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Prevalence, symptoms, and treatment of depression suggest that major depressive disorders (MDD) present sex differences. Social stress-induced neurovascular pathology is associated with depressive symptoms in male mice; however, this association is unclear in females. Here, we report that chronic social and subchronic variable stress promotes blood-brain barrier (BBB) alterations in mood-related brain regions of female mice. Targeted disruption of the BBB in the female prefrontal cortex (PFC) induces anxiety- and depression-like behaviours. By comparing the endothelium cell-specific transcriptomic profiling of the mouse male and female PFC, we identify several pathways and genes involved in maladaptive stress responses and resilience to stress. Furthermore, we confirm that the BBB in the PFC of stressed female mice is leaky. Then, we identify circulating vascular biomarkers of chronic stress, such as soluble E-selectin. Similar changes in circulating soluble E-selectin, BBB gene expression and morphology can be found in blood serum and postmortem brain samples from women diagnosed with MDD. Altogether, we propose that BBB dysfunction plays an important role in modulating stress responses in female mice and possibly MDD.

Consumer vulnerability has received increasing attention from Australian regulators and regulated businesses in recent years. There has been growing discussion of the role of markets in creating or exacerbating vulnerability — meaning ‘harm, detriment or disadvantage’ — and the role of regulators in addressing this.

The year 2018 marked 40 years since the birth of Louise Brown, the first baby born as a result of pioneering in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. Since then, advances have seen a wide range of reproductive technologies emerge into clinical practice, including adjuvant treatments often referred to as IVF "add-ons." However, these "optional extras" have faced growing criticism, especially when they have often come at additional financial cost to the patient and have little evidence supporting their efficacy to improve pregnancy or birth rates. Despite this, according to the latest national patient survey by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority, three quarters of patients who had fertility treatment in the United Kingdom in the past two years had at least one type of treatment add-on highlighting the growing demand for these interventions. This article uses a psychosocial perspective to consider the motivations behind patient and clinician behavior along with the wider societal and economic factors that may be impacting upon the increase in the use of adjuvant treatments in fertility clinics more widely. It suggests the reasons fertility patients use unproven "optional extras" are complex, with interpersonal, psychological, and social factors intertwining to generate an increase in the use of IVF add-ons.

BACKGROUND: Structured self-management education (SSME) for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) improves biomedical and psychological outcomes, whilst being cost-effective. Yet uptake in the UK remains low. An 'Embedding Package' addressing barriers and enablers to uptake at patient, health care professional and organisational levels has been developed. The aim of this study was to test the feasibility of conducting a subsequent randomised controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate the Embedding Package in primary care, using a mixed methods approach. METHODS: A concurrent mixed methods approach was adopted. Six general practices in the UK were recruited and received the intervention (the Embedding Package). Pseudonymised demographic, biomedical and SSME data were extracted from primary care medical records for patients recorded as having a diagnosis of T2DM. Descriptive statistics assessed quantitative data completeness and accuracy. Quantitative data were supplemented and validated by a patient questionnaire, for which two recruitment methods were trialled. Where consent was given, the questionnaire and primary care data were linked and compared. The cost of the intervention was estimated. An integrated qualitative study comprising ethnography and stakeholder and patient interviews explored the process of implementation, sustainability of change and 'fit' of the intervention. Qualitative data were analysed using a thematic framework guided by the Normalisation Process Theory (NPT). RESULTS: Primary care data were extracted for 2877 patients. The primary outcome for the RCT, HbA1c, was over 90% complete. Questionnaires were received from 423 (14.7%) participants, with postal invitations yielding more participants than general practitioner (GP) prompts. Ninety-one percent of questionnaire participants consented to data linkage. The mean cost per patient for the Embedding Package was £8.94, over a median follow-up of 162.5 days. Removing the development cost, this re

