densities of WCO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy is the main power source in which world is moving on for the sustainability in the universe. Solar power is one of the tremendous power from the nature which is not yet even fifty percentage is used. Photovoltaic is one of the proven way to convert solar energy to electrical energy. This paper deals with the understanding of photovoltaic panels in various topologies. This study is fully done using matrix software matlab, also it focus mainly on developing a matlab model with the help of many references. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greece is gifted with geologic features that promote geothermal heat flow. Geothermal energy exploration began in the late 60s, culminating in the first geothermal energy law in 1984 and the introduction of geothermal energy as a mineral resource under the amendment of the Greek Mining Code. Since then, low- and high-temperature geothermal activities followed their separate ways, with a modest utilization of the energy product in the primary sector (agriculture, aquaculture) and attempts for electricity production stalled since the mid-1990s. The adoption of green policies by both the EU and Greece, the acceptance of global warming as an existing threat, the adhesion to CO2 reduction goals, energy efficiency and the application on renewable energy solutions as means to combat the increase in global temperature have led to an increasing interest in the utilization of the geothermal energy applications. This paper presents the new legal framework for geothermal energy established by Law 4602/2019, as introduced by the Greek Ministry of Environment and Energy, Directorate-General for Mineral Raw Materials and discusses its scope and goals set by the implementation of its provisions. The paper offers a roadmap to successfully test those new policies and regulatory provisions and, finally, it maps the interfaces of stakeholders and geothermal industry in an attempt to highlight the steps of the necessary administrative procedures towards the facilitation of viable geothermal projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Valves are integral parts of modern steam turbines. They provide flexible operations and fast load changes which have become more often due to the increasing share of renewable energy. Along with this, the low pressure loss is required for guaranteed operation conditions. This paper is concerned with investigation of pressure losses in the compact valve, which is used as a valve for the intermediate-pressure turbine part, and its geometry modification to lower overall pressure losses. The investigation is based on results of numerical simulations which were carried out in the Doosan Skoda Power Company using a package of ANSYS software tools. Source of increased pressure losses in the compact valve is identified and a way of its reduction is proposed based on the comparison of the current results with data from a typical control valve model. Data analysis is provided in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on identifying and addressing the challenges hindering renewable energy development in Saudi Arabia. A literature review and expert insights pinpointed seven key obstacles: lack of a stable investment climate, political instability, technical expertise, limited institutional capacity, varying environmental conditions, dependence on fossil fuel, and limited public awareness. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was employed to prioritize these challenges, revealing that limited public awareness is the most crucial barrier and varying environmental conditions are followed. To counter these challenges, the paper proposes seven strategies: encouraging private sector investment, providing financial incentives, strengthening the regulatory framework, developing a skilled workforce, promoting public awareness, collaborating with international organizations, and implementing policies. The effectiveness of these strategies was assessed using the combined compromise solution (CoCoSo) method, which highlighted policy implementation as the foremost approach. This research aims to guide decision-makers in Saudi Arabia in effectively allocating resources and making informed decisions to facilitate the growth of renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of green building is believed to be a key factor in achieving sustainable development in the building sector. The Green Building Council Indonesia is responsible for the development and deployment of green buildings in Indonesia, and has released version 1.2 of the Greenship rating tools for evaluating new green buildings. The use of renewable energy sources in green buildings is highly encouraged, with one point awarded for every 0.5% of energy usage covered by renewable energy, up to a maximum of five points. The installation of rooftop PV systems is a popular choice for renewable energy in many governmental green-rated buildings, but it is important to determine the ideal capacity to prevent overpriced installation costs. This paper proposes a method where the focus is on gaining maximum points in renewable energy and minimizing investment costs, rather than maximizing installed capacity. This approach can reduce capacity by up to 68%. Another important consideration is choosing the optimum grid connectivity type, and the paper discusses the options of on-grid or zero export schemes. Zero export scheme is chosen for this case since the capacity of the PV system is much smaller than the grid power connection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world moves towards renewable energy sources, solar energy is becoming more widely recognized. This impacts photovoltaic (PV) panel prices, which requires deeper analysis to shape strategic planning. This paper fills a gap in PV panel price forecasting by utilizing machine learning models for multivariate time series forecasting, offering a more robust, comprehensive, and adaptable approach. Based on literature review, feature analysis, and linear regression, PV panel prices factors were identified, and data was collected. The