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Defoliating insects’ outbreaks play a critical role in trees’ carbon cycle. The pine processionary moth (PPM; Thaumetopoea pityocampa) is the major defoliating insect of Mediterranean coniferous forests. The frequency and intensity of PPM outbreaks is projected to increase as winter temperatures become milder due to climate warming. An accurate evaluation of this projection requires a wide spatial baseline of the historical PPM incidence. PPM outbreaks affect tree secondary growth leading to narrow rings, providing a tree level signal. However, PPM defoliation rings can be confounded with drought rings, the most frequent cause of narrow rings in Mediterranean environments. Thus, an accurate identification of PPM rings demands the consideration of additional tree ring traits. Here, we introduce a multiproxy approach to identify and distinguish PPM and drought events. We sampled four Pinus nigra (3) and P. sylvestris (1) stands in Spain. We identified and verified years of PPM defoliation using remote sensing analysis and field observations of Regional Forest Service. We identified drought events through the combination of climatic data with radial growth reductions. We considered climate growth residuals, among-trees growth variability, latewood percentage (%LW), intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) and minimum blue intensity (BI) to discern between droughts and PPM outbreaks. In comparison with drought rings, PPM rings showed 1) more negative residuals in climate growth models, 2) higher secondary growth variance, 3) higher percentage of latewood and 4) lower iWUE. Minimum BI did not differ between drought and PPM rings, but was lower than in the rest of the rings. The combination of these traits provides a signature to identify PPM rings, opening the opportunity to reconstruct PPM incidence on a broad spatio-temporal scale.

[EN] Trace elements are serious pollutants in the natural environment and are of increasing concern due to the adverse effects at global scale. To refine the current understanding of trace metal distribution and variability in natural environments, concentrations of dissolved trace metals (Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Co, Cr, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Th,Tl, U, V, Mn, Zn), major ions, inorganic nutrients (NO3, PO4), TOC and stable isotopes of water were determined in water samples from rainwater, seven piezometers and a pond in the coastal Doñana wetland during four sampling campaigns between 2017 and 2019. Results show clear evaporation signatures of stable isotopes in the pond but not in the groundwater. Hydrochemical analyses yield significant, systematic changes in groundwater trace metal and nutrient composition along the flowpath from the dune belt to the pond, controlled by organic matter in the sediments. Whereas major ions reached maximum concentrations in the pond due to evapoconcentration, most trace metals showed highest concentrations at sites with lower redox levels, except for B, As and U, which showed very high concentrations in the pond. Cu, Zn, Ni, Sb and Tl yielded higher median concentrations in rainwater than in most of the groundwater points and in case of Cu and Zn higher even than in surface water which points to an atmospheric input source of these elements. Temporal variability of trace metals was related to lower hydraulic heads after an elongated dry period which led to lower redox levels and higher concentrations of most of the trace elements whereas major ions showed more constant concentration levels. This is of special concern regarding climate change and the predicted higher frequency of prolonged dry periods, which could modify the natural hydrochemical patterns in undisturbed wetlands systems.

[EN] This article presents Q-Facies, an open-source Python package for quantitative analysis of hydrochemical facies (HF). HF is widely used to interpret the chemical characteristics of groundwater. However, it is difficult to analyse its spatial or temporal variability due to its qualitative nature and the small number of classes. To avoid these limitations, Q-Facies performs the parametrization of HF based on the calculation of five statistical indices on the Piper diagram: Blau, Standard Distance, Area, Shape and Orientation indices. The latter two allow the identification of ongoing facies-modifying hydrochemical phenomena. The software relies on standard Python libraries, and is available as a GitHub repository.

[EN] The Doñana National Park (DNP) is a protected area with water resources drastically diminishing due to the unsustainable extraction of groundwater for agricultural irrigation and human consumption of a nearby coastal city. In this study, we explore the potential of wavelet analysis applied to high-temporal-resolution groundwater-and-surface-water time series of temporary coastal ponds in the DNP. Wavelet analysis was used to measure the frequency of changes in water levels and water temperature, both crucial to our understanding of complex hydrodynamic patterns. Results show that the temporary ponds are groundwater-dependent ecosystems of a through-flow type and are still connected to the sand-dune aquifer, regardless of their hydrological affection, due to groundwater withdrawal. These ponds, even those most affected by pumping in nearby drills, are not perched over the saturated zone. This was proven by the evidence of a semi-diurnal (i.e., 6 h) signal in the surface-level time series of the shallow temporary ponds. This signal is, at the same time, related to the influence of the tides affecting the coastal sand-dune aquifer. Finally, we detected other hydrological processes that affect the ponds, such as evaporation and evapotranspiration, with a clear diurnal (12 h) signal. The maintenance of the ecological values and services to the society of this emblematic wetland is currently in jeopardy, due to the effect of the groundwater abstraction for irrigation. The results of this study contribute to the understanding of the behavior of these fragile ecosystems of DNP, and will also contribute to sound-integrated water-resource management.

[EN] Five decades of intensive groundwater exploitation have brought important economic, social and environmental changes in Medina del Campo Groundwater Body (MCGWB). Declining piezometric levels have worsened water quality, increased the costs of water supply and abstraction, and drained connected wetlands and rivers. This chapter presents the different methods and tools developed to assess the impacts and effectiveness for adaptation to droughts of the selected NAS strategies in biophysical, economic and social terms. It follows the methodologies presented in Chaps. 4, 5 and 6. It also summarizes the approaches for integrating all these assessments, as well as the main conclusions and lessons learnt. Important progress has been achieved on understanding and modelling the aquifer-system dynamics and functioning. First, geological and geophysical data analysis, debugging and integration have provided a basis for constructing a set of geological models of the MCGWB. Second, water balance components need to be updated through a deeper analysis of the recharge and groundwater abstractions (pumping). Third, a trend analysis of critical groundwater-related ecosystem services (GRES) and piezometric levels points at groundwater abstraction reductions as the most effective measure for a widespread recovery of the groundwater levels and storage. Fifth, the proposed managed artificial recharge would have limited effects on the recovery of the surface water bodies and no effect on the groundwater bodies. Sixth, the environmental reconstruction from a sedimentary record of the main wetland bed (Lagunas Reales) provides a reference knowledge base to understand the system response to human and climate changes. Finally, different barriers for design and implementation of NAS strategies have been identified and evaluated. Particularly, the lack of effective interaction mechanisms among the different actors involved/interested in the process could play a key role in the future.

