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Unlike subtractive manufacturing processes where material is removed, Additive Manufacturing (AM) involves creations of objects layer by layer from digital models. This approach reduces material waste significantly, making it an environmentally friendly option. It offers customization to larger extent with freedom to design with reduced waste and inbuilt with the ability to construct complex structures. AM excels at creating complex and intricate structures that may have otherwise been extremely challenging or costly to produce. This capability is particularly valuable in aerospace, biomedical, and architectural applications. A comprehensive review on the methods adopted, materials used and its extensive applications in trending areas were highlighted. This study also includes present state of development and also provides a comprehensive overview of 3D printing (3DP), emphasizing its advantages and challenges. It serves as a valuable resource for researchers and developers in this field, guiding future research efforts and innovations. The evolving nature of materials and technologies in 3D printing means that this area will continue to be a focal point for innovation in manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The war of hegemony, known in historical sources as the Peloponnesian War represented not only a generalized military conflict of the entire Greek world since Antiquity, but also an entirely new war until then. Its novelty was manifested in the fact that they were not only military confrontations, but also genuine battles between ideologies, between interests, between ideas, between camps, between political systems. The League of Delos controlled by Athena, a veritable thalassocracy, faced the League of Peloponnesus, controlled by Sparta, the ancient state that had the best army in the world at that time. That's why, the war of hegemony was more than a classic battlefield conflict, it was a war to maintain reputations. Athena represented civil democracy, but also thalassocracy (power of the seas), therefore it had to maintain its status as the great power of the world in that area, even forgetting its status of the polis of democracy, and Sparta, the military democracy that wanted to preserve freedom and all democratic ideals, although its policy was war. The war of hegemony, the ancient world's first confrontation for influence and status, was the struggle between power and freedom, understood as independence/sovereignty, from which emerged victorious freedom defended by the most prepared army in the world at that time, the army of Sparta. Sparta, having won the war, named it after the Peloponnesian League, the alliance it controlled. The polis of Ares defended with arms the freedom, independence and sovereignty of the Greeks polises, defeating Athena, then a great economic power, demonstrating to the world that the money cannot defend or buy freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence, globalisation and the ideology of transhumanism are contemporary realities that propose a new conception of man, his social status, likely to affect the fundamental rights and freedoms enshrined in constitutions and laws. In this study we will present the content, definitions and meanings of globalisation, AI and the ideology of transhumanism, whereby the social status of man, his existence are subordinated to technology. In this context, we will insist on the risks and vulnerabilities that the new contemporary realities present for humans. We will refer to the legal means of guaranteeing human rights and to normative regulations regarding the use of AI in the context of world globalisation and the proliferation of the ideology of transhumanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considered since ancient times, the sacred place where justice is administered, the courtroom is gradually opening up to new technologies, either for exceptional situations or for reasons related to the good administration of the act of justice. The rapid pace at which the contemporary world is transforming into an informational world marks all areas of the society, therefore, justice cannot stand aside from the technological implications. Although it undeniably has a number of advantages such as speed and cost reduction, the implementation of IT technologies in justice brings with it a series of challenges and questions and leads to the adaptation of the working methods of justice actors, legal professionals, but at the same time it also marks a reconsideration of the way of exercising the rights of the parties involved in the judicial proceedings. This paper work intends to address the compatibility of existing provisions in national law on the participation of persons deprived of their liberty in criminal proceedings by means of remote communication with the provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights and the case law of the Strasbourg Court in terms of the observance of the right of defense and the right to a fair trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Valid management and sharing of public knowledge is a critical aspect for any competent legal system and for the safeguard of human rights. The duty of government to make the law known is commonly accepted legal norm, relative to laws that are enacted by the legislature. Yet, how are laws, which are embedded in cyber platforms by programmers, to be managed and shared? The problem was presented by L. Lessig as a legal theory - "Code is Law". Lessig primarily addressed commercial platforms that were used for sharing knowledge, claiming that such platforms effectively established new rules, which were not enacted through any democratic process, were not explicitly stated, and might threaten constitutional principles. E-government systems are a critical subset of such cyber platforms. Instant case study presents data from a series of Israeli court cases, pertaining to rules that are embedded in e-government systems, which determine tax liability, using the Tax Authority system, and valid signing and entry of criminal judgments of the courts themselves, using Administration of Courts Net-HaMishpat system. In both cases, government agencies