dataset consists of 26 monthly time series features covering January 2018 to July 2023. The study's methodology consists of two phases: Phase I involves applying machine learning models (CNN, KNN, Random Forest, SVR, XGBoost) to forecast prices, resulting in the selection of the Random Forest model as the most effective based on performance metrics and comprehensive evaluations. Phase II utilizes the aforementioned model, along with forecasted features from the SARIMA model, to predict future PV panel prices. Forecasts indicate a stabilized PV panel market for 36 months from July 2023, with slight price fluctuations. This stabilization hypothesis aligns with other research findings, suggesting industry agreement. As the solar industry is dynamic, regular market analyses and model calibrations are essential.Overall, the research enhances the understanding of solar energy price time series forecasting, merging data gaps, and outlining pivotal price-influencing factors, offering stakeholders direction towards a sustainable energy future. Recommendations include using a broader dataset, improving methodology, exploring more models, applying a hybrid model, and continually updating forecasting methods in alignment with industry dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade there has been a call for action to reduce the emissions which have contributed to global warming and climate change. Many countries and organizations have invested in renewable resources like solar, wind and hydropower to produce energy in a sustainable way. In recent years, an interest has been taken in hydrogen. This paper highlights the benefits of hydrogen and more specifically green hydrogen which is hydrogen produced using renewable resources. It highlights the current challenges such as production of hydrogen at large scale and the cost of production. During research, the benefits of hydrogen were discovered and the lack of knowledge especially in the public sector were observed. To help create awareness and highlight the future prospects of hydrogen, Microsoft Power BI data visualization tool was used to create an interactive dashboard which can be used to create awareness between the users and to encourage them to adopt renewable energies. Certain countries and companies were highlighted for taking the prominent role in the production of hydrogen and paving the way for others to follow with their findings. With the increase in awareness between communities, it is predicted that government and other entities will be encouraged to explore clearer energy such as hydrogen. It was recommended that in the future when the cost of hydrogen has decreased it can be used to tackle large sectors like heavy duty industrial and transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of climate change on current life is becoming more visible daily. Our capacity to be resilient to these changes is an act of responsibility for the future. Several directions could serve this purpose. The present study aims to determine the current state of the art in unconventional energy sources. Mainly, the focus will be on biomass. Biopower sources are an element of renewable energy alternatives, along with solar, wind, tide, wave, ocean, and geothermal. The statistics underline an increasing trend of these resource contributions to the total power input. The paper aims to determine the benefits of utilizing biomass as a renewable energy alternative. The key characteristics of such an approach will be examined, emphasizing their advantages and the potential for enhancing performance. There were limitations in accessing valuable information from the field. Through it, biomass-type resources present an increased interest due to their particular property to act in a double sense, unlike the other non-traditional ones. The extent of their application will be ascertained based on the available data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) technology is increasing day by day due to its less environmental impact and low running cost. Wind energy and solar energy combined together makes a perfect hybrid energy system for the generation of electrical energy. Now-a-days small wind turbines are used widely for micro generation of electricity. These small wind turbines generate limited power therefore multiple turbines are connected together to produce useful amount of power. In addition to wind, solar energy is added to the system to attain the continuity in the supply and improve the efficiency and reliability at the output side. In this paper, the output power from the hybrid energy system i.e.; from both very small series connected wind turbines and the solar PV panel is connected together. The entire power sent through a non-isolated multiple input DC-DC converter. The output power from the converter is fed to the three phase inverter and the converted output AC power is given to the grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing concerns over greenhouse gas emissions, volatile fossil fuel prices, and political instability have led to biomass as a renewable energy source. Close cooperation from the government supported by independent bodies also helps produce this effective and sustainable energy source. As a result, the current growth of solid biofuels has increased tremendously. Agricultural, municipal, forest, commercial waste and dedicated energy crops are the main sources of biomass. Due to this biomass's nature, the methods to produce them into solid biofuels are also different. The energy potential of these biomass sources is quite dependent on the use of technology and public awareness. Therefore, this paper review feedstock biomass, processing processes, product types and properties of solid biofuels in terms of mechanical and combustion. The paper also reviews the solid biofuel production situation in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the strategic efforts of universities in Indonesia in marketing their research results according to government recommendations through startups with digital marketing. Products marketed range from education, equipment, and training services. Preliminary studies aimed at accelerating