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This research aims to determine the influence of Financial Literacy, Income Level, & Herding Behavior on Investment Decisions in PT workers. AA, in Bekasi Regency. The population in this study are workers who work at PT. AA with a sample size of 246 respondents. The sampling technique uses a probability sampling technique with a simple random sampling type. The data in this research was collected using a questionnaire. Data analysis in this test uses multiple linear regression analysis, coefficient of determination test (adjusted R2) and hypothesis testing. The results of this research show that Financial Literacy, Income Level have a significant influence on Investment Decisions. Meanwhile, Herding Behavior does not have a significant influence on Investment Decisions. However, if tested simultaneously, Financial Literacy, Income Level, and Herding Behavior have a significant influence together on Investment Decisions.

The study endeavors to discern the determinants influencing individual travel mode preferences within the urban landscape of Multan City, located in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. Methodologically anchored in primary data acquired through an online questionnaire, a judicious application of convenient sampling facilitated the assimilation of pertinent information. Employing the binary regression Logit model, the discernments proffer that variables such as income, total distance, gender, and fuel expenditure exert a significant influence on the selection of travel mode. Conversely, the variables of age and possession of a driving license were found to be non-contributory to the individuals' choices in travel mode.

This research aims to analyze the influence of income level, education level, gender, and age level on the three main indicators of financial inclusion, namely the probability of having an account at a formal financial institution, the probability of saving at a formal financial institution, and the probability of borrowing from a formal financial institution in Indonesia on 2017. Data was obtained from Global Findex 2017 using a purposive sampling method. This research uses a logistic regression analysis method with an assisted logit estimation model using Stata 16 software. The research results show that when estimating the probability of account ownership levels at formal financial institutions, only the variable gender shows insignificant results. In contrast, the other variables show significant negative values. In the model for estimating the probability of saving at formal financial institutions, two variables are not significant, namely age and gender, while other variables show significant negative results. Finally, on the probability of borrowing from formal financial institutions, only the basic education level variable shows significant negative results, while the other variables show insignificant results. The implications of this research provide insight into income, education, gender, and age and their impact on financial inclusion., Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh tingkat pendapatan, tingkat pendidikan, gender, dan tingkat usia terhadap tiga indikator utama inklusi keuangan yaitu probabilitas kepemilikan rekening pada lembaga keuangan formal, probabilitas menabung pada lembaga keuangan formal, dan probabilitas meminjam dari lembaga keuangan formal di Indonesia tahun 2017. Data diperoleh dari Global Findex 2017 dengan metode purposive sampling. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis regresi logistik dengan model estimasi logit menggunakan software Stata 16. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada hasil estimasi probabilitas tingkat kepemilikan rekening pada lembaga keuangan formal dari keseluruhan variabel independen yang digunakan, hanya variabel gender yang menunjukkan hasil tidak signifikan sedangkan variabel lainnya menunjukkan nilai negatif signifikan. Pada model estimasi probabilitas menabung pada lembaga keuangan formal, terdapat dua variabel yang tidak signifikan yaitu usia dan gender sedangkan variabel lainnya menunjukkan hasil negatif signifikan. Terakhir, pada probabilitas meminjam pada lembaga keuangan formal, hanya variabel tingkat pendidikan dasar yang menunjukkan hasil negatif signifikan, sedangkan variabel lainnya menunjukkan hasil tidak signifikan. Implikasi penelitian ini memberikan wawasan tentang pendapatan, pendidikan, gender dan usia dan dampaknya terhadap inklusi keuangan

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between financial literacy, educational attainment, and income level and financial management behavior. Individuals must demonstrate excellent financial management abilities in order to avoid financial difficulties. The level of financial literacy can be used to assess financial management behavior. Along with financial literacy, there are educational and income levels to consider. As a result, the researchers included variables for education level and income level. Customers of the BRI bank branch in Madiun City were included in this study. The sample consisted of 205 respondents who were chosen through a process known as purposive sampling.  The study gathered data from primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected from respondents through a questionnaire, while secondary data were gathered from the literature. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to process the data in this study, along with the SmartPLS application program. This study found that financial literacy positively impacts financial management behavior. On the other hand, neither education nor income has an effect.

Purpose. Determine the effectiveness of the public policy of labeling Mexican households in foods with high energy content (ACE) during 2016-2020. Methodology. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique is used to calculate the average expenditure on three selected ACE foods. Subsequently, it is deflated to 2019 prices to establish spending comparisons between years. Findings. There is an increase in spending on ACE foods by the socioeconomic levels analyzed, which shows evidence of the evolution of consumption patterns. Originality. The effectiveness of labeling is analyzed through an economic and social perspective focused on the spending patterns of Mexican households. Conclusions and limitations. Policies have failed to reduce spending on ACE food, but further studies are required to broaden the picture., Objetivo. Estimar variaciones de gasto trimestral de hogares mexicanos en alimentos con alto contenido energético para 2016-2020. Metodología. Mediante análisis de varianza se contrasta el gasto promedio trimestral en tres tipos de alimentos de esta categoría, segmentándolo por nivel socioeconómico de la población. Hallazgos teóricos y prácticos. El gasto en los productos mencionados se incrementa en el periodo 2018-2020, con excepción del pan empaquetado. Hecho que coincide con la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 y la nueva política de etiquetado de sello frontal. Originalidad desde el punto de vista transdisciplinar y de innovación sostenible. Se conjuntan tres enfoques: contenido nutricional de los alimentos; implementación de la política de etiquetado de alimentos y el gasto de los hogares mexicanos. Conclusiones y limitaciones. Se muestra evidencia que no existe variación significativa en el gasto por del hogar en refrescos y bebidas azucaradas. El estudio solo contrasta variaciones del gasto por decil y no aísla el efecto de tales políticas.