refused to provide any information regarding such rules, pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act. Following lengthy court battles, such rules have not yet been provided. The Israeli Supreme Court has avoided ruling on the issue whether software or IT system code constitutes "information" pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act, deeming it 'not ripe for review and decision'. The obvious concern is that the rules, which are implemented in the respective e-government systems are out of compliance with the publicly shared law and violate constitutional rights. In both cases, the issue is directly related to authentication and validation of e-government systems and the knowledge they share. Such circumstances raise further concerns regarding knowledge management and sharing - lack of integrity and dissemination of invalid public knowledge by governments, undermining the public's capacity to keep a watchful eye on the working of government agencies. Particularly regarding the courts, such circumstances can undermine the rule of law and human rights. IT experts should assume a more active role in human rights protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, 3-Degree of Freedom (DOF) serial links robot manipulator is modeled and controlled using two different types of control techniques. The trajectory and position control is performed by classical PID controller and Sliding Mode Controller (SMC). The controller aim is to keep the rotate angles of all three links at the desired angles and remove the end effector oscillation. The modeling and the controlling are implemented by MATLAB/ Simulink. The comparison between the dynamic response for 3-DOF serial robotics arms under classical PID controller and Sliding Mode Controller is presented and the results are better than results in PID controller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evaluation of entrepreneurship education’s impact has caused much debate. In part this is driven by varying notions of what its purpose is. What we propose to do in this paper is extend these discussions into the political domain. While we recognise that entrepreneurship education is not typically associated with, or indeed even attempts to foster political change, we argue that in its essence it converges with Critical Pedagogy, especially in its empowering function (Santos et al., 2019). More directly Hägg and Kurczewska (2016) allude to Freire’s (2005 (1972)) notion of praxis and its democratising function in relation also to entrepreneurship education. Taking this possible convergence between entrepreneurship education and Critical Pedagogy as a starting point for our exploration, we assess the extent to which EE leads to the growth in interest in politics and a greater willingness to engage in politics and therefore assumes a (political) emancipatory function. To test these ideas we draw on a sample of sixty Danish students engaged in entrepreneurship education. In a pre- and post-intervention design, we sought to establish the extent to which education develops a number of political attributes associated with emancipation: socio-political control, political interest, civic engagement and changes in political orientation in students. Although results were not conclusive, there was an indication that political measures had changed. Given the absence of research on the political outcomes of EE at the level of the individual this study sets the scene for further work in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Value orientations of the young intellectual leaders cause absolute interest because, by realizing their ambitions, projects and making creative breakthroughs, they will eventually change history, create new directions for the development of science and art. Not only the realization of the talented youth's own potential depends on what they think about the meaning of a person, on the worldview positions, but also whether the future society will be humanistic, whether talent will be cultivated in it. The article presents the results of a statistical sociological study of ideas about humanism, qualities of a leader, value orientations and the level of existential fulfillment of young intellectual leaders - graduate students of a technical university. The level of existential fulfillment of the sample is interconnected with a high vitality and self-awareness of health, ideas about humanism as the flourishing of sciences and art, ideas about freedom as a responsible choice, and the morality of universal justice. However, graduate students deliberately downplay the values "stimulation" and "hedonism" (striving for novelty and deep experience to maintain an optimal level of activity). Although the combination of these values with the value "independence" is significant for creative activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When carried out by the state, paternalism was often decried as coercive, questioning in itself the liberty of the individual and always alluding to the latter’s presumed incapacity to decide and to choose. Paternalism claims that most individuals are not capable to decide for themselves and argues that authority should take much of this burden off their shoulders. At its most basic level, consumer law is a special area of law dealing with protection of a universal status and that is why many of the protective measures can be seen as paternalistic, although even a kernel of truth couldn’t resist to a real analysis. The paper starts from the observation that both opponents of the idea of protection, and ardent followers of paternalism extended to the widest possible area, has the same tendency to wrongly generalize the paternalistic qualification of almost any element of protection. The paper addresses three issues: paternalism – coercive and non-coercive, libertarian paternalism and paternalistic libertarian nudges, consumer law and its specific protection with special regard to consumer status, and the crossing area between consumer law and paternalism. The main purpose of this study is to convey an objective clear method to distinguish this crossing area between consumer law and paternalism and what exactly in this area is actually of a real paternalistic substance