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Background: Rowing is a demanding sport where extreme positions and high physical loads are obtained. This leads to injury risks, especially in the lower back. Another issue relates to comfortability. When rowing, the buttocks are the pivot point, and lots of pressure is placed on the sitting bones and surrounding tissues. For para-rowers, these issues can be even more prominent and important to consider. Purpose and aim: The purpose of this project was to develop a solution that enhances the enjoyment and comfortability for para-rowers. To do that, this project aimed to develop an individualized add-on product for rowing seats, with an included method to translate individual measurements into the design. Method: The Double Diamond Model was used to guide the project, where both qualitative and quantitative methods were included to reach the aim and purpose. To discover and define the problem, data was collected with literature review, benchmarking, and semi-structured interviews. With that data as a base, concepts were developed and selected, and the selected concept was tested with regards to pressure distribution. Results: The final concept was based on one individual and includes a seating area that has the exact shape of that individual. It does also include an increased back support and sideways support. To get measurements to design the individualized seat, a method consisting of scanning a vacuum pillow was used. Conclusion: The findings indicate that a perfectly fitted seat will spread out pressure more evenly around the buttocks, which enhances comfortability. There is, though, still much to consider and evaluate before this product can reach the market.

Rowing has great potential in Virtual Reality (VR) exergames as it requires physical effort and uses physical motion to map the locomotion in a virtual space. However, rowing in VR is currently restricted to locomotion along one axis, leaving 2D and 3D locomotion out of the scope. To facilitate rowing-based locomotion, we implemented three steering techniques based on head, hands, and feet movements for 2D and 3D VR environments., QC 20240610Part of ISBN 979-840070331-7

Rowing has great potential in Virtual Reality (VR) exergames as it requires physical effort and uses physical motion to map the locomotion in a virtual space. However, rowing in VR is currently restricted to locomotion along one axis, leaving 2D and 3D locomotion out of the scope. To facilitate rowing-based locomotion, we implemented three steering techniques based on head, hands, and feet movements for 2D and 3D VR environments. To investigate these methods, we conducted a controlled experiment (N = 24) to assess the user performance, experience and VR sickness. We found that head steering leads to fast and precise steering in 2D and 3D, and hand steering is the most realistic. Feet steering had the largest performance difference between 2D and 3D but comparable precision to hands in 2D. Lastly, head steering is the least mentally demanding, and all methods had comparable VR sickness., QC 20240613Part of ISBN 979-840070330-0

En el siguiente estudio longitudinal, analizamos la influencia del remo en banco móvil con embarcaciones de remo de mar sobre la antropometría y la condición física de remeras supervivientes de cáncer de mama (n=20; 57.20 ± 6.38 años). Para ello, se llevaron a cabo dos sesiones/ semana de 75 minutos de duración durante 24 semanas y se compararon los resultados obtenidos en test antropométricos y de condición física antes y después del programa de entrenamiento. Los resultados obtenidos indican una mejora estadísticamente significativa tanto en los parámetros antropométricos: peso (-1.75 kg), índice de masa corporal (-.67 kg/m2), perímetro de cintura (-3.66 cm) y de cadera (-2.87 cm); como en las variables de condición física: capacidad aeróbica (93.65 m); flexibilidad general (4.4 cm); flexibilidad del miembro superior dominante (1.44 cm) y no dominante (1.5 cm); y la fuerza muscular del miembro inferior (3.1 cm) y superior, tanto del brazo dominante (4.34 kgf), como del no dominante (3.32 kgf). Por ello, podemos concluir que un programa desarrollado en embarcaciones de remo de mar puede ser una estrategia eficaz en la rehabilitación de mujeres supervivientes de cáncer de mama, mejorando su capacidad física y antropometría, lo que podría reportar beneficios sobre su estado de salud y calidad de vida, n the following longitudinal study, we examined the influence of mobile bench rowing with sea rowing boats on the anthropometry and physical condition of breast cancer survivor rowers (n=20; 57.20 ± 6.38 years). To do this, two sessions per week lasting 60 to 90 minutes were conducted for 24 weeks, and the results of anthropometric and physical condition tests were compared before and after the training program. The obtained results indicate a statistically significant improvement in both anthropometric parameters: weight (-1.75 kg), body mass index (-0.67 kg/m2), waist circumference (-3.66 cm), and hip circumference (-2.87 cm); as well as in physical condition variables: aerobic capacity (93.65 m); general flexibility (4.4 cm); flexibility of the dominant upper limb (1.44 cm) and non-dominant (1.5 cm); and muscle strength of the lower limb (3.1 cm) and upper limb, both in the dominant arm (4.34 kgf) and the non-dominant arm (3.32 kgf). Therefore, we can conclude that a program based on sea rowing boats can be an effective strategy in the rehabilitation of breast cancer survivor women, improving their physical capacity and anthropometry, which could result in health and quality of life benefits

