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This research introduces a method for developing urban information models (UIM) in the initial phase by extending the concept of building information modeling (BIM) in conjunction with photogrammetry. Utilizing data collected from aerial surveys using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), with Naresuan University as a case study, the development is divided into two parts: 1) Development of BIM for underground structures, including water pipes, sewerage pipes, wastewater treatment systems, water storage tanks, and electrical and communication conduit systems; and 2) Development of realistic three-dimensional models for above-ground structures, especially focusing on old buildings lacking sufficient plans for BIM development. This involves aerial photography using UAVs, followed by computer software processing based on photogrammetry concepts and collaborative integration into a UIM. The research findings indicate that this approach can develop urban information models contingent upon the level of development (LOD) and level of information (LOI) specified in the model, as well as the definition of flight patterns and photography formats, while also considering certain challenges such as lighting and shadows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drones are being utilized for a variety of functions, including military operations, agriculture, aerial photography, surveillance, and remote sensing. The widespread misuse of drones or UAVs, results in security, technological and public safety concerns that must be addressed and controlled. Security organizations are always looking for technology and sophisticated systems that can identify drones and secure the region around them. The present study deals a drone detection technique which is developed using Convolution Neural Networks. YOLOv4 and a convolution neural network were used to train the model for object detection. A small rocket-assisted missile can be used to capture the detected drone. Two processing units are in charge of the proposed missile. The first processing unit will employ image processing in real-time, while the remainder will be handle by the second processing unit, including missile control, monitoring, and targeting. Computer vision algorithms and an electro-optical sensor (a camera) allow the missile to track the target after it leaves the missile launcher. Tracking has been done to determine the precise location and speed of the target. It can be carried out by changing where the missile is and where it is going after it leaves the launcher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerial photography is accomplished using various types of aerial vehicles and photographic techniques. Using the cameras built into the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), video or photos of the busy intersections can be taken from the air. This can provide information about vehicle movements, traffic flows, the presence of congestion and other factors related to the traffic level of the intersection. This report proposes a four-stage methodology for drone imaging, the results of which can be used for traffic analysis, planning infrastructure projects, improving road safety and optimizing transport infrastructure. The company's Data From Sky software has been used with a wide range of clients in the fields of infrastructure, transport and traffic management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drones have been used in many areas ranging from aerial photography, search and rescue, precision agriculture, geographic mapping to goods delivery. As drones are equipped with sensors and a camera, which enables them to have great potential in surveillance applications. Drones can play an important role in the ever-rising needs of security surveillance and complement the limitation of closed-circuit television (CCTV). CCTVs have camera dead zone or blind spots because they are fixed in a position. In contrast, drones have the mobility to perform the patrolling tasks and cover the blind spots of CCTVs. And most importantly, this could also reduce the labour cost in patrolling. Based on the review, drones use waypoint global positioning system (GPS) navigation technology for its movement control. This existing technology cannot be used in indoor environments such as corridor, indoor pathway, and canopy walkway environments because the GPS signals from the satellites are attenuated and scattered by roofs and walls. In order to enable drones to perform patrolling tasks in indoor pathway environments, a flight path replication method is studied and evaluated in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Karst landscapes dominate most of Gunungkidul Regency. Karst is a rock that is formed as a result of the process of dissolved limestone and forms a cave or basin under the soil layer. The cave holds a large flow of fresh water. As a regency that relies on agriculture, Gunungkidul must be able to take advantage of the water in the karst to improve its agricultural sustainability. This study aims to identify the distribution of karst water potential which can be utilized to locate the water source for irrigation purposes. This research was conducted in the agriculture area of the Saptosari district. 6 (six) caves were studied in June and August 2021 using aerial photography, structure determination, and soil texture methods. Spatial hydrological data obtained from satellite imagery using a geographic information system was applied to analyze water flow in the study area. Data processing is performed using Google Earth Engine and ArcGIS, AgiSoft, and Global Mapper software. The results of the study concluded that the water potential is evenly distributed in the Saptorari district. This preliminary study could be further utilized to determine the point of irrigation in Gunungkidul. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Village mapping was carried out as an implementation of Law Number 4 of 2011 concerning Geospatial Information and Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning Villages. The management of village potential which includes natural, social, and economic aspects is very important for village development. Therefore, using UAV and GIS applications here is intended as a tool to carry out the process of creating, planning, and validating map data. Mapping using UAV and GIS applications is classified as a photogrammetric measurement where this measurement utilizes aerial photography for data collection. This study aims to produce maps that are accurate and have high accuracy (orthometric) that can be used as a reference in the development process. Information on development planning, spatial planning, investment planning, and economic business, is very helpful for village development. Village mapping using UAV is very appropriate to do. The purpose of this study is to test the geometric accuracy of the UAV technology for village map. Geometric accuracy (horizontal and vertical) was tested by comparing the ortho mosaic coordinates and the Digital Terrain