and what is not genuine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of restorative justice offers a new way of approaching and understanding all the concepts with which professionals in the field of criminal law work: crime, offender, victim, criminal trial, criminal sanction, imprisonment, etc. Restorative justice aims to balance the problems of the victim and the community, as well as the need for social reintegration of the offender, to assist the victim in the recovery process and to give all parties the right to be present and to be actively involved in justice. caused by the commission of an offense, based on an approach involving not only the parties but also the community at large, in close liaison with specialized institutions in the field. Starting from the hypotheses according to which the crime has its origins in social conditions and community relations, that crime prevention depends on the assumption by local and central authorities of responsibilities related to social policy to remedy the conditions that cause crime, the consequences of the crime can not be fully resolved for the parties without their personal involvement, the main objectives of restorative justice are: - to respond to the needs of the victims - material, financial, emotional and social needs (including those close to the victim, who may also be affected); - to prevent recidivism by reintegrating criminals into the community; - to determine the criminals to actively assume responsibility for their deeds; - to create a community that supports the rehabilitation of criminals and victims and that is active in crime prevention; - to provide some means of avoiding the burden of the criminal system, costs and delays, but also the abandonment by society of passive roles in traditional retributive, rehabilitative justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Criminal law, being the face of the identity of a certain State, reflects the most important values of a certain community. Nonetheless, the impact of globalization in criminal law has been evidently progressively more relevant, be it regarding international covenants imposing the safeguard of certain values, be it through regional instruments – as by the European Union – imposing the criminalization of certain behaviors. In other words, the community relevant in terms of criminal law has known an exponential growth. However, criminal law has its own grammar, in the sense that some ideas are co-natural to the comprehension of this legal area and its meaning in terms of the balance of the fundamental values it stands on: liberty and security. Having under regard the ultima ratio maxim of criminal law, the paper intends to analyze the pendular movement between liberty and security, considering three main vectors: the principle of legality, gender violence and terrorism. The principle of legality represents the general minimal standard of guarantee of criminal law in wider terms, considering the several international covenants regarding the intervention of the ius puniendi of the States.Gender violence, in particular as a situated cultural phenomenon, has been increasingly more relevant in terms of international protection, being in this case particularly relevant the Istanbul Convention.Finally, terrorism has been a major issue of debate with an exponential growth in terms of instruments requiring the harmonization of criminal law intervention since 9/11. These vectors of analysis, interpreted as having different incidence in the pendulum between liberty and security, can possibly allow to ascertain the main direction of the pendulum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Criminal law, being the face of the identity of a certain State, reflects the most important values of a certain community. Nonetheless, the impact of globalization in criminal law has been evidently progressively more relevant, be it regarding international covenants imposing the safeguard of certain values, be it through regional instruments - as by the European Union - imposing the criminalization of certain behaviors. In other words, the community relevant in terms of criminal law has known an exponential growth. However, criminal law has its own grammar, in the sense that some ideas are co-natural to the comprehension of this legal area and its meaning in terms of the balance of the fundamental values it stands on: liberty and security. Having under regard the ultima ratio maxim of criminal law, the paper intends to analyze the pendular movement between liberty and security, considering three main vectors: the principle of legality, gender violence and terrorism. The principle of legality represents the general minimal standard of guarantee of criminal law in wider terms, considering the several international covenants regarding the intervention of the ius puniendi of the States. Gender violence, in particular as a situated cultural phenomenon, has been increasingly more relevant in terms of international protection, being in this case particularly relevant the Istanbul Convention. Finally, terrorism has been a major issue of debate with an exponential growth in terms of instruments requiring the harmonization of criminal law intervention since 9/11. These vectors of analysis, interpreted as having different incidence in the pendulum between liberty and security, can possibly allow to ascertain the main direction of the pendulum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giftedness is inherent in man, distinguishes him from other living beings. Learning the natural foundations of giftedness, we approach the understanding of the origin of man, the conditionality of development and freedom. This paper uses practice-based research, critical analysis of literature and observations to investigate the various issues involved with the application of contemporary art in the study of child's giftedness. The methodology of the study was to use the method of variance analysis to process empirical data obtained using the “Living drawing” subtest, which includes a task for children to create art compositions “on behalf of a contemporary author”. This helped to notice the peculiarities of the relationship between the General creative giftedness of children