Over the past few decades, there has been a significant increase in the number of professional female athletes. One thing that both professional and amateur athletes can experience is the effects of their hormonal cycles. These hormonal cycles can affect their performance, and in return, their performance can affect their hormonal cycle. However, the underrepresentation of female athletes in sports research has resulted in most sports guidelines not reflecting this possible connection between the menstrual cycle and performance, causing female athletes to be unaware of it. Athletes should be aware of the connection between their menstrual cycle and performance. Female rowers, in particular, experience a rapid increase in training load and they may be hesitant to discuss menstrual problems with their coach due to their relative newness to the sport, which could cause them to perform less optimally or even unhealthily. This project aims to find an alternative approach to support female rowers to build their knowledge using their sports and menstrual data so that they can perform optimally and healthily. This project followed a research-through-design approach. This meant that knowledge was generated through design activities (Stappers & Giaccardi, 2014). The design activities were performed in three cycles to iteratively increase knowledge and improve a design that supported rowers in understanding the connection between their performance and the menstrual cycle. Each cycle began with a theoretical investigation of current design practices. These practices were then applied during a practical phase. The primary objective of each practical phase was to deploy and evaluate a design prototype with rowers. The first cycle of research investigated how sports and menstrual data could be implemented in designs for female rowers. During the practical phase, a digital prototype was used with rowers and the evaluations indicated that the design shoul, Integrated Product Design

Partial to complete paralysis following spinal cord injury (SCI) causes deterioration in health and has severe effects on the ability to perform activities of daily living. Following the discovery of neural plasticity, neurorehabilitation therapies have emerged that aim to reconstruct the motor circuit of the damaged spinal cord. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) has been incorporated into devices that reconstruct purposeful motions in the upper and lower limbs, the most recent of which do not require percutaneous electrode placement surgery and thus enable early rehabilitation after injury. FES-based devices have shown promising results for improving upper limb movement, including gripping and finger function, and for lower limb function such as the ability to stand and walk. FES has also been employed in hybrid cycling and rowing to increase total body fitness. Training using rehabilitation robots is advantageous in terms of consistency of quality and quantity of movements and is particularly applicable to walking training. Initiation of motor reconstruction at the early stage following SCI is likely to advance rapidly in the future, with the combined use of technologies such as regenerative medicine, brain machine interfaces, and rehabilitation robots with FES showing great promise.

The aim of our study is to analyse the physical characteristics and motor tests that can qualify rowers of different genders and nations. Young rowers from six nations (n = 190) were included in the study. After the anthropometric measurements, the average power (W100m) and maximum power (W5 strokes) were examined with start tests on a rowing ergometer. The estimated relative aerobic capacity (ErVO2max) was calculated, and the standing triple jump test (STJ) was also measured. The relationship of the individual variables to performance was also investigated. Analysing the start tests, the results of the boy group were significantly larger than those of the girl group (p < .05). The correlation between STJ and W5 strokes and W100m is significant in the boy group and also in the girl group. The correlation between body weight (BW) and performance is stronger in both groups. In our study, the differences between the sexes are clear, considering all groups, we can observe the tendency that the increasing value of STJ means also increasing of maximum (W5 strokes) and average power (W100m), and we found a relationship between anthropometrical characteristics and performance already in adolescence. It seems clear that in order to achieve a high level of rowing performance, in addition to developing endurance, attention should also be paid to the development of power (especially dynamic leg power) in the program of rowers.