Model (DTM) to the GNSS RTK measurements. The spatial data generated from UAV technology in this study has a geometric accuracy of 0.202 m horizontally and 0.728 m vertically so it can still be used for large-scale mapping of 1:5000 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital economy widely uses unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with thermal imaging cameras and cameras to collect information. However, it is necessary to improve the reliability of survey results and reduce the time spent. The purpose of the study is to develop and test a software package for pattern recognition based on the results of photography and thermal imaging. Research methods – a software and hardware complex was used in the work, including hardware (UAVs, photo and video camera, thermal imaging camera, control channel, GNSS receiver) and software developed by the authors. Distinctive features of the software from the existing ones – automatic processing of thermal images to identify objects of interest, taking a photograph immediately after detecting a thermal signature. The simultaneous use of thermal and conventional images allows you to identify any objects with thermal radiation. Comparing them with visuals provides reliable pattern recognition. Also, for the first time, the processing of results on board UAVs was implemented with data transmission to the operator at the ground workstation. The results showed that the combination of photography and thermal imaging provides reliable identification of any objects with thermal radiation (people, animals, fires, vehicles, industrial facilities). When photographing animals on an area of more than 280 thousand hectares, the known data on their number were clarified. The results obtained using the software and hardware complex show the error of traditional accounting methods up to 10-50% compared to continuous accounting. In addition, the results of counting the number are well explained by biological laws (in particular, according to the ratio "predator – prey"). Thus, double shooting each object – in the visible and infrared spectrum, gives the best results. Automatic processing of thermal images allows you to receive online reports on the presence of objects. The developed hardware and software complex can be used to search for fires, monitor infrastructure facilities, search for missing people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the requirements for engineering and geological prospecting in the projecting and construction of buildings and structures, methods to increase their efficiency, determination of physical and mechanical properties of soils with high humidity in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents, opinions about aerial photography which are expressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies about assessing buildings' damage and vulnerability on a detailed scale are still rare to find. Especially regarding the guidelines to analyze remote sensing data are still limited nowadays before further reviewing the procedures for analyzing the vulnerability of buildings to landslides based on remote sensing data, the most fundamental thing is how to collect information on vulnerable objects, such as houses, which are mostly still carried out by field surveys. Therefore, this study aims to identify the houses in an area prone to landslides in Bompon Sub-Watershed based on aerial photograph interpretation. The result from this study is a systematic step to analyze house buildings in an area prone to landslides based on small-format aerial photographs. Those steps are field observation, building interpretation, proxy interpretation, deduce from a set of proxies, and the last is landslide area interpretation. The interpretation keys arranged from this study can sufficiently identify the house buildings despite some errors where it usually happens on some objects such as storehouses or omah suwung. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia has many endangered tree species. Identifying large trees, however, is challenging. Recently, Castanopsis argentea has been classified as an endangered tree species by the Indonesian government and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). High resolution aerial photography using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) can be a solution. This study aimed to characterize Castanopsis argentea comparing its crown cover with one of other species of Fagaceae. We conducted direct ground survey fieldwork in the Biological Education and Research Forest of Andalas University (HPPB) and Gamaran Forest, Lubuk Alung, both in West Sumatra. We selected 18 trees belonging to 8 species of Fagaceae on both study sites. The genera were Castanopsis (C. argentea, C. costata, C. inermis), Lithocarpus (L. gracilis, L. urceolaris, L. hystrix) and Quercus (Q. argentata, Q. oidocarpa). The selected trees were identified in the Herbarium of Andalas University (ANDA). The crown cover of each identified species was then collected using a UAV camera, 50 m above the ground. Fagaceae showed a conspicuous yellow "spike" flowering form that can be used for its identification through aerial photography. The crown characteristics clearly differed between Fagaceae species. Castanopsis argentea and Castanopsis inermis presented similar features, but the presence or absence of spreading limbs can be used to differentiate them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have been found to have many uses in the maintenance and oversight of civil infrastructure assets. They contribute to scheduled bridge checkups, crisis control, electricity transmission cable oversight and traffic analysis. With more and more uses of UAVs being introduced, a greater focus on individuality and freedom regarding governance of these devices is required to ensure security, competency, and precision. The subject of this study outlines the method and policies to be followed for teaching the principals of the (efficient Neural Network) ENet architecture, machine learning, and using OpenCV to implement semantic segmentation on a collection of images obtained through aerial photography for identification of objects. Possible utilizations of UAVs in the area of transportation are mentioned as well along with the precision and efficiency of training for the application of the ENet architecture, machine learning, and OpenCV to implement semantic segmentation, the optimization selection of operational parameters, and the machine learning and ENet architecture teaching methods and policies drafting process. Through analysis of the object identification results, it was proven that by adhering to a specific set of parameters, the ENet architecture and machine learning procedures can successfully identify objects with an accuracy of 99% when there is no distortion. In addition, using a combination of all three technologies mentioned, it is possible to not only classify objects, but the device is also capable of automated tracking and detection of the objects by real-time processing of streamed videos by the UAVs. The novelty, that