with sports and artistic one. Conclusions. The use of contemporary art in diagnostic tools has revealed a number of features of the distribution of giftedness in children aged 6-7 years, which remain hidden in other conditions. So, the distribution of sports giftedness in the sample depends on the level of overall creative giftedness of children: in the range from 0 to 1, sports giftedness is weak, and increases from 1 to 3. A similar relationship was found between general creative and art giftedness. Comparing the graphs of athletic and art giftedness allows you to notice their coincidence in reducing and increasing the severity of signs. The ability of children to show duovector giftedness, by which we mean the child's ability to quickly and naturally move from sports to artistic activities and vice versa, in the range from 0 to 1 decreases, from 1 to 2 increases, from 2 to 3 decreases. That is, a high level of general creative talent can be considered as a prerequisite for specialization in one of the activities in the further development of the child. A more complete picture of the distribution of giftedness can be obtained using analysis of variance in identifying the relationship between giftedness in music and language learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An objective of clinical legal education (CLE) is to stimulate students to take the active part in the learning process to develop legal skills that will be of great aim once they complete the law school and start to work in the practice. The CLE offer students the unique way of learning about the law by analysing the law in a real-life context. With the help of the CLE the students learn that some members of the society do not have equal opportunity to access the justice to protect their subjective right which gives them the knowledge that the law and justice are not the synonyms. Thus, students can learn about the law and its role in society by analysing it through the philosophical theories that can be used not only as of the model for solving legal problems in society but as well as a tool for developing sense of the responsibility toward underprivileged members of society among the students. To achieve that, the student should be exposed to some philosophical knowledge about justice during their CLE, especially knowledge about social justice. The theory that could be a good base for learning about social justice is Rawls’ Theory of Justice that can provide a theoretical framework to enable students to interrogate state approaches to access to justice issues. In the context of the Rawls' Theory of Justice, CLE should create conditions for students to learn in practice about equal opportunities for exercising rights and freedoms. These conditions could be provided by CLE if law clinics become active members of a legal aid system that is supported by the state. If the will of the state to support providing legal aid is absent, students should learn how to initiate some legislative actions and interrogate state approaches to access to justice issues. Thus, clinical legal education could provide students with knowledge on how to take some actions to propose changes to existing law that regulates legal aid. Drawing on Rawls’ arguments, the author will argue that CLE creates conditions for students to critically reflect on equal access to justice that is nowadays facing the global problem of legal aid cuts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identity formation involves all of us. The questions Who am I? and Where do I belong to? arise quite often in our minds. In the past, an individual was bound by its social status, gender identity and social traditions. In today's modern society, according to some even post-modern society, humans have gained enormous freedom. They can freely build their own identity, they can choose their own way of life, their partner, profession and all of that according to their own criteria. On the one hand, people have acquired enormous freedom. On the other hand, they were given responsibility for their lives. Seeking and creating one's own identity is a lifelong process and, in the context of macro-social changes in society, its complexity creates various kinds of problems and crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research on user resistance has proven that even the adoption of highly beneficial information system (IS) is often accompanied by strong user resistance. Much of the resistance at the time of initial adoption depends on the users' perceptions of the IS. In this regard, perceived threats to users' personal freedoms are especially problematic, since they can cause state reactance (in the form of anger and negative cognitions). State reactance has proven to be an important determinant of resistant behavior in other fields. However, IS literature on initial adoption decisions remains largely silent on reactance. Drawing on the psychological reactance theory (PRT), our study develops a model that links state reactance directly with user resistance to an initial adoption of an IS. In our model, we will offer an empirical approach that will provide evidence for the claim that state reactance increases user resistance. We aim to advance IS literature by integrating knowledge from reactance literature to leverage the current understanding of state reactance in user resistance literature. Furthermore, our work will offer practitioners suggestions for formulating reactance-avoiding communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ohrid School of Law is the property of Institute for Legal & Economic Research & Education Iuridica Prima and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ohrid School of Law is the property of Institute for Legal & Economic Research & Education Iuridica Prima and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ohrid School of Law is the property of Institute for Legal & Economic Research & Education Iuridica Prima and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In my paper I aim at discussing the problem of freedom in culture, in general, and in language, in special, by resorting to Ortega y Gasset and Coseriu's philosophical ideas. Both thinkers state that genuine freedom is opposed to barbarism or