The economic burden in terms of total expenditures on communicable diseases has increased in Pakistan due to the high incidence rate. It is evident from the literature that the main reason for the high incidence of communicable diseases is a lack of awareness and knowledge. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the awareness level of the public regarding the transmission of three major diseases: Tuberculosis (TB), Hepatitis B & C, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in Pakistan. This study used the data from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) conducted in 2018. Bivariate and multinomial logistic regression has been performed to analyze the data to find the associated factors of knowledge of transmission of all three diseases. The literacy about the aforementioned communicable diseases was found to be adversely associated with respondents’ low education level, people living in rural areas, low-income quintiles, and low exposure to mass media etc. Results reveal that awareness levels about all three diseases are highest in the richest income quintile in all four provinces, in both men and women. People with access to television and the internet were found to be more knowledgeable about tuberculosis and hepatitis transmission as compared to those who did not have access to these mass media sources. In the case of knowledge of transmission of HIV/AIDS among respondents, the mass media exposure did not reflect a good picture. Based on the survey results, it is suggested that there is an urgent need to launch an awareness campaign to raise awareness about the transmission of tuberculosis and hepatitis, with a special focus on the lowest income group. To enhance the knowledge of transmission of HIV/AIDS, face-to-face personalized communication would be a better option.

The effects of climate change and water scarcity on food security in Latin America and the prevalence of metabolic risk factors that increase the likelihood of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among Chilean citizens are considered two significant challenges. The 2020 Sustainable Development Goals Report shows that an increasing number of people are suffering from food insecurity, and the growing stress on the environment associated with food production and resource exploitation. Therefore, the evaluation and monitoring of nutritional habits must be addressed because of their central role in meeting healthy and sustainable food goals. The objective of this study was to assess the environmental impacts (carbon and water footprint), nutritional quality and cost of diets of different socio-economic subgroups in Chile, mapping environmental hotspots and food insecurity. It was found that higher income was associated with higher environmental burdens related to food choices and higher dietary costs. Carbon and water footprints ranged from 2.42 to 4.74 kg CO2eq·person−1·day−1 and 1683–3110 L·person−1·day−1 for the first and fifth quintile, respectively. Chilean residents in the highest socio-economic quintile consumed more meat and fewer starch-based products than those in the lowest quintile. Meat was the main contributor to the carbon (56%–59%) and water (40%–43%) footprints and the determining factor in the differences between income quintiles. Although current diets in Chile do not meet nutritional recommendations, diet quality also increased with socioeconomic status. These findings could serve as a reference to implement public policies in Chile, ensuring healthy eating and food security in the context of climate change and water scarcity

Human-caused climate change has been acknowledged for decades, but public opinion on its validity and severity has been consistently questioned in the United States. Despite the overwhelming evidence pointing towards fossil fuel emissions and unsustainable practices as the leading causes of global climate change, its politicization during the beginning of the century has seriously slowed down America’s path towards a green future. Because this has become a partisan issue for many voters, considerable research has been done on the affiliation between party identification and public opinion on climate change. Although party identification has been studied as a major factor, other variables also come into effect. This paper aims to explore the relationship between how Americans view federal spending on the environment with their income and educational background. We will be obtaining and analyzing data from the 2016 American National Election Survey to see if these variables have statistical significance on how important federal climate change action is to the public. We expect that education will have a larger effect on public opinion than income and that people who want to increase the federal environmental budget will have lower incomes but higher education.

Currently, the business sector requires the systematized implementation of internal organizational structures that allow medium and large companies to expand economically. The purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of human capital management, managerial and administrative strategies, and efficient use of resources as part of the structural contingency of large and medium-sized companies in the province of El Oro. The research is based on a quantitative approach of correlational scope with cross-sectional design, the statistical software Stata 14 was used to manipulate 120 observations of the Enterprise Structural Survey (ENESEM) of the National Institute of Statistics and Census (INEC) corresponding to the province of El Oro, the variation of the level of income of the companies was measured through an econometric model of linear multiple regression and statistical tests of collinearity, normality and homoscedasticity in the residuals. Regarding the results, the level of income of the organizations in the business sector depends significantly on the human capital focused on top management; administrative, financial and computer technicians; and the amount and efficient use in the consumption of basic services, fuel, supplies, materials and tools. In fact, the organizational structure focused on the area of qualified personnel and the correct management of resources positively influences the economic development of medium and large companies in the region., Actualmente, el sector empresarial requiere la implementación sistematizada de estructuras organizativas internas, que permitan a las medianas y grandes empresas expandirse económicamente. La investigación tiene como finalidad analizar el impacto de la gestión del capital humano, estrategias gerenciales y administrativas, y uso eficiente de los recursos como parte de la contingencia estructural de grandes y medianas empresas de la provincia de El Oro. La pesquisa parte de un enfoque cuantitativo de alcance correlacional con diseño transversal, se utilizó el software estadístico Stata 14 para manipular 120 observaciones de la Encuesta Estructural Empresarial (ENESEM) del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INEC) correspondiente a la provincia de El Oro, se midió la variación del nivel de ingresos de las empresas mediante un modelo econométrico de regresión múltiple lineal y pruebas estadísticas de colinealidad, normalidad y homocedasticidad en los residuos. Referente a los resultados, el nivel de ingresos de las organizaciones del sector empresarial depende significativamente del capital humano focalizado en la alta dirección; técnicos administrativos, financieros e informáticos; y del importe y uso eficiente en el consumo de servicios básicos, combustible, suministros, materiales y herramientas. En efecto, la estructura organizativa enfocada en el área de personal calificado y en el correcto manejo de los recursos influye positivamente en el desarrollo económico de medianas y grandes empresas orenses.