the ENET was applied for large class members difference distance among the same objects family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture is a never-ending process that cannot be stopped or shifted. Every farmer must keep an eye on the land for problems such as wind damage and pests. However, keeping track of the crop is a difficult task. As is widely known, technological improvements have led to the development of Precision Agriculture (PA) with the goal of conserving resources while maximizing financial returns on a limited number of inputs while minimizing the impact on the agricultural environment. PA is a promising site-specific tool for identifying and addressing variances in agronomic parameters like disease, soil, nutrient, and water stress management in the field. Aerial photography with manned aerial vehicles and high spatial satellite photos have been utilized in the past to study agronomic variations. Indeed, PA-based UAV systems contribute to progressive agriculture production for more farmers both locally and worldwide, by incorporating sophisticated technologies such as remote sensing, variable rate technology, yield mapping, soil sensing, biotechnology, and crop sensing. In this work, preliminary work is presented to use pesticide spraying in small-scale Indian farms with a low-cost autonomous drone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive review of the literature shows that at the current stage of technological development and modernity, unmanned aerial vehicles should be considered as a reliable tool for rapid monitoring of soils and crops in the fields and fields of small farms. Currently, the spectral resolution of a remote camera allows images to be obtained that can be matched to those taken by satellites. Today, images of unmanned drones are used to visually assess any object under study. The practice of using digital images of unmanned aerial vehicles and their computer analysis to create digital models of field relief, control soil solubility and operational assessment of the condition of agricultural crops is relevant for our country. Compared to other images, drone data has a number of advantages over aerial photography. The main limitations of the use of data obtained by drones are the insufficient scope of research and the difficulty of organizing monitoring to control large areas. This article provides feedback on the implementation of innovative approaches to the widespread use of drones in agriculture, based on international experience and innovative ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our paper a whole system is intended and implemented, within which the motion of a quad copter is stably controlled. We have a tendency to concentrate on developing a value effective and easy-to-setup. The controller's performance is additionally improved by the employment of mechanical phenomenon sensors of the quad copter. The final aim of it to observe radiation exposure in atomic power plant wherever human life is vulnerable and another application of our project is detection of CO that is displayed on digital display. In this approach, we use a camera for live video coverage for aerial photography. In this project a Quad rotors is constructed from scratch using commercial components. A Micro Controller Unit (MCU) is used to control the air craft, with an appropriate control loop that is in corporate with the integration of a gyroscope sensor to provide stability with minimal drift A Quad rotors has many merits over other UAV's types such as; its mobility which makes it agile Since the components used are electrical, explosions and fire- related risks were Quad rotors have variety of applications including; search, small packages transportation, military exploration, aerial photography, and scientific exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is devoted to the review of methods for mapping the area of seismic exploration using UAVs. When planning seismic surveys, obtaining a digital terrain model (DTM) and a digital surface model (DSM) for the polygon is a mandatory procedure. The resulting models can be a source of critical information. Obtaining data on the relief and terrain surface with aerial vehicle, today is carried out using aerial photography and laser scanning. Obtaining data on the relief and terrain surface with aerial vehicles, today is carried out using aerial photography and laser scanning technology (LiDAR). Both approaches can be implemented using UAVs. Aerial photography in this case necessarily involves the photogrammetry procedure. This procedure is a necessary tool for geometric correction of images for further decryption. When using LiDAR technology, the optimal type of scanner is phase-based, which combines relative compactness with high accuracy and range. The coordinates of objects are measured directly on their surface. The DTM obtained as a result of photogrammetry and laser scanning can itself be a source of thematic information, since different objects are initially reflected on it. However, to create full-fledged cartographic works based on spectral aerial photography data Earth remote sensing (ERS) methods are used. ERS data processing involves both image enhancement and thematic processing. Often, to highlight objects, it is enough to perform brightness transformations of images related to image enhancement. In some cases, to identify specific objects, it is necessary to use thematic image processing technologies in order to highlight a direct decryption feature. The result is either a classified bitmap or the selected areas where the search object is located. To create full-fledged cartographic works, you cannot exclude the use of any of the above methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the intensively developing complex scientific areas that finally took shape in the second half of the twentieth century is the study of the Earth and planets from aircraft and space vehicles. In the development of remote sensing, one of the most characteristic features of the genesis of science as a system of natural and technical knowledge of recent decades was manifested - the synthesis of various sciences. A retrospective analysis shows that remote sensing is at the intersection of sciences and various branches of technology. Technical research and branches of science studying global and local planetary processes are combined in it. The First World War gave a strong impetus to the development of aerial photography for military intelligence. During World War II, the military stimulated the development of technology that uses other areas of the electromagnetic spectrum: radar systems and infrared thermal devices. Thus, the general progress in planetary exploration, which for more than three and a half centuries followed the path of improving optical observation instruments, was revolutionized twice: first (in the middle of the 20th century) thanks to the introduction of radio methods, and then (in the second half of the 20th century. ) as a result of the jump caused by the creation of a new observation platform - a spacecraft. Consideration