libertinism due to the fact that it is governed by a series of norms or rules freely consented by society/community. The same is valid, in broad terms, for language as well, only that, in this case, the norms (placed at different levels) present certain particularities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erich Fromm observed that society's inability to achieve the full uniqueness of each individual, or freedom to, had compromised gains in freedom from external constraint, or freedom from. I suggest that freedom from is similarly connected to freedom to in academic freedom. I draw on the analysis of Michael Polanyi, Karl Mannheim, and Robert Merton as they analyzed the changing nature of knowledge production in modern society. Following Merton, I argue that any account of freedom from in academic freedom must assess the relationship between academia and public opinion. Synthesizing Mannheim and Polanyi, I find that both awareness of the personal and social sources of knowledge and belief in an accessible, transcendent reality are necessary for freedom to in academic freedom. This dual acknowledgment constitutes a recursive organizing principle and helps correct the overemphasis on freedom from to the detriment of freedom to that erodes both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines Francis Bacon's influence on Emile Durkheim and demonstrates that Bacon's theory of mental "idols" has a significant presence in Durkheim's work. Both Bacon and Durkheim sought to demarcate new methods of inquiry against contemporary contenders. Both were wary of unfettered philosophical abstraction, as well as the pseudo-scientist's preoccupation with immediately practical results. Thus, it is fitting that Durkheim would explicitly characterize perceived dangers to sociological knowledge in terms of Bacon's idols, as objective obstacles which habit substitutes for fact in the absence of a sufficiently powerful epistemological mechanism. In preparation against these idols, Durkheim and Bacon offer rhetorically and logically similar remedies of self-imposed discipline and restraint. A close reading of key texts reveals that Durkheim's references to Bacon capture surprisingly deep similarities, suggesting that Bacon influenced Durkheim to a greater degree than is commonly recognized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2019 Poland will celebrate the centennial anniversary of the establishment of Polish- U.S. diplomatic relations and the 30th anniversary of freedom from communist rule, making this an opportune time to compare Polish and American views of freedom, liberty, and democracy. Using data from the World Values Survey waves 2 through 6 (1989-2014), this paper examines gender diversity in public opinion on a range of freedom issues, including democracy, women's rights, immigrants' rights, civil liberties, freedom of speech and of religion, and human rights. Findings show considerable variation between U.S. men and women - but not Polish men and women -- on freedom related attitudes. Cross-country comparisons show that (with some exceptions) U.S. men and women tend to score higher on these attitudes but Poles' scores are becoming more progressive over time. We conclude that a gender perspective is essential to a full understanding of comparative attitudes toward democracy, liberty, and freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the years women have won many fights during their road to emancipation. One of the main victories took place in the last decade when politics have become a won battle to the feminist representants. After more and more women began to occupy key positions in politics, administration, or the private environment, researchers were interested in the ways women lead. Scholars like Judy Rosener, Alice Eagly and colleagues, Catalyst or Carli have tried to find differences in leadership between women and men, but also the dominant characteristics of women leaders. Common views were that women are more concerned with the welfare of other people (helpful, sympathetic, nurturant etc), women lead in a more democratic and participative style than men and use relational skills to influence others, encourage participation, share power and information. The present research presents chronological references of women emancipation during the history, brings into discussion, according to the reviewed literature, gender differences in leadership, looks over women in leading position worldwide and makes some consideration about public leadership. This paper also highlights, through the focus-group qualitative research method, the main characteristics of women leaders in Romania, also trying to briefly describe how women politicians are perceived by the public. This paper is part of a wider research work that approaches the online communication of women political leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every democratic society seeks to create a stable environment for its members, trying to identify the needs of citizens, in all aspects, creating legal norms to ensure the proper functioning of society as a whole is one of the needs. The family as an institution, but also as a form of people's approach, requires maintaining a balance in the family relations, a desideratum pursued by both society and its members. Situations where a family member is deprived of liberty following a final court decision raise various questions about the family situation and the links between the family and the person in custody. The European states, as well as Canada, have recognized the importance of the family in the life of a person deprived of liberty by adopting rules in the field of penitentiary that contribute to the desideratum of the proper functioning of the family. But these rules also present, carefully scrutinized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study analyzes the behaviour of individuals deprived of their liberty both as an individual phenomenon and in relations established during the execution of custodial sentences. The impact of detention on these people is different, so their reactions are different. Isolation of society, loss or restriction of rights, separation from their families, subjection to a severe life regime, all