PR, IFPRI3; DCA; ISI; IFPRIOA, MTID, Substituting maintenance of existing fixed assets for investment in new assets, and thus affecting their depreciation, can play a major role in the economic decisions of low-income agents. We develop a theoretical framework that shows that poorer households, which generally face relatively higher adjustment (moving) costs and more credit constraints, will adjust their home maintenance decisions to a higher degree than richer households after an income change. We test our predictions using a panel of homeowners from the American Housing Survey for 1997-2011. We find that the income elasticity of maintenance is higher among low- versus high-income households and that the adjustment differences are more acute for permanent than for transitory income changes. For every dollar increase in the estimated permanent and transitory income, home maintenance expenses will increase by 5.2 and 2.9 cents in the lower income tertile and by zero and 0.5 cents in the upper tertile.

In the development of the world's economy, business or entrepreneurial efforts are required to be able to make appropriate and effective decision making, especially in the financial sector. This research was conducted to analyze the factors that influence financial literacy in UMKM Batik Tulis Lasem in Rembang Regency. The variables used in this study are education level, gender, and income level. This has implications for good finance that will help MSMEs to take effective financial decisions for the sustainability of their businesses. This study uses binary logistic analysis to find the effect between variables with the level of financial literacy. The results of the study showed that none of the variables used in the study had a significant influence on the level of financial literacy at UMKM Batik Tulis Lasem.

The purpose of this work is to analyse how the health risks linked to extreme heat events are modified by gender and socioeconomical or demographic factors. The risks of Heat Waves (HW) and Cold Spells (CS) were calculated using the Poisson regression at city and district level. The dependant variables were the data for mortality and urgent hospital admissions due to natural (CIE X: A00-R99), circulatory (CIE X: I00-I99), and respiratory causes (CIE X: J00-J99) from INE and Madrid Salud. AEMET provided daily minimum (Tmin) and maximum (Tmax) temperature data as well as relative humidity data. HWs and CSs - the independent variables - were calculated as the temperature threshold above which mortality rates increases dramatically. The models were controlled by period, trend, and daily mean levels of PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and ozone. With these models, the Relative Risk (RR) and Attributable Risk (AR) associated with the statistically significant variables (p-value < 0.05) were calculated. The results at the district level were compared with the percentage of vulnerable people – aged 65 and older –, average household income, access to HVAC systems and the green areas in the district. Results: the CS-related AR [13.5 % (7.8 - 19.0)] was higher than the HW-related AR [3.1 (0.1- 5.9)]. The admissions pattern shows than women are more vulnerable than men during the winter and the summer. The analysis at the district level reveals that household income level and owning HVAC systems could be more relevant than the number of people at risk., El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar cómo los riesgos en la salud asociados a los eventos térmicos extremos se ven modificados por sexo y factores socioeconómicos y demográficos. Empleando la regresión de Poisson se calcularon los riesgos de morbimortalidad asociados a las olas de calor y frío. Se utilizó como variable dependiente la mortalidad diaria e ingresos hospitalarios urgentes, por causas naturales (CIE-X: A00-R99), circulatorias (CIE-X: I00-I99) y respiratorias (CIE-X: J00-J99) procedentes del INE y Madrid Salud. AEMET suministró datos de temperatura mínima (Tmin) y máxima diaria (Tmax) y humedad relativa media diaria del observatorio de Madrid Retiro. Como variable independiente se determinó el número de días con olas de calor y frío, definidas por el umbral de temperatura a partir del cual se dispara la mortalidad. Se controló por periodo, tendencia y contaminación. Con estos modelos, se calcularon los Riesgos Relativos (RR) y Atribuibles (RA) asociados a las variables estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05). Los resultados a nivel inframunicipal fueron cruzados con el porcentaje de población en riesgo –mayores de 65 años–, renta familiar media, acceso a aire acondicionado y calefacción y zonas verdes en el distrito. Como resultados, el RA de la ola de frío (13,5 % (IC 95 %: 7,8 - 19,0) es superior al de la ola de calor (3,1 % (IC 95 %: 0,1 - 5,9)). El patrón de ingresos apunta a que las mujeres son más vulnerables que los hombres en invierno y verano. El análisis a nivel de distrito revela que los factores más determinantes son el nivel de renta del hogar y los sistemas de climatización más que la población en riesgo., O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar, de que modo, os riscos para a saúde associados a eventos térmicos extremos são modificados por fatores de género, socioeconómicos e demográficos. Utilizando a regressão de Poisson, foram calculados os riscos de morbimortalidade associados às ondas de calor e frio. Foram utilizadas como variáveis dependentes, a mortalidade diária e as admissões hospitalares urgentes, por causas naturais (CIE-X: A00-R99), circulatórias (CIE-X: I00-I99) e respiratórias (CIE-X: J00-J99) provenientes do INE e Madrid Salud. A AEMET forneceu dados sobre a temperatura mínima (Tmin) e máxima diária (Tmax) e a humidade relativa média diária do observatório Madrid Retiro. Como variável independente, foi determinado o número de dias com ondas de calor e frio, definido pelo limiar de temperatura, a partir do qual há um aumento da mortalidade. Por período, foi controlada a tendência e a contaminação. Com estes modelos foram calculados o Risco Relativo (RR) e o Risco Atribuível (RA) associados às variáveis estatisticamente significativas (p < 0,05). Os resultados a nível inframunicipal foram cruzados com a percentagem da população de risco - mais de 65 anos, com o rendimento médio das famílias, com o acesso a ar condicionado e aquecimento e com as zonas verdes do distrito. Como resultados, verifica-se que o RA à vaga de frio (13,5 % (IC 95 %: 7,8 - 19,0) é superior ao da vaga de calor (3,1 % (IC 95 %: 0,1 - 5,9)). O padrão de admissões sugere que as mulheres são mais vulneráveis do que os homens no Inverno e no Verão. A análise a nível distrital revela que os fatores mais determinantes são o nível de rendimento dos agregados familiares e os sistemas de climatização, mais do que a população de risco.

