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Most methodologies to measure the moisture-induced deformation (hygro-expansion) of paper microconstituents, including fibres and interfibre bonds, are low resolution or time-consuming. Hence, here, a novel method is proposed and validated to measure high-resolution full-field strain maps of paper microconstituents during hygro-expansion, based on environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). To this end, a novel climate stage enables accurate control of the relative humidity (RH) near the specimen in the ESEM from 0%–100%. The fibre surface, which is decorated a priori with a microparticle pattern, is captured during RH change. Subsequently, correlating the fibre surface using a dedicated global digital image correlation algorithm enables high-resolution hygro-expansion strain maps. Method optimisation involved performing contrast enhancement, scan-correction to reduce ESEM artefacts and a background correction, resulting in a strain resolution of (Formula presented.). Method validation revealed that the fibres' crystallinity is affected by the electron beam, even for minimal invasive electron beam settings. Interestingly, however, the fibres consistently exhibit conventional hygro-expansion behaviour during the drying slopes. Using the optimised procedure, hygro-expansion characterisation of two interfibre bonds and four interfibre bond cross-sections revealed the competition between the low longitudinal and large transverse fibre hygro-expansion in the bonded area.

Polymers are often combined with magnetostrictive materials to enhance their toughness. This study reports a cellulose nanofibril (CNF)-based composite paper containing dispersed CoFe2O4 particles (CNF-CoFe2O4). Besides imparting magnetization and magnetostriction, the incorporation of CoFe2O4 particles decreased the ultimate tensile strength and increased the fracture elongation of the CNF-CoFe2O4 composite paper. CNF was responsible for the tensile properties of CNF-CoFe2O4 composite paper. Consequently, the magnetic and magnetostrictive properties and tensile properties of CNF-CoFe2O4 composite paper can be controlled by changing the mixture ratio of CNF and CoFe2O4 particles.

The implementation of the Single-Use Plastics Directive has gained significant attention due to the detrimental impacts of plastic pollution, leading to the transition from plastic straws to paper straws for Tetra Pak’s portion-size carton packages. However, the acceptance of paper straws could be hindered by negative mouthfeel perceptions, which customers find the difficulties to accurately describe them. Objective measurement approaches, such as instrumental measurement, are expected to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mouthfeel, which can be correlated with subjective preference. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the instruments can accurately predict the results of consumer responses. The testing methods were developed in this study with the aim of investigating the useful correlations between subjective sensory perceptions and objective instrumental measurements of the mouthfeel on paper straws. Six different variants of paper straws were objectively evaluated for their mechanical and chemical properties related to mouthfeel through instrumental measurements, and their mouthfeel perception was subjectively evaluated through sensory analysis. Correlations between both subjective and objective measurements were identified using Pearson’s correlation. The results indicated that applying a coating material on paper straws effectively reduces water absorption and surface roughness but increases the coefficient of friction. In terms of compressive strength, wet paper straws exhibited significantly lower strength than dry paper straws across all variants. The subjective sensory evaluation revealed that coated paper straws were perceived to be less rough, sticky, dry, and soggy while exhibiting higher sturdiness. Some subjective and objective correlations have been identified in this study, with tactile friction and water absorption demonstrating the most potential in predicting the mouthfeel perception of paper straws. Other properties, including s, Plastic pollution has triggered a global awakening, prompting remarkable changes in how we consume plastics nowadays. To join the movement, Tetra Pak says goodbye to plastic straws and embraces the eco-friendlier alternative - paper straws for its convenient portion-size carton packages. However, this transition poses a major challenge for both companies and consumers. It is because the sensation when using paper straws may not be as satisfying for consumers as compared to plastic ones, and explaining this feeling is also difficult for consumers. But what if we could use measurement tools to accurately describe the experience and align them with the consumers' actual feelings? It would be fascinating. That is why this study comes in! Five instrumental methods (objective measurement) were developed in this study to precisely evaluate the mechanical and chemical properties of six different paper straw variants. But that is not all! The study also involved consumers' input by inviting them to participate in sensory analysis (subjective measurement), sharing their first-hand experiences with paper straws. By comparing and analyzing the results from these measurements, the study aimed to decode the secrets of paper straw mouthfeel and discover the connections between them. Here is what the study found - the fascinating correlations between what consumers felt and what the instruments measured. The findings from instrumental measurement showcased the power of coating material in transforming paper straws' mouthfeel. It effectively reduces the amount of water it absorbs (water absorption rate) and creates smoother surfaces for a delightful sipping experience. However, they showed an increase in the resisting force (friction force). Additionally, the study discovered that wet paper straws could not hold up the compressive force as much as dry ones, evidenced by their lower strength value when they were compressed in the machine. Now, let's dive into the consumer experience!

Background: Anemia during pregnancy is a kind of problem that most expectant mothers are dealing with. Consuming iron supplements is one kind of solution to lower the cases of anemia. However, the number of anemia in expectant mothers in West Sumatra is still high, 43% of them experience anemia in pregnancy and 52% of them did not adhere to consuming iron supplements. Purpose: Creating two kinds of media to motivate expectant mothers in consuming iron supplements, which are pregnancy paper fan and an Android notification system installed on their mobile phones, as well as to determine the effectivity of both media on knowledge, attitude, and adherence on consuming iron supplements. Methods: The population of this research is expectant mothers with a number of sample 110 respondents, where 55 respondents were intervened with pregnancy paper fan and 55 respondents were intervened by an android notification system. Results: The result of the bivariate analysis shows that the Android notification system has a significant impact on the adherence, knowledge, and attitude of expectant mothers on consuming iron supplements during pregnancy. However, the pregnancy paper fan has a significant impact only on knowledge and the adherence of expectant mothers on consuming iron supplements, while there is no significant impact on attitude toward consuming iron supplements. Conclusion: The use of the Android Notification System is effective on knowledge, attitudes, and compliance of expectant mothers on consuming iron supplements.

Research assessment reform is crucial for the social sustainability of research infrastructures (RIs): RIs can only thrive in the long term if the researchers who contribute to their development and growth receive academic credit for the kind of work they do in and around research infrastructures. To put it bluntly, research infrastructures have a vested interest in supporting the reform of research assessment. But, conversely, ongoing attempts to reform research assessment can also benefit from the work of research infrastructures because RIs have a great deal of experience creating and maintaining public services for producing, curating and harvesting both traditional and non-traditional academic outputs. The goal of this paper is to outline DARIAH’s position on the importance of research assessment reform for thematic RIs and the importance of thematic RIs for research assessment reform at the European level.

Context and motivation: AI-based systems (i.e., systems integrating some AI model or component) are becoming pervasive in society. A number of characteristics of AI-based systems challenge classical requirements engineering (RE) and raise questions yet to be answered. Question: This vision paper inquires the role that RE should play in the development of AI-based systems with a focus on three areas: roles involved, requirements’ scope and non-functional requirements. Principal Ideas: The paper builds upon the vision that RE shall become the cornerstone in AI-based system development and proposes some initial ideas and roadmap for these three areas. Contribution: Our vision is a step towards clarifying the role of RE in the context of AI-based systems development. The different research lines outlined in the paper call for further research in this area., This paper is part of the project TED2021-130923B-I00, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the European Union “NextGenera-tionEU”/PRTR., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

Fossil-plastics or paper? Or for that matter, bio-plastics and paper? This is a wellentrenched question in academic research, industrial, social and policy-making circles. Asenvironmental life-cycle analyses (or more appropriately, sustainability analyses) show timeand again, no single product or process or mode of operation is a ‘total villain’. There are goodsand bads, and at times, more of the one than the other. This paper, which is based on a coursereport written by the first author at Karlstad University (Sweden), restricts itself to a review ofpublications which have opted to compare paper bags with low density polyethylene (LDPE)plastic bags, on the basis of their environmental impacts. Environmental impact categoriesinclude the global warming potential, energy demand, fossil fuel depletion, water usage,acidification, eutrophication, and a range of toxicities – human, terrestrial, freshwater-aquaticand marine-aquatic. The articles were obtained through Google Scholar, read and reviewed toglean the results presented therein. The ‘What’, ‘How’ and ‘Where’, so to say were studiedcarefully to understand the reasons behind any differences or similarities detected. On the basisof this focused review, even though no new knowledge is being added, the common belief thatthe paper bag is environmentally superior to the LDPE alternative is further consolidated.However, if one focuses on water usage and would assign a high weightage to thatenvironmental impact, LDPE perhaps may score a few ‘brownie points’ over paper. One mustalso not forget that plastics (LDPE in this instance) can be recycled without significantdeterioration in its functional properties. In a circular economy (the bioeconomy part of whichgradually will expand over time), while introducing more and more bio-based products into thetechnosphere by way of trans-materialization is recommended, plastics will still continue toexist – albeit in much smaller amounts – and it would be perfectly fine if the degre, Tworzywa sztuczne pochodzenia kopalnego czy papier? A może biotworzywa ipapier? Pytanie to stale pojawia się w kręgach akademickich, badawczych, przemysłowych,społecznych i politycznych. Jak wielokrotnie wykazały środowiskowe analizy cyklu życia (lubdokładniej, analizy zrównoważonego rozwoju), w kwestiach środowiskowych żadenpojedynczy produkt, proces czy sposób działania nie może być uznany za “jedynegowinowajcę”. Wszystkie rozwiązania niosą ze sobą zarówno dobre, jak i złe skutki, a tylko wniektórych przypadkach jedne przeważają nad drugimi. Niniejszy artykuł, bazujący nasprawozdaniu z kursu napisanym przez pierwszego z autorów na Uniwersytecie w Karlstad(Szwecja), stanowi przegląd publikacji na temat porównania wpływu toreb papierowych orazplastikowych toreb z polietylenu o niskiej gęstości (LDPE) na środowisko. Kategorie wpływuna środowisko obejmują potencjał tworzenia efektu cieplarnianego, zapotrzebowanie naenergię, wyczerpywanie paliw kopalnych, zużycie wody, zakwaszanie, eutrofizację oraztoksyczność dla ludzi, oraz ekosystemów lądowych, słodkowodnych i morskich. Przeglądliteratury mający na celu zebranie przedstawionych wyników badań obejmował artykuływyszukane za pomocą Google Scholar. Aby w pełni zrozumieć przyczyny dostrzeżonychróżnic czy podobieństw przeprowadzono uważną analizę odpowiadając na pytania “Co”, “Jak”i “Gdzie”. Mimo że ten ukierunkowany przegląd literatury przedmiotu nie wnosi żadnej nowejwiedzy, to jednak służy ugruntowaniu powszechnego przekonania o mniejszej szkodliwościtoreb papierowych dla środowiska, w porównaniu z LDPE. Jeśli jednak za istotne kryteriumwpływu na środowisko przyjmiemy zużycie wody, torby LDPE zyskują w porównaniu zpapierowymi kilka przysłowiowych punktów. Jednocześnie, nie można zapominać, żetworzywa sztuczne (w tym wypadku LDPE) można poddać recyklingowi bez znaczącegopogorszenia ich właściwości użytkowych, a chociaż w gospodarce o obiegu zamkniętym (wktórej biogospodarka będzie z czasem zyskiwać na znaczeniu) zaleca, This is a development of a course deliverable by Isabell Lidbrand, into a journal paper....