perceived as a violation of his integrity as a human being. The study also analyzes the conformism/discipline report, taking into account both personal factors and secondary (environmental) factors generating aggressive behaviours, circumstances that affect the psyche of a person deprived of liberty, lowering his tolerance to everything the authorities involve who consider them "malevolent entities" whose purpose is to punish the innocent, to destroy the prisoner's being by being subjected to ill-treatment or by applying disciplinary sanctions. The study also focuses on the relationship between the person deprived of liberty and the restorative justice, the relationship between the offender, the victim, the criminal trial, the criminal sanction, the prison, in order to identify adequate remedies in order to recover the damage caused by the offense, as an alternative to the retributive penal system, focusing on the dialogue, on the negotiation, to enable offenders to assume active responsibility for their actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study aim to identify the main sources of individualism, in Renaissance. We have established the conceptual relationships between greek Christian terms hypostas-enhypostas-parahypostas-polyhypostas and their metamorphosis under the influence of iudaic and gnostic philosophy. We are sketching the typology of the individual, reflected in symbolic portraiture of Adam. The individualism excludes any form of constraint and impose with necessity the idea of authenticity. We can observe the deconstruction of the essential individual identity, centered on the ego divinity axis or on the ego self in Renaissance and the reconstruction of a para-hypostatic identity, according to individual liberty. The anagnost individualism of Pico is defined with the meaning of the detachment from the dogmatic thinking, of the familiarization with philosophical schools, in their interlacing, and of formulating one’s own opinion. The individualism of Pico has two hypostases: the one of autonomous individualism, resulted from the free will and from the possibility of metamorphosing between the poles of ignorance and knowledge, and the unification with the divine reason and a subsistent, enipostatic individualism, built around the idea of meeting the Divinity in a subjective space. To understand the poly-hypostatic identity it is usefull the approach in the area of anthropologic studies. According to this, the individual models his identity starting from the ontological premises represented by the grid of self reading, conditioned by the appartenance to a certain cultural archetipology, in our case-christian, iudaic, gnostic. The poly-hypostatic identity may be defined as unique identity, diversified according to the case, as metamorphosis of an primary adamic identity in new, successive identities, or as correlation of distinct identities, manifested in different contexts. The individualism of Pico is built on the idea of demiurgic capacities and of the freedom of defining the own existential axis in a space delimited right from the moment of Genesis. We have divided our study in four subchapters: Christian sources, Iudaic sources, Pico della Mirandola and the confluences of philosophical sources in ”Oratio de hominis dignitate” and the symbolic portraiture of Adam in Renaissance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biopolitics is an interdisciplinary field combining biology and politics. It is a study of politics whose subject is life administration according to the residence of citizens in order to "secure and sustain the manifold manifestations of human life and order them" and "to study the strategies and mechanisms by which human life processes are managed according to the knowledge of authoritarian regimes, power and process of subjectivizing" [1]. This term was created by Rudolf Kjellen in his work "The Great Powers". One of the meanings assigned to the term "biopolitics" is social and political power over life. Biopolitics is an innovative interdisciplinary concept whose principles can be formulated by opening up different perspectives and comprehensions between biology and political science. Biopolitics is characterized by both inheritance and overlapping, which, in terms of identity, open up the possibility of comprehending and describing "one's own", i.e. belonging to one, as well as recognizing the adopted or the inherited. Biopolitics is questioning and analyzing resistance and practices of freedom and biopolitical theories are focusing on the concepts of 'care of the self'. Such approach is closely related to self-representation of the post-totalitarian society, support to explain the concepts of domination, power, "silencing" of public opinion as the factors that determine the domination and control, and foster false consciousness and one-dimensional life. These processes are vividly demonstrated by the biopolitical concepts related to the identity representation of the totalitarian and post-totalitarian literature: victimization and self-involvement (self-colonization), the concept of the powerless or the infirm, commemoration. They will be excerpted and analyzed in the historical novel series "WE. Latvia, the 20th Century", dwelling on the previous century in Latvia, each with a certain time line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the life and work of Czech protestant theologian Jan Milič Lochman (1922-2004) and the influence of Tomas Garrique Masaryk on Lochman´s concept of thinking. The author of this paper describes Lochman's works, especially the Decalogue and the Credo, and emphasizes the truth and the struggle for truth. It also highlights the difficult situation between the World Wars in Europe, where ideological struggle was present and the rise of Nazi Germany occured. Lochman and Masaryk are symbols of the unity of thought and deeds, while emphasizing the importance of human relationships. The study emphasizes the importance of democracy and freedom in the thinking of Masaryk while rejecting totalitarianism and violence. Masaryk and Lochman tried to bring Christian thoughts into a non-religious society. Both are characterized by love for man and philanthropy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Europe, embodied