of the remote sensing system as a complex technical system implies consideration of not only the hardware, but also the theoretical justification, the research method, which largely determines the structure of the entire device. Equally, this approach gives grounds for including in the analysis a spacecraft, which acts not only as a carrier, but also as a factor determining the possibility of implementing a whole range of sensing methods. Successful development is associated, first of all, with its advantages: obtaining quantitative information about those objects where contact measurements are impracticable or difficult; measurement coverage of large areas without a network of local devices; obtaining data averaged over line, area or volume. This property is especially demonstratively manifested in the Earth's remote sensing. In this case, along with the design of the research equipment itself, effective information systems (on the basis of the obtained results) are branching out and a wide range of fundamental problems of the earth sciences develops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the work is dictated by extensive environmental pollution in the areas of mining waste storage by chemical elements of 1-3 hazard classes (Hg, Be, As, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Co, Ni, Mo, Ag, and Sb). The interaction of crushed sulfide-containing wastes with surface waters and atmospheric precipitation contributes to the formation of highly mineralized technogenic solutions with element concentrations exceeding the background and maximum permissible values several orders of magnitude. Land and water resources around such storages are experiencing a high technogenic load, underground and surface waters are contaminated, and the local population suffers. An unreasonably little attention is paid to assessing the potential hazard of facilities related to waste or the consequences of the mining industry in our country, although today about 16 billion tons of such waste has been accumulated in the Russian Federation. This problem is also relevant around the world where metal ores are developed. On the other hand, such objects can be considered as “technogenic deposits”, which contain high concentrations of useful components (Cu, Zn, Ag, Au, In). In practical terms, without understanding the structure, composition and total volume of waste storage facilities, it is impossible to create protective geochemical barriers and remediation schemes for contaminated areas. Unfortunately, today there are no methodology describing step-by-step comprehensive studies with subsequent forecasting of the environmental hazard of a dump. This paper presents the results of our work, which continues interdisciplinary research of abandoned waste in Siberia using methods of geophysics and geochemistry. A comprehensive study of the Belokluch dump containing sulphide-bearing wastes of gold processing production (Kemerovo region) was carried out. The methods of remote sensing (aerial photography), electrical exploration (electromagnetic scanning and Electrical Resistivity Tomography) and classical geochemical testing were used. As a result, an orthophotomap was built, a 3D model of the object, the dump body was contoured, the volumes of waste were determined, and the resources of toxic and valuable components were calculated. The total amount of waste according to aerial photography is more than 103,000 cubic meters. The amount of chemical elements in the dump is: iron - 11074648 kg, copper - 22881 kg, zinc - 16564 kg, arsenic - 63138 kg, cadmium - 71 kg, mercury -15295 kg. This information is further used to calculate the environmental damage and economic feasibility of waste processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fixed focal length lens (FFL) camera with on-adjustable focal length is common companions for conducting aerial photography using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) due to its superiority on optical quality and wider maximum aperture, lighter weight and smaller sizes. A wide-angle 35mm FFL Sony a5100 camera had been used extensively in our recent aerial photography campaign using UAV. Since this off-the-self digital camera is categorized into a non-metric one, a stability performance issue in terms of intrinsic parameters raises a considerably attention, particularly on variations of the lens principal distance and principal point's position relative to the camera's CCD/CMOS sensor caused by the engine and other vibrations during flight data acquisitions. A series of calibration bundle adjustment was conducted to determine variations in the principal distances and principal point coordinates before commencing, during, and after accomplishment of the flight missions. This paper demonstrates the computation of the parameters and presents the resulting parameters for three different epochs. It reveals that there are distinct discrepancies of the principal distances and principal point coordinates prior to, during, and after the mission, that peaked around 1.2mm for the principal distance, as well as around 0.4mm and 1.3mm along the x-axis and the y-axis of the principal point coordinates respectively. In contrast, the lens distortions parameters show practically no perturbations in terms of radial, decentering, and affinity distortion terms during the experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D maps of urban environments are useful in various fields ranging from cellular network planning to urban planning and climatology. These models are typically constructed using expensive techniques such as manual annotation with 3D modeling tools, extrapolated from satellite or aerial photography, or using specialized hardware with depth sensing devices. In thiswork, we showthat 3D urban maps can be extracted from standard GNSS data, by analyzing the received satellite signals that are attenuated by obstacles, such as buildings. Furthermore, we show that these models can be extracted from low-accuracy GNSS data, crowdsourced opportunistically from standard smartphones during their user's uncontrolled daily commute trips, unleashing the potential of applying the principle to wide areas. Our proposal incorporates position inaccuracies in the calculations, and accommodates different sources of variability of the satellite signals' SNR. The diversity of collection conditions of crowdsourced GNSS positions is used to mitigate bias and noise from the data. A binary classification model is trained and evaluated on multiple urban scenarios using data crowdsourced from over 900 users. Our results show that the generalization accuracy for a Random Forest classifier in typical urban environments lies between 79% and 91% on 4m wide voxels, demonstrating the potential of the proposed method for building 3D maps for wide urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have received much attention due to their capabilities to generate high-resolution aerial photographs that allow the creation of maps that can support the local governance of different communities. Aeronautical cartography is limited