BACKGROUND: Approximately 425 million people globally have diabetes, with ~ 90% of these having Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). This is a condition that leads to a poor quality of life and increased risk of serious health complications. Structured self-management education (SSME) has been shown to be effective in improving glycaemic control and patient related outcome measures and to be cost-effective. However, despite the demonstrated benefits, attendance at SSME remains low. An intervention has been developed to embed SSME called the 'Embedding Package'. The intervention aims to address barriers and enhance enablers to uptake of SSME at patient, healthcare professional and organisational levels. It comprises a marketing strategy, user friendly and effective referral pathways, new roles to champion SSME and a toolkit of resources. METHODS: A mixed methods study incorporating a wait-list cluster randomised trial and ethnographic study, including 66 UK general practices, will be conducted with two intervention start times (at 0 and 9 months), each followed by an active delivery phase. At 18 months, the intervention will cease to be actively delivered and a 12 month observational follow-up phase will begin. The intervention, the Embedding Package, aims to increase SSME uptake and subsequent improvements in health outcomes, through a clear marketing strategy, user friendly and effective referral pathways, a local clinical champion and an 'Embedder' and a toolkit of resources for patients, healthcare professionals and other key stakeholders. The primary aim is, through increasing uptake to and attendance at SSME, to reduce HbA1c in people with T2DM compared with usual care. Secondary objectives include: assessing whether there is an increase in referral to and uptake of SSME and improvements in biomedical and psychosocial outcomes; an assessment of the sustainability of the Embedding Package; contextualising the process of implementation, sustainability of change and t

When parents ask doctors not to disclose certain information to a child, doctors are challenged to articulate ethical reasons for giving information to children. This paper maps out the professional and legal landscape in which information-giving to children is taking place and identifies the key ethical arguments that have been made for disclosure of information to the child patient. We focus on pre-adolescent children, who have not reached a developmental stage that would see them regarded as 'mature minors'. While doctors can be relatively certain that professional and legal requirements will endorse their disclosure of information to the 'mature minor', guidelines are not clear on information-giving to pre-adolescents (immature minors). We identify six ethical reasons for telling the truth to younger children. It is noteworthy that there are good reasons to tell the truth to children, which are independent of any question of the child's capacity to be involved in decision-making.

Objective: To explore the experiences of known egg donors and recipients in order to inform counselling practise. Background: Relatively little is known about known egg donation as a form of family-building in the UK, and on the experiences of individuals who have sought this form of donation. As such, there is a lack of guidance for fertility counselling in this area. Method: This was a cross-sectional, qualitative study. A purposive sample of four recipient women were recruited via a national support group for women experiencing Premature Ovarian Insufficiency (POI). Known egg donors (n = 3) and recipient men (n = 3) were recruited via a snowball sample, as identified by recipient women. In-depth interviews were conducted with participants. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Four themes were generated from the data: 1) ‘Doing anything’: existing relationships as the motivation to donate; 2) ‘It was my duty’: feelings of obligation to donate and to receive; 3) ‘Woman-to-woman’: a woman-centred experience; and 4) ‘Going through this together’: changed versus unchanged relationships. Conclusions: The study highlights a number of implications in known egg donation, arising from the relationships involved. It is recommended that these implications are considered by infertility counsellors in the provision of counselling, and by those undergoing known egg donation when seeking information and support, before, during and after the donation.

The reproductive realm is routinely viewed as a feminised space requiring women’s commitment and labour. By contrast, men’s procreative contributions and ‘reproductive masculinity’ is represented as unproblematic, with men assumed to be fertile across the lifespan. Recent scientific research has, however, cast doubt over these longstanding assumptions, suggesting that a link does exist between ‘lifestyle’ factors and male fertility. The notion that fertility can be improved with effort (for both women and men) can be located within wider cultural and political shifts which construct individuals as increasingly responsible for acting on health messages and engaging in self-disciplining body projects. Through an exploration of ‘lifestyle changes’ within a men’s online infertility discussion forum board, this paper examines how discourses of individualisation healthism and masculinity are reproduced and interlinked. Our thematic analysis indicates that ‘lifestyle work’ is construed as crucial for achieving conception - and as a means to demonstrate men’s commitment to the dyadic goal of parenthood, which in turn may challenge and extend previous notions of ‘reproductive masculinity’.