The increasing ethnic heterogeneity that many societies are experiencing could be interpreted as a detrimental phenomenon, since empirical literature exists that indicates that higher levels of ethnic fractionalization induce higher levels of corruption. This paper aims to show the role of tolerance in overcoming this harmful effect of ethnic heterogeneity. To this end, a sample of 86 countries is tested for a positive association between ethnic fractionalization and corruption. It is then shown that tolerance offsets this effect through both direct and indirect effects on corruption. In order to analyse the indirect effects, the level of income and the freedom of the press are selected as channels, since these represent two determinants of corruption that are linked to tolerance. Moreover, tolerance and corruption have been modelled as composites. Consequently, Partial Least Squares path modelling (PLS-PM) has been used. For our sample, an index of tolerance towards immigrants and people of different race and an index of corruption are constructed, for which several sources are jointly utilised. Our results appear to indicate that the adverse effect of ethnic fractionalization on corruption is offset by tolerance, which reduces corruption not only directly but also indirectly through the level of income and the freedom of the press.

I Sverige har kvinnor högre utbildningsnivå än män samt är i klar majoritet bland universitetsstudenter. Trots detta är kvinnor i tydlig minoritet på arbetslivets topp. När studierna är klara och arbetslivet tar vid skiftar dominansen. Vad händer på vägen? Termen “glastak” refererar till de hinder som finns för kvinnor att nå toppjobb. Studien ämnade undersöka om det fanns tecken på att glastaket existerar redan på universitetsnivå. Syftet var således att öka förståelse för om det bland universitetsstudenter finns könsskillnader i syn på framtida arbetsliv och nivå av stereotyphot och self-efficacy, samt hur tankar kring chefsposition och inkomstnivå relaterar till stereotyphot och self-efficacy i termer av mediering. Detta undersöktes genom en survey-metod där en internetbaserad enkät skickades ut till universitetsstudenter. Resultaten visade inga signifikanta könsskillnader i vilja att besitta hög chefsposition, kvinnliga studenter uppskattade det dock som signifikant mindre sannolikt att bli höginkomsttagare än manliga. Kvinnliga studenter upplevde också ett signifikant starkare stereotyphot än manliga, inga signifikanta könsskillnader hittades dock i self-efficacy. Vidare medierade self-efficacy också partiellt relationen mellan kön och inkomst. Slutsatsen drogs att det finns tecken på att glastaket delvis existerar på universitetsnivå i form av stereotyphot. Jämställdhet kan dock tänkas bidra till studenternas liknande ambitioner och självförmåga., Women in Sweden have a higher level of education than men and are a distinct majority among university students. Despite this, women are a clear minority at the top of the labour force. When school’s out and working life begins, there is a shift in the dominance. What happens along the way? The term “glass ceiling” refers to the obstacles that exist for women to reach top jobs. The study intended to investigate whether there are indications that the glass ceiling exists already at university level. The purpose was thus to increase understanding of whether there are gender differences among university students in their view of future working life and level of stereotype threat and self-efficacy, as well as how thoughts about managerial position and income level relate to stereotype threat and self-efficacy in terms of mediation. This was investigated through a survey method in which an internet-based survey was sent out to university students. The results showed no significant gender differences regarding ambition to possess a high management position, but that female students estimated it to be significantly less likely to be high income earners than men. Female students also experienced a significantly stronger stereotype threat than male students, but no significant gender differences were found regarding self-efficacy. Furthermore, self-efficacy also partially mediated the relationship between gender and income. The conclusion was drawn that there are indications that the glass ceiling partly exists at university level in the shape of stereotype threat. However, equality can be thought to contribute to the students' similar ambitions and self-efficacy.