digital marketing traffic have been carried out in the MATLAB framework. We use the Queen honey bee colony migration (QHBM) method to accurately launch promo coupons so that they can change the tendency of ordinary visitors to become buyers. As a fair comparison, we use a moving average (MA) with the same threshold as QHBM. The simulation results show the fact that QHBM is more accurate than MA. After using the simulation results in real situations, this startup was able to achieve BEP in 6 months with an average monthly turnover of US 2,045. Based on the results of this evaluation, it was found that consumer satisfaction reached 85%, the effectiveness of digital marketing reached the level and consumer trends for renewable energy in the future reached 55%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advent of power electronics and renewable energy technologies, the Direct current (DC)microgrids has become the most promising area in the power industry. Integration of renewable energy sources with power converters to cater different DC loads forms a DC microgrid. The renewable energy-based DC-DC power converters for low voltage DC microgrid applications demands characteristics like high gain, low ripple, high power density. The selection of power converter plays a critical role in the performance of DC microgrid. The current research work put forth the operation of a switched inductor buck boost converter for DC microgrid applications. The switched inductor based buck boost converter integrated to solar Photo Voltaic (PV) system with a hysteresis control is investigated in the paper. An algorithm that determines the selection of load is proposed in the current work. The simulation of the system is carried using MATLAB simulation and the results are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To propose power management for Hybrid Electric Vehicle charging station using renewable energy sources. The design and implementation of the photovoltaic-based charging stations for E-Vehicleis significant in recent days. In the E-Vehicle battery management, DC-DC boost converter is suggested to reduce switching loss. Solar based governing set-up of DC to DC converter is to achieve maximum power point tracking (MPPT). RFID technology will be used to improve electric car charging bulks employing electric vehicle identification, vehicle charging and amount debiting purposes. This paper describes plug-in electric vehicles recharging units in the highways to avoid the car blackouts on the middle of the journey [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reviews the impact of biogas use in rural communities in Zimbabwe. A comparative study between the use of firewood and the use of biogas can be done. The paper discusses the historical developments in the use of biogas to date. The use and cost of energy and power is assessed to identify options to replace with biogas. Possible replacement of natural gas and firewood usage is also considered. The different and main feed stocks for biogas are discussed with a view to determine feed stock options for Zimbabwe. The challenges around the use of human waste for biogas are examined in terms of perceptions and cultural aspects. A case for biogas use is developed to justify the need to use it since it is a renewable energy. The production of biogas in bio-digesters and biogas plants in different parts of the world is considered to provide possible benchmarks. A discussion of the climate change impacts of biogas use and the mitigation options are presented. Finally, research gaps are identified paving way for future studies. The proposed future studies will focus on these reviewed aspects and research gaps with a view to fully study the impacts of the use of biogas in rural communities in Zimbabwe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Desalination powered by solar energy is a hot topic of investigation currently. Access to safe, pure water is one of human's most basic needs. There is an urgent need for solutions that use less conventional energy or depend on renewable energy sources to purify seawater and industrial wastewater. Solar stills are one method of using solar energy to generate pure water. The fundamental concepts of nanofluids, heat transfer in nanofluids, and preparation procedures are described in this paper. Further, this paper is aimed at bringing the readers up to date on current advancements on utilization of nanomaterials in solar distillers. As means of promoting this technique, the authors emphasized the environmental and health consequences of nanoparticles. A significant result reported here is the conductivity of nanofluids being directly related to nanoparticle volume fraction. To optimize the quantity of purified water generated, each nanoparticle will have an optimal concentration at the point of greatest thermal conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing public literacy to save energy and switch to renewable energy requires suitable information media. This paper aims to reveal the development of a renewable energy web as a medium for increasing people's energy literacy. This research is a Research and Development with need assessment, design, development, and implementation stages. At each stage, evaluation and revision are carried out. This research has succeeded in developing a simple renewable energy web that is easily accessible by the public and suitable for use as a learning medium. Continuous improvement is needed to improve the quality of this website. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the vast range of power electronic applications in modern engineering world, the need for better control of electronic devices is highly important. The control of power electronic converter is necessary in delivering power sourced from either conventional fossil fuel or renewable energy sources. Harmonic analysis in these power electronic converters can improve the necessary power needed, especially in reduction of power losses. The paper analyses the harmonic conditions by looking into total harmonic distortion (THD) in a three-level cascaded H-bridge (CHB) power converter. