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This study aims to determine the underlying Human Development Index in Eastern Indonesia Region by using Health expenditure and Education expenditure as variables that affect it. Using a new numerical perspective where the measurement of the Human Development Index according to the UNDP is reviewed by tracing and analysing Health and Education expenditure data using panel data, namely cross-section and time series to see the effect statistically. The results of this study which obtained positive and insignificant numbers and the low contribution value of the influence variables in this study are challenging data to face global progress, various forms of access to social services, especially in health and education, are basic things that need to be considered, some regions included in Eastern Indonesia may have experienced progress, but equity itself is what we must pay attention to together, continuous efforts to overcome the challenges of progress must ensure that all Indonesians can enjoy prosperity.

Background: Lymphatic filariasis (LF) drug treatment compliance remains a challenge in Eastern Indonesia. Aims: The study sought to determine which aspects of Eastern Indonesia's LF drug treatment compliance policies were most pertinent. Methods: The 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Survey data was employed. The analysis units were adults (≥ 15 years) who had received LF drug treatment. LF drug treatment compliance was analyzed based on respondent characteristics (age, gender, marital status, education, occupation, wealth and comorbidities) using binary logistic regression. Results: The proportion of adherence to LF treatment in Eastern Indonesia was 73.1%. Respondent characteristics that influenced LF treatment compliance were age group > 24 (aOR = 1.374, 95% CI: 1.305-1.447), female (aOR = 1.307, 95% CI: 1.263-1.353), all educated respondent status (aOR = 2.152, 95% CI: 2.043-2.268), and all employed respondents (aOR = 1.437, 95% CI: 1.365 - 1.512). Married respondents and those with all levels of wealth status were less likely to take LF drug treatment. Conclusion: Policy focus on improving LF treatment compliance among the younger male, the less educated, the unemployed, and those with lower social economic status. Keywords: compliance, Eastern Indonesia, lymphatic filariasis, public health

The eastern region of Indonesia is endemic to malaria, a tropical parasitic infection that causes significant mortality. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) encompass the global commitment to prevent and eliminate malaria by the end of 2030. Nevertheless, the biggest issue lies in the antimalarial drug resistance in Indonesia. Genetic polymorphism has been a considerable factor in the mechanism of antimalarial drug resistance of which could lead to inadequate activity of antimalarial drugs to undertake Plasmodium infection by several molecular mechanisms. Hence, first-line therapy for malaria in Indonesia such as dihydroartemisinin, piperaquine, and primaquine, becomes ineffective. However, the resistance is unavoidable. This review aims to summarize the genetic polymorphism possible mechanisms contributing to antimalarial resistance in the Indonesian population and to discuss the potential new antimalarial drug candidates.

The isolating languages of Central Flores (Austronesian) are typologically distinct from their nearby relatives. They have no bound morphology, as well elaborate numeral clas-sifier systems, and quinary-decimal numeral system. McWhorter (2019) proposes that their isolating typology is due to imperfect adult language acquisition of a language of Sulawesi, brought to Flores by settlers from Sulawesi in the relatively recent past. I propose an alternative interpretation, which better accounts for the other typological features found in Central Flores: the Central Flores languages are isolating because they have a strong substrate influence from a now-extinct isolating language belonging to the Mekong-Mamberamo linguistic area (Gil 2015). This explanation better accounts for the typological profile of Central Flores and is a more plausible contact scenario.

Sago palm has the highest starch content compared to the other source of carbohydrate crops such as cereal and tuberous crops. Sago palm can produce about 200-400 kg per trunk after 7 to 10 years. This research aimed to characterize several sago palm accessions in Aimas, Sorong District, West Papua Province, Indonesia. Eight sago palm accessions were studied, Waruwo, Wasulagi, Wasenan, Wayuluk, Wagelik, Wanegles, Wawun and Wafabala. Among these accessions, there were many diff erences based on trunk morphological characteristics which includes trunk height, diameter, circumference, and bark thickness, leaf number, length of rachis, length of petiole, and spine. Five accessions with potential yield of more than 200 kg dry starch per sago trunk are Waruwo, Wasulagi, Wasenan, Wayuluk and Wagelik. Stem morphological characters aff ect palm sago production, because the starch is located in the pith of the stem.