[EN] A novel methodology is presented for measuring weathering microrates after one-year of direct exposure of rocks to environment. The study focuses on building materials used in the cultural heritage exposed to semiarid coastal Mediterranean climate (SE Spain). Three different carbonate rocks, with significant differences in porosity and texture, were studied in two different exposition orientations (north and south). Results are interpreted according to local microenvironmental conditions and petrologic aspects (porosity, pore size distribution and mineralogy). South-facing rock blocks show the highest weathering microrates (9130 mm/ky and 18750 mm/ky for fine and coarse-grained porous limestones, respectively). They are 1.55 and 1.92 times higher than rates obtained in north-facing rock samples. Physical and chemical decay mechanisms overlap in the weathering process. On the one hand, physical processes are more evident in porous limestones, being predominant in south exposure samples. On the other hand, chemical corrosion is the main weathering mechanism in massive limestones as well as in porous limestones with unstable components. Dissolution prevails in northern exposure. Obtained weathering rates are two to three magnitude orders higher than the erosion rates measured in the same rocks, highlighting the conceptual differences between both parameters.

Tree pollarding was a dominant management strategy of European forests for centuries creating open agroforestry landscapes with important cultural and environmental values. This traditional practice has been widely abandoned in last decades with a subsequent impact in terms of biodiversity and cultural loss. Central Spain hosts the largest and best-preserved area of pollarded narrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) woodlands in Europe. The main aim of this research is to obtain rigorous historical records of pollarding frequency to get adequate information for traditional ash management. We used dendrochronological techniques to evaluate temporal changes of pollarding frequency and rotation length. We analysed the stand level synchrony and the effect of land property on pollarding activity from 322 trees growing in eight pollard stands in Central Spain. Pollarding events were unequivocally identified at tree level by a characteristic change in growth pattern. We identified 2426 tree-level pruning events with the first event dated in 1777. Historical pruning recurrence ranged between 5 and 10 years with higher pollarding frequency on private lands. Pruning events within each site were synchronous, suggesting the existence of a rotational schema within each stand. Pruning frequency decreased drastically in the 1970s matching with the depopulation of rural areas and the general abandonment of traditional practices. Pollarding practices have recovered in recent decades although with lower intensity and lacking the synchronic historical patterns. Providing technical and economic support to make this traditional activity profitably would have strong environmental revenue due the multiple ecosystem services provided by pollarded ashes.

[EN] Simulating flow through multilayer aquifer systems is essential for groundwater management applications such evaluating natural recharge, assessing managed aquifer recharge (MAR), the characterization of surface water–groundwater interactions, and groundwater pollution risk analysis. However, dealing with flow through variably saturated porous media with perched water tables is a difficult task. Usual codes for groundwater flow modeling such asMODFLOW, TOUGH2, and FEFLOW require tedious procedures based on simplified assumptions and approximations. This paper presents a simple approach to simulate two-dimensional flow through perched aquifers and aquitards in deep vadose zones by combining the Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions that may apply to any code simulating unsaturated flow. The proposed approach is illustrated with the unsaturated flow code VS2DTI.

[EN] The continuous technological progress, the reduction in the cost of instrumental and analytical techniques, the diversification of data sources (e.g., satellites, remote sensors, etc.) together with the growth in the capacity of databases, as well as the easy-open access to them, have led in recent years to an exponential increase in the hydrogeological information available. One relevant line of work of the research group Environmental Hydrogeology and Global Change (HYGLO-Lab) focuses on developing novel tools to facilitate hydrogeological data's graphical, cartographic, and statistical interpretation. This line started with the INAQUAS software that allows the calculation of hydrochemical parameters and the realization of traditional graphs in spreadsheets. However, these tools have proved to be insufficient in the face of large databases, especially some of the most commonly used graphs, such as the Piper diagram. In this context, the D-Piper software has recently been published, which allows the creation of a modified Piper diagram based on the spatial point density and data distribution characteristics. This graph provides information about the facies distribution on the diagram, Increasing its precision with the number of analyses available. Also, a methodology integrated into the Q-Facies software (QFacies) has been developed to treat the spatial or temporal evolution of the hydrochemical facies as a continuous variable, thus overcoming the difficulties of working with the few discrete qualitative values of the traditional representation. In the hydrogeological characterization of the unsaturated zone, progress has been made in developing tools (R-Infiltrometry) to visualize and interpret in situ tests of unsaturated hydraulic permeability of soils, including double-ring infiltrometry, single ring infiltrometry, and other methods.

[EN] The current Global Warming of planet Earth is probably the most important geological phenomenon in the last 20,000 years of its history and for human race. This process is having nowadays notable effects on the climate, ecosystems and natural resources. Possibly the most important renewable geological resource is water. One of the most strategic phases of the water cycle is groundwater. Despite its low visibility, quantitatively (and qualitatively too) it is essential for life on Planet Earth. Foreseeable consequences on groundwater due to climate change and sea level rise will be very significant. Hydrogeology can provide answers to many of the questions that are beginning to be raised in relation to these impacts and their effects. Environmental hydrogeology is a way of understanding the set of disciplines mixed in Hydrogeology as a Science of Nature. The HYGLO-Lab Research Group of the IGME-CSIC National Center attempts, through its lines of research, with a double global and local component, to provide answers to some of these questions.