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) waveform analysis will be used to observe the output waveforms' performances. THD analysis and FFT will determine the amount of power that can be transferred. The CHB power converter can be used in devices such as static compensator (STATCOM), unified power factor compensator (UPFC) and other compensating devices in a power system. The THD & FFT analyses will be done using MATLAB/Simulink® software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The financial and electricity burden caused by the electrification of domestic heating has been investigated and presented in this paper. The overall cost to achieve legacy housing improvement and widespread ASHP adoption is approximately £309 billion pounds between 2023 and 2050. The financial burden will vary for each household, but most of the burden falls on legacy housing from pre-1919 and gradually reduces as property age reduces to 1981-1990 period. Multiple fund schemes financed by UK Government and local authorities will ease the burden, but they are targeting low-income housing representing 21% of the domestic market and are only scheduled to operate until 2026. Further and clear financial support is required to encourage insulation refits and heat pump adoption. The increased electricity demand requires an installed plant capacity of 248 GW by 2050 with the generation split of 39% renewables, 32% CCCT with carbon capture storage and 29% nuclear, a 137% increase from the existing capacity. Despite no demonstrable case study for the scale needed, a cornerstone of the UK Government strategy is the deployment of carbon capture storage (CCS) technology as a reliance on natural gas is retained for secure grid flexibility while fulfilling the definition of 'Net Zero' (1). Without CCS, the total consumption of natural gas increases in an electrified society compared to retaining domestic natural gas boilers by 2.9%, thereby increasing annual emissions. If a completely renewable UK society was targeted by 2050 an installed capacity of 435 GW would be required, an increase of ten times the current renewable capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an agent-based model is employed to study urban farm interconnectivity, with the goal of increasing food availability for the population and efficiently managing food, energy and water resources. Urban farms are presented as a case study, that belong to community microgrids that generate electricity from renewables (solar, wind), in the province of Chiriqui in Panama, is utilized to investigate the food-energy-water (FEW) nexus. The idea of different farms serving different communities can be viable, however, sometimes there is a shortage of fresh food, or other times a surplus of fresh food, which leads to food wastage. Food waste has the capability of being transformed into fertilizers or into biomass energy, however when we consider the associated natural resources and costs used to produce food, avoiding waste would be a better alternative. Thus, it is crucial to investigate the food supply chain, and the interaction between different urban farms in a community shared agriculture fashion. An optimization model is employed to minimize food transportation cost between the farms within the agent-based framework. The results show that food availability is improved due to the exchange between farms while food wastage is reduced by 17,137kg. Furthermore, the simulations show that the sharing of energy through the microgrid employing renewable energy is economical and significantly reduced carbon emissions by avoiding 13,078 tonnes of CO2 and generating 16,560 Mwh of electricity through solar, and 2,333 Mwh of electricity through wind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the variations in power flows along the main power transmission lines of the electric power system of Uzbekistan, taking into account the power generation by large PV power plants (PVP), which will be commissioned by 2024. The paper concludes with recommendations on the modernization of the electric power economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of renewable energy is discussed, monitored and regulated by organizations all over the world in the current context of transition to green economies. Moreover, the focus of the debates in the scientific world is targeted towards emissions reduction which has become one of the most significant impact assessment tool of the renewable energy use. By the extensive review of the publications regarding energy access and the monitoring of sustainable development around the world, it can be concluded that the data regarding the access to energy of the majority of countries (including developed ones) is superficial and the reports use inaccurate generalizations regarding what the European Union refers to as the right of its citizens to have their homes connected to the local electricity network. The results of researches conducted on the subject generally indicate that first poverty must be combated and education programs must be implemented before accessing renewable energy. This paper discusses the significant social issue which is disregarded in the current reports about the monitoring of energy at national levels, namely the access to energy, and proposes a shift in perspective from the purpose of on-grid connections of the households to accessing renewable energy resources which could represent the solution of this social issue worldwide. In order to sustain this proposal, data provided by the World Bank in the latest energy report is processed using Microsoft Power BI. Only by considering important dimensions other than the environmental or economical ones, which would seriously benefit from the use of renewable energy, a fair assessment can be made regarding the impact of transitioning to a green economy. Therefore, the discussion about the social dimension must start with emphasis on the assumptions which are made when assessing the status quo, which is one of the main discussion in this paper. By correctly identifying the social issues, the appropriate solutions can be then implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]