by the European construction, was always seen as the land of unity, the land where people are equal and their fundamental rights are guaranteed and protected. After two world wars when it has been proven that human life and human dignity could be at someone's discretion, the European leaders, hand in hand with all the leaders of the world, inspired from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, stood for universality of human rights making them a corner stone for Europe. But the last years, from this new century, marked by severe economic and social crisis, than the starting of the Syrian war, demonstrated that there are still many gaps that have to be fulfilled and the European project, actually, the European Union, is weaker and weaker, the distance between citizens and their leaders grows, and a strong crisis of authority is going on. Much more, the migration than began after the Syrian war proved that human rights are not yet so well defended as the European and non European citizens believed and a lot of measures and strategies have to be the main preoccupation for all the institutional and policies of the EU. Thus, this article deals with the main provisions of the European Agenda for Migration and the way the leaders succeeded, more or less, to apply it in order that universality of human rights to be respected and put it in the center of their politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A prisoner's life can often be a scary way of life for many people, which is why many individuals don't want to be close to people who have been imprisoned, for obvious reasons. But the reality is that those who execute prison sentences, sooner or later, are liberated from prison and re-enter en society. Resocialization is a hard and difficult process to be fulfilled, but obviously not impossible. In trying to redress the behaviours of those who have chosen the wrong way of life, family involvement is essential, especially in terms of maintaining mental health, and in the hope that at the end of the punishment, at the exit of the penitentiary there will be someone waiting there for them. The present paper aims to analyze the rights of inmates to keep in touch with their families, stipulated in the legislation of 5 European countries, the similarities and possible differences of their approach in the desire to identify the best regulations in this field, with best results in re-socialization. However, it is known that permanent contact with the family increases the confidence in the person self-esteem so that he / she overcomes the bad moments of life, as well as in the case of the prisoners the existence of more rights to maintain contact with the family is a desire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is an analysis of how direct judicial control is exercised over the problems arising during the execution of sentences and custodial measures through a new institution, that of the the judge of surveillance of deprivation of liberty, and an analysis of the limits of his powers. The study also analyzes the legal dimension of administrative-judicial complaints by the persons deprived of their liberty to defend their rights and interests. Deprivation of liberty is an event with major implications for both persons subject to such a measure and for their families or relatives. Whether it is a pre-arrested person, a person serving a custodial sentence or a juvenile in custody, the restriction of constitutional rights and the imposition of specific prohibitions can cause psychological suffering to people in this situation. The purpose of the punishment, of the custodial measure is not to cause physical or moral suffering or to humiliate the persons deprived of their liberty, but they are instituted for the purpose of recovery and re-socialization of these persons, as well as for the granting of constitutional rights within the limits of the temporary restrictions established in the court decision. In order to ensure the unitary application of these fundamental principles, the Romanian legislator, through Law no.254 / 2013, paid due attention to this category of persons, the new law being in line with the legislative changes that were made, as well as the European recommendations on the treatment of detainees, of Human Rights or the laws of other states regarding of the execution of sentences ordered by the court. These European regulations, among other things, have made substantial improvements to the regulations on ensuring the normal functioning of the Romanian penitentiary regime, especially as regards the right of persons deprived of their liberty to information, to fill complaints. The study is based on the conclusions drawn from the author's work as a clerk at the judge's office of deprivation of liberty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subsequent to pronouncement by the European Court of Human Rights of the semi-pilot judgement in case Iacov Stanciu v. Romania and the pilot judgement in case Rezmiveş and Others v. Romania - where the Court found structural problems concerning overcrowding of detention facilities and improper conditions of detention - national authorities were imposed to adopt an appropriate legal instrument in order to eradicate injuries of fundamental rights guaranteed by the Convention. The mechanism established by Law no. 169/2017 amending legislation on execution of punishments and detention measures aimed at achieving a double goal. On the one hand, it pursued to grant compensation to convicted persons executing punishments consisting in deprivation of liberty in improper conditions; on the other hand, it was destined to contribute to relieving places of detention. The purpose of this study is to analyze the degree to which the recently adopted legislation is suitable to fully attain the assumed end. The objectives of the study are to make an analysis of the relevant legal provisions and their impact on prison system and execution of punishment and at the same time of relevant case-law, in order to determine if the present form of the law leads to differentiations in treatment towards those to whom it addresses, incompatible to fundamental law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main