Fossil-plastics or paper? Or for that matter, bio-plastics and paper? This is a wellentrenched question in academic research, industrial, social and policy-making circles. Asenvironmental life-cycle analyses (or more appropriately, sustainability analyses) show timeand again, no single product or process or mode of operation is a ‘total villain’. There are goodsand bads, and at times, more of the one than the other. This paper, which is based on a coursereport written by the first author at Karlstad University (Sweden), restricts itself to a review ofpublications which have opted to compare paper bags with low density polyethylene (LDPE)plastic bags, on the basis of their environmental impacts. Environmental impact categoriesinclude the global warming potential, energy demand, fossil fuel depletion, water usage,acidification, eutrophication, and a range of toxicities – human, terrestrial, freshwater-aquaticand marine-aquatic. The articles were obtained through Google Scholar, read and reviewed toglean the results presented therein. The ‘What’, ‘How’ and ‘Where’, so to say were studiedcarefully to understand the reasons behind any differences or similarities detected. On the basisof this focused review, even though no new knowledge is being added, the common belief thatthe paper bag is environmentally superior to the LDPE alternative is further consolidated.However, if one focuses on water usage and would assign a high weightage to thatenvironmental impact, LDPE perhaps may score a few ‘brownie points’ over paper. One mustalso not forget that plastics (LDPE in this instance) can be recycled without significantdeterioration in its functional properties. In a circular economy (the bioeconomy part of whichgradually will expand over time), while introducing more and more bio-based products into thetechnosphere by way of trans-materialization is recommended, plastics will still continue toexist – albeit in much smaller amounts – and it would be perfectly fine if the degre, Tworzywa sztuczne pochodzenia kopalnego czy papier? A może biotworzywa ipapier? Pytanie to stale pojawia się w kręgach akademickich, badawczych, przemysłowych,społecznych i politycznych. Jak wielokrotnie wykazały środowiskowe analizy cyklu życia (lubdokładniej, analizy zrównoważonego rozwoju), w kwestiach środowiskowych żadenpojedynczy produkt, proces czy sposób działania nie może być uznany za “jedynegowinowajcę”. Wszystkie rozwiązania niosą ze sobą zarówno dobre, jak i złe skutki, a tylko wniektórych przypadkach jedne przeważają nad drugimi. Niniejszy artykuł, bazujący nasprawozdaniu z kursu napisanym przez pierwszego z autorów na Uniwersytecie w Karlstad(Szwecja), stanowi przegląd publikacji na temat porównania wpływu toreb papierowych orazplastikowych toreb z polietylenu o niskiej gęstości (LDPE) na środowisko. Kategorie wpływuna środowisko obejmują potencjał tworzenia efektu cieplarnianego, zapotrzebowanie naenergię, wyczerpywanie paliw kopalnych, zużycie wody, zakwaszanie, eutrofizację oraztoksyczność dla ludzi, oraz ekosystemów lądowych, słodkowodnych i morskich. Przeglądliteratury mający na celu zebranie przedstawionych wyników badań obejmował artykuływyszukane za pomocą Google Scholar. Aby w pełni zrozumieć przyczyny dostrzeżonychróżnic czy podobieństw przeprowadzono uważną analizę odpowiadając na pytania “Co”, “Jak”i “Gdzie”. Mimo że ten ukierunkowany przegląd literatury przedmiotu nie wnosi żadnej nowejwiedzy, to jednak służy ugruntowaniu powszechnego przekonania o mniejszej szkodliwościtoreb papierowych dla środowiska, w porównaniu z LDPE. Jeśli jednak za istotne kryteriumwpływu na środowisko przyjmiemy zużycie wody, torby LDPE zyskują w porównaniu zpapierowymi kilka przysłowiowych punktów. Jednocześnie, nie można zapominać, żetworzywa sztuczne (w tym wypadku LDPE) można poddać recyklingowi bez znaczącegopogorszenia ich właściwości użytkowych, a chociaż w gospodarce o obiegu zamkniętym (wktórej biogospodarka będzie z czasem zyskiwać na znaczeniu) zaleca, This is a development of a course deliverable by Isabell Lidbrand, into a journal paper....

Vacuum dewatering of paper is a heavily energy expensive process, even more so for greaseproof paper, which is one of the main products at Nordic Paper Seffle AB. Due to this being such an energy demanding process, improvements in the vacuum dewatering could save massive amounts of energy. The focus of this thesis is to investigate the effect of a triple vacuum suction box on the dewatering rate of greaseproof paper, using a tried and tested method of simulative triple vacuum suction box at a laboratory scale, with the difference of simulating a quadruple vacuum suction box, and how the grammage of the paper sheet affected this, using unbleached sulphate pulp consisting of soft wood with an addition of 20 % eucalyptus fibers. The results were as expected, showing the expected dryness curve behavior of diminishing returns of the dryness to dwell time ratio, and the method showed valid for improving the energy efficiency compared to a single vacuum suction box, in terms of both expended energy, and yielded dryness. The grammage had a significant effect on the dewatering, with the heavier paper at 100 gsm showing the need of higher dwell times and increased levels of vacuum pressure than the lighter paper at 50 gsm. An addition of a triple vacuum suction box could possibly replace multiple high vacuum suction boxes, leading to even greater savings. Further testing would be required for optimization of the vacuum levels and dwell times for the 100 gsm paper sheet, in order to reach the same dryness as the 50 gsm paper sheet., Vakuumavvattning av papper är en mycket energikrävande process, ännu mer för greaseproofpapper, som är en av huvudprodukterna hos Nordic Paper Seffle AB. Eftersom detta är en så energikrävande process kan förbättringar av vakuumavvattningen spara enorma mängder energi. Fokus för denna avhandling är att undersöka effekten av en trippelvakuumsuglåda på avvattningseffektiviteten av greaseproofpapper, med hjälp av en beprövad metod för simulativ trippelvakuumsuglåda i laboratorieskala, med skillnaden att simulera en fyrdubbelvakuumsuglåda, och hur ytvikten på pappersarket påverkar detta; med oblekt sulfatmassa bestående av långfiber med tillsats av 20 % eukalyptusfibrer. Resultaten var som förväntat och visade den förväntade torrhaltskurvans beteende av avtagande förbättring av torrhalten, och metoden visade sig vara giltig för att förbättra energieffektiviteten jämfört med en enda vakuumsuglåda, både vad gäller förbrukad energi och torrhalt. Ytvikten hade en stor effekt på avvattningen, där det tyngre papperet på 100 gsm visade behov av längre uppehållstider och ökade nivåer av vakuumtryck än det lättare papperet vid 50 gsm. Ett tillägg av en trippelvakuumsuglåda kan troligen ersätta flera högvakuumsugslådor, vilket leder till ännu större besparingar. Ytterligare tester skulle krävas för optimering av vakuumnivåerna och uppehållstiderna för 100 gsm pappersarket, för att nå samma torrhet som 50 gsm pappersarket.

Background: The global marketplace is characterized by rapid and constantchange, resulting in complex logistics systems. The port industry, which is a crucial link in the supply chain, seeks to understand the complexity of market dynamics. Ports should understand the changing market dynamics to better meet the market demand and have a competitive advantage. One representative from the port industry is Swedish ports and the Port of Gothenburg, which will be the focus of this thesis. The market demand for paper and paperboard has been a significant driver of shipping activities in Swedish ports. The market demand for bulk and container shipping is also relevant due to its influence on the port’s operation. Furthermore, itis essential for port authorities to understand the demand-oriented infrastructure to develop strategies to meet the market dynamics. Purpose: This thesis has been undertaken on behalf of the PoG. The purpose of the thesis is to provide a clearer understanding of how the current and future market demand of paper and paperboard influence Swedish ports with scenario planning. Based on the future market demand for paper and paperboard, additional information of the future market demand for bulk and container will be included in the scenarios. By using the scenarios, recommendations will be given regarding investments the port authority at PoG needs to implement as a response to future paper and paperboard market demand. Methodology: The thesis has a qualitative case study with Port of Gothenburg as the study object. Data collection has been conducted through semi- and unstructuredinterviews from the Swedish forest industry, three forest companies and port authority at Port of Gothenburg. Additionally, scenario planning will be the main analysis method in this thesis. Conclusion: The current market demand for paper and paperboard indicates that demand for paper is decreasing, while demand for paperboard is increasing. The future market demand for paper an

Fossil-plastics or paper? Or for that matter, bio-plastics and paper? This is a wellentrenched question in academic research, industrial, social and policy-making circles. Asenvironmental life-cycle analyses (or more appropriately, sustainability analyses) show timeand again, no single product or process or mode of operation is a ‘total villain’. There are goodsand bads, and at times, more of the one than the other. This paper, which is based on a coursereport written by the first author at Karlstad University (Sweden), restricts itself to a review ofpublications which have opted to compare paper bags with low density polyethylene (LDPE)plastic bags, on the basis of their environmental impacts. Environmental impact categoriesinclude the global warming potential, energy demand, fossil fuel depletion, water usage,acidification, eutrophication, and a range of toxicities – human, terrestrial, freshwater-aquaticand marine-aquatic. The articles were obtained through Google Scholar, read and reviewed toglean the results presented therein. The ‘What’, ‘How’ and ‘Where’, so to say were studiedcarefully to understand the reasons behind any differences or similarities detected. On the basisof this focused review, even though no new knowledge is being added, the common belief thatthe paper bag is environmentally superior to the LDPE alternative is further consolidated.However, if one focuses on water usage and would assign a high weightage to thatenvironmental impact, LDPE perhaps may score a few ‘brownie points’ over paper. One mustalso not forget that plastics (LDPE in this instance) can be recycled without significantdeterioration in its functional properties. In a circular economy (the bioeconomy part of whichgradually will expand over time), while introducing more and more bio-based products into thetechnosphere by way of trans-materialization is recommended, plastics will still continue toexist – albeit in much smaller amounts – and it would be perfectly fine if the degre, Tworzywa sztuczne pochodzenia kopalnego czy papier? A może biotworzywa ipapier? Pytanie to stale pojawia się w kręgach akademickich, badawczych, przemysłowych,społecznych i politycznych. Jak wielokrotnie wykazały środowiskowe analizy cyklu życia (lubdokładniej, analizy zrównoważonego rozwoju), w kwestiach środowiskowych żadenpojedynczy produkt, proces czy sposób działania nie może być uznany za “jedynegowinowajcę”. Wszystkie rozwiązania niosą ze sobą zarówno dobre, jak i złe skutki, a tylko wniektórych przypadkach jedne przeważają nad drugimi. Niniejszy artykuł, bazujący nasprawozdaniu z kursu napisanym przez pierwszego z autorów na Uniwersytecie w Karlstad(Szwecja), stanowi przegląd publikacji na temat porównania wpływu toreb papierowych orazplastikowych toreb z polietylenu o niskiej gęstości (LDPE) na środowisko. Kategorie wpływuna środowisko obejmują potencjał tworzenia efektu cieplarnianego, zapotrzebowanie naenergię, wyczerpywanie paliw kopalnych, zużycie wody, zakwaszanie, eutrofizację oraztoksyczność dla ludzi, oraz ekosystemów lądowych, słodkowodnych i morskich. Przeglądliteratury mający na celu zebranie przedstawionych wyników badań obejmował artykuływyszukane za pomocą Google Scholar. Aby w pełni zrozumieć przyczyny dostrzeżonychróżnic czy podobieństw przeprowadzono uważną analizę odpowiadając na pytania “Co”, “Jak”i “Gdzie”. Mimo że ten ukierunkowany przegląd literatury przedmiotu nie wnosi żadnej nowejwiedzy, to jednak służy ugruntowaniu powszechnego przekonania o mniejszej szkodliwościtoreb papierowych dla środowiska, w porównaniu z LDPE. Jeśli jednak za istotne kryteriumwpływu na środowisko przyjmiemy zużycie wody, torby LDPE zyskują w porównaniu zpapierowymi kilka przysłowiowych punktów. Jednocześnie, nie można zapominać, żetworzywa sztuczne (w tym wypadku LDPE) można poddać recyklingowi bez znaczącegopogorszenia ich właściwości użytkowych, a chociaż w gospodarce o obiegu zamkniętym (wktórej biogospodarka będzie z czasem zyskiwać na znaczeniu) zaleca, This is a development of a course deliverable by Isabell Lidbrand, into a journal paper....