[Resumen] En el presente trabajo se va a realizar una revisión y propuesta de investigación sobre las lesiones en pie y tobillo en deportistas que practican remo de banco fijo. El remo se trata de un deporte cíclico en el que se realizan movimientos coordinados a una fuerza y velocidad máxima en el agua, dónde el objetivo es que la embarcación se desplace lo más rápido posible. Existen diversas modalidades y embarcaciones, siendo las principales el banco fijo y el banco móvil, que se explicarán en los siguientes subapartados, al igual que la técnica del primero. Finalmente, se realiza una revisión de los estudios epidemiológicos existentes a día de hoy sobre esta práctica deportiva. Si bien, cabe señalar que podemos encontrar estudios sobre cifras que registran hasta un 14% de lesiones en pie y tobillo en la modalidad de banco móvil, no existen estudios para el fijo. Esto puede deberse a que no se trata de un deporte en auge, su práctica no está extendida (se encuentra principalmente en el litoral gallego-cántabro) o no ha habido interés por este tipo de estudio. Mas atendiendo a la propia experiencia y conocimiento de las lesiones que más frecuentemente se pueden ver en esta modalidad, destaca el interés por abrir nuevas líneas de investigación que estudien la relación de las lesiones de esta área anatómica y el banco fijo. Objetivo e hipótesis. El objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar la prevalencia de lesiones de pie y tobillo y los factores de riesgo asociados en deportistas de remo de banco fijo que compitan en la Comunidad Autónoma de Galicia durante la temporada 2023/2024. Atendiendo a este objetivo, la hipótesis que se pretende resolver con este estudio es si existe una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre los riesgos asociados a la práctica del remo y la probabilidad de tener lesiones de pie y tobillo. Metodología. Se va a realizar un estudio cuantitativo observacional, descriptivo, transversal y de prevalencia, por medio de la anamnesis y, [Resumo] No presente traballo vaise a realizar unha revisión e proposta de investigación sobre as lesións no pe e no nocello en deportistas que practican remo de banco fixo. O remo trátase dun deporte cíclico no que se realizan movementos coordinados a unha forza e velocidade máxima na agua, onde o obxectivo é que a embarcación se desplace o máis rápido posible. Existen diversas modalidades e embarcacións, sendo as principais o banco fixo e o banco móvil, que se explicarán nos seguintes subapartados, ao igual que a técnica do primeiro. Finalmente, realízase unha revisión dos estudios epidemiolóxicos existentes a día de hoxe sobre esta práctica deportiva. Se ben, cabe señalar que podemos encontrar estudos sobre cifras que rexistran ata un 14% de lesións no pe e no nocello na modalidade de banco móvil, non existen estudos para o fixo. Isto pode deberse a que non se trata dun deporte en auge, a súa práctica non é extendida (encóntrase principalmente no litoral galego-cántabro) ou non houbo interés por este tipo de estudio. Mais atendendo á propia experiencia e coñecemento das lesións que máis frecuentemente se poidan ver nesta modalidade, destaca o interés por abrir novas líneas de investigación que estuden a relación das lesións desta área anatómica e o banco fixo. Obxectivo e hipótese. O obxectivo do presente traballo é determinar a prevalencia de lesións do pe e nocello e, os factores de risco asociados en deportistas de remo de banco fixo que vaian competir na Comunidade Autónoma de Galicia durante a tempada 2023/2024. Atendendo a este obxectivo, a hipótese que se pretende resolver con este estudo é se existe una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre os riscos asociados á ptráctica do remo e a probabilidade de ter lesión no pé e nocello. Metodoloxía. Vaise realizar un estudo cuantitativo observacional, descritivo, transversal e de prevalencia, por medio da anamnesis e a exploración podolóxica ao paciente, na cal se vai evaluar a prevalencia de lesións no, [Abstract] In the present work, a review and investigation project will be carried out on foot and ankle injuries in athletes who practice fixed bench rowing. Rowing is a cyclical sport which coordinated movements are made at maximum force and speed in water, where the goal is that the boat moves as quickly as possible. There are various modalities and boats, the main ones are the fixed and the mobile bench, which will be explained in the following subsections, as well as the technique of the first one. Finally, is carried out a review of the existing epidemiological studies on this sport. Although, it should be noted that we can find studies on figures that register up to 14% of foot and ankle injuries in the mobile bench modality, there are no studies for the fixed one. This may be because it is not a booming sport, its practice isn´t extended (it´s mainly found on the Galician-Cantabrian coast) or there has been no interest in this type of study. But considering my own experience and knowledge of the injuries that can be seen most frequently in this modality, it´s interesting open new lines of research that studies the relationship between injuries in this anatomical area and the fixed bench. Objectives and hypothesis. The objective of this project is to determine the prevalence of foot and ankle injuries and the associated risk factors in fixed bench rowing athletes who compete in the Autonomous Community of Galicia during the 2023/2024 season. In view of this objective, the hypothesis to be resolved with this study is whether there is a statistically significant association between the risks associated with rowing and the probability of having foot and ankle injuries. Methodology. A quantitative, observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study will be carried out, through anamnesis and podiatric exam of the patient, in which the prevalence of foot and ankle injuries in the fixed bench modality will be evaluated, in addition, to the variables related to thi