in rural communities due to different factors, such as bureaucratic, economic requirements, and the lack of access to state-of-the-art tools for territorial management and consultation in local governance undertakings. In this work, we describe a UAV with vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) capabilities. This aircraft is designed as a versatile platform for image acquisition to assist local governance activities within Mexican rural communities. Equipped with a multispectral camera and GNSS/GPS with a PPK system allows for high precision photogrammetry and a high precision time register of the photographs. A case study is carried out to demonstrate the series of advantages over conventional UAVs, specifically in payload, flight time capabilities, and, more importantly, as a robust and versatile platform to perform local governance and territorial management activities. This VTOL platform can be used from any terrain, allowing rural communities in areas with complicated geographies to use it. While we have developed a promising VTOL platform for cartography and local governance activities, a series of considerations and improvements remain. Employing a UAV with VTOL characteristics could empower local communities in their local governance activities, such as planning, zoning bylaws, land conservation, and collaboration with other communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to characterize the 18 varieties of cereals (wheat, barley, triticale) and evaluation of a model to estimate the chlorophyll content and fresh biomass on the basis of aerial images. For this, from digital images taken with a drone (DJI Phantom) were extracted the spectral data in RGB system. On their basis, have been calculated the normalized values (rgb), and the values of the HSB system, and subsequently were been determined the indices INT, NDI and DGCI. The content of chlorophyll (Chl) correlated to a higher level with the DGCI index (r = 0.846, p<0.01, F = 40.21), and with fresh biomass (r = 0.772, p<0.01, F = 23.60). Analyzing various types of regression functions (polynomial functions of grade I, II or III, hyperbolic, or exponential functions) describing the relationship between DGCI and Chl, the correlation coefficient values were approximately equal (0.84) and the Sigf values being in all cases less than 0.001. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robot teleoperation can be a challenging task, often requiring a great deal of user training and expertise, especially for platforms with high degrees-of-freedom (e.g., industrial manipulators and aerial robots). Users often struggle to synthesize information robots collect (e.g., a camera stream) with contextual knowledge of how the robot is moving in the environment. We explore how advances in augmented reality (AR) technologies are creating a new design space for mediating robot teleoperation by enabling novel forms of intuitive, visual feedback. We prototype several aerial robot teleoperation interfaces using AR, which we evaluate in a 48-participant user study where participants completed an environmental inspection task. Our new interface designs provided several objective and subjective performance benefits over existing systems, which often force users into an undesirable paradigm that divides user attention between monitoring the robot and monitoring the robot's camera feed(s). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The instauration of a worldwide urban condition has gone together with a deep innovation in the mapping and data techniques of representation in the last two decades. The paper focuses on the relations between these two sets from the point of view of the urban planner and designer. The method of handling these topics starts from elementary research operations, such as collecting and comparing a series of representations, drawings, diagrams, and schemes about regional patterns of urbanization in European territories. The research of the scale of observation is not supported by the apparent realism of the aerial photographs and highlights the need of a new urban theory to describe the new, large, informational, discontinuous and topological nature of urban patterns. The municipal and local scales remain active, and work together at a regional, transregional and global scale. The observation of re-scaling in contemporary urban phenomena leads to the research of the criteria of a new urbanity hiding behind the uncontrolled proliferations of urban shapes, dimensions, experiences. Perhaps, it may be found in a kind of "minimum urbanization", linked to the essential facilities: electricity, water, phone, web and bank connection. The aim of the operation would describe the cities and territories' structures and their potentials, able to build a shared base for national and European policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Panenský Creek has been impacted by Pb pollution from local factories in the period of little environmental concern, which has not yet been documented completely in state registry of environmental risks in the Czech Republic. A lead-glass processing factory in Jablonné v Podještědí was one of the main industrial Pb pollution sources in the Panenský Creek catchment. It was in operation in 1955-2002. To localize the original and still active pollution source in this area, we used geographical information systems (GIS) and compared historical maps from 19th century, aerial photographs from 1938 to 2017, and digital terrain model DMR 5G; the resulting dataset was analysed in ArcGIS Desktop 10.3.1 software. Then we sampled (1) floodplain sediments using 1 m deep drill-cored profiles and (2) stream sediments taken manually from the top of the channel bottom. The sediment samples were dried and milled to fine powder and analysed using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry; results were evaluated as concentration ratio of Pb/Fe and compared with average composition of the Earth upper continental crust (UCC) to assess pollution levels. The floodplain sediments were contaminated by Pb to the maximum of 400 times higher than in UCC, in case of stream sediments the concentrations of Pb were up to 70 times UCC. Due to high concentrations of Pb in the channel bottom of the Panenský Creek, the lead-glass processing factory seems to be a persistent source of contamination by Pb. Geochemical mapping and evaluation of pollution extent should have been performed before revitalization in the studied area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flooding caused by storm surges, tropical storms and hurricanes causes severe damages in Haiti every year. When these inundations occur, the affected areas become inaccessible, preventing field work to register the flood water height and extent. Highresolution satellite imagery and aerial photography, on the other hand, are too expensive for a developing country like Haiti. The lack of this data results in a lack of adequate flood maps and models, making it impossible to predict the cost of the damages and take the right measures to minimise them. The information