functions of many international and regional organizations is the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Human right clauses are part of every agreement between the European Union and third countries. Today seems to be a concern the implementation of the human rights clauses and consequently, an enforcement mechanism it is required to be included in the agreement with third countries. An instrument of the Union external policy is the dialogue of the EU with third countries. European Union has adopted the Guidelines, providing the general framework for the EU action in the HR's area towards third countries. Human Rights Dialogues are one of the tools that the EU uses to implement its human rights policy and constitute an essential part of the EU's overall strategy towards non-EU countries. Political dialogue between EU and Albania started in 1991, and human rights are part of this dialogue, meanwhile the Copenhagen criteria are required to be met. The priority issues in each dialogue include the signing, ratification and implementation of international instruments, cooperation with international human rights mechanism, protection of the child's rights, women's rights, improving the prison and pre-trial detention system, freedom of expression, freedom of assembly and association, freedom of religion, vulnerable people's rights, property's rights, cultural rights, the rights of Roma people. Head of the EU Mission makes the assessment on human rights in Albania, drafts the local strategies for the implementation of guidelines and monitors the human rights situation, meanwhile the Working Group on Human Rights (COHOM) evaluates the progress done, deciding the continuity of HRD with Albania towards the full integration to EU. This article aims to give an overview of the importance of the EU Guidelines on HRD as an integral part of the HR Policy, the human rights position in the political dialogue with Albania and the role of the EU Heads of Mission in Albania on adopting and monitoring the implementation of the local strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the implications of ethics and morality in the government and how top official in the administration view their ethical principles both in theory and action. Key elements to be explored in this paper will be reference to key definitions and principles of morality, ethics, ethical decision making and its impact on justice, social equity, and citizens' rights. This will be followed by a review of the present political scene and policy decision making in major areas influenced by misguided propaganda and "Fake News" and the so called alternative reality. The paper will also look at how personal and party interests that have dominated the actions of those in high offices instead of putting the interests of the country and its citizens ahead, particularly for a long haul. Finally the paper examines if this dysfunctional trend is going to be just a passing fad or an unfortunate emerging quasi-paradigm the will permeate the political and administrative scenes for years to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term 'cybernetics' was coined by the French physicist Ampère in 1834 to describe civil government, and the expansion of the term into the informational realm still implies issue of control and governance. This paper will move the consideration of 'cyber' away from the technical and towards consideration of the ethical, moral, and political issues it raises, and which must be confronted. The 2013 Tallinn Manual is an initial attempt to draft a 'rules of war' for the era of cyber conflict; debates about cyber in the civil arena are not even at this stage. The paper is inspired by the work of John Robb, one of the main figures considering the rise of 'open source warfare' and asymmetric conflict in the non-martial domain, and by Zeynep Tufecki's Twitter and Tear Gas (2017) which discusses the use of cyber tools and Electronically Mediated Communication in general as aids to civil insurrection. In a world where access to the means of running EMC-aided information operations and Electronic Warfare are effectively universally available, what are the necessary steps (practical and ethical) for maintaining the security of the body politic in the modern world? Rather than seeking to present a detailed account of the necessary legislation required (which would be impossible, given the range of legislative and legal systems in force worldwide), the paper will seek to spark debate about the key concepts which must be addressed at a time when (in theory and increasingly in practice) every user of a networked device has the ability (deliberate or unintentional) to act as a vector of harm. The paper will consider whether the time has come to regulate the possession of networked devices, and, if so, how such a process could be introduced. Grounded in Berlin's concepts of positive and negative liberty, it will present the fundamental concepts under consideration, and make a number of suggestions as to how such a process could be presented to the public, as an example of influence for the general good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the history and the stylistic choices adopted in the construction of Palazzo Ronzani in Bologna, which was the first building to rise after the heavy demolitions carried out in the historical center of the city at the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1910, the local administration adopted a Detailed Plan to change the aspect of the city, as it was already happening in the main European capitals. In this context, starting from 1911, the architect and scenographer Gualtiero Pontoni designed for Alessandro Ronzani -the owner of a well-known Bolognese beer company-his Palazzo, which is listed among the first multifunctional buildings in Bologna, containing offices, commercial activities and entertainment spaces. In an area of about 2000 m², the architect was able to propose a theatre with a capacity of 2000 seats at the basement, shops, a cafè-chantant and a restaurant on the ground floor, clubs, studios and commercial stores on the mezzanine and the first plan, and a hotel on the upper floors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]