A 1:5 scaled rowing boat had been designed by a previous research group to determine the performance of rowing blades with different sizes and blade angles. In this research modifications were done to allow more control of the rowing motion. The aim of this study is to assess whether an angled oar blade can reach faster speeds with the same input power. This is done by collecting data with force and position sensors. With the collected data, the input power and speed of the rowing boat can be compared between several modified oar blades. The results of the tests in the towing tank show that it is very likely that the rowing boat can go faster with the same input power by adjusting the oar blade angle., Electrical Engineering

Facing the increasingly serious ageing problem, IT technology is being applied more and more to alleviate the increasing health demands of the elderly. Virtual reality (VR) games, in particular, have been shown to benefit the physical and mental health of the elderly. However, almost all consumer-level VR games address the general user, not considering the characteristics of the elderly, such as their particular needs regarding cognitive aspects and safety. In addition, the existing VR rowing games’ research typically focuses on athlete training or is based on a rowing machine. Extending on previous research, this paper proposes a conceptual design of a VR rowing game, VRrowing to provide a home exercise game for the elderly which benefits both physical and mental health. This research first analysed the relevant literature and existing VR exercise games for the elderly to find characteristics and their particular needs. Then, following design principles (in exercise games, human–computer interaction, and user interfaces (UIs)) for the elderly, this study proposed a conceptual design of VRrowing through the MDA framework (standing for mechanics, dynamics, and aesthetics). The results cover the system architecture, activities and tasks, patterns and roles, mechanics and structures, and UI examples. Based on comprehensive consideration of the results from relevant research and fostering strengths and circumventing weaknesses, VRrowing was designed as a sports game, aimed at the elderly according to their characteristics and needs, which fills the void of home VR rowing games for seniors’ exercise. This research has reference value for scientific research or development personnel in VR game applications and evaluations, especially for such games targeting the elderly. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland., Open access.

Partial to complete paralysis following spinal cord injury (SCI) causes deterioration in health and has severe effects on the ability to perform activities of daily living. Following the discovery of neural plasticity, neurorehabilitation therapies have emerged that aim to reconstruct the motor circuit of the damaged spinal cord. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) has been incorporated into devices that reconstruct purposeful motions in the upper and lower limbs, the most recent of which do not require percutaneous electrode placement surgery and thus enable early rehabilitation after injury. FES-based devices have shown promising results for improving upper limb movement, including gripping and finger function, and for lower limb function such as the ability to stand and walk. FES has also been employed in hybrid cycling and rowing to increase total body fitness. Training using rehabilitation robots is advantageous in terms of consistency of quality and quantity of movements and is particularly applicable to walking training. Initiation of motor reconstruction at the early stage following SCI is likely to advance rapidly in the future, with the combined use of technologies such as regenerative medicine, brain machine interfaces, and rehabilitation robots with FES showing great promise.

Today the importance of sport for national identity is evident, but when did the cultivation of 'Danishness' come to the fore for the first time within competitive sports? In recent times, Danish national identity has become a "hot" theme in Danish historical research resonating in both the media and among the general public, likely because the theme is felt to be both relevant and explosive in contemporary Denmark.