Background Besides having an impact on human health, the porcine muscle fatty acid profile determines meat quality and taste. The RNA-Seq technologies allowed us to explore the pig muscle transcriptome with an unprecedented detail. The aim of this study was to identify differentially-expressed genes between two groups of 6 sows belonging to an Iberian x Landrace backcross with extreme phenotypes according to FA profile. Results We sequenced the muscle transcriptome acquiring 787.5 M of 75 bp paired-end reads. About 85.1% of reads were mapped to the reference genome. Of the total reads, 79.1% were located in exons, 6.0% in introns and 14.9% in intergenic regions, indicating expressed regions not annotated in the reference genome. We identified a 34.5% of the intergenic regions as interspersed repetitive regions. We predicted a total of 2,372 putative proteins. Pathway analysis with 131 differentially-expressed genes revealed that the most statistically-significant metabolic pathways were related with lipid metabolism. Moreover, 18 of the differentially-expressed genes were located in genomic regions associated with IMF composition in an independent GWAS study in the same genetic background. Thus, our results indicate that the lipid metabolism of FAs is differently modulated when the FA composition in muscle differs. For instance, a high content of PUFA may reduce FA and glucose uptake resulting in an inhibition of the lipogenesis. These results are consistent with previous studies of our group analysing the liver and the adipose tissue transcriptomes providing a view of each of the main organs involved in lipid metabolism. Conclusions The results obtained in the muscle transcriptome analysis increase the knowledge of the gene regulation of IMF deposition, FA profile and meat quality, in terms of taste and nutritional value. Besides, our results may be important in terms of human health. © 2014 Puig-Oliveras et al.

The Portsoy Gabbro was emplaced into Argyll Group Dalradian metasediments as part of a suite of mafic intrusives that outcrop around the low-P/high-T Buchan metamorphic domain in NE Scotland. This paper presents new field data together with geobarometry and calculated pseudosections for pelites and metabasites, and geochronological data from the Portsoy Shear Zone, on the western boundary of the Buchan domain, which constrain the relative and absolute timing of deformation, metamorphism and magmatism. Textural and cross-cutting relationships indicate the D2 event, magmatism and Buchan metamorphism overlapped. Pelitic schists containing all three Al2SiO5 polymorphs occur structurally beneath the Portsoy Gabbro. The sequence of aluminosilicate growth in these rocks is andalusite-sillimanite-kyanite, implying an anti-clockwise P-T-t path. This study indicates that the andalusite to sillimanite transformation took place during D2, synchronous with the intrusion of the Portsoy Gabbro, and was followed by kyanite growth after D2. The late growth of kyanite indicates that, at least initially, cooling was not associated with uplift. Magmatic zircons from the Portsoy Gabbro yield a U-Pb age of 471.3 ± 0.6 Ma. A U-Pb zircon age from an undeformed pegmatite that cuts the S2 foliation in the gabbro indicates D2 shearing had largely terminated by ~ 471 Ma. We demonstrate, using a metabasite pseudosection, that the titanite formed during deformation as the gabbros cooled. The cooling rate for the gabbro from 1000°C to 620°C was rapid - at least 49°C Ma-1 - and, allowing that the Portsoy Shear Zone was not an uplift structure, was caused by a change in the thermal regime.

Every year, thousands of basic military trainees in each service of the U.S. Armed Forces experience acute respiratory disease. The majority of this disease burden results from infection with human adenoviruses. We designed single- and multiplex assays that detect and discriminate adenovirus types B3, E4, B7, B11, B14, and B21. A total of 116 oropharyngeal swab specimens obtained from patients at the Naval Health Research Center were used to validate the new assays. Type-specific singleplex assays were designed and used independently to successfully identify 94 representative patient specimens. The lower limits of detection for our singleplex real-time PCR assays were calculated to be 50, 500, 500, 50, 50, and 50 genomic copies per reaction for human adenovirus type B3 (HAdV-B3), HAdV-E4, HAdV-B7, HAdVB11, HAdV-B14, and HAdV-B21, respectively. These were then multiplexed to increase efficiency and tested against singleplex assays using titrated controls. The HAdV-B3/B11 and HAdV-E4/B7 multiplex assays were as sensitive and specific as they were individually. The HAdV-B14/B21 multiplex assay was not as efficient at detecting HAdV-B14 as the singleplex assay. Interestingly, a statistically significant difference was found between the viral loads of HAdV-B14 and those of HAdV-B3, -E4, -B7, and -B21 (P < 0.001). The assays did not cross-react with other adenoviruses, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, or respiratory disease-causing bacteria. These assays have the potential to be useful as clinical diagnostic tools for the detection of HAdV infection in adult populations., Published in the Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v48 n4 p1397-1403, Apr 2010. Prepared in collaboration with Clinical Investigation Facility, David Grant USAF Medical Center, Travis AFB, CA.