Background: Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem caused by poor nutritional intake and infectious diseases. Other causes are maternal socio-economic and nutritional conditions during pregnancy. Nutritional quality in food is influenced by the diversity of types of food consumed. Food diversity can be determined by prosperity, children's age, and mother's education. Economic conditions have a risk of stunting because they can describe the family's ability to fulfill nutritious food intake.Objective: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between socio-economic and food diversity with the incidence of stunting in children aged 24-59 months.Method: This study was an observational study with case control research design. The population in this study were children aged 24-59 months who were enrolled in Posyandu in the Puskesmas Wilangan working area. The sample size taken by each 28 toddlers was selected through simple random sampling. The food diversity score is obtained from the Individual Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS) score. Descriptive data analysis to describe toddler age, gender, mother's education, and mother's work. While inferential analysis used the chi-square test to determine the relationship between food diversity and income level with the incidence of stunting.Results:The results showed that family income was related to the incidence of stunting in infants (p = 0.048). Low family income is at risk of getting stunting. Scores of food diversity for stunting and non-stunting children are still low. The chi-square results show that there is no relationship between food diversity and the incidence of stunting (p = 1.000) and not a risk factor for stunting toddlers (OR = 1.000).Conclusion: Family income has a significant relationship with the incidence of stunting. Food diversity is not related to stunting.ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Stunting adalah masalah gizi kronis yang disebabkan oleh asupan gizi yang kurang dan penyakit infeksi. Penyebab lain adalah

The fertility decline, which started first in developed countries, has been observed among most developing countries since the latter half of the 20th century. On the other hand, among developed countries, the long-lasting decline of fertility seems to have stopped in recent decades, and a modest recovery of fertility has been observed in most countries. A large number of studies focusing on the relationship between fertility and gender equality have been conducted. However, gender equality is composed of various aspects, and the relationship between fertility and gender equality could be different at different levels of economic development. This study aims to empirically examine the relationship between fertility and gender equality according to countries’ different income levels, using the integrated framework for both the fertility decline in developing countries and the fertility recovery in developed countries. This study employs the panel dataset including fertility and the GGGI (Global Gender Gap Index) published annually by the World Economic Forum. The main findings of this study are as follows: First, this study observes the inverse J-shaped () relationship between fertility and the progress of overall gender equality measured by the GGGI. This means that progress toward gender equality has a negative relationship with fertility until a certain level of development is achieved, at which point the relationship becomes positive. The inverse J-relationship is also found between fertility and the progress toward gender equality in the economy. Second, in the “low-income and modest decline of fertility” country group, where the average total fertility rate was still over 5 in 2015, the progress in overall gender equality and in gender equality in the economy do not have a particular relationship with fertility. In contrast, female life expectancy is positively correlated to fertility. Third, the progress in gender equality in literacy is important for lowering

The article is devoted to the actual problem of accessibility of higher education (on the example of universities of Russia and Vietnam). Social inequality, which is a characteristic of any society, remains a serious barrier to higher education. Moreover, in spite of the fact that today the number of forms and methods of obtaining higher education is substantially expanding, socially unprotected layers of the population still can not take advantage of many educational services.In the article, based on conflictological and structuralist campaigns, using the quantitative method of sociological surveys conducted in 2015-2016 (the sample consisted of 2000 respondents - students of KFU and DSU), the influence of the economic capital of the family on the accessibility of higher education for Russian and Vietnamese students is analyzed. Recommendations are offered to reduce the economic barrier to access to higher education for different groups of students.On the basis of empirical research it is shown that the socioeconomic capital of the family is a deterrent to the accessibility of higher education. At the universities of Russia and Vietnam, children come from middle and upper classes, while for lower classes the accessibility of higher education remains limited. The study showed that the majority of students from families with an income of 20,001 to 50,000 rubles (60.5%) study at the DSU, while 47.7% of respondents in KFU belong to families with income from 50,001 to 100,000 rubles, which indicates the high socio-economic status of their families.The study of the stated problem can help to overcome a number of social contradictions, to build a more effective model of vocational training and socialization of individuals, and also help ensure high modern standards of social policy of states. Moreover, a comparative analysis in this area will allow states to integrate into a single educational system for solving global educational problems of our time. Of particular relev

Entrepreneurship and business creation is a priority area for many governments worldwide. Public administration can help to promote entrepreneurship through its decisions and the definition and implementation of public policies. This study analyzes the effect of six dimensions of quality of governance in business creation. We used panel data for a sample of 206 countries over the period of 2004 to 2014, divided into four subsamples generated from the income level of the countries. Furthermore, the study adopted a dual perspective, considering both immediate effects and delayed effects, resulting in two research hypotheses. The results show that for high-income countries, the political stability and absence of violence variable is significant. Adopting two-year lags in the statistical model resulted in a greater number of statistically significant explanatory variables. No homogeneous pattern is observed in the variables for statistical significance regarding the four income levels. This finding implies that the focus on good governance should primarily be regarded as a long-term perspective, rather than in terms of short cycles or simply electoral cycles.