[EN] This paper summarizes the research work that is being carried out within the framework of three international projects with a lifetime between 2022 and 2026: (1) LIFE-IP-Duero; (2) Supporting stakeholders for adaptive, resilience and sustainable water management; (3) IGCP- 730. (1) and (2) are developed in the Duero river basin and are funded by the European Commission meanwhile (3) is being developed in the Duero and Miño-Sil basins and is funded by the International Geosciences Programme (IGCP) of UNESCO.

This work is focused on the Almonte-Marismas aquifer located within Doñana Natural Space (SW Spain); this aquifer is threatened by droughts, irrigation-driven groundwater overexploitation, urban use, and the potential reactivation of gas extraction and storage projects. We present ground deformation measurements from Sentinel-1 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data ranging from 1 to 2.5 cm, covering ∼2,500 km2 from 2014 to 2020. Detecting spatially distributed ground deformation over this agricultural area is challenging due to the low-coherence radar signals; consequently, the ground movement results are on the same order of magnitude as the errors associated with InSAR data. We have approached this issue by considering auxiliary information such as groundwater levels, climatic time series, and pumping rates and analyzing their spatio-temporal connections to ground displacements. We correlate InSAR and hydrogeological information through wavelet analysis, developing a Python package that allows applying the same methodology in other similar study areas. For the first time in the Doñana area, a significant relationship between distances to pumping wells and the displacement extent is detected. Moreover, other subsidence-related triggering factors are identified, such as the soil moisture balance, clay shrinking-swelling processes, and creep of geological formations. These results are highly valuable to support aquifer management decisions in the Doñana Natural Space; in this border region, three groundwater bodies were officially declared overexploited in 2020. Our findings provide a ground motion baseline assessment to help differentiate historical variations from any future anthropogenic effect in this complex marsh land ecosystem., National Youth Guarantee System, Tripartite Foundation for Training in Employment, Youth Employment Initiative (YEI), European Social Fund (ESF), European Union, Ministry of Ciencia e Innovación, IGME-CSIC, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

El objetivo del trabajo ha sido conectar dos objetos matemáticos relacionados de forma no evidente: las funciones elípticas, que son funciones meromorfas que presentan una doble periodicidad en el plano, y las integrales elípticas, que son integrales que involucran polinomios y que aparecen con sorprendente frecuencia en problemas tanto de índole matemática como de índole física o ingenieril., Departamento de Algebra, Geometría y Topología, Grado en Matemáticas

Se exponen los distintos fenómenos electromagnéticos que aparecen en metamateriales. Se incluye un tratamiento matemático y una exposición de la fenomenología apoyada en dicho tratamiento. El texto se divide en 3 capítulos bien diferenciados. El primero pretende contextualizar y definir qué es un metamaterial. Se incluye un breve resumen de las ecuaciones de Maxwell para definir qué son los medios bi-isótropos, en los que se centra el estudio en este capítulo por la relativa simplicidad de las ecuaciones que los definen. El segundo capítulo desarrolla ejemplos y aplicaciones de los metamateriales y metasuperficies quirales, comparándolos con los materiales convencionales bi-isótropos estudiados en el capítulo anterior. El tercer capítulo centra su estudio en las metasuperficies quirales a través de la simulación en el software CST comprobando algunos de los fenómenos tratados en el Capítulo 2., Departamento de Electricidad y Electrónica, Grado en Física

El objetivo del trabajo ha sido conectar dos objetos matemáticos relacionados de forma no evidente: las funciones elípticas, que son funciones meromorfas que presentan una doble periodicidad en el plano, y las integrales elípticas, que son integrales que involucran polinomios y que aparecen con sorprendente frecuencia en problemas tanto de índole matemática como de índole física o ingenieril., Departamento de Algebra, Geometría y Topología, Grado en Matemáticas

Se exponen los distintos fenómenos electromagnéticos que aparecen en metamateriales. Se incluye un tratamiento matemático y una exposición de la fenomenología apoyada en dicho tratamiento. El texto se divide en 3 capítulos bien diferenciados. El primero pretende contextualizar y definir qué es un metamaterial. Se incluye un breve resumen de las ecuaciones de Maxwell para definir qué son los medios bi-isótropos, en los que se centra el estudio en este capítulo por la relativa simplicidad de las ecuaciones que los definen. El segundo capítulo desarrolla ejemplos y aplicaciones de los metamateriales y metasuperficies quirales, comparándolos con los materiales convencionales bi-isótropos estudiados en el capítulo anterior. El tercer capítulo centra su estudio en las metasuperficies quirales a través de la simulación en el software CST comprobando algunos de los fenómenos tratados en el Capítulo 2., Departamento de Electricidad y Electrónica, Grado en Física

El objetivo de este artículo será el de construir un estado del arte respecto de los fundamentos teóricos y las opciones metodológicas de las que puede hacer uso un investigador interesado en trabajar con perspectivas críticas del derecho internacional. Con las cuatro perspectivas escogidas para este ejercicio (TWAIL, CILS, teorías feministas e idealismo social), se hará una disección sobre sus fundamentos teóricos y los métodos y técnicas de investigación pertinentes. También, vale la pena establecer el encuadramiento de las investigaciones críticas en derecho internacional en la monodisciplinariedad, la multidisciplinariedad y la interdisciplinariedad dependiendo de la interacción entre conceptos y métodos jurídico-internacionales., This article aims to construct a state-of-the-art resource regarding the theoretical foundations and methodological options for any researcher interested in working with critical international law perspectives. The four views chosen for this exercise (TWAIL, CILS, feminist theories, and social idealism) will be dissected regarding their theoretical foundations and relevant research methods and techniques. It establishes the framing of critical research in international law through monodisciplinary, multidisciplinarity, and interdisciplinarity, depending upon the interaction between legal-international concepts and methods., O objetivo deste artigo é construir um estado da arte a respeito dos fundamentos teóricos e das opções metodológicas das quais pode fazer uso um pesquisador interessado em trabalhar com perspectivas críticas do Direito Internacional. Com as quatro perspectivas escolhidas para este exercício (TWAIL, CILS, teorias feministas e idealismo social), é feita uma análise de seus fundamentos teóricos e dos métodos e técnicas de pesquisa pertinentes. Além disso, vale a pena estabelecer o enquadramento das pesquisas críticas em Direito Internacional na monodisciplinaridade, na multidisciplinariedade e na interdisciplinaridade, dependendo da interação entre conceitos e métodos jurídico-internacionais.