A commercial non-specific gas sensor array system was evaluated in terms of its capability to monitor the odour abatement performance of a biofiltration system developed for treating emissions from a commercial piggery building. The biofiltration system was a modular system comprising an inlet ducting system, humidifier and closed-bed biofilter. It also included a gravimetric moisture monitoring and water application system for precise control of moisture content of an organic woodchip medium. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the sensor array measurements indicated that the biofilter outlet air was significantly different to both inlet air of the system and post-humidifier air. Data pre-processing techniques including normalising and outlier handling were applied to improve the odour discrimination performance of the non-specific gas sensor array. To develop an odour quantification model using the sensor array responses of the non-specific sensor array, PCA regression, artificial neural network (ANN) and partial least squares (PLS) modelling techniques were applied. The correlation coefficient (r(2)) values of the PCA, ANN, and PLS models were 0.44, 0.62 and 0.79, respectively.

Manure additive products can be used to reduce odour emissions (OE) from livestock farms. The standardised evaluation of these manure additive products under specific farm conditions is important. In this study, the efficacy of a manure additive (WonderTreat(TM), CKLS, Inc., Hong-Kong) was assessed under Australian conditions utilising a combination of laboratory and field-scale evaluation techniques. As a first step, the efficacy of the manure additive was assessed in a laboratory-scale trial using a series of uniformly managed digesters and standard odour, liquor ammonia and hydrogen sulphide concentration measurement procedures. This showed that the addition of WonderTreat(TM) at the 'low dose rate' (LDR) (102.6 g m-2) used during the trial significantly, but only marginally (30%; P = 0.02) reduced the OE rate (mean 13.9 OU m-2 s-1) of anaerobic pig liquor relative to an untreated control (UC) (19.9 OU m-2 s-1). However, the 'high dose rate' (HDR) (205.3 g m-2) also assessed during the trial preformed similarly (19.7 OU m-2 s-1) to the UC. No statistically significant difference in the concentrations of a range of measured water quality variables at the 5% level was observed between the treatments or controls digesters. As a second step, a field-scale assessment of the manure additive was undertaken at a commercial piggery. Two piggery manure lagoons (each with approximately 2500 m2 surface area) were included in the study; one was treated with WonderTreat(TM) while the other was used as control. The efficacy of the treatment was assessed using olfactometric evaluation of odour samples collected from the surface of the pond using a dynamic wind tunnel and ancillary equipment. No statistically significant reduction in OE rate could be demonstrated (P = 0.35), partially due to the limited number of samples taken during the assessment. However, there was a numerical reduction in the average OE rate of the treatment pond (29 OU m-2 s-1 at 1 m s-1) compared to the con

This paper presents a method to identify a class of hybrid system models that arise in cognitive neural prosthetic medical devices that aim to help the severely handicapped. In such systems a “supervisory decoder” is required to classify the activity of multi-unit extracellular neural recordings into a discrete set of modes that model the evolution of the brain’s planning process. We introduce a Gibbs sampling method to identify the key parameters of a GLHMM, a hybrid dynamical system that combines a set of generalized linear models (GLM) for dynamics of neuronal signals with a hidden Markov model (HMM) that describes the discrete transitions between the brain’s cognitive or planning states. Multiple neural signals of mixed type, including local field potentials and spike arrival times, are integrated into the model using the GLM framework. The identified model can then be used as the basis for the supervisory decoding (or estimation) of the current cognitive or planning state. The identification algorithm is applied to extracellular neural recordings obtained from set of electrodes acutely implanted in the posterior parietal cortex of a rhesus monkey. The results demonstrate the ability to accurately decode changes in behavioral or cognitive state during reaching tasks, even when the model parameters are identified from small data sets. The GLHMM models and the associated identification methods are generally applicable beyond the neural application domain.