The present study intends to investigate which type of programming is most effective for improving strength andbody composition in untrained young men. A total of 41 men participated (22.5 ± 2.8 years old, 75.6 ± 5.5 kg, 175.3 ± 8.4cm, 24.6 ± 1.8 kg · m-2) which were divided into two groups; Traditional periodization and Undulating periodization. Aprogram of eight weeks of training including back and chest exercises were applied twice a week for the two groups. Bothfat mass and fat-free mass were measured by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, as well as the maximum repetition(RM) of the bench press and row by measuring the speed of execution with a linear encoder and the resting heart ratebefore and after the program. Data were analyzed using magnitude-based inference. Changes in athletes’ scores were assessed by using effect sizes and 90% confidence intervals. The differences within the group in pre-training and post-training were evaluated using the standardized effect size. Improvements in 1RM row, resting heart rate and fat-free mass were observed not possible to determine which training periodization produces greater adaptations in both groups with a possible and probable inference., El presente estudio pretende investigar qué tipo de programación es más efectiva para mejorar la fuerza y la composición corporal en hombres jóvenes. Participaron 41 hombres (22.5 ± 2.8 años, 7.,6 ± 5.5 kg, 175.3 ± 8.4 cm, 24.6 ± 1.8 kg · m-2) divididos en dos grupos; Periodización tradicional y Periodización ondulatoria. Se aplicó para los dos grupos un programa de ocho semanas de entrenamiento que incluía ejercicios de espalda y pecho, dos veces por semana. Se midió la masa grasa y la masa libre de grasa mediante el DEXA, el RM del press de banca y remo a través de la velocidad de ejecución, y la frecuencia cardiaca en reposo antes y después del programa. Los datos se analizaron mediante inferencia basada en la magnitud. Los cambios en las puntuaciones de los atletas se evaluaron utilizando tamaños del efecto e intervalos de confianza del 90%. Las diferencias dentro del grupo en pre-entrenamiento y post-entrenamiento se evaluaron utilizando el tamaño del efecto estandarizado. Se observaron mejoras en 1RM en remo, frecuencia cardiaca en reposo y masa libre de grasa. Los resultados muestran una posible y probable inferencia, no siendo posible determinar qué periodización del entrenamiento produce mayores adaptaciones.

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá kompozitními materiály využívanými v lodním průmyslu se zaměřením na veslařské lodě. Literární rešerše pojednává o vlastnostech kompozitu, veslování, materiálech a technologiích výrob používaných v lodním průmyslu a výrobě veslařských lodí. Experimentální část je zaměřena na studium fyzikálně - mechanických vlastností kompozitů vyrobených ruční laminací. Především je zkoumán vliv obsahu výztuže na výsledné vlastnosti kompozitu pro různé typy tkanin a nasákavost vzorků ve vodě., This master's thesis is focused on composite materials utilized in the boat building industry, particularly the rowing boats. In the literature review, characteristics of composite materials are described, as well as rowing, materials, and production technologies used in construction of rowing boats. In the experimental part, a study on physical and mechanical properties of composite materials made by hand lay-up process is presented. The research on the effects of volume of the reinforcement on the final properties of the composite material and water absorption in various types of fabrics was emphasised., Fakulta chemicko-technologická, Diplomantka přednesla výsledky své diplomové práce a zodpověděla dotazy členů komise., Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

Rowing performance may be enhanced by attenuated metabolic acidosis following bicarbonate (BIC) supplementation. This study evaluated the dose of BIC needed to eliminate the decrease in plasma pH during maximal ergometer rowing and assessed the consequence for change in plasma volume. Six oarsmen performed “2,000-m” maximal ergometer rowing trials with BIC (1 M; 100–325 ml) and control (CON; the same volume of isotonic saline). During CON, pH decreased from 7.42 ± 0.01 to 7.17 ± 0.04 (mean and SD; p < 0.05), while during BIC, pH was maintained until the sixth minute where it dropped to 7.32 ± 0.08 and was thus higher than during CON (p < 0.05). The buffering effect of BIC on metabolic acidosis was dose dependent and 300–325 mmol required to maintain plasma pH. Compared to CON, BIC increased plasma sodium by 4 mmol/L, bicarbonate was maintained, and lactate increased to 25 ± 7 vs. 18 ± 3 mmol/L (p < 0.05). Plasma volume was estimated to decrease by 24 ± 4% in CON, while with BIC the estimate was by only 7 ± 6% (p < 0.05) and yet BIC had no significant effect on performance [median 6 min 27 s (range 6 min 09 s to 6 min 57 s) vs. 6 min 33 s (6 min 14 s to 6 min 55 s)]. Bicarbonate administration attenuates acidosis during maximal rowing in a dose-dependent manner and the reduction in plasma volume is attenuated with little consequence for performance.