The aim of the article is two-fold. First, to identify the elements that distinguish private military and security companies (PMSCS) from other entities. Second, to propose a definition of PMSCS under international humanitarian law (IHL). The hypothesis of the study is that the type of military services provided by PMSCS, their direct participation in hostilities and the so-called ‘three externalities’ are the core elements of PMSCS and provide a solid basis for their definition in IHL. The research methodology applied is based upon the interpretivist epistemological orientation, which is reflected through an open research question which seeks to examine a range of elements and observable processes which contribute to determining the result. To do this, the research question is formulated in such a way that the proposed analysis illustrates the way in which social and international agents represent “the world” and an object of study (PMSCS and their personnel) through their intersubjective interpretations. This is preferred by methodological pluralism and interdisciplinary focuses., El objetivo del artículo es doble. En primer lugar, identificar los elementos que distinguen a las Compañías militares y de seguridad privadas (CMSP) de otras entidades. En segundo lugar, proponer una definición de las CMSP en el derecho internacional humanitario (DIH). La hipótesis del estudio es que el tipo de servicios militares prestados por las CMSP, su participación directa en las hostilidades y las llamadas “tres externalidades” son los elementos centrales de las CMSP y brindan una base sólida para su definición en el DIH. La metodología de investigación aplicada se basa en la orientación epistemológica interpretativista, la cual se refleja a través de una pregunta de investigación abierta que busca examinar una serie de elementos y procesos observables que contribuyen a determinar el resultado. Para ello, la pregunta de investigación se formula de tal forma que el análisis propuesto ilustra la forma en que los agentes sociales e internacionales representan “el mundo” y un objeto de estudio (las CMSP y su personal) a través de sus interpretaciones intersubjetivas. Esta es la preferida por el pluralismo metodológico y los enfoques interdisciplinarios.

El presente artículo estudia diferentes perspectivas criminológicas que ayudan a entender el fenómeno de la corrupción transnacional. Con ese fin se estudiarán, en primer lugar, las características de las sociedades contemporáneas desde diferentes perspectivas criminológicas para, después, explicar cómo estas aportan en el estudio y la comprensión de la corrupción transnacional. Asimismo, se analizarán múltiples perspectivas como la criminología de los poderosos y de los medios de comunicación, la victimología, la criminología verde y del maldesarrollo, los crímenes de la globalización y la macrocriminalidad, entre otros., This article studies different criminological perspectives that help to fathom the phenomenon of transnational corruption. To this end, we will first study the characteristics of contemporary societies from different criminological viewpoints and then explain how these contribute to the study and comprehension of transnational corruption. In addition, multiple criminological perspectives will be analyzed, such as white-collar and mass media criminology, victimology, green and maldevelopment criminology, crimes of globalization and macrocriminality, among others.

Tensions between various African governments and the International Criminal Court led, in the 2010s, to the drafting of the Malabo Protocol, an international entity that would replace it and belong to the African Union. This article seeks to analyze the observed procedural elements of International Criminal Law present in this Protocol. It also seeks to clear out which elements of international cooperation – both with the International Criminal Court and with national governments – exist, in order to reduce the impunity gap in situations of grave international and transnational crimes. A quantitative-interpretative análisis of the different norms that constitute the Protocol lead to an inevitable assessment: the Protocol has very limited Powers regarding cooperation and independent investigation, and requires an ample cooperations regime with the ICC and national jurisdictions to work. Unfortunately, said regime does not exist and goes against the very raison d’etre of the proposed tribunal., Tensions between various African governments and the International Criminal Court led, in the 2010s, to the drafting of the Malabo Protocol, an international entity that would replace it and belong to the African Union. This article seeks to analyze the observed procedural elements of International Criminal Law present in this Protocol. It also seeks to clear out which elements of international cooperation – both with the International Criminal Court and with national governments – exist, in order to reduce the impunity gap in situations of grave international and transnational crimes. A quantitative-interpretative analysis of the different norms that constitute the Protocol lead to an inevitable assessment: the Protocol has very limited Powers regarding cooperation and independent investigation, and requires an ample cooperations regime with the ICC and national jurisdictions to work. Unfortunately, said regime does not exist and goes against the very raison d’etre of the proposed tribunal., Las tensiones que ocurrieron en la década de 2010 entre varios gobiernos africanos y la Corte Penal Internacional llevaron a la creación del Protocolo de Malabo, una entidad internacional propia a la Unión Africana. El presente artículo busca analizar los elementos procesales observados en el Protocolo de Malabo, cómo se parecen o se diferencian a previas entidades internacionales de Derecho Internacional Penal, y que elementos se pueden resaltar con relación a sus vínculos con la Corte Penal Internacional, las entidades nacionales, y la posibilidad de cooperar con estos para reducir la “brecha de impunidad”. Un análisis cuantitativo-interpretativo de las diferentes normas que constituyen el Protocolo permite llegar a la conclusión que esta entidad tiene poderes mucho más limitados que los prometidos por sus naciones ponentes, y que precisaría de un amplio régimen de cooperación con la Corte Penal Internacional, régimen que no existe y no es parte de la raison d’etre de la entidad, para evitar el crecimiento de la impunidad.