Three anaerobic ponds used to store and treat piggery wastes were fully covered with permeable materials manufactured from polypropylene geofabric, polyethylene shade cloth and supported straw. The covers were assessed in terms of efficacy in reducing odour emission rates over a 40-month period. Odour samples were collected from the surface of the covers, the surface of the exposed liquor and from the surface of an uncovered (control) pond at one of the piggeries. Relative to the emission rate of the exposed liquor at each pond, the polypropylene, shade cloth and straw covers reduced average emission rates by 76%, 69% and 66%, respectively. At the piggery with an uncovered control pond, the polypropylene covers reduced average odour emission rates by 50% and 41%, respectively. A plausible hypothesis, consistent with likely mechanisms for the odour reduction and the olfactometric method used to quantifying the efficacy of the covers, is offered.

Continuous odour monitoring technologies are necessary to understand the complex odour-generating mechanisms within poultry housing as well as to identify strategies to reduce the impact of odour emissions on local communities. To evaluate electronic nose (EN) technologies for continuously assessing odour concentration in poultry housing, a mobile laboratory containing an electronic nose and an associated sample delivery system was deployed to a commercial poultry farm and tested over a broiler production cycle. The results demonstrated that it was possible to develop a model to allow an electronic nose to provide a semi-continuous measurement of odour concentrations. The electronic nose was also able to demonstrate the influence of shed conditions on odour emissions.

Assessment of the efficacy of permeable pond covers over a three-year period has confirmed that they are a cost-effective odour management tool. They have an anticipated life expectancy of at least ten years. Investigation of emissions of volatile chemicals and gases, as well as pond chemistry, has not provided any justification to avoid recommendation of this relatively low cost technology. Regulatory agencies are now in a position to accept this technology as one that has been adequately investigated, and as a consequence of which, predictable performance may be anticipated. Adoption of this technology by the pig industry as an odour control tool should be limited only by site-specific circumstances and the costs and benefits of alternate technologies.

Odour emission rates were measured for seven different anaerobic ponds treating piggery wastes at six to nine discrete locations across the surface of each pond on each sampling occasion over a thirteen month period. Significant variability in emission rates were observed for each pond. Measurement of a number of water quality variables in pond liquor samples collected at the same time and from the same locations as the odour samples indicated that the composition of the pond liquor was also variable. The results indicated that spatial variability was a real phenomenon and could have a significant impact on odour assessment practices. Considerably more odour samples would be required to characterise pond emissions than currently recommended by most practitioners, or regulatory agencies.

Odour emission rates were measured for seven different anaerobic ponds treating piggery wastes at six to nine discrete locations across the surface of each pond on each sampling occasion over a 14-month period. Emission rate values varied between ponds, between seasons for the same pond and even for the same pond on different days of a sampling week. Average seasonal emission rates ranged from 7.9 to 46.5 OU/m2 s, while average emission rates ranged from 16.0 to 29.0 OU/m2 s. Factors potentially responsible for the variability in emission rates were investigated, including air and pond liquor temperatures, time of day of sample collection, season and the impact of a prolonged drought.

The continued expansion in population of established cities leads to rural encroachment, this rural encroachment results in a decline in the chief barrier against malodours, that of distance. Associated to the population growth is an increased demand upon primary industries to produce greater quantities of food stuffs to satisfy the consumers. Intensive livestock practices are one of the most effective ways to produce the quantity and consistent quality of livestock produce that is in increasing demand from the general population. However the operation of most intensive livestock operations results in an environmental impact that is often difficult to monitor and assess; that of their odour output. The production of broilers (meat chickens) is one example of intensive livestock practice that is under increasing pressure to minimise the impact that it has upon the surrounding environment with respect to odour production. Understanding the emissions from intensive livestock practices is the only way to develop guidelines for operators in order to minimise or at least understand the emissions of their facilities at different production cycle times. The Australian Poultry Cooperative Research Centre (P-CRC) is funding a significant project that is investigating the odour and dust emissions from typical mechanically (tunnel) ventilated poultry houses; one of the aspects of this project is the analysis of non-methane volatile organic compounds. The NMVOC analysis will be performed by collecting pumped sorbent tubes and subsequent assay using thermal desorption - gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) and also thermal desorption - gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and olfactometry (TD-GC-MS/O.) The simultaneous detection using mass spectrometry and olfactometry allows for the odorants within the matrix to be identified and subsequently prioritised.