necessary to generate flood maps can, however, also be found in the knowledge of the inhabitants of the affected areas. These people remember if their house was flooded and if their properties were damaged due to flooding. Therefore, a questionnaire was drawn up and 294 households in the study area, the plain of the river Moustiques in the Northwest of Haiti, were questioned about the most recent and the most severe flood in their memory. In total, 19 different historic flood events were described in 347 answered questionnaires. This research aims to create flood maps by combining the coordinates of the house of each questioned person with the flood height they remembered. Furthermore, flood damage factors were generated from the questionnaires, in which the inhabitants indicated how much damage was caused by each inundation to their houses, crops, livestock and vehicles. The average damage percentages for houses show an increase when the flood height increases. For crops, livestock and vehicles, however, this increase is not visible. This can be due to the fact that these elements are not located in the same area as the houses of which the coordinates and flood height are used. The collected data can thus not be taken too literally, as the memory of people is not always correct. However, by combining this information with other geographic data of the study area, it is possible to create flood maps and damage factors in order to establish a flood risk assessment of a data sparse region against a low cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the certificates that characterizes ecological landscape changeability is fractal dimension. According to Environmental Protection Agency, the dynamics and vectors of those changes can be determined in three-dimensional space where fractal dimension makes one of the axes. Entropy can be regarded as another measurement of changeability (chaos). Application of such measurement of landscape changeability as comparative patterns of land cover is the subject matter of the paper. A fragment of a vertical color photograph of lake Lukajno shoreland taken by the author of the paper in September 2006 has been chosen for research. The concept of fractal dimension does not have only one definition. Hence, so numerous methods of its calculating. Proposed by Clarke method of triangular truncated prism has been applied in research. The surface of the photograph was divided into 25 by 25 pixel squares. For each of them, in channels R, G, B fractal dimension and entropy were calculated. The created mosaics represent the distribution of local fractal and entropy dimension values. Three vegetation concentrations and lake bed deprived of vegetation were chosen for land cover analysis. The chosen vegetation concentrations include osiers, elodeids (vegetation immersed in water) and heliophites (rushes). Standard values of dimension and entropy were determined for each of them as taken from 90 representative fields. In channels R, G, B mean values were calculated and variance-covariance matrix were defined. Applying Baran's method, elements of pattern mean error ellipse were calculated for each category of cover respectively. The classification of the pixels of local value of dimension and entropy was based on the assumption that pixels whose values R, G, B are to be found inside the ellipse of a given category, belong to the category of determined probability. Two classifications were carried out, with assumed probability equal 50%, depicting them as colorful rasters. The visual estimation of the correctness of vegetation site recognition has confirmed the applicability of recognition features. In order to increase the probability of the pixel affinity do ellipse of a given class to 75%, classification was carried out in which it is assumed that a pixel belongs to an ellipse of a given class in the spaces of both recognition features. Visual analysis of the classification results has confirmed that both fractal dimension and entropy are essential recognition features of vegetal cover relating to water habitat. Erroneous classification or lack of category recognition might be caused by heterogeneity of vegetation patches and high sensitivity of the method to technical imperfection of information carrier. Vegetation mosaic configurations do not show any distinct interior limits and vegetation concentrations can not be treated as pure fractals but rather as a blend of such, namely multifractals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mining is one of the most devastating forms of meeting human needs. As it is clear from the aerial photographs, the landscape of the north-western part of the Czech Republic is highly affected by the activity of the mining industry, namely lignite quarries. During the activities at these quarries, the landscape is transformed into a form that resembles the surface of the moon. For this reason, the law imposes an obligation on mining companies to reclaim the landscape after their activity to guarantee the higher cultural value of the territory concerned. This process was also carried out on the former lignite quarry "Ležáky", whose activity was completed in 1999. The anthropogenic lake, which was named "Most Lake" after the territory where it was situated, was formed by the reclamation of the former "Ležáky" Quarry. There have been several problems with the reclamation of this site resulting in the current landslide. This article solves the problems of geodetic works in slope testing by light dynamic penetration supplemented by geophysical resistance measurement. The article deals with the method of geodetic measurement processing geodetic and geophysical results of measurements and creating cross sections and digital model for subsequent geotechnical analysis and slope stability assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the creation and verification of a new procedure for the determination of spatial objects contained in the VFP (land exchange format in the Czech Republic) necessary for complex landscaping and landscape protection by UAS (Unmanned Aerial Systems). It focuses on verifying spatial accuracy on a pilot sample of data obtained by double scanning at the Obratan test site and establishing input parameters and conditions for site mapping so that the new method of unmanned aerial systems complies with the existing legal and technical regulations in the implementation of the land modifications valid in the Czech Republic. The result is a methodology that includes research results aimed at determining the spatial accuracy of the points, its usage parameters and the reliability of the deployment. It also contains information about UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) calibration, deployment profitability, and software data processing methods. The second objective is the harmonization of legislation and the creation of a procedure for the acquisition of geospatial data in land consolidation where UAS methods have so far not been accepted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of urban planning, it is very important to estimate the