Rear-edge tree populations are experiencing a combination of higher temperatures and more intense droughts that might push individuals beyond their tolerance limits. This trend towards rising atmospheric [CO] is concurrent with an increase in intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE), which theoretically enhances photosynthesis and decrease evapotranspiration rates, consequently improving tree resistance to drought. However, it remains unclear whether iWUE is favouring tree growth under current climate conditions, particularly when climate and iWUE legacy effects are simultaneously considered. We evaluated this question with an extensive sampling along Iberian rear-edge (dry) populations comprising four mountain ranges and two distinct altitudes. We simultaneously examined the effects of climate and iWUE on secondary growth using annually resolved basal area increments (BAIs) for the period 1901–2017. We used linear mixed models including second-order autocorrelation and 1-year legacy effects of iWUE and summer drought. BAI and iWUE increased across the studied period. iWUE increase was driven by changes in atmospheric CO concentration and water availability during the growing season. Climate and iWUE exerted direct and lagged effects on beech growth. Water availability during growing season was the main driver of tree growth, combining direct and indirect effects through its impact on iWUE. Legacy effects of water availability and iWUE were more important than growing season conditions. The net effect of iWUE shifted when lagged effects were considered, resulting in a net negative impact on tree growth. Synthesis: Our results reveal that climate and iWUE legacy effects must be considered to assess the net iWUE effect on secondary growth. Considering lagged effects, the current increase in iWUE is constraining tree growth. Modelling efforts of tree growth response to climate warming should include climate and iWUE legacy effects to adequately assess terrestrial ecosyste

Radon, a radioactive gas, is a recognized health hazard and a significant concern in residential environments. In this presentation, as part of a national radon project funded by the Nuclear Safety Council of Spain (CSN), a residential house in Valsequillo in Gran Canaria Island, Spain, was chosen for comprehensive radon monitoring. This study employed passive radon detectors as well as active radon detectors, to obtain long-term and real-time radon concentration data. Passive radon detectors were strategically placed in different rooms of the selected house and changed every three months to collect long-term radon concentration data. Active radon detectors were used to capture real-time measurements and provide a more detailed analysis of radon levels. Radon measurements were taken in the soil at a depth of one meter to evaluate radon emissions from the ground. Meteorological variables, including temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure, were recorded to characterize the local weather conditions. A comprehensive terrain characterization was performed, considering soil composition, permeability, and geological formations. The terrain characterization contributed to understanding the geological factors affecting radon levels in the area. The house was built on a characteristic terrain of superimposed lava flows, pyroclasts and mantles of volcanic breccias from the second eruptive cycle of the island of Gran Canaria (Roque Nublo Cycle), which form very thick packages (hundreds of meters). Regarding lithology, in the area there are basanitic-nephelitic, basaltic and olivinic-pyroxene lavas. The house is located on one of the slopes of the Barranco de San Miguel very close to the Protected Area of the Barranco de Los Cernícalos belonging to the Special Natural Reserve of Los Marteles. The area has a cold dry semi-arid climate, little influenced by the trade winds, with relatively little rainfall, more than 400 mm per year, and an average annual temperature of les

This presentation will address the progress of the RADSIM project whose purpose is to study the feasibility of numerical modelling to predict the entry of radon into buildings and its accumulation inside from a detailed characterization of the terrain and a typological definition of the building. The project is carried out in two locations, the Experimental Module of the Natural Radiation Laboratory (LNR) located at the ENUSA facilities in Saelices El Chico (Ciudad Rodrigo, Salamanca) and a dwelling on the island of Gran Canaria. Both sites are located in areas at risk of radon according to the mapping of the Nuclear Safety Council of Spain. The location of the sites makes it possible to cover different types of geology (continental and oceanic islands) and a greater variety of climatic zones. The two sites have been completely characterized in their radiologic

Modelling indoor radon levels and their dynamics in the different rooms of a given dwelling is a very challenging task. Despite the different efforts carried out since the 90s to simulate indoor radon levels, there is still room for improvement in this field. This is mainly due not only to the complexity generated by the number of parameters and processes involved in the final balance of indoor radon levels and their dynamics, but also to the fact that the information required to apply the models in a specific inhabited site is hardly available. Indoor radon models might be classified into two categories: lumped-parameter models and distributed-parameter models. The first category includes the so-called compartmental models where an effective value is associated to each compartment of the model. These models use to solve a set of ordinary differential equations (ODE) in which the parameters of interest basically depend on time. On the contrary, in distributed-parameter models the parameters of interest normally depend on one or more space variables and can also depend on time as well. They solve a set of partial differential equations (PDE). An example of this type of models is those based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The first category models are especially suitable to simulate the time-behavior of indoor radon levels in a multi-room dwelling, while the second type of models are more suitable to describe radon entry from soil into a dwelling through cracks by solving a radon transport equation. Within the frame of the Spanish RADSIM project, we will for the first time compare and validate two different models in two experimental sites. The compartmental RAGENA model developed at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Font and Baixeras, 2003; Font et al. 2001) will be compared to the distributed-parameter CFD model developed at Instituto Eduardo Torroja (Muñoz et al. 2017). In this talk we will discuss the applicability of the different types of models in real

The Council Directive BSS 2013/59/Euratom establishes the Basic Safety Standards (BSS) that implies obligation to develop a regulatory framework to actively work to reduce radon exposure for workers and the public, and to reduce the reference level for the annual mean activity concentration in air to a maximum value of 300 Bq/m3 (REF). To fulfil the regulation guidelines, it is necessary to determine the critical parameters that affect to radon concentration indoor, which could allow carry out remedial actions. The study presented is performed within the framework of a national research project whose main objective is to study the validity of simulation tools for radon in air levels in closed rooms, which allow the analysis of different scenarios to develop action criteria. One of the experimental study cases for the set up and validation of developed models is the so-called Pilot House, located in the former uranium mine managed by the Spanish Uranium Company (ENUSA), based in Saelices el Chico (Salamanca, Spain). It is a module designed which pretends to reproduce the typological characteristics of a Spanish house (continental territory) using common materials for this construction type. In this presentation we will show the selection of parameters studied that could affect to indoor radon concentration in the Pilot House, the measurements methodology, the data collection system, and the time series obtained. It is therefore shown the time series of indoor radon concentration, radon concentration in soil, the meteorological parameters, And the differential air pressures measured at different points both inside and outside the pilot house, including those inside the soil around the building. Those time series will be the base for the radon simulation models available.