A variety of materials were trialed as supported permeable covers using a series of laboratory-scale anaerobic digesters. Efficacy of cover performance was assessed in terms of impact on odour and greenhouse gas emission rate, and the characteristics of anaerobic liquor. Data were collected over a 12-month period. Initially the covers reduced the rate of odour emission 40-100 times relative to uncovered digesters. After about three months, this decreased to about a threefold reduction in odour emission rate, which was maintained over the remainder of the trial. The covers did not alter methane emission rates. Carbon dioxide emission rates varied according to cover type. Performance of the covers was attributed to the physical characteristics of the cover materials and changes in liquor composition. The reductions in odour emission indicate that these covers offer a cost-effective method for odour control.

The efficacy of supported covers was investigated under field conditions using a series of prototypes deployed on an anaerobic pond treating typical piggery waste. Research focused on identifying effective cover support materials and deployment methods, quantifying odour reduction, and estimating the life expectancy of various permeable cover materials. Over a 10-month period, median odour emission rates were five to eight times lower from supported straw cover surfaces and a non-woven, spun fibre polypropylene weed control material than from the adjacent uncovered pond surface. While the straw covers visually appeared to degrade very rapidly, they continued to reduce odour emissions effectively. The polypropylene cover appeared to offer advantages from the perspectives of cost, reduced maintenance and ease of manufacture.

The key feature of this paper is the combined removal of magnesium, ammonium and phosphate from a representative synthetic solution of piggery effluent. The byproduct of this recovery process is struvite, commercially used as slow-release fertiliser. A thermodynamic model was developed relating to all the complexes of magnesium, ammonium and phosphate using gPROMS process software. A laboratory-based batch experiment confirmed 80% recovery of phosphate using this crystallization technique. The batch experiment was conducted at constant pH using synthetic solution made up of analytical-grade MgCl2 and NH4H2PO4. Borosilicate glass grindings of 5 g were used as seeds in this batch experiment. Basic solution characteristics of piggery effluent are reported in this paper.

A novel laboratory wind tunnel, with the capability to control factors such as air flow-rate, was developed to measure the kinetics of odour emissions from liquid effluent. The tunnel allows the emission of odours and other volatiles under an atmospheric transport system similar to ambient conditions. Sensors for wind speed, temperature and humidity were installed and calibrated. To calibrate the wind tunnel, trials were performed to determine the gas recovery efficiency under different air flow-rates (ranging from 0.001 to 0.028 m3/s) and gas supply rates (ranging from 2.5 to 10.0 L/min) using a standard CO gas mixture. The results have shown gas recovery efficiencies ranging from 61.7 to 106.8%, while the average result from the trials was 81.14%. From statistical analysis, it was observed that the highest, most reliable gas recovery efficiency of the tunnel was 88.9%. The values of air flow-rate and gas supply rate corresponding to the highest gas recovery efficiency were 0.028 m3/s and 10.0 L/min respectively. This study suggested that the wind tunnel would provide precise estimates of odour emission rate. However, the wind tunnel needs to be calibrated to compensate for errors caused by different air flow-rates.

Dynamic olfactometry enables odour quantitation. Presentation of odorous air to human panellists necessitates a comprehensive risk assessment to ensure that panellist health and safety is not compromised. Assessment of odour of samples derived from sprayed pesticide formulations required a three-stage process: i. Review of information for all product components to identify health risks; ii. Identification and quantification of volatile chemicals in samples destined fo olfactometry, iii. Determination of odour concentration by dynamic olfactometry. The odour strength of air samples derived from commercially available pesticide materials was assessed following spray application in a spray chamber. Measured odour concentrations were combined with application rates and flushing rates to derive specific odour emission rates, thus enabling comparison of odour strength on the basis of the amount of active ingredient in each material sprayed.