Food security is one of the targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and is widely considered a useful measure for evaluating the progress of a country in terms of wellbeing. Despite, various concern by governments all over the world on ensuring that every household can at least provide three square meals per day, food insecurity continues to be a major development problem across the globe, undermining people’s health, productivity, and often their very survival. Evidence suggests that Nigerians food production is increasing at less than 2.0% while population growth rate is estimated to be 2.5% per annum. The suggested disparity indicates that low rate of food production and high rate of population growth will generate high rate of food demand, thereby causing food Demand-Supply gap which can give rise to food insecurity. Thus the study analyzed household food security in Kaduna state using consumption surveys containing subjective (qualitative) data. The study revealed that on average, only 14 percent of the households were food secured. Hence, 47 percent of the households were found to be food insecured without hunger and 36 percent were food insecured with hunger. Furthermore, the findings also showed that at least 38 percent of the household live below one hundred dollar ($100), 52 percent are fairly living on a hundred dollar ($100) while only 10 percent live above one hundred dollars margin. Income level of households was found to be a factor that will provide them with greater food adequacy. Some actions to be taken by librarians to ensure the provision of sustainable information for households were highlighted. Recommendations based on policies were also proffered to improve upon the food security and hygiene of households.

Remittance inflows have increased dramatically over the past few decades, awakening the interest of scholars to how these inflows can affect an economy. Mostly by observing the relationship between remittances and financial development, scholars have also started considering how financial sectors can generate a larger impact from remittance inflows. Until now, the results have remained diverse with both negative and positive coefficients. In order to gain a proper understanding of remittance effects on financial development, this paper considers how the stage of economic development can change the sign of the coefficient. Using country income levels as proxies, a set of 147 countries is divided into four income level groups, from high income to low income countries, for the period 1980 to 2011. Financial development is measured by the ratio of bank deposit and bank credit to GDP, while controlling for economic factors such as the size of the economy, current openness, and capital openness, which are also expected to affect bank deposit and credit. The results indicate that remittances are positive and significant for lower middle and low income countries. The model uses OLS estimations for an unbalanced panel data set, where country and time effects are included. In order to address endogeneity between remittances and financial development, the model is estimated once again using GMM, with lag first difference of variables.

In the article the questions of provision of pensions as forms of the social protection are considered. The concept of pensions and types of pensions, legislative fixing of the main conditions and characteristics for appointment and receiving pension payments is given. In the article the problems arising at the solution of these questions public institutions are designated., В статье рассматриваются вопросы пенсионного обеспечения как формы социальной защиты. Дается понятие пенсий и виды пенсий, законодательное закрепление основных условий и характеристик для назначения и получения пенсионных выплат. В статье обозначены проблемы, возникающие при решении этих вопросов государственными органами.

Non-PR, IFPRI5, MTID

Coffee is the most widely commercialized tropical product on the international market. The 2009/10 crop had an estimated value of $15.4 billion, with 93.4 million bags exported. According to the International Coffee Organization (ICO, 2011), the coffee sector employed around 26 million people in 56 producing countries and over 100 exporting countries. But how could coffee products beranked, in terms of income content, in relation to other commercialized products, and how have they evolved? To answer this question, we calculated the annual income content of 5,111 products exported by 167 countries from the period between 2000 and 2009, was calculated. We have used data from the COMTRADE (2011), and "sophistication" indicators proposed by Hausmann and Rodrik (2003) who classify different products according to their productivity, were used. An emphasis was put on five coffee products (whole grain, roasted, decaffeinated, caffeinated, and soluble), showing the evolution of the number of exporting countries and of the "sophistication" index (income content), whose temporal variation was decomposed by the effects of competitiveness and income per capita changes. The results showed that non-roasted, non-decaffeinated, whole grain coffee is still the most commercialized product, but with the lowest income content of all coffee products, occupying the twenty-fourth worst position in terms of income content in 2009. The roasted, decaffeinated coffee presented the greatest income growth in the period, placing itself in the 3,309th position in 2009. The decomposition of the index showed that for coffee products with the most processing, the greatest cause of export sophistication growth was the Revealed Comparative Advantage effect. Products with the least amount of processing presented a loss in relative market share, with the addition of values to the production chain occurring outside those countries producing the raw materials., El café es el producto tropical más comercializado en el mercado internacional. La cosecha de 2009/10 fue estimada en 15,4 mil millones de dólares, con 93,4 millones de sacos exportados. Según la Organización Internacional del Café (ICO, 2011), el sector cafetero ha empleado alrededor de 26 millones de personas en 56 países productores y en más de 100 países exportadores. Sin embargo, ¿cómo los tipos de café podrían ser clasificados, en cuanto al ingreso, en relación a otros productos comercializados, y cómo han evolucionado? Para contestar a esta pregunta, se han calculado los ingresos anuales de 5.111 productos exportados por 167 países en el período comprendido entre 2000 y 2009. Los datos fueron obtenidos a través del COMTRADE (2011), y se han utilizado los indicadores de "sofisticación" propuestos por Hausmann y Rodrik (2003) que clasifican los diferentes productos en función de sus productividades. Se hizo especial hincapié en cinco tipos de café (grano entero, tostado, descafeinado, con cafeína y soluble), que muestra la evolución del número de países exportadores y del índice de "sofisticación" (relacionado a los ingresos), cuya variación temporal se ha descompuesto por los efectos de la competitividad y por los cambios en la renta per cápita. Los resultados mostraron que el café sin tostar, con cafeína y de grano entero sigue siendo el más comercializado, pero presenta el nivel más bajo de ingreso de todos los tipos de café, ocupando el vigésimo cuarto puesto de peor nivel de ingreso en 2009. El café tostado y descafeinado presentó el mayor crecimiento de ingresos en el período, ubicándose en el puesto 3309º en 2009. La descomposición del índice mostró que para los tipos de café con mayor procesamiento, la principal causa del crecimiento de la sofisticación de las exportaciones fue el efecto de la ventaja comparativa revelada. Los productos con menor cantidad de procesamiento presentaron una pérdida de cuota relativa de mercado, con el valor añadido a la ca