In this paper, we reflect on linguistic fieldwork and language documentation activities in Eastern Indonesia. We first present the rich linguistic and biological diversity of this region, which is of significant interest in typological and theoretical linguistics and language documentation. We then discuss certain central educational issues in relation to human resources, infrastructures, and institutional support, critical for high quality research and documentation. We argue that the issues are multidimensional and complex across all levels, posing sociocultural challenges in capacity-building programs. Finally, we reflect on the significance of the participation of local fieldworkers and communities and their contextual training.

The causes of maternal death are well known, and are largely preventable if skilled health care is received promptly. Complex interactions between geographic and socio-cultural factors affect access to, and remoteness from, health care but research on this topic rarely integrates spatial and social sciences. In this study, modeling of travel time was integrated with social science research to refine our understanding of remoteness from health care. Travel time to health facilities offering emergency obstetric care (EmOC) and population distribution were modelled for a district in eastern Indonesia. As an index of remoteness, the proportion of the population more than two hours estimated travel time from EmOC was calculated. For the best case scenario (transport by ambulance in the dry season), modelling estimated more than 10,000 fertile aged women were more than two hours from EmOC. Maternal mortality ratios were positively correlated with the remoteness index, however there was considerable variation around this relationship. In a companion study, ethnographic research in a subdistrict with relatively good access to health care and high maternal mortality identified factors influencing access to EmOC, including some that had not been incorporated into the travel time model. Ethnographic research provided information about actual travel involved in requesting and reaching EmOC. Modeled travel time could be improved by incorporating time to deliver request for care. Further integration of social and spatial methods and the development of more dynamic travel time models are needed to develop programs and policies to address these multiple factors to improve maternal health outcomes.

The present article is a discussion of the proliferation of history-writing about eastern Indonesia (mainly Nusa Tenggara, Maluku and Papua) and Timor-Leste during the last decades. While a substantial corpus of Portuguese historical writings on Timor-Leste appeared up to the 1970s, very little was done in respect to eastern Indonesia, at any rate after decolonization. However, a number of anthropologists have included studies of historical data in their work since the 1970s. The challenges from anthropology have contributed to a new output of historical research since the 1990s. The possibilities of the colonial archive to yield social and cultural data have been tested. Not least, the independence of Timor-Leste in 1999-2002 has been a catalyst for fresh studies. The article presents an overview of the themes and methodologies taken up since the late 20th century in works written in English, Dutch, Portuguese, French, German, and Indonesian. It is emphasized that a historian working in this area must take account of the resources of the colonial archive, as well as to alternative claims to the past – oral tradition, linguistics, heritage objects, and so on. In traditionally non-literate and small-scale societies, analyses of concurrent versions of history will be crucial in the mapping of the past., Cet article porte sur la prolifération des écrits historiques concernant l’Indonésie orientale (principalement Nusa Tenggara, les Moluques et la Papouasie) et Timor-Leste au cours des dernières décennies. Alors qu’un corpus substantiel d’écrits historiques portugais a été produit sur TimorLeste jusque dans les années 1970, très peu de travaux concernaient l’Indonésie orientale, du moins après la décolonisation. Cependant, depuis les années 1970, un certain nombre d’anthropologues ont inclus dans leur travail des analyses de données historiques. Les défis de l’anthropologie ont contribué à un nouvel essor de la recherche historique depuis les années 1990. Les possibilités de produire des données sociales et culturelles à partir des archives coloniales ont été explorées. Mieux, l’indépendance du Timor-Leste en 1999-2002 a été un catalyseur pour de nouveaux travaux. L’article livre un aperçu des thèmes et des méthodologies adoptées depuis la fin du xxe siècle dans les œuvres écrites en anglais, en néerlandais, en portugais, en français, en allemand et en indonésien. Précisons que l’historien travaillant dans ce domaine doit tenir compte des sources des archives coloniales, ainsi que des revendications alternatives du passé — la tradition orale, la linguistique, les objets du patrimoine, etc. Dans ces sociétés traditionnellement non alphabétisées et de petite taille, les analyses des versions concurrentes de l’histoire sont cruciales pour la cartographie du passé., Concurrences