Australian research has linked much of the odour arising from intensive livestock operations to pond treatment systems. A reduction in emissions from treatment ponds would therefore generally reduce odour emissions from intensive livestock operations. Published data indicates that the application of straw and other biological materials to effluent pond surfaces as a continuous cover reduces odour emissions. The effectiveness of these covers has not, however, been researched under controlled conditions. Using locally available materials, the efficacy of supported covers has been investigated using a series of laboratory anaerobic digesters treating typical piggery effluent. Research to date has focused on: • identifying effective cover and cover support materials; • quantifying odour reduction; • identifying the impact use these covers may have on greenhouse gas emissions; • devising practical and effective methods for constructing these covers. Results have confirmed that a variety of cover materials are effective in reducing pond odour emissions. Supporting the pond cover appears to extend the cover life expectancy. While greenhouse gas emissions appear to vary according to cover type, the overall significance of these emissions is not yet clear. The impact of permeable pond covers on overall pond performance requires additional research.

This study assesses the roles of nuclear posture and doctrine in relation to forward defense of NATO-Europe, examining the necessity for this forward defense in detail. The current issue of a 'surprise attack' on NATO-center is discussed, and the report also examines what is known concerning Soviet posture and doctrine vis a vis Central Europe, including theater nuclear options. (Author)

Since India's detonation of a nuclear-explosive device, increasing attention has focused upon policies for retarding the future spread of nuclear weapons. Part 1 of this report, after briefly sketching the reasons for believing that additional proliferation could occur and reviewing the probable dangers of a more proliferated world, examines such policies. Means of reinforcing technical constraints upon prospective proliferators and measures for influencing their disincentives and incentives for 'going nuclear' are identified and evaluated. Possible responses to future dramatic proliferation events or turning-points, events that could influence significantly the scope, pace, and characteristics of possible future proliferation, also are discussed.

This study is based on a hypothetical series of strategic events which lead to a very intense nuclear crisis during the summer of 1979. A parallel civil defense scenario sketches the U.S. civilian responses including an evacuation of the high risk areas. This response is part of a low-budget civil defense option requiring a rapid civilian mobilization over several weeks. Survival and recovery prospects are found to depend strongly on timely federal policies during the growing crisis. The aftermath of the crisis is analyzed for two outcomes: one which resolves the crisis peacefully and one which involves a large scale nuclear attack.

Color control means for selectively positioning one color of a two-color ribbon between a document supporting platen and a print head having means for selectively impacting the desired ribbon portion against the document, said color control means comprising a color-select solenoid energized by logic circuitry responsive to a print-color signal. The solenoid is energized to a first position to enable characters of a first color to be printed at selected positions along a line. The logic circuitry includes means for selectively deleting the line feed, and delaying the print enable and print head movement signals during a time interval sufficient to allow for the color select solenoid to move the ribbon to the opposite color position at which time the characters of the opposite color are printed. A modification of the logic circuitry enables a dot-matrix impact printer capable of printing in both the forward and reverse directions to print a single line of intermixed characters of first and second colors in a somewhat similar fashion., Supersedes PAT-APPL-631 936-75.

Interactions between energy policy and national security are discussed. Topic areas covered include: Energy policy options available to the U.S.; energy security problems of U.S. allies; monetary and trade implications of existing and near-term energy flows around the world; energy conservation to meet challenges of tight supplies and high prices; geopolitics of petroleum supplies; and recommendations for research on energy and security issues.

The paper argues that for each of a spectrum of 'interesting attacks,' calculations of minimum required fallout protection which would assure high survival probabilities can be made for each U. S. community. Such calculations would provide a basis for local CD planning to reduce the vulnerability to fallout. If the CD program combined this 'balanced fallout protection' with emergency evacuation from the more vulnerable areas, then the survival potential could become very great in situations which offered a few days or more of strategic warning. The shelter resources in the U. S. and their potential for such a CD program are analysed. (Author)

The report examines two specific feasibility areas: lateral transfer of personnel between the Navy and industry, and short naval careers. During the course of the study, discussions were held with senior representatives of 38 corporations, with labor union officials and with several Navy areas, including sections of BuPers and the Naval Training Command. The study has been exploratory in nature and has sought primarily to determine the reaction of industry and of labor to the two concepts. (Modified author abstract)

The study assesses training and recruiting programs for the volunteer Army and evaluates the relationship of the structure and missions of the Army to American society. It recommends alternatives for Army policy to enhance a volunteer Army structure. (Author)

Brief reviews are provided of the following: Study of the Brooke Amendment; Defense of Washington; Rail mobile study; Soviet decision-making study; and Study on alternative research strategies.