In this study, effect of two chemical compounds (i.e., 1-octanol and hexanal) respectively from the alcohol and aldehyde groups on thermophilic (55±2 °C) anaerobic process digesting the waste produced at a paper industry was investigated. In this scope, possible inhibition was monitored by the cumulative methane (CH4) yields in the batch reactors digesting the paper waste as the feedstock at concentrations of 0.005%, 0.05%, and 0.5% for each compound. Comparing the effects of the two different groups with the control reactor having only the paper waste as the substrate, the results revealed that adding 1-octanol and hexanal up to 0.05% concentrations had some synergistic effect on biogas yield (i.e., from 3% to 12% enhancement). Accordingly, the highest methane yields were 550 and 567 mL/g-VSfed, respectively on average in the presence of 1-octanol and hexanal at a concentration of 0.05% while the cumulative methane yield was observed as 490 mL/g-VSfed for the control reactor. With the exception of 1-octanol at 0.5%, adding both compounds at each investigated concentration was beneficial for the digestion in the batch process. Therefore, the selected alcohol and aldehyde sources did not cause the expected detrimental effect on the methanogens even at the maximum amounts added in this study. Nevertheless, since the effect of the chemical compounds on methane generation has been generally concentration-dependent, the toxic effects of 1-octanol and hexanal would be better observed at higher concentrations (>0.5%), especially when their threshold levels are exceeded in anaerobic reactors digesting paper wastes.

Polymers are often combined with magnetostrictive materials to enhance their toughness. This study reports a cellulose nanofibril (CNF)-based composite paper containing dispersed CoFe2O4 particles (CNF-CoFe2O4). Besides imparting magnetization and magnetostriction, the incorporation of CoFe2O4 particles decreased the ultimate tensile strength and increased the fracture elongation of the CNF-CoFe2O4 composite paper. CNF was responsible for the tensile properties of CNF-CoFe2O4 composite paper. Consequently, the magnetic and magnetostrictive properties and tensile properties of CNF-CoFe2O4 composite paper can be controlled by changing the mixture ratio of CNF and CoFe2O4 particles.

Vacuum dewatering of paper is a heavily energy expensive process, even more so for greaseproof paper, which is one of the main products at Nordic Paper Seffle AB. Due to this being such an energy demanding process, improvements in the vacuum dewatering could save massive amounts of energy. The focus of this thesis is to investigate the effect of a triple vacuum suction box on the dewatering rate of greaseproof paper, using a tried and tested method of simulative triple vacuum suction box at a laboratory scale, with the difference of simulating a quadruple vacuum suction box, and how the grammage of the paper sheet affected this, using unbleached sulphate pulp consisting of soft wood with an addition of 20 % eucalyptus fibers. The results were as expected, showing the expected dryness curve behavior of diminishing returns of the dryness to dwell time ratio, and the method showed valid for improving the energy efficiency compared to a single vacuum suction box, in terms of both expended energy, and yielded dryness. The grammage had a significant effect on the dewatering, with the heavier paper at 100 gsm showing the need of higher dwell times and increased levels of vacuum pressure than the lighter paper at 50 gsm. An addition of a triple vacuum suction box could possibly replace multiple high vacuum suction boxes, leading to even greater savings. Further testing would be required for optimization of the vacuum levels and dwell times for the 100 gsm paper sheet, in order to reach the same dryness as the 50 gsm paper sheet., Vakuumavvattning av papper är en mycket energikrävande process, ännu mer för greaseproofpapper, som är en av huvudprodukterna hos Nordic Paper Seffle AB. Eftersom detta är en så energikrävande process kan förbättringar av vakuumavvattningen spara enorma mängder energi. Fokus för denna avhandling är att undersöka effekten av en trippelvakuumsuglåda på avvattningseffektiviteten av greaseproofpapper, med hjälp av en beprövad metod för simulativ trippelvakuumsuglåda i laboratorieskala, med skillnaden att simulera en fyrdubbelvakuumsuglåda, och hur ytvikten på pappersarket påverkar detta; med oblekt sulfatmassa bestående av långfiber med tillsats av 20 % eukalyptusfibrer. Resultaten var som förväntat och visade den förväntade torrhaltskurvans beteende av avtagande förbättring av torrhalten, och metoden visade sig vara giltig för att förbättra energieffektiviteten jämfört med en enda vakuumsuglåda, både vad gäller förbrukad energi och torrhalt. Ytvikten hade en stor effekt på avvattningen, där det tyngre papperet på 100 gsm visade behov av längre uppehållstider och ökade nivåer av vakuumtryck än det lättare papperet vid 50 gsm. Ett tillägg av en trippelvakuumsuglåda kan troligen ersätta flera högvakuumsugslådor, vilket leder till ännu större besparingar. Ytterligare tester skulle krävas för optimering av vakuumnivåerna och uppehållstiderna för 100 gsm pappersarket, för att nå samma torrhet som 50 gsm pappersarket.

Background: The global marketplace is characterized by rapid and constantchange, resulting in complex logistics systems. The port industry, which is a crucial link in the supply chain, seeks to understand the complexity of market dynamics. Ports should understand the changing market dynamics to better meet the market demand and have a competitive advantage. One representative from the port industry is Swedish ports and the Port of Gothenburg, which will be the focus of this thesis. The market demand for paper and paperboard has been a significant driver of shipping activities in Swedish ports. The market demand for bulk and container shipping is also relevant due to its influence on the port’s operation. Furthermore, itis essential for port authorities to understand the demand-oriented infrastructure to develop strategies to meet the market dynamics. Purpose: This thesis has been undertaken on behalf of the PoG. The purpose of the thesis is to provide a clearer understanding of how the current and future market demand of paper and paperboard influence Swedish ports with scenario planning. Based on the future market demand for paper and paperboard, additional information of the future market demand for bulk and container will be included in the scenarios. By using the scenarios, recommendations will be given regarding investments the port authority at PoG needs to implement as a response to future paper and paperboard market demand. Methodology: The thesis has a qualitative case study with Port of Gothenburg as the study object. Data collection has been conducted through semi- and unstructuredinterviews from the Swedish forest industry, three forest companies and port authority at Port of Gothenburg. Additionally, scenario planning will be the main analysis method in this thesis. Conclusion: The current market demand for paper and paperboard indicates that demand for paper is decreasing, while demand for paperboard is increasing. The future market demand for paper an

Denna kvalitativa fallstudie syftade till att undersöka hur riskanalysmetoden Process Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (PFMEA) tillämpas och anpassas till pappers- och massaindustrin för att proaktivt hantera processrisker. Studien baserades på antagandet att Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG) och Verband der Automobilindustries (VDA) PFMEA-metod från år 2019 även kan användas för en process där virke omvandlas till träflis. Data samlades in genom litteraturstudier, observationer, företagsdokument, intervjuer och workshops med processexperter. Processrisker analyserades med AIAG och VDAs PFMEA-metod och tematisk analys användes för att identifiera lämpliga anpassningar av metoden. Utifrån deltagande roller och tidsåtgången för PFMEA-aktiviteter analyserades även resurser för en PFMEA. Resultatet visade att AIAG och VDAs PFMEA-metod är tillämplig för en process där virke omvandlas till träflis, förutsatt att bedömningskriterierna för allvarlighetsgrad anpassas och fiskbendiagram, 5-varför och felträdsanalys inkluderas för en strukturerad analys av grundorsaker. Totalt identifierades 36 feltillstånd, varav grundorsaksanalyser prioriterades för fyra som hade effekter med en allvarlighetsgrad åtta eller högre. För prioriterade feltillstånd identifierades elva grundorsaker för vilka åtgärder kunde rekommenderas. För att genomföra analysen under en 16-veckorsperiod uppskattades kostnaden till cirka 212 571 kr i arbetstidskostnader. Studien visar att AIAG och VDAs PFMEA-metod är en strukturerad metod för att analysera processrisker även inom pappers- och massaindustrin, om anpassningar görs av bedömningskriterier och metoder för grundorsaksanalys inkluderas. Budgeteras kvalificerad personal kan en PFMEA genomföras inom 16 veckor på en process där virke omvandlas till träflis., This qualitative case study aimed to investigate how the Process Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (PFMEA) methodology can be applied and adapted to the pulp and paper industry for proactive management of process risks. The study assumed that the Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG) och Verband der Automobilindustrie (VDA) PFMEA method from year 2019 could also be utilized for a process that transforms timber into wood chips. Data were collected through literature reviews, observations, company documents, interviews, and workshops with process experts. Process risks were analyzed using the AIAG and VDA PFMEA method, and thematic analysis was applied to identify suitable adaptations of the method. Resources required for a PFMEA were also analyzed based on the roles of the participants and the time for conducting PFMEA activities. The results revealed that the AIAG and VDA PFMEA method is applicable to a process that transforms timber into wood chips, provided that the severity assessment criteria are adjusted and fishbone diagrams, 5-why analysis, and fault tree analysis are included for a structured examination of root causes. A total of 36 failure modes were identified, where root cause analysis was prioritized for four failure modes exhibiting effects with a severity rating of eight or higher. Eleven root causes were identified for the prioritized failure modes for which recommended actions could be proposed. The estimated cost of labor for conducting the analysis over a 16-week period was approximately 212 571 SEK. This study demonstrates that the AIAG and VDA PFMEA method is a structured approach for analyzing process risks, even within the pulp and paper industry, if adjustments are made to the severity assessment criteria and methods for root cause analysis are included. With the allocation of sufficient resources and qualified personnel, a PFMEA can be completed within a 16-week timeframe for a process involving the conversion of timber into wood chips.