The impacts of the Indonesian government subsidized rice program, RASKIN, were assessed in two rural villages in West Timor, eastern Indonesia, where traditionally the staple food is maize. The RASKIN program aims to make subsidized rice available to poor households, the allocation estimated to be a third of household requirements. All of the households interviewed bought subsidized rice when it was first available in this area in 2005, however about 30 % of households did not buy subsidized rice again, mainly because of a preference for maize over rice. Of the households that continued to buy subsidized rice, about half did not have enough cash to buy subsidized rice frequently, suggesting a targeting error of failure to benefit poor households. Households that bought subsidized rice consumed the rice with instant noodles and fewer nuts and beans (traditionally grown and eaten with maize), leading to a potentially lower nutrition intake. The practices of households selling their own produce, such as maize, beans and chickens, to purchase subsidized rice may constitute perverse outcomes, including future food shortages.

This volume showcases the expression of number and quantity in a dozen minority languages spoken in Eastern Indonesia. While several papers offer a typological and comparative perspective, most contributions provide detailed descriptions of the numeral systems, universal quantifiers, classifiers, and the expression of nominal and verbal number in individual languages. Languages featuring in this volume include the Austronesian languages Sumbawa, Tolaki, Helong, Uab Meto, and Papuan Malay; the Timor-Alor-Pantar languages Abui, Bunaq, Kamang, Makalero, Sawila, and Western Pantar, and the West-Papuan language Tobelo.

The whale shark, Rhincodon typus, is a long-lived migratory species inhabiting tropical and warm-temperate waters worldwide. Seasonal aggregations of whale sharks in shallow coastal waters of many countries have led to the development of ecotourism industries. Whale sharks that aggregate seasonally at Ningaloo Reef in Western Australia have a migration range within Indonesian and Southeast Asian waters. However, very little is known about their behaviour, local migration patterns, or potential threats faced in this region. In this study, we investigated traditional ecological knowledge of whale sharks through interviews with Bajo and other fishers from five settlements in the Timor and Roti Islands in eastern Indonesia. We found that there are culturally driven prohibitions and customary beliefs concerning whale sharks among Bajo fishermen, who commonly sight sharks in the Timor Sea, in southern Indonesian and Timor Leste waters. Sightings are most common during the months of August to December. Interviews also indicate a low level of harvesting of whale sharks in the region. The results demonstrate the potential for combining traditional ecological knowledge and new technology to develop whale shark management strategies, and to determine the predictability of whale shark appearances as one vital factor in assessing the potential for development of small-scale whale shark ecotourism initiatives.

Di wilayah Indonesia timur, kekurangan makanan lazim terjadi dan musim kemarau panjang menekan produktifitas pertanian. Pada awal tahun 2000-an, bendungan-bendungan dibangun untuk pertanian irigasi di area-area penampungan air di dataran-dataran rendah di provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT). Penelitian ini mengevaluasi sumber daya air dan sumber daya makanan rumah tangga yang ada di desa dekat salah satu bendungan di Timor Barat. Meskipun air tersedia melimpah melalui jalur-jalur irigasi dan sumur-sumur di dataran rendah, banyak rumah tangga yang tidak memiliki cukup air. Beberapa rumah tangga lebih mengalami masalah dengan pasokan air setelah dibangunnya bendungan daripada ketika air bisa diperoleh langsung dari sungai sebelum ada bendungan. Akses air bagi kebutuhan rumah tangga ditentukan oleh kedekatan pada sumur dan resapan (oemata dan pancuran). Persoalan-persoalan ini disebabkan oleh lemahnya manajemen air irigasi dan pemeliharaan saluran-saluran irigasi. Persoalan dengan produksi pangan disebabkan oleh antara lain hama tanaman (khususnya hama kuning atau “penyakit kuning” pada tanaman padi irigasi, yang disebabkan oleh larva yang menetas di dalam batang), keterbatasan air irigasi, dan keterbatasan jumlah traktor pada saat penyiapan lahan untuk ditanami. Penelitian ini terlaksana atas partisipasi anggota masyarakat dan pegawai pemerintah daerah dalam sosialisasi penelitian untuk memastikan bahwa metode penelitian tepat dan relevan dengan budaya setempat. Masyarakat merasa penelitian ini berguna karena menjadi ajang yang dapat menarik perhatian para pegawai pemerintah yang berwenang menyelesaikan masalah-masalah dalam masyarakat.