The objective of this article is to analyze the tension between the complexity of the human condition and the recognition of the individual as a subject of contemporary international law, particularly in the different international protection systems. The methodology that covers this objective is based on a documentary analysis of philosophical, doctrinal, and conventional sources that will allow an interdisciplinary debate that puts into perspective the human condition and the responses that international law gives to it. It concludes with a call to reactivate humanism focused on human dignity that leaves behind instrumental rationalism as a criterion for the configuration of legal systems., O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a tensão entre a complexidade da condição humana e o reconhecimento do indivíduo como sujeito do direito internacional contemporâneo, particularmente nos regimes de proteção internacional do direito internacional dos direitos humanos e do direito penal internacional. A metodologia que permitirá alcançar este objetivo baseia-se numa análise documental de fontes filosóficas, doutrinárias e convencionais que permitem um debate interdisciplinar que coloque em perspectiva a condição humana e as respostas que lhe são dadas a partir do direito internacional. Conclui-se com um apelo à reativação do humanismo centrado na dignidade humana, que abandona o racionalismo instrumental como critério para a configuração dos sistemas jurídicos., El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la tensión entre la complejidad de la condición humana y el reconocimiento del individuo como sujeto del derecho internacional contemporáneo, particularmente en los regímenes de protección internacional del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos y el derecho internacional penal. La metodología que permitirá abarcar este objetivo se basó en un análisis documental de fuentes filosóficas, doctrinales y convencionales que permiten un debate interdisciplinar que pone en perspectiva la condición humana y las respuestas que desde el derecho internacional se le dan a esta. Se concluye con un llamado a reactivar el humanismo centrado en la dignidad humana que deje atrás al racionalismo instrumental como criterio de configuración de los sistemas jurídicos.

[EN] The island of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain) is characterized by a large variability of volcanic rocks reflecting its volcanic evolution. The geological map provided by Geological Survey of Spain at 1:25.000 scale shows more than 109 different lithologies and it is too complex for environmental and engineering purposes. This work presents a simplified geotechnical map with a small number of classes grouping up units with similar geotechnical behaviours. The lithologies were grouped using about 350 rock samples, collected in the seven major islands of the Archipelago. The geotechnical map was used to model rockfall hazard in the entire island of Gran Canaria, where rockfalls are an important threat. The rockfall map was validated with 128 rockfall events along the GC-200 road, located in the NW sector of Gran Canaria. About 96% of the events occurred along sections of the road where the number of expected trajectories is high or moderate.

The publication of the EURATOM directive BSS 2013/59 [1] has increased considerably the interest on radon studies in all EU countries. Certainly each member state has to establish a national action plan addressing long-term risks from radon exposures in dwellings, buildings with public access and workplaces for any source of radon ingress, whether from soil, building materials or water. The complexity generated by the number of parameters and processes affecting radon generation in the source, transport in source media, entry into dwellings, and its accumulation in the different rooms of the dwelling, makes the development of numerical models a very challenging exercise that might take also into account that the detailed information of the building-soil interface in an existing dwelling is normally not available. A new project funded by the Spanish Nuclear Safety Board (CSN) started in 2020. Its main goal is to establish and validate a numerical tool to predict and mitigate indoor radon levels in new and existing buildings in general, but paying special attention to the case of areas contaminated due to NORM industrial activities. Such a numerical tool might be of interest for Radiation Protection authorities to manage highly contaminated areas. In particular, 2 different numerical modelling strategies will be adapted to real sites and compared. The RAGENA [2] code, which was developed in the late 90s, will be updated with the last findings from experimental studies. This code allows modelling all radon sources and processes affecting radon accumulation indoors from a dynamic point of view in a very simple way, but lacks from spatial resolution. On the other hand, a CFD (computational fluid dynamics) model recently developed in Spain [3] numerically solves radon transport equation by finite elements with a good spatial resolution. The project focuses also on the experimental characterization of real sites. In this talk we will introduce the project, discuss the main

CFD models can be used to predict radon accumulation in regions with potential risk. The development of this model includes the analysis of the sensitivity to different parameters and the comparison with data obtained from the monitorization of real models

Standard procedures to obtain high-quality images of wood samples have become a bottleneck in the digitization of dendrochronology. Digitization is currently dominated by flatbed scanners, but the use of these devices is limited by sample length and surface flatness. Although several solutions based on digital photography have been published, they lack effective digitization processes or are too expensive to be widely adopted. Free open-source software and hardware has emerged as an alternative to create research tools that combine reduced costs with high reliability. Here we present CaptuRING, an open-source tool for wood sample digitization combining a do-it-yourself hardware based on Arduino® with a DSLR camera and a free open-source software with an easy-to-use graphical user interface. We compared CaptuRing with image acquisition from a standard flatbed scanner Epson® V750PRO. CaptuRING outperforms scanner image resolution and sharpness, while it removes sample size limitations. Moreover, CaptuRing performs this task in less than half of the time needed by Epson® V750PRO flatbed scanner. CaptuRING emerges as a reliable and low-cost tool to capture high-resolution images of wood samples boosting current digitization processes. The combination of free open software and hardware empowers dendrochronology to advance in wood sample digitization.

[EN] Groundwater is one of the most important hydric resources of the Spain territory. Nevertheless, heavy groundwater withdrawal generates severe consequences, being land subsidence one of them. The Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technique have been recently exploited to detect and monitor aquifer related deformations. In the present work, relationship between piezometric levels drawdowns and land subsidence has been studied for the higher withdrawals areas within Almonte-Marismas aquifer system (which holds the Doñana Natural Space). Four datasets of radar satellite images, obtained from Sentine-1 satellite, have been processed using the InSAR technique in the period 2014 - 2020. Results show that in some of these areas, like those surrounding El Rocío and Matalascañas villages, the correlation between these two variables is high., [ES] El agua subterránea es uno de los recursos hídricos más importantes en el territorio español. La gran cantidad de agua que se retira de ellos puede tener graves consecuencias, entre las que destaca, en algunos acuíferos, la subsidencia del terreno. La técnica de interferometría radar (InSAR), ha sido desarrollada en las últimas décadas para detectar y monitorear las deformaciones relacionadas con los acuíferos. En este trabajo se estudia la posible relación existente entre la variación de los niveles piezométricos y el movimiento del terreno en zonas con grandes extracciones del acuífero Almonte-Marismas (sobre el que se ubica el Espacio Natural de Doñana). Para ello, se han analizado los datos de deformación del terreno obtenidos del satélite Sentinel-1 en el periodo 2014-2020 Los resultados muestran que, en alguna de estas zonas, como las cercanas a las poblaciones de El Rocío y Matalascañas, la correlación entre ambas variables es alta.