Since the mid-nineties the migratory flows towards Spain have reached an unprecedented level in a country typically accustomed to emigration. Using data from the National Immigrant Survey (ENI) for the year 2007, the objective of this work is to study the main characteristics of Eastern Europeans, Latin Americans and Africans and their situation in terms of earnings assimilation with respect to the benchmark used, migrants coming from Western Countries. In order to determine what factors are being more relevant in their labour market integration process, the interactions between the region of origin and certain factors (mainly educational attainment, language capabilities and network effects) had been included. The results show that on average the Latin Americans perform the better followed by the Eastern Europeans. However, it seems that the assimilation process in the Spanish context is mainly driven by the productive structure of the Spanish economy, in such a way that the absorption of a large part of the foreign born labour force by low-skill occupations have reduce the relevance of traditional determinants of the income level as the education and linguistic capabilities.

The objective of this study was to characterize pork consumers in the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico, in order to know the type of products and other integrated services demanded according to their income level. The methodology used was custom tables for quantitative and economic-social variables segmentation, and conducted tests of association between variables with X2 distribution. A statistical survey was made applying semi structured questionnaires to 440 individuals. The main results showed that low income and consumption are positively correlated with the types of steak, product freshness, point of sale and number of slices acquired. The number of services added to the meat showed no significant relationship with consumption and income. It is concluded that low and middle income consumers demand popular steak cuts (chop, steak, backbone, loin, leg and other parts), so as mainly consumed fresh and purchased in public markets and butcher shops within the neighborhood., El objetivo del trabajo fue realizar una caracterización del consumidor de carne de cerdo en la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México, para conocer el tipo de productos que demanda de acuerdo con su nivel de ingresos, y los servicios integrados a estos. La metodología empleada fue el de tablas personalizadas para segmentar las variables cuantitativas y categóricas de carácter económico-social; se realizaron pruebas de asociación de variables mediante la distribución X2. Se levantó una encuesta semiestructurada aplicada a 440 individuos. Entre los principales resultados se encontró que el ingreso y consumo bajos están correlacionados positivamente con los tipos de cortes de carne, frescura del producto, lugar de venta y cantidad de cortes adquiridos. La variable sin relación significativa con el consumo e ingreso fue el número de servicios agregados a la carne. Se concluye que los consumidores con ingresos bajos y medios demandan cortes populares (chuleta, bistec, espinazo, maciza, pierna y otras piezas). Consumen principalmente carne fresca (caliente) y la adquieren en mercados públicos y carnicerías de barrio.

Over the past several decades, the prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased to 68% of American adults1. During this same time period, there has been an increase in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. This increase in added sugar consumption, particularly from sugar-sweetened beverages, has been theorized as a possible contributor to the obesity epidemic2,3,4. Sugar-sweetened beverages are the number one source of added sugars in the American diet and organizations such as the American Heart Association have addressed this issue of added sugar consumption due to its association with negative health outcomes5. A variety of demographic factors have been linked to increased added sugar consumption6. Health literacy is another variable which may influence beverage consumption patterns, specifically sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. To date only one study has investigated this association, and the authors reported an inverse relationship between health literacy scores and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption7. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to determine what demographic variables serve as predictors of consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, water, milk, and total beverage calories. This could allow for appropriate interventions to be developed targeting healthier beverage consumption patterns in specific sub-populations.

It is known that the child population is the most susceptible population group to the impact of the environment, which is why several diseases affecting children, including diarrhea and gastrointestinal diseases can be attributed to modifiable environmental factors such as poverty, water unfit for human consumption, inadequate sanitation and contaminated food. In Santander, such diseases are among the leading causes of consultation at all levels of care for children under 12 years. This paper shows the results of a diagnostic study and even corresponds to a partial view of the problem meant to show the socio environment in which children grow up. The selected indicators show that there is an unequal distribution of resources in the Department, with a high percentage of poor sanitation and lack of food contamination, factors that likely contribute to maintaining the high prevalence of these diseases., Se sabe que la población infantil es el grupo poblacional más susceptible al impacto del medio ambiente, razón por la cual varias enfermedades que afectan a los niños, entre ellas las enfermedades diarreicas y gastrointestinales, pueden atribuirse a factores ambientales modificables tales como pobreza, agua no apta para el consumo humano, condiciones sanitarias inadecuadas y alimentos contaminados. En Santander, tales enfermedades se ubican entre las principales causas de consulta en todos los niveles de atención de los niños menores de 12 años. Este documento muestra los resultados de un estudio diagnóstico y aunque, corresponden a una mirada parcial del problema pretenden mostrar el entorno socio ambiental en el cual crecen los niños. Los indicadores seleccionados, muestran que existe una distribución inequitativa de los recursos en el Departamento, con alto porcentaje de pobres, falta de saneamiento básico y contaminación de alimentos, factores que probablemente contribuyen a mantener la alta prevalencia de estas enfermedades.