Purpose: This study evaluates the effect of hyperoxia on cerebral oxygenation and neuromuscular fatigue mechanisms of the elbow flexor muscles following ergometer rowing. Methods: In 11 competitive male rowers (age, 30 ± 4 years), we measured near-infrared spectroscopy determined frontal lobe oxygenation (ScO2) and transcranial Doppler ultrasound determined middle cerebral artery mean flow velocity (MCA Vmean) combined with maximal voluntary force (MVC), peak resting twitch force (Ptw) and cortical voluntary activation (VATMS) of the elbow flexor muscles using electrical motor point and magnetic motor cortex stimulation, respectively, before, during, and immediately after 2,000 m all-out effort on rowing ergometer with normoxia and hyperoxia (30% O2). Results: Arterial hemoglobin O2 saturation was reduced to 92.5 ± 0.2% during exercise with normoxia but maintained at 98.9 ± 0.2% with hyperoxia. The MCA Vmean increased by 38% (p < 0.05) with hyperoxia, while only marginally increased with normoxia. Similarly, ScO2 was not affected with hyperoxia but decreased by 7.0 ± 4.8% from rest (p = 0.04) with normoxia. The MVC and Ptw were reduced (7 ± 3% and 31 ± 9%, respectively, p = 0.014), while VATMS was not affected by the rowing effort in normoxia. With hyperoxia, the deficit in MVC and Ptw was attenuated, while VATMS was unchanged. Conclusion: These data indicate that even though hyperoxia restores frontal lobe oxygenation the resultant attenuation of arm muscle fatigue following maximal rowing is peripherally rather than centrally mediated.

Results in rowing have improved and here we estimate results for Olympic and World rowing championships based on the winning results from 1893 to 2019 obtained in the current seven Olympic events for men (n = 556) and women (n = 239). Data were collected from the official World Rowing Federation online records and from published results and the development analysed by linear regression analysis for the year of competition. Results improved by about 0.7 s per year (15 ± 9.4%) (mean ± SD). Depending on the event, 2020 predicted mean time for the winning boat for men is 363 s (range 326–397) vs. 404 s (362–439) for women (10.3 ± 1.1% slower). The ten-year coefficient of variance for the original boats in Olympic and World Rowing Federation regatta remaining within the Olympic programme, single scull and eight, decreased from 9 ± 2% (1893–1903) to 2 ± 0.4% (-2009–2019). Reduced variability in winning times illustrates the standardization of the rowing course and boats, and the improvement in performance point to that body size becomes ever more important for success in competitive rowing.

[ES] En el presente TFG se realizará un análisis de requerimientos de los timones de competición de Llaüt utilizados por algunos de los equipos de remo de competición de la Comunidad Valenciana a partir de su modelado 3D, al objeto de estudiar y analizar, mediante simulaciones CAE su integridad y mediante simulación de fluidos para observar su eficacia. A partir de dicho trabajo se estará en disposición de conocer los mejores diseños existentes en la actualidad, de tal suerte que se procederá a rediseñar dicho elemento a fin de obtener aquel diseño que mejore u optimice las características del timón mediante su comparación con los datos obtenidos de los existentes., [EN] In this TFG will realize an analysis of requirements of the rudders of competition of Llaüt used by some of the teams of rowing of competition of the Valencian Region from his modelling 3D, with the end to study and analyze, by means of simulations CAE his integrity and by means of simulation of fluids to observe his effectiveness. From this work we will be able to know the best designs currently existing, so that this element will be redesigned in order to obtain this design that improves or optimizes the characteristics of the rudder through its comparison with the data obtained from the existing ones.