Modified nanocellulose have distinctive qualities and have drawn a lot of interest from a variety of fields. It is a natural, sustainable product that is manufactured from plant-based materials like wood and other renewable resources. It is also biodegradable. It is a possible material for battery separators because of its great mechanical strength, flexibility, and ability to create a stable and consistent membrane. Due to the cost of using it as a membrane, it has been investigated in this work to see if it can be coated onto a substrate and used as battery separator. In this work sulfonated cellulose nanofibrils (SCNF) has been used to be coated on kraft paper and inkjet paper using a rod coater. Parameters like concentration, thickness and substrates have been varied in this experiment. Viscosity was measured using Brookfield instrument to measure the viscosity for 0,5% SCNF and 1,5% SCNF. The coating was carried out using a rod coater and varying between two rods to influence the thickness, the coating used concentrations of 0,5% SCNF and 1,5% SCNF and two different substrates, kraft paper and inkjet paper. Thickness was determined to study the effect of the variation in rod. The mechanical strength was tested on the coated paper substrates and compared the results to the noncoated substrates as reference, the mechanical strength showed an improvement with the coated SCNF substrates. Permeance through the Gurley method was studied in order to understand how the coated substrates behaves compared to the noncoated. Contact angle was determined as well to understand the wettability of the coated substrates and how they would behave as separators in zinc ion batteries. The contact angle decreased with increasing concentration of the SCNF which is a result of the sulfonate groups. Cross sections were analyzed using SEM to study the influence of the coating to the substrates. Ionic conductivity was also tested to evaluate the possibility of the coated substrates as s

Textilindustrin är i behov av nya material som kräver mindre resurser än konventionellt använda material som exempelvis syntet- och bomull. Syntetiska material har en negativ påverkan på miljön, bland annat på grund av den mängd mikroplaster som släpps ut i naturen vid produktion och användning (Nagamine, Kobayashi, Kusumi & Wada 2022). En industri där syntetiska material ligger till grund för stora problem för marint liv är fiskeindustrin. När syntetiska nät tappas, oftast tillverkade av polyamid, fortsätter de att fånga fisk som inte tas om hand. Detta fenomen kallas spökfiske och skulle kunna motverkas om de syntetiska näten ersattes med ett naturligt biologiskt nedbrytbart material. Pappersgarn är ett relativt nytt material inom textilindustrin och har många egenskaper som är önskvärda vid användning i ett fiskenät, speciellt det faktum att det är biologiskt nedbrytbart. Denna studie undersöker möjligheten att använda ett pappersgarn i fiskeutrustning, närmare bestämt en kräftmjärde. Studien undersöker tre olika pappersgarn med olika grovlek, det vill säga Tex (92, 218 och 1814). Experiment utförs på garnets draghållfasthet och nedbrytningsförmåga. Ett test i bristningsstyrka görs på nät tillverkade av garnen. Testerna visar att garn med Tex 1814 är det mest lämpliga att använda i en kräftmjärde. Detta garn hade en draghållfasthet, efter 14 dagar i naturligt havsvatten, på 10541 centinewton/tex [cN/tex]. Nätet tillverkat av samma garn hade en genomsnittlig bristningsstyrka på 136 kilopascal [kPa], vilket var över den genomsnittliga bristningsstyrkan för ett nät i polyamid. Om syntetisk fiskeutrustning skulle ersättas med biologiskt nedbrytbart pappersgarn skulle det kunna motverka spökfiske och minska mängden mikroplaster i naturen., The textile industry is in need of new materials that use less resources than conventionally used material such as synthetics and cotton. Furthermore, synthetic materials have a negative impact on the environment partly due to the amount of micro plastics that are released in nature during production and use (Nagamine, Kobayashi, Kusumi & Wada 2022). One area where synthetic materials are causing a lot of damage is the fishing industry. Synthetic nets that are lost or dropped keep catching fish that are not taken care of. This phenomenon is called ghost fishing and could be solved if the synthetics were replaced with a natural biodegradable material. Paper yarn is a relatively new material in the textile industry and has many properties that are preferred if used in a fishing net, especially the fact that it is biodegradable. This study investigates the possibility of using a paper yarn in fishing gear, more specifically a crayfish trap. The study examines three different paper yarns with different weight, also called Tex (92, 218 and 1814). Experiments are done on the yarn's tensile strength and degradability. A bursting strength test is made on nets made out of the yarns. The tests show that yarn with Tex 1814 is the most suitable to use in a crayfish trap. This yarn had a tensile strength, after 14 days in natural seawater, of 10541 centinewton/tex [cN/tex]. The net made of the same yarn had an average bursting strength of 136 kilopascal [kPa] which was above the average bursting strength of a polyamide net. If synthetic fishing gear would be replaced with biodegradable paper yarn, this could counteract ghost fishing and reduce micro plastics ending up in nature.

Over the past few years, there has been a surge in literature regarding the digital transformation. Its popularity derives from the tremendous potential it has proven in production companies, in previous studies. This has increased its attention among actors within the industrial business area. Despite this overwhelming popularity, the literature does not address the research area in relation to the slow-moving pulp and paper industry. At the same time, incumbent companies within the industry have proven to be incapable of adopting the digital transformation in the rapid pace of today’s volatile environment. This research therefore intends to investigate the crucial factors an incumbent company within the pulp and paper industry needs to adopt to achieve a higher absorption of novel digital trends. In order to investigate the subject, a qualitative case study was applied to a company within the category. The material was retrieved through semi-structured interviews with relevant actors within the case company and analyzed through thematic analysis. This revealed nine clearly outlined themes of insufficient corporate infrastructure that emphasizes essential organizational capabilities. These findings suggest that there are a number of capabilities that leaders and decision-makers need to adopt in order for the organization to conduct a more efficient and sustainable approach of digital transformation. This research therefore proposes a framework with outlined leadership capabilities to consider in transformation initiatives, within the pulp and paper industry. The framework will help leaders in shaping the process of implementing and maintaining digital transformation. These capabilities stimulate the support activities, which are the surrounding procedures and activities that support the organization in transformation initiatives, and are imperative for an organization to possess within the given context. By reducing the ambiguity and resistance to change the frame, Tidigare studier påvisar att digital transformation blivit ett allt vanligare forskningsområde. Detta på grund av de positiva effekter transformationen medfört inom ett flertal produktionsföretag. Konceptet har ökat uppmärksamheten inom industrisektorn, där det nu blivit allt vanligare att anamma digital transformation. Trots denna trend uppvisar befintlig litteratur en avsaknad av studier inom forskningsområdet, i relation till den långsamt rörliga kartong- och massaindustrin. Samtidigt påvisar etablerade företag inom industrin en brist på förmågan att anpassa sig till den digitala transformationen. Denna forskningsstudie syftar därför till att undersöka vilka faktorer som kan vara avgörande för ett företag inom kartong- och massaindustrin att anamma i strävan att uppnå en högre absorption av nya digitala trender. För att undersöka ämnet genomfördes en kvalitativ fallstudie hos ett företag inom kartong- och massaindustrin. Materialet erhölls via semistrukturerade intervjuer med relevanta aktörer inom fallföretaget och analyserades med hjälp av tematisk analys, vilket visade på nio tydliga teman i form av bristande infrastruktur. Detta resultat tyder på att ledare och beslutsfattare behöver besitta ett visst antal kvalifikationer för att organisationen ska kunna uppnå en mer effektiv och hållbar digital transformation. Denna studie har därför upprättat ett tydligt ramverk med definierade kvalifikationer som ledare bör eftersträva vid digital transformation inom kartong- och massaindustrin. Ramverket är avsett att användas som stöd för ledare vid implementering och upprätthållande av transformativa initiativ. Genom att stimulera viktiga stödfunktioner med hjälp av dessa kvalifikationer kan den organisatoriska tvetydigheten och acceptansen för sådana initiativ öka. Det ultimata målet är att etablera en enhetlig organisatorisk vision, baserat på digital transformation, för att stärka den övergripande långsiktiga hållbarheten.

In this study, effect of two chemical compounds (i.e., 1-octanol and hexanal) respectively from the alcohol and aldehyde groups on thermophilic (55±2 °C) anaerobic process digesting the waste produced at a paper industry was investigated. In this scope, possible inhibition was monitored by the cumulative methane (CH4) yields in the batch reactors digesting the paper waste as the feedstock at concentrations of 0.005%, 0.05%, and 0.5% for each compound. Comparing the effects of the two different groups with the control reactor having only the paper waste as the substrate, the results revealed that adding 1-octanol and hexanal up to 0.05% concentrations had some synergistic effect on biogas yield (i.e., from 3% to 12% enhancement). Accordingly, the highest methane yields were 550 and 567 mL/g-VSfed, respectively on average in the presence of 1-octanol and hexanal at a concentration of 0.05% while the cumulative methane yield was observed as 490 mL/g-VSfed for the control reactor. With the exception of 1-octanol at 0.5%, adding both compounds at each investigated concentration was beneficial for the digestion in the batch process. Therefore, the selected alcohol and aldehyde sources did not cause the expected detrimental effect on the methanogens even at the maximum amounts added in this study. Nevertheless, since the effect of the chemical compounds on methane generation has been generally concentration-dependent, the toxic effects of 1-octanol and hexanal would be better observed at higher concentrations (>0.5%), especially when their threshold levels are exceeded in anaerobic reactors digesting paper wastes.

Fossil-plastics or paper? Or for that matter, bio-plastics and paper? This is a wellentrenched question in academic research, industrial, social and policy-making circles. Asenvironmental life-cycle analyses (or more appropriately, sustainability analyses) show timeand again, no single product or process or mode of operation is a ‘total villain’. There are goodsand bads, and at times, more of the one than the other. This paper, which is based on a coursereport written by the first author at Karlstad University (Sweden), restricts itself to a review ofpublications which have opted to compare paper bags with low density polyethylene (LDPE)plastic bags, on the basis of their environmental impacts. Environmental impact categoriesinclude the global warming potential, energy demand, fossil fuel depletion, water usage,acidification, eutrophication, and a range of toxicities – human, terrestrial, freshwater-aquaticand marine-aquatic. The articles were obtained through Google Scholar, read and reviewed toglean the results presented therein. The ‘What’, ‘How’ and ‘Where’, so to say were studiedcarefully to understand the reasons behind any differences or similarities detected. On the basisof this focused review, even though no new knowledge is being added, the common belief thatthe paper bag is environmentally superior to the LDPE alternative is further consolidated.However, if one focuses on water usage and would assign a high weightage to thatenvironmental impact, LDPE perhaps may score a few ‘brownie points’ over paper. One mustalso not forget that plastics (LDPE in this instance) can be recycled without significantdeterioration in its functional properties. In a circular economy (the bioeconomy part of whichgradually will expand over time), while introducing more and more bio-based products into thetechnosphere by way of trans-materialization is recommended, plastics will still continue toexist – albeit in much smaller amounts – and it would be perfectly fine if the degre, Tworzywa sztuczne pochodzenia kopalnego czy papier? A może biotworzywa ipapier? Pytanie to stale pojawia się w kręgach akademickich, badawczych, przemysłowych,społecznych i politycznych. Jak wielokrotnie wykazały środowiskowe analizy cyklu życia (lubdokładniej, analizy zrównoważonego rozwoju), w kwestiach środowiskowych żadenpojedynczy produkt, proces czy sposób działania nie może być uznany za “jedynegowinowajcę”. Wszystkie rozwiązania niosą ze sobą zarówno dobre, jak i złe skutki, a tylko wniektórych przypadkach jedne przeważają nad drugimi. Niniejszy artykuł, bazujący nasprawozdaniu z kursu napisanym przez pierwszego z autorów na Uniwersytecie w Karlstad(Szwecja), stanowi przegląd publikacji na temat porównania wpływu toreb papierowych orazplastikowych toreb z polietylenu o niskiej gęstości (LDPE) na środowisko. Kategorie wpływuna środowisko obejmują potencjał tworzenia efektu cieplarnianego, zapotrzebowanie naenergię, wyczerpywanie paliw kopalnych, zużycie wody, zakwaszanie, eutrofizację oraztoksyczność dla ludzi, oraz ekosystemów lądowych, słodkowodnych i morskich. Przeglądliteratury mający na celu zebranie przedstawionych wyników badań obejmował artykuływyszukane za pomocą Google Scholar. Aby w pełni zrozumieć przyczyny dostrzeżonychróżnic czy podobieństw przeprowadzono uważną analizę odpowiadając na pytania “Co”, “Jak”i “Gdzie”. Mimo że ten ukierunkowany przegląd literatury przedmiotu nie wnosi żadnej nowejwiedzy, to jednak służy ugruntowaniu powszechnego przekonania o mniejszej szkodliwościtoreb papierowych dla środowiska, w porównaniu z LDPE. Jeśli jednak za istotne kryteriumwpływu na środowisko przyjmiemy zużycie wody, torby LDPE zyskują w porównaniu zpapierowymi kilka przysłowiowych punktów. Jednocześnie, nie można zapominać, żetworzywa sztuczne (w tym wypadku LDPE) można poddać recyklingowi bez znaczącegopogorszenia ich właściwości użytkowych, a chociaż w gospodarce o obiegu zamkniętym (wktórej biogospodarka będzie z czasem zyskiwać na znaczeniu) zaleca, This is a development of a course deliverable by Isabell Lidbrand, into a journal paper....