nature of the roof of every building and, in particular, to make the difference between flat roofs and gable ones. This analysis is necessary in seismically active areas. Also in the assessment of renewable energy projects such solar energy, the shape of roofs must be accurately retrieved. In order to perform this task automatically on a large scale, aerial photos provide a useful solution. The goal of this research project is the development of algorithm for accurate mapping of two different roof types in digital aerial images. The algorithm proposed in this paper includes several components: pre-processing step to reduce illumination differences of individual roof surfaces, statistical moments calculation and color indexing. Roof models are created and saved as masks with feature specific descriptors. Masks are then used to mark areas that contain elements of the different roof types (e.g. gable and hip). The final orthophoto visualize an accurate position of each of the roof types. The result is evaluated using precision recall method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In aerial photography performed with the help of the drones, it is advisable to use a recommended camera, which, based on the tests performed on it, proved to be able to get the best photographs. In order to obtain professional aerial photographs using drones, it is necessary to use basic camera settings such as ISO, shutter speed, aperture, focus and measurement together with stabilization of the thorn, which are the most important factors for achieving this goal. In this context, some of the most important camera settings used in aerial photography will be presented in this paper. Knowing and implicitly applying these camera settings is imperative in making the most successful and faithful both aerial and land photography. Using appropriate camera settings that a drone is equipped with will help prevent distortions of photography, such as chromatic aberrations and cylinder distortion. These settings will simplify the image processing tasks required in a host of important applications such as feature extraction, land recognition, and so on. This in turn simplifies the processing tasks required in a number of important applications, such as feature extraction, landmark recognition, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) with the integrated camera for image capturing, GPNS, the management equipment and specialized software for processing of images has been rapidly expanding for aerial mapping. The quality of cartographic products at the initial stage depends on well-designed technical specifications for photogrammetric mapping and conditions of the project realization. The successful photographic mission and efficiency of the performed photogrammetric processes should be specified by the requirements that meet not only the needs of Lithuania but also those of the European Union. Thus the paper deals with the analysis of the essential requirements for aerial mapping due to the application of the highly advanced UAV-Photogrammetry technology, as well as outlines conditions and parameters that can be used for preparing and specifying the documentation of aerial photogrammetric workflow and realization of a project. The methodology for the determination of mapping costs is developed and the example of efficiency evaluation is presented which is based on the photogrammetric data gained by UAV technology using an experimental object which is mapping of the Baltic Sea coast at Palanga city in Lithuania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landslides are caused by human activities for development purposes. This study assesses the influence of land use factors on landslide occurrences in Kundasang, Sabah. This area is a well-known area that is prone to natural geohazards such as landslides and earthquake. Interpretation of aerial photographs was conducted to identify landslide distributions in three assessment years; 1984, 2009, and 2012. From the interpretation, a total of 494 landslides were identified. The land use maps for each year were produced from the same aerial photographs used for the landslide identification. The land use maps were later classified into four classes, namely, forest, barren, built up and agriculture area. Landslide density in each of the land use class was calculated and the initial finding showed that majority of landslides occurred in built up and barren classes especially in the 1984 and 2009 with 53 km2 and 50 km² respectively. These results indicate that land use activities influence landslide occurrences and some mitigation action must be taken to minimise the impact of landslide occurrences especially in the built up class where this area is mostly occupied by residential area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper consists of the design and analysis of the aerodynamics of the profiles of wing and tail of a Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). UAV is a remote-controlled aircraft that can carry cameras, sensors and even weapons on an area that needed aerial photography or aerial video [1]. The aim of this small UAV is for used in situations where manned flight is considered too risky or difficult, such as fire fighting or surveillance, while the term 'small means the design of this UAV has to be relatively small and portable so that peoples are able to carry it during their operations [CASR Part 101.240: it is a UAV which is has a launch mass greater than 100 grams but less than 100 kilograms] [2]. Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) method was used to analyze the fluid flow characteristics around the aerofoil's profiles, such as the lift generation for each angle of attack and longitudinal stability caused by vortex generation on trailing edge. Based on the analysis and calculation process, Clark-Y MOD with aspect ratio, AR= 4.28 and taper ratio, λ= 0.65 was chosen as the wing aerofoil and SD 8020 with AR = 4.8 and λ= 0.5 was chosen as the horizontal tail, while SD 8020 with AR = 1.58 and λ= 0.5 was chosen as the vertical tail. The lift and drag forces generated for wing and tail surfaces can be determined from the Fluent 6.3 simulation. Results showed that until angle of attack of 6 degrees, the formation of flow separation is still going on behind the trailing edge, and the stall condition occurs at 14 degrees angle of attack which is characterized by the occurrence of flow separation at leading edge, with a maximum lift coefficient (Cl) obtained = 1.56. The results of flight tests show that this small UAV has successfully maneuvered to fly, such as take off, some acrobatics when cruising and landing smoothly, which means that the calculation and analysis of aerodynamic aerofoil's profile used on the wing and tail of the Small UAV were able to be validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a novel neural network approach for automatic target recognition (ATR) in the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) aerial imagery; this is applied to identify military ground vehicles. The proposed ATR algorithm consists of a processing