[EN] Groundwater is one of the most important hydric resources of the Spain territory. Nevertheless, heavy groundwater withdrawal generates severe consequences, being land subsidence one of them. The Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technique have been recently exploited to detect and monitor aquifer related deformations. In the present work, relationship between piezometric levels drawdowns and land subsidence has been studied for the higher withdrawals areas within Almonte-Marismas aquifer system (which holds the Doñana Natural Space). Four datasets of radar satellite images, obtained from Sentine-1 satellite, have been processed using the InSAR technique in the period 2014 - 2020. Results show that in some of these areas, like those surrounding El Rocío and Matalascañas villages, the correlation between these two variables is high., [ES] El agua subterránea es uno de los recursos hídricos más importantes en el territorio español. La gran cantidad de agua que se retira de ellos puede tener graves consecuencias, entre las que destaca, en algunos acuíferos, la subsidencia del terreno. La técnica de interferometría radar (InSAR), ha sido desarrollada en las últimas décadas para detectar y monitorear las deformaciones relacionadas con los acuíferos. En este trabajo se estudia la posible relación existente entre la variación de los niveles piezométricos y el movimiento del terreno en zonas con grandes extracciones del acuífero Almonte-Marismas (sobre el que se ubica el Espacio Natural de Doñana). Para ello, se han analizado los datos de deformación del terreno obtenidos del satélite Sentinel-1 en el periodo 2014-2020 Los resultados muestran que, en alguna de estas zonas, como las cercanas a las poblaciones de El Rocío y Matalascañas, la correlación entre ambas variables es alta.

[EN] Groundwater is one of the most important hydric resources of the Spain territory. Nevertheless, heavy groundwater withdrawal generates severe consequences, being land subsidence one of them. The Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technique have been recently exploited to detect and monitor aquifer related deformations. In the present work, relationship between piezometric levels drawdowns and land subsidence has been studied for the higher withdrawals areas within Almonte-Marismas aquifer system (which holds the Doñana Natural Space). Four datasets of radar satellite images, obtained from Sentine-1 satellite, have been processed using the InSAR technique in the period 2014 - 2020. Results show that in some of these areas, like those surrounding El Rocío and Matalascañas villages, the correlation between these two variables is high., [ES] El agua subterránea es uno de los recursos hídricos más importantes en el territorio español. La gran cantidad de agua que se retira de ellos puede tener graves consecuencias, entre las que destaca, en algunos acuíferos, la subsidencia del terreno. La técnica de interferometría radar (InSAR), ha sido desarrollada en las últimas décadas para detectar y monitorear las deformaciones relacionadas con los acuíferos. En este trabajo se estudia la posible relación existente entre la variación de los niveles piezométricos y el movimiento del terreno en zonas con grandes extracciones del acuífero Almonte-Marismas (sobre el que se ubica el Espacio Natural de Doñana). Para ello, se han analizado los datos de deformación del terreno obtenidos del satélite Sentinel-1 en el periodo 2014-2020 Los resultados muestran que, en alguna de estas zonas, como las cercanas a las poblaciones de El Rocío y Matalascañas, la correlación entre ambas variables es alta.

[EN] Groundwater is one of the most important hydric resources of the Spain territory. Nevertheless, heavy groundwater withdrawal generates severe consequences, being land subsidence one of them. The Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technique have been recently exploited to detect and monitor aquifer related deformations. In the present work, relationship between piezometric levels drawdowns and land subsidence has been studied for the higher withdrawals areas within Almonte-Marismas aquifer system (which holds the Doñana Natural Space). Four datasets of radar satellite images, obtained from Sentine-1 satellite, have been processed using the InSAR technique in the period 2014 - 2020. Results show that in some of these areas, like those surrounding El Rocío and Matalascañas villages, the correlation between these two variables is high., [ES] El agua subterránea es uno de los recursos hídricos más importantes en el territorio español. La gran cantidad de agua que se retira de ellos puede tener graves consecuencias, entre las que destaca, en algunos acuíferos, la subsidencia del terreno. La técnica de interferometría radar (InSAR), ha sido desarrollada en las últimas décadas para detectar y monitorear las deformaciones relacionadas con los acuíferos. En este trabajo se estudia la posible relación existente entre la variación de los niveles piezométricos y el movimiento del terreno en zonas con grandes extracciones del acuífero Almonte-Marismas (sobre el que se ubica el Espacio Natural de Doñana). Para ello, se han analizado los datos de deformación del terreno obtenidos del satélite Sentinel-1 en el periodo 2014-2020 Los resultados muestran que, en alguna de estas zonas, como las cercanas a las poblaciones de El Rocío y Matalascañas, la correlación entre ambas variables es alta.