Polymers are often combined with magnetostrictive materials to enhance their toughness. This study reports a cellulose nanofibril (CNF)-based composite paper containing dispersed CoFe2O4 particles (CNF-CoFe2O4). Besides imparting magnetization and magnetostriction, the incorporation of CoFe2O4 particles decreased the ultimate tensile strength and increased the fracture elongation of the CNF-CoFe2O4 composite paper. CNF was responsible for the tensile properties of CNF-CoFe2O4 composite paper. Consequently, the magnetic and magnetostrictive properties and tensile properties of CNF-CoFe2O4 composite paper can be controlled by changing the mixture ratio of CNF and CoFe2O4 particles.

Fossil-plastics or paper? Or for that matter, bio-plastics and paper? This is a wellentrenched question in academic research, industrial, social and policy-making circles. Asenvironmental life-cycle analyses (or more appropriately, sustainability analyses) show timeand again, no single product or process or mode of operation is a ‘total villain’. There are goodsand bads, and at times, more of the one than the other. This paper, which is based on a coursereport written by the first author at Karlstad University (Sweden), restricts itself to a review ofpublications which have opted to compare paper bags with low density polyethylene (LDPE)plastic bags, on the basis of their environmental impacts. Environmental impact categoriesinclude the global warming potential, energy demand, fossil fuel depletion, water usage,acidification, eutrophication, and a range of toxicities – human, terrestrial, freshwater-aquaticand marine-aquatic. The articles were obtained through Google Scholar, read and reviewed toglean the results presented therein. The ‘What’, ‘How’ and ‘Where’, so to say were studiedcarefully to understand the reasons behind any differences or similarities detected. On the basisof this focused review, even though no new knowledge is being added, the common belief thatthe paper bag is environmentally superior to the LDPE alternative is further consolidated.However, if one focuses on water usage and would assign a high weightage to thatenvironmental impact, LDPE perhaps may score a few ‘brownie points’ over paper. One mustalso not forget that plastics (LDPE in this instance) can be recycled without significantdeterioration in its functional properties. In a circular economy (the bioeconomy part of whichgradually will expand over time), while introducing more and more bio-based products into thetechnosphere by way of trans-materialization is recommended, plastics will still continue toexist – albeit in much smaller amounts – and it would be perfectly fine if the degre, Tworzywa sztuczne pochodzenia kopalnego czy papier? A może biotworzywa ipapier? Pytanie to stale pojawia się w kręgach akademickich, badawczych, przemysłowych,społecznych i politycznych. Jak wielokrotnie wykazały środowiskowe analizy cyklu życia (lubdokładniej, analizy zrównoważonego rozwoju), w kwestiach środowiskowych żadenpojedynczy produkt, proces czy sposób działania nie może być uznany za “jedynegowinowajcę”. Wszystkie rozwiązania niosą ze sobą zarówno dobre, jak i złe skutki, a tylko wniektórych przypadkach jedne przeważają nad drugimi. Niniejszy artykuł, bazujący nasprawozdaniu z kursu napisanym przez pierwszego z autorów na Uniwersytecie w Karlstad(Szwecja), stanowi przegląd publikacji na temat porównania wpływu toreb papierowych orazplastikowych toreb z polietylenu o niskiej gęstości (LDPE) na środowisko. Kategorie wpływuna środowisko obejmują potencjał tworzenia efektu cieplarnianego, zapotrzebowanie naenergię, wyczerpywanie paliw kopalnych, zużycie wody, zakwaszanie, eutrofizację oraztoksyczność dla ludzi, oraz ekosystemów lądowych, słodkowodnych i morskich. Przeglądliteratury mający na celu zebranie przedstawionych wyników badań obejmował artykuływyszukane za pomocą Google Scholar. Aby w pełni zrozumieć przyczyny dostrzeżonychróżnic czy podobieństw przeprowadzono uważną analizę odpowiadając na pytania “Co”, “Jak”i “Gdzie”. Mimo że ten ukierunkowany przegląd literatury przedmiotu nie wnosi żadnej nowejwiedzy, to jednak służy ugruntowaniu powszechnego przekonania o mniejszej szkodliwościtoreb papierowych dla środowiska, w porównaniu z LDPE. Jeśli jednak za istotne kryteriumwpływu na środowisko przyjmiemy zużycie wody, torby LDPE zyskują w porównaniu zpapierowymi kilka przysłowiowych punktów. Jednocześnie, nie można zapominać, żetworzywa sztuczne (w tym wypadku LDPE) można poddać recyklingowi bez znaczącegopogorszenia ich właściwości użytkowych, a chociaż w gospodarce o obiegu zamkniętym (wktórej biogospodarka będzie z czasem zyskiwać na znaczeniu) zaleca, This is a development of a course deliverable by Isabell Lidbrand, into a journal paper....

Polymers are often combined with magnetostrictive materials to enhance their toughness. This study reports a cellulose nanofibril (CNF)-based composite paper containing dispersed CoFe2O4 particles (CNF-CoFe2O4). Besides imparting magnetization and magnetostriction, the incorporation of CoFe2O4 particles decreased the ultimate tensile strength and increased the fracture elongation of the CNF-CoFe2O4 composite paper. CNF was responsible for the tensile properties of CNF-CoFe2O4 composite paper. Consequently, the magnetic and magnetostrictive properties and tensile properties of CNF-CoFe2O4 composite paper can be controlled by changing the mixture ratio of CNF and CoFe2O4 particles.

This ENETS guidance paper aims to provide practical advice to clinicians for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of functioning syndromes in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (NET). A NET-associated functioning syndrome is defined by the presence of a clinical syndrome combined with biochemical evidence of inappropriately elevated hormonal levels. Different hormonal syndromes can be encountered in pancreatic NET patients, including insulinoma, gastrinoma as well as the rare glucagonoma, VIPoma, ACTHoma, PTHrPoma, carcinoid syndrome, calcitoninoma, GHRHoma and somatostatinoma. The recommendations provided in this paper focus on the biochemical, genetic and imaging work-up as well as therapeutic management of the individual hormonal syndromes in well-differentiated, grade 1-3, functioning NET with the primary tumour originating in the pancreas, and for specific subtypes also in the duodenum.

The aim of the present guidance paper was to update the previous ENETS guidelines on well-differentiated gastric and duodenal neuroendocrine tumours (NETs), providing practical guidance for specialists in the diagnosis and management of gastroduodenal NETs. Type II gastric NETs, neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), and functioning duodenal NETs are not covered, since they will be discussed in other ENETS guidance papers.

Simulation has been shown to improve clinical learning outcomes, speed up the learning process and improve learner confidence, whilst initially taking pressure off busy clinical lists. The World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (WFUMB) state of the art paper on the use of simulators in ultrasound education introduces ultrasound simulation, its advantages and challenges. It describes different simulator types, including low and high-fidelity simulators, the requirements and technical aspects of simulators, followed by the clinical applications of ultrasound simulation. The paper discusses the role of ultrasound simulation in ultrasound clinical training, referencing established literature. Requirements for successful ultrasound simulation acceptance into educational structures are explored. Despite being in its infancy, ultrasound simulation already offers a wide range of training opportunities and likely holds the key to a broader point of care ultrasound education for medical students, practicing doctors, and other health care professionals. Despite the drawbacks of simulation, there are also many advantages, which are expanding rapidly as the technology evolves., Simulation has been shown to improve clinical learning outcomes, speed up the learning process and improve learner confidence, whilst initially taking pressure off busy clinical lists. The World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (WFUMB) state of the art paper on the use of simulators in ultrasound education introduces ultrasound simulation, its advantages and challenges. It describes different simulator types, including low and high-fidelity simulators, the requirements and technical aspects of simulators, followed by the clinical applications of ultrasound simulation. The paper discusses the role of ultrasound simulation in ultrasound clinical training, referencing established literature. Requirements for successful ultrasound simulation acceptance into educational structures are explored. Despite being in its infancy, ultrasound simulation already offers a wide range of training opportunities and likely holds the key to a broader point of care ultrasound education for medical students, practicing doctors, and other health care professionals. Despite the drawbacks of simulation, there are also many advantages, which are expanding rapidly as the technology evolves.

This white paper aims at supporting the definition of research and development strategies on sustainable material-based solutions for energy efficient buildings with a 2030 horizon (the same set by the revised Energy Performance of Buildings Directive to achieve at least a 55% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, as legally required under the 2021 European Climate Law). In particular, it wants to provide indications for the update of the Implementation Plan of the Strategic Energy Technology (SET) PLAN, which needs to keep up with market requirements and citizens’ needs and acceptance, thus positioning itself as a pillar in the context of actions targeting the buildings energy efficiency, seen in a wider human-centred ecosystem. To do this, ongoing initiatives at EU level will be properly considered, evidencing gaps and needs also with a view to create proper education and skills on sustainable construction materials application. The white paper has been produced by European materials scientists and technology experts, from both industrial and academic sectors, under the coordination of the Implementation Working Group 5 (IWG5) and is addressed to all the stakeholders involved in the development of materials for the construction sector, as well as to academic entities involved in construction materials research. The paper summarizes the conclusions from the experts’ meetings, stresses the identified gaps and barriers, and proposes strategic actions for the forthcoming research roadmap in new sustainable materials for energy efficient buildings.

This white paper provides an in-depth analysis of active module systems for building envelope, focusing on their development, challenges, and potential targets for future implementation. The paper examines the current landscape of active modules, reviews best practice projects from 2018 to 2023, and identifies gaps and barriers within the industry. By adopting a comprehensive methodology, this study aims to redefine the concept of active modules and propose strategies for their advancement in the construction sector. The analysis of active module projects over the past six years reveals significant advancements in design, manufacturing, and testing capabilities. The integration of digital tools and parametric design tools has enhanced the accuracy and flexibility of active facade system design and furthermore, digital fabrication techniques have enabled more precise customization and cost-effectiveness in manufacturing active modules. Material science advancements have led to the development of lightweight and high-performance materials, offering improved durability, insulation properties, and aesthetic possibilities. Additionally, the integration of sensors, actuators, and control systems has enabled real-time monitoring and adaptive responses to changing environmental conditions. Despite these advancements, several challenges and barriers exist in the widespread adoption of active modules. Decision-making complexity in multicriteria analysis, integration with existing building systems, technological maturity and reliability, cost and economic viability, standardisation and quality frameworks, regulatory and permitting challenges, maintenance and serviceability, and the lack of end-of-life analysis are identified as key challenges. These barriers require collaborative efforts among architects, engineers, manufacturers, regulators, and researchers to overcome. To address these challenges, the white paper proposes specific targets and actio

Dieses Papier formuliert grundlegende Positionen der Initiative Bildung und digitaler Kapitalismus im genannten Themenkontext. In Abschnitt 1 wird das Verhältnis von Kapitalismus und digitalen Technologien beschrieben und kritisch betrachtet. Abschnitt 2 skizziert das Verhältnis von Bildung und digitalem Kapitalismus auf vier Ebenen. Daran schliessen in Abschnitt 3 pointierte bildungspolitische Forderungen und Empfehlungen an., This paper formulates basic positions of the Initiative Education and digital Capitalism in this context. Section 1 describes and critically examines the relationship between capitalism and digital technologies. Section 2 outlines the relationship between education and digital capitalism on four levels. This is followed by pointed education policy demands and recommendations in section 3.