Results are reported in the following fields: Weak interactions; Electromagnetic interactions and particle structure; Nuclear physics; Atomic, molecular and solid state effects; Techniques and instruments., Continuation of Contract N6-ori-110.

In an experiment performed at Columbia University's Nevis Cyclotron, the decay 'neutral-pion to gamma photon + electron + positron' was observed. Using a system of counters and spark chambers 2200 events were recorded with an opening angle of the Dalitz pair near 120 deg. The effect of pi-zero structure on the invariant mass spectrum of the pair is interpreted as an electromagnetic form factor for the neutral-pion. The form factor is a linear function, (gamma)(x) = 1 + ax, of the invariant mass squared, x. The experimental result for the form factor slope is a = (+0.01 plus or minus 0.11) (1/(pion mass)sq.).

The report emphasizes the dangers to eventual reconstruction that are posed by the disorganization inevitably following a nuclear war. What can go wrong in this reorganization period is examined by the use of scenarios and analogy. It is then suggested that during the crisis period preceding a nuclear war a number of useful actions enhancing the chance of postattack recovery should be undertaken as part of an emergency mobilization for civil defense. This mobilization might instigate actions which would help U.S. society to negotiate the reorganization period successfully. The problems of creating such countermeasures appear to be formidable but possible if: (a) the usable warning provided by the crisis is of sufficient duration (several weeks or more); and (b) the pre-planning for the mobilization action is completed in advance of the need. (Author)

The study contains recommendations for military tactics designed to provide area security in support of a constabulary and police program, which is described. The combined program aims at eliminating the communist infrastructure and local guerrillas. (Author)

The report examines the potential of the Soviet Union, China, and some European nations for reducing their vulnerability to nuclear attack through emergency civil defense measures taken during an intense crisis. It is argued that this CD potential by substantially reducing the number of hostages and providing an improved recovery capability, has some implications for U.S. deterrence policy. Thus, if deterrence policy is thought to require a large number of urban hostages, it may need to be reviewed in light of the above possibility. A survey of the CD policies and capabilities of the above countries suggests that a primary crisis CD measure could be an urban evacuation to expedient or improvised fallout protection. In addition, in some crisis enough time might be available to move some personal property and perhaps some critical industrial resources out of the more likely target areas. (Author)

A study was made to relate the processes of ozone attack and electron bombardment to the failure of various rubbers and plastics under corona.

Comparisons are presented for 14 computerized damage-assessment models developed by 8 organizations. Comparative methods of specifying designated and actual ground-zeros, location and distribution of population and other assets, casualties, property damage and fallout deposition are described. Subsidiary models for damage and injury as a function of burst distance (for blast), fallout intensity as a function of weapon size, distance and wind speed, radiation mortality as a function of equivalent residual dose (ERD), and firespread as a function of fuel density, distribution and wind conditions, among others, are discussed. Approximations and potential sources of error are listed together with some comments regarding the need for sensitivity analysis and the implications of model uncertainties for modes of use.

The report discusses the methodology of postattack research. A hierarchical approach is described, in which the objects of analysis range from simple orgnaisms and artifacts to complex human societies and ecosystems. The notion of 'response' to a perturbation which is appropriate for simple systems is extended to encompass the wider notion of 'disutility' in describing the effects of a nuclear attack on the economy or the society of the nation as a whole. The appropriate uses of devices such as scenarios, games, case histories, metaphors and models for various purposes is discussed. The major point is that non-rigorous constructs may be extremely helpful in training, raising the level of the discussion, and generating insights, but cannot be used for predictive purposes as models can. A 'state-of-the-art' estimate of various models is included. (Author)

Some of the limitations of input-output models as they are currently used are summarized. They are static, i.e., a set of steady equilibrium interindustry flow patterns is assumed. The sectors are assumed to be homogeneous, which implies that every component of a sector is indistinguishable and interchangeable with every other component. Interindustry coefficients are usually assumed to be rigidly fixed and independent of supply and demand. All models to date are geographically aggregative. The objective function (GNP) maximization procedure is usually ambiguous: exogenous policy considerations are inextricably mixed up with endogenous demand considerations.