[EN] Groundwater is one of the most important hydric resources of the Spain territory. Nevertheless, heavy groundwater withdrawal generates severe consequences, being land subsidence one of them. The Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technique have been recently exploited to detect and monitor aquifer related deformations. In the present work, relationship between piezometric levels drawdowns and land subsidence has been studied for the higher withdrawals areas within Almonte-Marismas aquifer system (which holds the Doñana Natural Space). Four datasets of radar satellite images, obtained from Sentine-1 satellite, have been processed using the InSAR technique in the period 2014 - 2020. Results show that in some of these areas, like those surrounding El Rocío and Matalascañas villages, the correlation between these two variables is high., [ES] El agua subterránea es uno de los recursos hídricos más importantes en el territorio español. La gran cantidad de agua que se retira de ellos puede tener graves consecuencias, entre las que destaca, en algunos acuíferos, la subsidencia del terreno. La técnica de interferometría radar (InSAR), ha sido desarrollada en las últimas décadas para detectar y monitorear las deformaciones relacionadas con los acuíferos. En este trabajo se estudia la posible relación existente entre la variación de los niveles piezométricos y el movimiento del terreno en zonas con grandes extracciones del acuífero Almonte-Marismas (sobre el que se ubica el Espacio Natural de Doñana). Para ello, se han analizado los datos de deformación del terreno obtenidos del satélite Sentinel-1 en el periodo 2014-2020 Los resultados muestran que, en alguna de estas zonas, como las cercanas a las poblaciones de El Rocío y Matalascañas, la correlación entre ambas variables es alta.

This paper aims to determine how both climate and local drivers, such as groundwater withdrawals influence surface water - groundwater interactions in Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems (GDEs). We studied the hydroperiod in eight of the most representative ponds of Doñana National Park (southern Spain) during a 21-year period. We analyzed the average flooded phase of each pond as well as the average depth of the piezometric level in nearby piezometers. In addition, we used the average precipitation as a proxy of the water inputs onto the ponds. The average flooded surface was taken by a previous analysis of satellite images and the depth to the piezometric level was field measured at a monthly time step. We found out that the average precipitation was slightly lower during the second decade (675 mm/y vs. 552 mm/y). Nonetheless, 5/8 of the ponds showed a much higher shrinking of the flooded surface that could not be explained only by a reduction in the precipitation events. Local drivers were found to be decisive in the degradation of 3/8 of the ponds: those closer to a pumping facility and located at a higher altitude.

D-Piper es un software diseñado para representar grandes conjuntos de análisis químicos de agua en un único gráfico de Piper conservando toda la información relevante. Los grupos de análisis representados pueden tener cualquier tamaño, no hay límite, de hecho cuanto más grande es el grupo mayor es la utilidad del gráfico pues la estructura interna de la información se desvela con más claridad. D-Piper también permite dibujar los diagramas de Piper clásicos e incluye en los mismos, además de opciones como el color y tamaño de los puntos y la posibilidad de superponer el diagrama clásico y el D-Piper, otras menos frecuentes como incluir puntos traslúcidos o modificar el tamaño de las celdas del diagrama. En esta publicación se explica en detalle la utilidad y funcionamiento de D-Piper, se muestran los principios matemáticos sobre los que se fundamenta su construcción y se incluye información de utilidad para quien desee modificar el código. D-Piper es un software gratuito y de libre distribución, escrito en lenguaje Python y distribuido bajo licencia GPL 3.0, el código puede ser usado y compartido libremente con la única condición de citar adecuadamente la fuente original no permitiéndose el uso comercial. Los aspectos técnicos y de desarrollo, así como el código fuente, han sido publicados en la revista Environmental Modelling and Software

Introduction Social vulnerability is a known determinant of health in respiratory diseases. Our aim was to identify whether there are socio-demographic factors among COVID-19 patients hospitalized in Spain and their potential impact on health outcomes during the hospitalization. Methods A multicentric retrospective case series study based on administrative databases that included all COVID-19 cases admitted in 19 Spanish hospitals from 1 March to 15 April 2020. Socio-demographic data were collected. Outcomes were critical care admission and in-hospital mortality. Results We included 10,110 COVID-19 patients admitted to 18 Spanish hospitals (median age 68 (IQR 54–80) years old; 44.5% female; 14.8% were not born in Spain). Among these, 779 (7.7%) cases were admitted to critical care units and 1678 (16.6%) patients died during the hospitalization. Age, male gender, being immigrant, and low hospital saturation were independently associated with being admitted to an intensive care unit. Age, male gender, being immigrant, percentile of average per capita income, and hospital experience were independently associated with in-hospital mortality. Conclusions Social determinants such as residence in low-income areas and being born in Latin American countries were associated with increased odds of being admitted to an intensive care unit and of in-hospital mortality. There was considerable variation in outcomes between different Spanish centers.

Máster en Profesor de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria y Bachillerato, Formación Profesional y Enseñanzas de Idiomas

Máster en Profesor de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria y Bachillerato, Formación Profesional y Enseñanzas de Idiomas

Groundwater resources are regularly the principal water supply in semiarid and arid climate areas. However, groundwater levels (GWL) in semiarid aquifers are suffering a general decrease because of anthropic exploitation of aquifers and the repercussions of climate change. Effective groundwater management strategies require a deep characterization of GWL fluctuations, in order to identify individual behaviors and triggering factors. In September 2019, the Guadalquivir River Basin Authority (CHG) declared that there was over-exploitation in three of the five groundwater bodies of the Almonte-Marismas aquifer, Southwest Spain. For that reason, it is critical to understand GWL dynamics in this aquifer before the new Spanish Water Resources Management Plans (2021–2027) are developed. The application of GWL series clustering in hydrogeology has grown over the past few years, as it is an extraordinary tool that promptly provides a GWL classification; each group can be related to different responses of a complex aquifer under any external change. In this work, GWL time series from 160 piezometers were analyzed for the period 1975 to 2016 and, after data pre-processing, 24 piezometers were selected for clustering with k-means (static) and time series dynamic) clustering techniques. Six and seven groups (k) were chosen to apply k-means. Six characterized types of hydrodynamic behaviors were obtained with time series clustering (TSC). Number of clusters were related to diverse affections of water exploitation depending on soil uses and hydrogeological spatial distribution parameters. TSC enabled us to distinguish local areas with high hydrodynamic disturbance and to highlight a quantitative drop of GWL during the studied period.

Máster en Profesor de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria y Bachillerato, Formación Profesional y Enseñanzas de Idiomas