The value of large‐scale collaborations for solving complex problems is widely recognized, but many barriers hinder meaningful authorship for all on the resulting multi‐author publications. Because many professional benefits arise from authorship, much of the literature on this topic has focused on cheating, conflict and effort documentation. However, approaches specifically recognizing and creatively overcoming barriers to meaningful authorship have received little attention. We have developed an inclusive authorship approach arising from 15 years of experience coordinating the publication of over 100 papers arising from a long‐term, international collaboration of hundreds of scientists. This method of sharing a paper initially as a storyboard with clear expectations, assignments and deadlines fosters communication and creates unambiguous opportunities for all authors to contribute intellectually. By documenting contributions through this multi‐step process, this approach ensures meaningful engagement by each author listed on a publication. The perception that co‐authors on large authorship publications have not meaningfully contributed underlies widespread institutional bias against multi‐authored papers, disincentivizing large collaborations despite their widely recognized value for advancing knowledge. Our approach identifies and overcomes key barriers to meaningful contributions, protecting the value of authorship even on massively multi‐authored publications.

Knjižnica Muzičke akademije Sveučilišta u Zagrebu u svojem fondu čuva osobne fondove reproduktivnih umjetnika, skladatelja, dirigenata, glazbenih pedagoga i povjesničara glazbe. Krajem 2020. započelo se s njihovom stručnom obradom, a dosad su u potpunosti obrađena četiri manja fonda: Osobni fond Theo Tabaka, Osobni fond Ivan Pinkava, Osobni fond Petar Dumičić te Osobni fond Zinka Kunc (Milanov). Gradivo iz osobnih fondova iznimno je vrijedno. Stoga je nužno provesti obradu i preostalih fondova kako bi se njihov sadržaj mogao ponuditi korisnicima za potrebe pisanja seminarskih, diplomskih i znanstvenih radova te za istraživanje života i djelatnosti stvaratelja gradiva. Svrha je ovog rada ukazati na značaj i vrijednost osobnih fondova pohranjenih u Knjižnici te donijeti kratak pregled sadržaja onih koji su dosad obrađeni., The Library of the Academy of Music of the University of Zagreb keeps a particularly valuable collection of personal papers – personal documents, manuscripts and other archives created and collected by local musicians, conductors, music teachers and music historians during the performance of their duties. In many cases, those materials came into the Library’s possession as a part of private donations and legacies. Recently, the librarians at the Library of the Academy of Music have started to arrange and describe those materials according to the principles of archival arrangement and description, and so far the personal papers of Theo Tabaka, Ivan Pinkava, Petar Dumičić and Zinka Kunc (Milanov) have been processed. The purpose of this paper is to point out the significance and value of such materials and to provide a brief overview of the contents of the personal papers processed so far.

Pijanist, skladatelj te primarno klavirski pedagog Svetislav Stančić (1895-1970), utemeljitelj Zagrebačke pijanističke škole, smatra se središnjom osobom glazbene i kulturne scene prostora bivše Jugoslavije od prvih desetljeća 20. stoljeća do svoje smrti 1970. godine. Tijekom dugogodišnjeg umjetničkog i pedagoškog rada, koji je trajao od 1920. godine sve do njegove smrti, odgojio je više generacija klavirskih pedagoga i interpreta. Također je stvorio vrijednu osobnu knjižnicu te opsežan arhiv osobnih dokumenata, fotografija i dokumentacije vezane uz svoju umjetničku i pedagošku djelatnost. Cjelokupnu zbirku ovoga gradiva njegova je udovica Linda Stančić-Carnelutti nakon njegove smrti poklonila klavirskom odsjeku Muzičke akademije Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, a u Knjižnicu Muzičke akademije pristigla je 2015. (Knjižnica Stančić s malom zbirkom osobnih predmeta), odnosno 2021. godine (dokumentarni arhivski materijal). Cilj je ovog rada prikaz strukture i sadržaja Knjižnice Svetislava Stančića i, okvirno, njegova Osobnog arhivskog fonda, s popisom Stančićevih autografa. Također se želi ukazati na moguće pravce istraživanja s obzirom na to da raznoliko gradivo pohranjeno u Knjižnici i Osobnom fondu Stančić može biti dragocjen izvor podataka, podjednako zanimljiv klavirskim pedagozima, interpretima i muzikolozima., Svetislav Stančić (1895-1970), a piano pedagogue, pianist, composer, and founder of the Zagreb Piano School, was considered a central musical and cultural figure in the former Yugoslavia from late 1920s until his death in 1970. During the five decades of artistic and pedagogical work, he taught several generations of piano pedagogues and performers. His valuable personal library (the Svetislav Stančić Library), and personal papers (Personal papers of S. Stančić) provide information on his personal, artistic and pedagogical interests and connections. After his death in 1970, his widow Linda Stančić-Carnelutti donated this entire collection to the Piano Department of the Zagreb Academy of Music. The Stančić Library was stored in room 21, and the Personal papers are stored in the archive of the Croatian Music Institute. In 2015, the Academy of Music Library, which moved to a new building in 2014, received all of the materials of the Stančić Library (648 books, 2261 printed music, 188 gramophone records, 25 manuscripts of other composers and some periodicals), and in 2021 his personal papers were also transferred to the Academy of Music Library. In 2022, the processing of the Stančić Library was completed, making it available to all users and researchers in the Academy of Music Library. Information about the titles in the Stančić Library is available through the Academy of Music Library online catalogue. The value of this collection comes from the variety of materials, themes, authors, composers, editors, performers and editions represented. A variety of topics and approaches to the problem of piano technique is represented in the books, and the Stančić Library contains a wide range of editions of the piano repertoire. Stančić’s hand-written comments and notes in the books and sheet music enable a detailed analysis of his critical attitude towards the methods of other piano pedagogues of his time. They also provide insight in his pedagogic and methodological approach, t

Cílem této práce bylo vyhodnocení vlivu tiskové barvy na její prorážení na tenkých tiskových papírech. Byly testovány tři druhy archových ofsetových tiskových barev na čtyřech druzích tenkých tiskových papírů s plošnou hmotností 40 g/m2. Tiskové barvy byly procesní černé - Brancher LOGO 18000 (vysoce koncentrovaná barva na bázi rostlinných olejů), Epple Premium Print (barva na bázi rostlinných olejů) a SunLit Legend (barva na bázi kombinace rostlinných a minerálních olejů). Součástí experimentální části je stanovení drsnosti PPS, tloušťky, opacity a tiskové penetrace testovaných papírů, stanovení viskozity a meze toku testovaných tiskových barev. Prorážení tiskové barvy bylo hodnoceno na základě měření světelného činitele odrazu a barvové odchylky., The aim of this work is to evaluate the influence of printing ink on print-through on thin printing papers. Three types of sheet-fed offset printing inks were tested on four thin printing papers with an area weight of 40 g/m2. The printing inks were processed black - Brancher LOGO 18000 (highly concentrated vegetable oil-based ink), Epple Premium Print (vegetable oil-based ink) a SunLit Legend (combined vegetable and mineral oil-based ink). Part of the experimental part is the determination of PPS roughness, thickness, opacity, printing penetration of the tested papers, viscosity, and flow limit of the tested printing inks. Print-through was evaluated by two methods, using the luminous reflectance factor and color deviation., Fakulta chemicko-technologická, doc. Ing. Tomáš Syrový, Ph.D. - Zodpovězte otázky oponenta? doc. Ing. Marek Bouška, Ph.D. - Co se děje v průběhu oxypolymerace? Jaké skupiny oleje jsou náchylné k této reakci?  prof. Ing. Michal Čeppan, CSc. - Jak jste počítala směrodatnou odchylku parametru PT? Co je to světelný činitel odrazu? &nbsp, Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá komplexním restaurováním uměleckého díla ze sbírek Vlastivědného muzea v Olomouci. Jedná se o olejomalbu na kombinované papírové a textilní podložce, na vypínacím rámu vsazenou do ozdobného rámu s povrchovou úpravou. Součástí bakalářské práce je také teoretická část, která rozšiřuje práci o přínosný kulturně-historický průzkum zabývající se autorstvím díla a identifikací vyobrazené mladé dívky. Práce se zabývá samotným procesem restaurování, kterému předcházel restaurátorský záměr. Cílem restaurování tohoto objektu bylo zachování fragmentů a uvedení díla do stavu, kdy je možné jej prezentovat. Práce zahrnuje fotodokumentaci díla před a po zásahu a v průběhu restaurování., This bachelor's thesis deals with the comprehensive restoration of an artwork from the collections of the Regional Museum in Olomouc. It is an oil painting on a combined paper and textile support, on a stretcher frame attached to a decorative frame with finish. The paper also includes a theoretical part that extends the work and adds extra information collected through cultural-historical survey on who created the painting and who the young girl depicted in the painting is. The thesis deals with the process of restoration, which was preceded by a restoration plan. The aim of the restoration of this object was to preserve the fragments and bring the artwork to the condition, in which it can be exhibited. Photo documentation of the artwork before and after the intervention and during the restoration is included in the paper., Fakulta restaurování, Studentka představila svou bakalářskou práci formou ppt prezentace, na doplňující otázky reagovala rychle a pohotově. Odpovědi byly stručné a výstižné.&nbsp, Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

The relationship between environmental regulation and firm productivity has been widely debated but inconsistencies in findings across different studies. Using detailed firm-level micro-data from 2000 to 2007, this paper employs difference-in-difference combined with matching based on entropy balancing method to explore the effect of environmental regulation on firm total factor productivity (TFP) in pulp and paper industry in China. Our main findings are as following: Firstly, stricter environmental regulation, as represented by the Wastewater Discharge Standards for Pulp and Paper Industry in Shandong province, increases firm TFP significantly. Moreover, the coefficients of interest are robust to multiple robustness checks. Secondly, dynamic effects estimates reveal that when faced with this phase-in environmental regulation, firms take the foreseeably increasing strictness into account from the very beginning and prefer to take one-step adjustment to reach full compliance. Thirdly, potential mechanism analysis finds that the positive effect mainly comes from the improvement of resource allocation efficiency within firms. Fourthly, the heterogeneity test indicates that the effect of environmental regulation on firm TFP is heterogeneous across firms with different sizes, ages, ownerships, capital intensity, and export status. Finally, this paper provides convincing and insightful evidence that environmental regulation has the potential to achieve the dual goals of environmental sustainability and economic growth and is thus of broader significance for understanding the enforcement of environmental regulation in developing countries.