Objective: to describe the system of health reporting by village midwives and two rural clinics in eastern Indonesia and solve some of the problems in this system through consultation.Design: participatory action research model where problems are identified by those most affected and solutions sought. Clinic staff were observed and interviewed regarding their work roles and reporting duties. Allocation of work time to various tasks was recorded by all clinic staff before and after the implementation of a new health recording system. Several information sessions and focus group discussions were held with village midwives and other health staff to identify and address problems.Setting: Indonesia initiated a programme in 1989, aiming to place a midwife in every village, in response to high maternal mortality rates and low rates of births attended by trained birth assistants. Remote rural villages in eastern Indonesia have difficulty recruiting and retaining village midwives. These midwives play a crucial role in health reporting. During 2010 a new system of recording and reporting by clinics was implemented.Participants: village and clinic health staff in two rural subdistricts in eastern Indonesia.Findings: there was incomplete coverage by village midwives in the two subdistricts studied; 28% of villages had a resident midwife, 48% had a visiting midwife and 24% had only monthly visits by a mobile clinic. Village midwives performed duties additional to their official duties and training. Village midwives had problems associated with the reporting system including inconsistency in reporting, poor access to individual patient histories and poor access to clinics. These problems resulted in incompleteness and poor timeliness of data transfer.Key conclusions: midwives in remote villages felt compelled to provide services for which they were not trained. Poor quality of data reporting resulted from inconsistent reporting methods. Local staff c

Prey species can influence the population dynamics of their predators. Therefore, to conserve and manage endangered or threatened species, it is crucial to understand predator-prey relationships and to monitor the abundance of predators and their prey. The Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) is an apex predator endemic to Indonesia. It is considered a vulnerable species due to demographic decline and a limited distribution. However to date, little monitoring has been conducted to estimate the spatial and temporal variation in the abundances of the Komodo dragon and its ungulate prey species. This study evaluated the usefulness of faecal counts and distance sampling for monitoring the abundance of the three major prey species of Komodo dragons. This study also investigated site occupancy of Komodo dragons, and examined the influence of site-specific covariates (prey abundance, habitat type and level of protection) on site occupancy across 11 sites on five islands in and around Komodo National Park, eastern Indonesia. Faecal densities of three ungulate prey species: Timor deer (Cervus timorensis), feral pig (Sus scrofa) and water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), were positively correlated with their population densities estimated from distance sampling. The abundance of Timor deer was negatively influenced by the abundance of water buffalo, possibly through competition for space and food. Whilst for feral pig and water buffalo all models give weak support (wi ≤ 0.37) to explain the variation in their abundances. Several competing models were evaluated to estimate their effects on the site occupancy of Komodo dragons. The two most parsimonious models indicated that ungulate prey, representing a deer density model (∆= 0.00; w= 0.68) and an additive model incorporating deer and buffalo density ((∆= 1.61; w= 0.30) were both positively correlated with site occupancy estimates for Komodo dragons and presumably the abundance of Komodo dragons. The site occupancy of Komodo dragons

Introduction to a series of essays by historians, ethographers and anthrolpologists about tradition and history in eastern Indonesia and Timor Leste.

Collection of essays on tradition and historical memory in eastern Indonesia and Timor Leste.