cascade with the following stages: (a) object detection using a pulse-coupled neural network (PCNN) segmentation module; (b) a first feature selection module using Gabor filtering (GF); (c) a second feature selection module using principal component analysis (PCA); (d) a support vector machine (SVM) classifier improved by using virtual training data generation (VTDG) with concurrent self-organization maps (CSOM). The proposed model has been applied for the recognition of three classes of military ground vehicles of the former Soviet Union represented by the set of 2987 images of the MSTAR public release database. The experimental results have confirmed the method effectiveness, leading to a total success rate of 97.36%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The big wave suddenly invaded to the beach, and three children were carried off to the sea by the wave though they played on the beach. The beach characteristic topography has the cusp topography and steep slope. This study tried to comprehend the reason why this accident occurred. Firstly, this study comprehended the wave condition when the accident occurred. Secondary, this study made the survey about the geographic feature of the beach. And this study obtained the geographic data for the numerical simulation from the aerial photograph which were taken by Drone. Finally, this study comprehended the wave dynamics on the beach by the numerical simulation. This study simulated the wave dynamics by the horizontal two dimensional numerical model and the vertical two dimensional numerical model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last year's aerospace images give most part of all spatially-frequency information about objects located on a terrene. Thus, it should be noted that greater part of experimental material about spectral-reflecting descriptions of natural objects is got in laboratory terms, at treatment of tests of vegetation, soils etc. However, there is a problem of integration of the investigated landscape at application of the remote sensing. The Center of collective use of high-tech equipment (Mining University) developed a methodology for detecting violations of natural soil-plant systems experiencing human impacts on the materials of aerospace survey and aerial photography. This methodology is based on the results of studies on the geochemical and spectral reflection characteristics of the vegetation and soils in the areas of possible anthropogenic stress, and involves the combination of such sources of information as the data of multispectral satellite imagery and aerial photography using means of small aircraft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The region of North-West Bohemia (the Czech Republic) is influenced by human activity in many ways. The Ore Mountains bordering with Germany were de-populated after the 2nd World War in connection with the political situation (displacement of German speaking inhabitants), large water dam structures and rough living conditions. A huge amount of small villages, settlements and technical structures has disappeared. Location of the abandoned sites may be identified on processed old maps or archival aerial imagery. In this paper are described methods of tracing the occupation residuals using small format aerial photography performed by UAVs and aircrafts. Different abandoned sites were selected to perform this tracing - village at the border with Germany, water-mill structure in the mountain valley and by a water dam over flooded village. All the sites were carefully scanned with the selected technology and the resulting orthophotos and digital terrain models were used for identification of occupation residuals. Some of the structures were re-modeled in 3D and all the processed data are published online as a web-mapping application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advantages of the technology of cloud computing integrated with the Geographical Information Systems (GIS), towards classical forest management methods were examined in this work. Forest management is a vital element for the wellness, the protection and the economic efficiency for every forest. Usually for a successful management a vast variety of different data like aerial photos, satellite images, in situ measurements, climate data etc. are needed. The collection, process and publication of all these data is a difficult and high demanding procedure, which consumes many resources. In some cases, those high demanding in recourses constitute a negative factor for the creation of an efficient and adequate forest management plan. The new groundbreaking technology of cloud computing integrated with the well-known Geographical Information Systems, seems to have promising applications in the field of forest management. During this study the classical forest management methods in Greece were examined and compared with the new proposed methods based in the cloud GIS technology. For the comparison many factors such as the efficiency, the demanding in resources, the time and the consolidation of the results in a national level were taken in consideration. The results saw that the proposed methodology is more efficient, demanding less economic and human resources and it can produce consolidated data results in a national level. Furthermore, it helps into the creation of a national forest database, which due to the cloud technology it could be accessed and processed from many users simultaneously. The created database will promote the scientific research and in combination with the cloud GIS it could become the base for a powerful decision support tool for the forest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the last few years, fast progress of information and navigation technologies gave rise to establishment and rapid growth of personal navigation systems. Whereas hardware, software and algorithm-specific issues successfully find their solutions, mapping remains to be a major challenge. And open mapping services appear to offer an effective solution. One of the most popular services is OpenStreetMap project, offering an open platform for creation of maps by users all over the world. Map developers use satellite images, personal GPS devices, aerial photography, or their personal terrain knowledge. However, weak formalization of mapping process results in considerable complications for third party users. The key problem is caused by the existence of full or partial duplicate objects, as well as conflicting data on objects. This article describes the R-tree solution to the problem. The article gives case studies for the described approach applied both for model data, and real data, which illustrate its advantages and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses research which examined the generation mechanism of the rip current at the enclosed beach by the groins at Ajirohama Beach in Japan including the large scale and velocity. Topics discussed include a description of the numerical simulation models, the profiles of current vectors and velocity and visualization of the current by the sea water colorant.