The use of materials made from renewable raw materials, such as paper, has increased more and more due to the steadily growing idea of sustainability. The very good properties of paper and the possibility of individually adjusting these properties through the manufacturing process or a variety of additives and modifications offer a very wide range of possible applications. In this context, it is essential for effective use to generate an understanding of the changed intrinsic properties in the paper and thus optimize them for applications. In relation to the flame retardancy of paper, the influence of intrinsic paper properties on fire behaviour should therefore first be fundamentally investigated. To better understand this interaction systematically, a matrix of papers with gradually different intrinsic properties was created and the fire behaviour of these was first analysed. By developing a video analysis method, it was possible to map the variations in the burning speeds. The key finding was that increasing calendering leads to increasing burning speeds, which contradicts the common view of the fire behaviour of compacted materials. To define the reason for this behaviour, the results of this analysis were correlated with the intrinsic properties and the influence of increasing thermal conductivity could be proposed as the central conclusion. Here, the increasing thermal conductivity resulted from an increase in density and specific heat capacity, which increases due to the shift in the ratios of crystalline and amorphous fractions caused by calendering. Subsequently, the influence of the paper on the flame retardancy was investigated. The influence of papers made from bleached and unbleached fibers on the effectiveness of flame retardants was analysed. Bio-based phosphate flame retardants were used for flame retardancy. A correlation was observed between the amount and type of flame retardants applied to both papers and the decrease in heat release rate and tot

The use of materials made from renewable raw materials, such as paper, has increased more and more due to the steadily growing idea of sustainability. The very good properties of paper and the possibility of individually adjusting these properties through the manufacturing process or a variety of additives and modifications offer a very wide range of possible applications. In this context, it is essential for effective use to generate an understanding of the changed intrinsic properties in the paper and thus optimize them for applications. In relation to the flame retardancy of paper, the influence of intrinsic paper properties on fire behaviour should therefore first be fundamentally investigated. To better understand this interaction systematically, a matrix of papers with gradually different intrinsic properties was created and the fire behaviour of these was first analysed. By developing a video analysis method, it was possible to map the variations in the burning speeds. The key finding was that increasing calendering leads to increasing burning speeds, which contradicts the common view of the fire behaviour of compacted materials. To define the reason for this behaviour, the results of this analysis were correlated with the intrinsic properties and the influence of increasing thermal conductivity could be proposed as the central conclusion. Here, the increasing thermal conductivity resulted from an increase in density and specific heat capacity, which increases due to the shift in the ratios of crystalline and amorphous fractions caused by calendering. Subsequently, the influence of the paper on the flame retardancy was investigated. The influence of papers made from bleached and unbleached fibers on the effectiveness of flame retardants was analysed. Bio-based phosphate flame retardants were used for flame retardancy. A correlation was observed between the amount and type of flame retardants applied to both papers and the decrease in heat release rate and tot

The use of materials made from renewable raw materials, such as paper, has increased more and more due to the steadily growing idea of sustainability. The very good properties of paper and the possibility of individually adjusting these properties through the manufacturing process or a variety of additives and modifications offer a very wide range of possible applications. In this context, it is essential for effective use to generate an understanding of the changed intrinsic properties in the paper and thus optimize them for applications. In relation to the flame retardancy of paper, the influence of intrinsic paper properties on fire behaviour should therefore first be fundamentally investigated. To better understand this interaction systematically, a matrix of papers with gradually different intrinsic properties was created and the fire behaviour of these was first analysed. By developing a video analysis method, it was possible to map the variations in the burning speeds. The key finding was that increasing calendering leads to increasing burning speeds, which contradicts the common view of the fire behaviour of compacted materials. To define the reason for this behaviour, the results of this analysis were correlated with the intrinsic properties and the influence of increasing thermal conductivity could be proposed as the central conclusion. Here, the increasing thermal conductivity resulted from an increase in density and specific heat capacity, which increases due to the shift in the ratios of crystalline and amorphous fractions caused by calendering. Subsequently, the influence of the paper on the flame retardancy was investigated. The influence of papers made from bleached and unbleached fibers on the effectiveness of flame retardants was analysed. Bio-based phosphate flame retardants were used for flame retardancy. A correlation was observed between the amount and type of flame retardants applied to both papers and the decrease in heat release rate and tot

We propose X-index -- the proportion of papers' citations coming from outside their research field -- and use this metric to analyze citations of CHI, UIST, and CSCW papers between 2010 and 2022. We found an overall decreasing X-index by several measures, indicating that HCI papers have been more and more likely to be cited by HCI papers rather than by non-HCI papers.

Waste paper disposed in landfills notably contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and impedes more sustainable, circular alternatives, such as recycling. In Hong Kong, this unsustainable approach is currently dominant as 68% of waste paper products are treated in landfills in 2020. To contextualize the impact of local waste paper management and explore mitigation potentials of circular alternatives, this paper develops a quantitative assessment framework around GHG emissions development trajectories. Combining guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), national GHG inventories, and local parameters from life cycle analysis, five GHG emissions projections were simulated along the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) until 2060. Most recent baselines indicate that Hong Kong's current waste paper treatment generated 638,360 tons CO2-eq in 2020, comprising 1,821,040 tons CO2-eq from landfill and 671,320 tons CO2-eq from recycling, and −1,854,000 tons CO2-eq from primary material replacement. Proceeding along a Business-as-Usual scenario under SSP5, GHG emissions will dramatically increase to a net 1,072,270 tons CO2-eq by 2060, whereas a recycling-intensive scenario will lead to a net saving of −4,323,190 tons CO2-eq. To complement the quantitative evidence on the benefits of waste paper recycling, field research was conducted to explore the feasibility of circular policy innovation from the perspective of recycling stakeholders. These empirical qualitative and quantitative findings from stakeholders' business routines and material transactions provide crucial indications for policy and institutional innovation: Essentially, for Hong Kong to improve waste paper recycling capacities and facilitate a circular economy (CE), local stakeholders require support via fiscal policy measures (financial subsidies or tax reductions) and infrastructure improvements (delivery access and material storage). In sum, this study employs a novel analytical fr

As an International Non-Governmental Organization (INGO), for years, Greenpeace has waged campaigns against rainforest deforestation in Indonesia by multinational corporations, such as Asia Pulp & Paper and Wilmar International, the top players in their respective industries. This study reviews the similarities and differences in campaign strategies used by Greenpeace against APP and Wilmar while showing the process of global media communication. The research was conducted as a comparative study using qualitative methods based on the Sandman Environmental Communication Model. Data collected from documents and audio-visual materials passed through a triangulation process to cross-check its interpretation. Eventually, this research finds that Greenpeace relied on the image of well-loved characters like Barbie to create intrigue in its “Barbie, It’s Over” campaign against Mattel and, in turn, APP. While with Wilmar, Greenpeace took a more sympathetic approach using a baby orangutan character in the “Rang-tan” video. Both align with the Sandman Model: relying on publicity stunts to stimulate independent information-seeking from the communicant, which in turn will change their behaviour. Greenpeace's campaign strategy described in this study can be an example for other civil society organizations to achieve sustainable positive behaviour change. Keywords: Asia Pulp & Paper; global media communication; Greenpeace; international environmental campaign; Wilmar International Selama bertahun-tahun, Greenpeace sebagai Organisasi Non-Pemerintah Internasional (INGO) melakukan kampanye melawan deforestasi hutan hujan di Indonesia oleh perusahaan multinasional seperti Asia Pulp & Paper (APP) dan Wilmar International yang merupakan pemain utama di industri masing-masing. Penelitian ini mengkaji persamaan dan perbedaan strategi kampanye yang digunakan Greenpeace terhadap APP dan Wilmar serta menjelaskan proses komunikasi media global yang terjadi. Penelitian ini dilaku

Inherent hydrophilicity and poor water resistance prevent using lignocellulosic materials as green plastic al- ternatives to fossil fuel-based plastics. Here, we report a facile metal-ion-modification (MIM) route, swelling with aqueous metal ion solutions, and drying to convert conventional hydrophilic paper and wood pulp into biode- gradable hydrophobic paper and tableware without the addition of hydrophobic sizing chemicals/materials. Metal ions such as Fe3+ and Zr4+ can coordinate with pulp fibers' polar groups (i.e., OH, C-O, and COOH) that induce self-assembly of their surface fibrillated "hairy" cellulose nanofibrils to form a more compact structure with fewer available OH groups for water sorption. This decreases the surface energy of pulp fibers and increases their hydrophobicity and water resistance. Only similar to 3 mg of metal ions is needed to induce the wettability tran- sition in 1 g of kraft pulp, resulting in hydrophobic paper and tableware with water contact angles (WCAs) of 120-140 degrees. The coordinated Fe3+ and Zr4+ are stable, with negligible metal leaching during use, allowing the hydrophobic paper and tableware to be used for food packaging. This MIM technique can be integrated into the existing paper-making process for the scalable production of hydrophobic papers and tableware, providing an alternative route for developing sustainable and biodegradable plastic counterparts.

An individual reflection paper (IRP) is a structured method requiring a student’s written reflections on knowledge acquired and aspects of it to discuss at the student’s next tutorial meeting. Previous experience and research on problem-based learning (PBL) have shown that the use of IRPs can act as a support for students’ preparation for and learning in tutorial groups. It also appears that an IRP can facilitate tutors’ assessments and examinations of students’ individual engagement and contribution in tutorial groups. Against this backdrop, we aimed to explore if an IRP can act as a means to support group exams in PBL. Even though using group examinations aligns well with the epistemology of PBL, the dilemma of using joint learning while at the same time fulfilling individual assessment requirements is thought to make group exams become difficult to use. 152 IRPs were used as a basis to assess whether a particular group of students had acquired knowledge that would impact results on a group examination. By evaluating each student’s submitted IRP, examiners were able to determine the extent to which each of the group participants contributed newly acquired knowledge to the content of the examination. Overall, completed IRPs clearly showed concurrence between acquired and requested knowledge, except on a few occasions. The findings are promising and suggest that IRPs can act as a means to support group exams in PBL.

The rise of paper electronics has been accelerated due to the public push for sustainability. Electronic waste can potentially be avoided if certain materials in electronic components can be substituted for greener alternatives such as paper. Within this report, it is demonstrated that conductive polymers poly(3,4-ethylenedoxythiophene) (PEDOT), polypyrrole, and polythiophene, can be synthesized by screen printing combined with vapor phase polymerization on paper substrates and further incorporated into functional electronic components. High patterning resolution (100 mu m) is achieved for all conductive polymers, with PEDOT showing impressive sheet resistance values. PEDOT is incorporated as conductive circuitry and as the active material in all-printed electrochromic displays. The conductive polymer circuits allow for functional light emitting diodes, while the electrochromic displays are comparable to commercial displays utilizing PEDOT on plastic substrates., Funding Agencies|Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research [EM16-0002]; Vinnova for the Digital Cellulose Center [2016-05193]; European Union [101008701]