BackgroundMultidrug-resistant Plasmodium vivax (Pv) is widespread in eastern Indonesia, and emerging elsewhere in Asia-Pacific and South America, but is generally regarded as a benign disease. The aim of the study was to review the spectrum of disease associated with malaria due to Pv and P. falciparum (Pf) in patients presenting to a hospital in Timika, southern Papua, Indonesia.Methods and FindingsData were prospectively collected from all patients attending the outpatient and inpatient departments of the only hospital in the region using systematic data forms and hospital computerised records. Between January 2004 and December 2007, clinical malaria was present in 16% (60,226/373,450) of hospital outpatients and 32% (12,171/37,800) of inpatients. Among patients admitted with slide-confirmed malaria, 64% of patients had Pf, 24% Pv, and 10.5% mixed infections. The proportion of malarial admissions attributable to Pv rose to 47% (415/887) in children under 1 y of age. Severe disease was present in 2,634 (22%) inpatients with malaria, with the risk greater among Pv (23% [675/2,937]) infections compared to Pf (20% [1,570/7,817]; odds ratio [OR] = 1.19 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–1.32], p = 0.001), and greatest in patients with mixed infections (31% [389/1,273]); overall p < 0.0001. Severe anaemia (haemoglobin < 5 g/dl) was the major complication associated with Pv, accounting for 87% (589/675) of severe disease compared to 73% (1,144/1,570) of severe manifestations with Pf (p < 0.001). Pure Pv infection was also present in 78 patients with respiratory distress and 42 patients with coma. In total 242 (2.0%) patients with malaria died during admission: 2.2% (167/7,722) with Pf, 1.6% (46/2,916) with Pv, and 2.3% (29/1260) with mixed infections (p = 0.126).ConclusionsIn this region with established high-grade chloroquine resistance to both Pv and Pf, Pv is associated with severe and fatal malaria particularly in young children. The epidemiology of P.

Sponges of the genus Petrosia (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) are large and characteristic components of many Indonesian reefs. We identify and provide descriptions of seven species of Petrosia collected recently on SW Sulawesi reefs (Eastern Indonesia), two of which are new to science: Petrosia (Petrosia) alfiani spec. nov. and Petrosia (Petrosia) hoeksemai spec. nov. Additional species recorded are Petrosia (Petrosia) lignosa Wilson, 1925, Petrosia (Petrosia) nigricans Lindgren, 1897, Petrosia (Petrosia) plana Wilson, 1925, Petrosia (Strongylophora) corticata (Wilson, 1925) and Petrosia (Strongylophora) strongylata Thiele, 1903. The species are discussed and compared with Petrosia records from other Indonesian and neighbouring Indo-West Pacific areas. We also present a key to the common Petrosia species of Sulawesi.

In regions with drug-resistant malaria, the ability to rapidly detect or predict treatment failure (TF) soon after a course of standard therapy for Plasmodium falciparum malaria would facilitate the prompt institution of second-line therapy. We thus evaluated longitudinally the ability of the ICT Malaria Pf/Pv immunochromatographic test to predict treatment outcome. Sixty-six Sumbanese Indonesians with uncomplicated falciparum malaria were treated with chloroquine and followed for 28 days by use of 1997 World Health Organization criteria for assessment of therapeutic efficacy of antimalarial drugs. The ICT Pf/Pv testing could be compared with microscopy in approximately half of the patients on each day of follow-up. Although strongly positive histidine rich protein 2 (HRP2) line intensities (equal to or greater than the control band) in convalescence were highly predictive of TF, any degree of positivity for the HRP2 and panmalarial antigens in convalescence was only moderately predictive of TE Positive predictive values of the HRP2 and panmalarial antigens for TF were 76.9% and 87.0%, respectively, on Day 3, 82.4% and 87.5% on Day 7, and 78.9% and 78.9% on Day 14. Negative HRP2 and panmalarial antigen results in convalescence were even less predictive of an adequate clinical response, and false-negative HRP2 and panmalarial antigen test results were found in one-sixth (6 of 37) of recrudescent infections diagnosed by microscopy among patients with late treatment failure. To reliably predict treatment outcome with rapid antigen tests, further development appears necessary to improve sensitivity for viable asexual parasites while avoiding detection of both gametocytes and persistent antigen in convalescence.

I would like to examine some of the origins of one of the key concepts of anthropology, namely, the concept of ‘descent’ or, as in Dutch, the concept of ‘afstamming’. In Dutch and in English, this concept involves an implicit spatial metaphor — ‘a downward trajectory: a derivation from above’. My intention is to examine this underlying spatial image as a cultural construct and to consider — by a few selected glimpses — the history of its formation.