Using a 1/5 random draw of the 1% census of 2005, we investigate how China's higher education expansion commenced in 1999 affects the education opportunities of various population groups and how this policy affects the labor market. Treating the expansion as an experiment and using a LATE framework, we find that higher education expansion increased the probability of go to college tremendously. Different populations 'benefit' from this policy differently however. Minority female, those from central-western region and from rural areas are less likely to benefit from it. One-child families are more responsive to this policy. Using higher education resources at the provincial level as another dimension of variation, and using a difference-in-difference strategy, we find that the education expansion decreased the within sector inequality of population with above high school (inclusive) education. This is primarily due to the increase of the income level for high school graduate. That of the college graduate deceased, but only slightly and not significantly.

With the growing unpopularity of the war in Iraq, Americans are once again discussing the draft. Congressman Charles Rangel has argued that the nation needs the draft to fill the ranks of force disengagement from Iraq and to prevent entry into unnecessary future wars. Rangel's idea of the draft as a tool to raise middle class America's awareness of the President's use of the military is not new or unique. The premise of the argument is two-fold. First, under the draft, men from all segments of society are placed at risk for military service. Second, the risk of military service, when placed on the middle class, raises their scrutiny of any war. This scrutiny forces the President to be selective when considering military action. This thesis will examine how historically America practiced conscription, who was inducted under the draft, and the opinions that Americans have held about the draft over time. The author will then analyze the draft in light of the United States' entry into the Korean War and the Vietnam War, and discuss the relevance of the draft to the Global War on Terrorism., The original document contains color images.

Background: The hypothesis that a high income inequality on a societal level is associated with poor health outcomes has been both rejected and accepted in empirical studies. Whether the influence of economic circumstances on health operates at the individual level or societal level has important implications on policy and intervention alternatives. The objective of this study was to analyse the relationship between income inequality and mortality in Swedish municipalities and if the relationship varies depending on the mean income or on the time-lag between income inequality and mortality. Methods: The study was based on register data on mean income and income inequality (Gini coefficients) from Statistics Sweden 1982 and 1998, aggregated on the municipality level. Data on age-standardised death rates per 100,000 persons were obtained for 1983, 1988, 1993, 1998 and 2002. The analysis on 1998 was a test of the robustness of the results. Results: The relationship between high income inequality in 1982 and mortality in 1983 was negative with a similar relationship in 1998. Using latency periods, the results show a decreasing trend of mortality in relation to higher Gini coefficients. A positive relationship between Gini and mean income implies that municipalities with larger income distribution also had a higher mean income and vice versa. Conclusions: High income inequality does not have a negative effect on mortality in Swedish municipalities. The municipalities with high income inequality have also high mean income as opposed to many other countries. The income level seems to be more substantial for mortality than the income inequality.

The paper consists of three brief sections. Firstly deals with questions related to the measurement of income levels. Also in this section the results of some simple exercises of comparison between countries are commented here. In the second section the consequences of the heterogeneities are discussed to the interior of the segments of low and high income. Finally, some observations referred to the relation between distribution and economic growth appear., de algunos ejercicios simples de comparación entre países. En la segunda sección se discuten las implicancias de las heterogeneidades al interior de los segmentos de ingresos bajos y altos. Por último, se presentan algunas observaciones referidas a la relación entre distribución y crecimiento económico.

The article is devoted to the actual problem of accessibility of higher education (on the example of universities of Russia and Vietnam). Social inequality, which is a characteristic of any society, remains a serious barrier to higher education. Moreover, in spite of the fact that today the number of forms and methods of obtaining higher education is substantially expanding, socially unprotected layers of the population still can not take advantage of many educational services. In the article, based on conflictological and structuralist campaigns, using the quantitative method of sociological surveys conducted in 2015-2016 (the sample consisted of 2000 respondents - students of KFU and DSU), the influence of the economic capital of the family on the accessibility of higher education for Russian and Vietnamese students is analyzed. Recommendations are offered to reduce the economic barrier to access to higher education for different groups of students. On the basis of empiric

Wang, W., & Tan, X. (2019). Suboptimal Health Status and cardiovascular deficits. In O. Golubnitschaja (Ed.), Flammer syndrome (pp. 287-315). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13550-8_17

The aim of this research is to identify factors that influence attitude of millennials towards Cause-Related Marketing (CRM) programmes and its impact on brand preferences and brand loyalty. The research investigates the antecedents of brand preference and brand loyalty with a mediating role of consumer attitude, simulating the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA). Outcomes from the research depicted that individual value of consumers and their attitude towards CRM programmes has an influence on brand preferences and brand loyalty. The methodology used was quantitative in nature where surveys were carried out on millennials regarding the influence that CRM has on their preferences on aspects such as specific CRM programme types, individual values and brand preferences. The sample size chosen for the analysis included 151 respondents and selection was based on convenience sampling technique. SPSS (v24.0) software was used to analyse data, which was gathered from the survey. The findings relating to the hypothesis individual values and income level of individuals do have an influence on attitudes towards CRM. Additionally, a corollary positive association can also be hypothesised for attitudes towards CRM, which then affects brand loyalty. Nonetheless, the analysis also indicated that sociodemographic factors (i.e. gender and education level) and types of CRM programmes do not significantly influence attitude towards CRM. The conclusion that has been obtained through the analysis is that the individual values and attitude along with the effectiveness of CRM programmes contribute significantly towards brand preferences and brand loyalty of millennials to brands that adopt CRM approach in their business model. A discussion on the analysis and the recommendations to marketing managers is put forth towards the end of the research.