Over the past few years, there has been a surge in literature regarding the digital transformation. Its popularity derives from the tremendous potential it has proven in production companies, in previous studies. This has increased its attention among actors within the industrial business area. Despite this overwhelming popularity, the literature does not address the research area in relation to the slow-moving pulp and paper industry. At the same time, incumbent companies within the industry have proven to be incapable of adopting the digital transformation in the rapid pace of today’s volatile environment. This research therefore intends to investigate the crucial factors an incumbent company within the pulp and paper industry needs to adopt to achieve a higher absorption of novel digital trends. In order to investigate the subject, a qualitative case study was applied to a company within the category. The material was retrieved through semi-structured interviews with relevant actors within the case company and analyzed through thematic analysis. This revealed nine clearly outlined themes of insufficient corporate infrastructure that emphasizes essential organizational capabilities. These findings suggest that there are a number of capabilities that leaders and decision-makers need to adopt in order for the organization to conduct a more efficient and sustainable approach of digital transformation. This research therefore proposes a framework with outlined leadership capabilities to consider in transformation initiatives, within the pulp and paper industry. The framework will help leaders in shaping the process of implementing and maintaining digital transformation. These capabilities stimulate the support activities, which are the surrounding procedures and activities that support the organization in transformation initiatives, and are imperative for an organization to possess within the given context. By reducing the ambiguity and resistance to change the frame, Tidigare studier påvisar att digital transformation blivit ett allt vanligare forskningsområde. Detta på grund av de positiva effekter transformationen medfört inom ett flertal produktionsföretag. Konceptet har ökat uppmärksamheten inom industrisektorn, där det nu blivit allt vanligare att anamma digital transformation. Trots denna trend uppvisar befintlig litteratur en avsaknad av studier inom forskningsområdet, i relation till den långsamt rörliga kartong- och massaindustrin. Samtidigt påvisar etablerade företag inom industrin en brist på förmågan att anpassa sig till den digitala transformationen. Denna forskningsstudie syftar därför till att undersöka vilka faktorer som kan vara avgörande för ett företag inom kartong- och massaindustrin att anamma i strävan att uppnå en högre absorption av nya digitala trender. För att undersöka ämnet genomfördes en kvalitativ fallstudie hos ett företag inom kartong- och massaindustrin. Materialet erhölls via semistrukturerade intervjuer med relevanta aktörer inom fallföretaget och analyserades med hjälp av tematisk analys, vilket visade på nio tydliga teman i form av bristande infrastruktur. Detta resultat tyder på att ledare och beslutsfattare behöver besitta ett visst antal kvalifikationer för att organisationen ska kunna uppnå en mer effektiv och hållbar digital transformation. Denna studie har därför upprättat ett tydligt ramverk med definierade kvalifikationer som ledare bör eftersträva vid digital transformation inom kartong- och massaindustrin. Ramverket är avsett att användas som stöd för ledare vid implementering och upprätthållande av transformativa initiativ. Genom att stimulera viktiga stödfunktioner med hjälp av dessa kvalifikationer kan den organisatoriska tvetydigheten och acceptansen för sådana initiativ öka. Det ultimata målet är att etablera en enhetlig organisatorisk vision, baserat på digital transformation, för att stärka den övergripande långsiktiga hållbarheten.

Denna kvalitativa fallstudie syftade till att undersöka hur riskanalysmetoden Process Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (PFMEA) tillämpas och anpassas till pappers- och massaindustrin för att proaktivt hantera processrisker. Studien baserades på antagandet att Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG) och Verband der Automobilindustries (VDA) PFMEA-metod från år 2019 även kan användas för en process där virke omvandlas till träflis. Data samlades in genom litteraturstudier, observationer, företagsdokument, intervjuer och workshops med processexperter. Processrisker analyserades med AIAG och VDAs PFMEA-metod och tematisk analys användes för att identifiera lämpliga anpassningar av metoden. Utifrån deltagande roller och tidsåtgången för PFMEA-aktiviteter analyserades även resurser för en PFMEA. Resultatet visade att AIAG och VDAs PFMEA-metod är tillämplig för en process där virke omvandlas till träflis, förutsatt att bedömningskriterierna för allvarlighetsgrad anpassas och fiskbendiagram, 5-varför och felträdsanalys inkluderas för en strukturerad analys av grundorsaker. Totalt identifierades 36 feltillstånd, varav grundorsaksanalyser prioriterades för fyra som hade effekter med en allvarlighetsgrad åtta eller högre. För prioriterade feltillstånd identifierades elva grundorsaker för vilka åtgärder kunde rekommenderas. För att genomföra analysen under en 16-veckorsperiod uppskattades kostnaden till cirka 212 571 kr i arbetstidskostnader. Studien visar att AIAG och VDAs PFMEA-metod är en strukturerad metod för att analysera processrisker även inom pappers- och massaindustrin, om anpassningar görs av bedömningskriterier och metoder för grundorsaksanalys inkluderas. Budgeteras kvalificerad personal kan en PFMEA genomföras inom 16 veckor på en process där virke omvandlas till träflis., This qualitative case study aimed to investigate how the Process Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (PFMEA) methodology can be applied and adapted to the pulp and paper industry for proactive management of process risks. The study assumed that the Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG) och Verband der Automobilindustrie (VDA) PFMEA method from year 2019 could also be utilized for a process that transforms timber into wood chips. Data were collected through literature reviews, observations, company documents, interviews, and workshops with process experts. Process risks were analyzed using the AIAG and VDA PFMEA method, and thematic analysis was applied to identify suitable adaptations of the method. Resources required for a PFMEA were also analyzed based on the roles of the participants and the time for conducting PFMEA activities. The results revealed that the AIAG and VDA PFMEA method is applicable to a process that transforms timber into wood chips, provided that the severity assessment criteria are adjusted and fishbone diagrams, 5-why analysis, and fault tree analysis are included for a structured examination of root causes. A total of 36 failure modes were identified, where root cause analysis was prioritized for four failure modes exhibiting effects with a severity rating of eight or higher. Eleven root causes were identified for the prioritized failure modes for which recommended actions could be proposed. The estimated cost of labor for conducting the analysis over a 16-week period was approximately 212 571 SEK. This study demonstrates that the AIAG and VDA PFMEA method is a structured approach for analyzing process risks, even within the pulp and paper industry, if adjustments are made to the severity assessment criteria and methods for root cause analysis are included. With the allocation of sufficient resources and qualified personnel, a PFMEA can be completed within a 16-week timeframe for a process involving the conversion of timber into wood chips.

Modified nanocellulose have distinctive qualities and have drawn a lot of interest from a variety of fields. It is a natural, sustainable product that is manufactured from plant-based materials like wood and other renewable resources. It is also biodegradable. It is a possible material for battery separators because of its great mechanical strength, flexibility, and ability to create a stable and consistent membrane. Due to the cost of using it as a membrane, it has been investigated in this work to see if it can be coated onto a substrate and used as battery separator. In this work sulfonated cellulose nanofibrils (SCNF) has been used to be coated on kraft paper and inkjet paper using a rod coater. Parameters like concentration, thickness and substrates have been varied in this experiment. Viscosity was measured using Brookfield instrument to measure the viscosity for 0,5% SCNF and 1,5% SCNF. The coating was carried out using a rod coater and varying between two rods to influence the thickness, the coating used concentrations of 0,5% SCNF and 1,5% SCNF and two different substrates, kraft paper and inkjet paper. Thickness was determined to study the effect of the variation in rod. The mechanical strength was tested on the coated paper substrates and compared the results to the noncoated substrates as reference, the mechanical strength showed an improvement with the coated SCNF substrates. Permeance through the Gurley method was studied in order to understand how the coated substrates behaves compared to the noncoated. Contact angle was determined as well to understand the wettability of the coated substrates and how they would behave as separators in zinc ion batteries. The contact angle decreased with increasing concentration of the SCNF which is a result of the sulfonate groups. Cross sections were analyzed using SEM to study the influence of the coating to the substrates. Ionic conductivity was also tested to evaluate the possibility of the coated substrates as s

Textilindustrin är i behov av nya material som kräver mindre resurser än konventionellt använda material som exempelvis syntet- och bomull. Syntetiska material har en negativ påverkan på miljön, bland annat på grund av den mängd mikroplaster som släpps ut i naturen vid produktion och användning (Nagamine, Kobayashi, Kusumi & Wada 2022). En industri där syntetiska material ligger till grund för stora problem för marint liv är fiskeindustrin. När syntetiska nät tappas, oftast tillverkade av polyamid, fortsätter de att fånga fisk som inte tas om hand. Detta fenomen kallas spökfiske och skulle kunna motverkas om de syntetiska näten ersattes med ett naturligt biologiskt nedbrytbart material. Pappersgarn är ett relativt nytt material inom textilindustrin och har många egenskaper som är önskvärda vid användning i ett fiskenät, speciellt det faktum att det är biologiskt nedbrytbart. Denna studie undersöker möjligheten att använda ett pappersgarn i fiskeutrustning, närmare bestämt en kräftmjärde. Studien undersöker tre olika pappersgarn med olika grovlek, det vill säga Tex (92, 218 och 1814). Experiment utförs på garnets draghållfasthet och nedbrytningsförmåga. Ett test i bristningsstyrka görs på nät tillverkade av garnen. Testerna visar att garn med Tex 1814 är det mest lämpliga att använda i en kräftmjärde. Detta garn hade en draghållfasthet, efter 14 dagar i naturligt havsvatten, på 10541 centinewton/tex [cN/tex]. Nätet tillverkat av samma garn hade en genomsnittlig bristningsstyrka på 136 kilopascal [kPa], vilket var över den genomsnittliga bristningsstyrkan för ett nät i polyamid. Om syntetisk fiskeutrustning skulle ersättas med biologiskt nedbrytbart pappersgarn skulle det kunna motverka spökfiske och minska mängden mikroplaster i naturen., The textile industry is in need of new materials that use less resources than conventionally used material such as synthetics and cotton. Furthermore, synthetic materials have a negative impact on the environment partly due to the amount of micro plastics that are released in nature during production and use (Nagamine, Kobayashi, Kusumi & Wada 2022). One area where synthetic materials are causing a lot of damage is the fishing industry. Synthetic nets that are lost or dropped keep catching fish that are not taken care of. This phenomenon is called ghost fishing and could be solved if the synthetics were replaced with a natural biodegradable material. Paper yarn is a relatively new material in the textile industry and has many properties that are preferred if used in a fishing net, especially the fact that it is biodegradable. This study investigates the possibility of using a paper yarn in fishing gear, more specifically a crayfish trap. The study examines three different paper yarns with different weight, also called Tex (92, 218 and 1814). Experiments are done on the yarn's tensile strength and degradability. A bursting strength test is made on nets made out of the yarns. The tests show that yarn with Tex 1814 is the most suitable to use in a crayfish trap. This yarn had a tensile strength, after 14 days in natural seawater, of 10541 centinewton/tex [cN/tex]. The net made of the same yarn had an average bursting strength of 136 kilopascal [kPa] which was above the average bursting strength of a polyamide net. If synthetic fishing gear would be replaced with biodegradable paper yarn, this could counteract ghost fishing and reduce micro plastics ending up in nature.

The environmental concerns that come with the currently used traditional papermaking process where petroleum-based additives are used, has tempted researchers to study “green” additives by introducing environmentally friendly modifications of cellulose as an additive in the papermaking process. This thesis will spin further on that by producing additives with different charge densities and focus on to incorporate an etherification reaction into potentially greens systems based on non-toxic and readily biodegradable deep eutectic solvent (DES). Before modifying the cellulose with DES, an oxidation of cellulose to dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) with sodium periodate as oxidizing agent, took place. The high reactivity of the aldehyde groups in DAC serves as a starting material for further derivatization. The aldehyde content (AC) in the DAC was measured using titration. Additionally, the charge densities (mmol/g) of all modified pulps were determined by using a particle charge detector. The dewatering and drainage abilities of the different modified pulps was determined by measuring the drainage (°SR), the moisture ratio (g/g) before and after vacuum dewatering, and the water retention value (g/g). The tensile strength index was tested on the paper sheets and all parameters were compared with a reference pulp to find out which ionic DES was the most effective in modifying cellulose and using it as a wet-strength additive. From the result gained, one can see that there is a correlation between charge density and mechanical strength as well as the fibres capability to retain water. Generally, swelling considerably improves the strength properties of paper meanwhile the additives with strength-enhancing effects are also the additives that decrease the dewatering capacity. The conclusions from this work are that DESs reagents can work as sustainable modification methods for increasing the mechanical strength of papers together with oxidation of cellulose. In particular the ca