Introducción: El uso de suplementos deportivos (SD) es muy común entre los atletas y durante los últimos años la prevalencia de su consumo ha ido aumentando. Sin embargo, no todos los SD proporcionan los beneficios que se busca cuando se decide consumir este tipo de sustancias. Es por ello que las entidades científicas han puesto su foco en la evaluación de SD y se han creado clasificaciones en función de la evidencia científica, como la que ha propuesto el Instituto Australiano del Deporte (AIS). Los remeros de élite realizan sesiones de entrenamiento centradas en el desarrollo de la capacidad aeróbica y anaeróbica por lo que la utilización de SD adecuados puede mejorar el rendimiento de estos deportistas. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de consumo de SD en remeros de élite universitarios y evaluar el grado de evidencia del SD consumido. Método: Estudio descriptivo y transversal en el que han participado 14 remeros del equipo de remo de la Universidad de Alicante. Se utilizó un cuestionario, previamente validado, para recoger los datos pertinentes al consumo de SD. Resultados: Los SD más consumidos fueron: cafeína (81%), proteína de suero (75%), creatina monohidrato (62,5%), barritas energéticas (56,3%), bebida isotónica (50%) y BCAA (43,7%). La finalidad principal de su uso fue para mejorar el rendimiento deportivo y solo un 33% estaba asesorado por un dietista-nutricionista. Conclusión: La mayoría de los SD utilizados por los remeros tienen respaldo científico. Por lo que sería interesante que se llevasen a cabo más investigaciones en esta población., Introduction: The use of sports supplements (SD) is very common among athletes. In recent years the prevalence of consumption has been increasing. However, not all SD provide the benefits that we are find when we deciding to use this type of substance. That is why scientific entities have been its focus in the evaluation of SD and classifications have been created for scientific evidence, as well as in the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS). The elite rowers training activities focused on the development of aerobic and anaerobic capacity, so the use of suitable SD could improve the performance of these athletes. Objective: Determine the prevalence of SD consumption in university rowers and to evaluate the grade of evidence of SD consumption. Method: Descriptive and transversal study in which have participated 14 rowers that shape the University of Alicante’s rower team. A previously validated questionnaire was applied to collect the data about SD consumption. Results: The SD most consumed were: caffeine (81%), whey protein (75%), creatine monohydrate (62.5%), energy bars (56.3%), isotonic drink (50%) and BCAA (43, 7%). The main purpose of its use was to improve athletic performance, and only 33% were advised by a dietitian-nutritionist. Conclusion: Most SD that rowers used have scientific support. So, it would be interesting if more research were carried out in this population.

The anthropometric profile has a fundamental role in rowing performance and young talent detection. The objective of this study was to analyze the anthropometric profile, body composition, and somatotype in traditional rowers, and to analyze which variables can be used as predictors of rowing performance. Twenty-four rowers competing at national level participated in this study, thirteen men and eleven women. Significant differences (p < 0.001) were observed in the height of male rowers (large effect size, d = 1.8) and in body mass (very large effect size, d = 2.4). Also, muscle mass reached a higher percentage in male rowers (d = 3.7), whereas the sum of seven skinfolds (d = 2.0) and body fat percentage (d = 2.0) reached higher values in female rowers, all their difference being significant (p < 0.001) with very large effect size. The somatotype of male rowers was ecto-mesomorph (1.8-4.5-3.0), and the somatotype of female rowers was in the balanced mesomorph (2.8-3.8-2.6). A very strong correlation between height (r = 0.75; p = 0.002) and rowing performance was found in male rowers. Body mass (r = 0.70; p = 0.009) and muscle mass (r = 0.83; p = 0.001) showed also very strong correlation in female rowers. Finally, height was the best predictor of performance for male rowers (R2 = 0.56, p < 0.003) and muscle mass for female rowers (R2 = 0.68, p < 0.002). The anthropometric profile of male and female traditional rowers showed differences to be considered in training programs and talent selection.

ntroducción: El uso de suplementos deportivos (SD) es muy común entre los atletas y durante los últimos años la prevalencia de su consumo ha ido aumentando. Sin embargo, no todos los SD proporcionan los beneficios que se busca cuando se decide consumir este tipo de sustancias. Es por ello que las entidades científicas han puesto su foco en la evaluación de SD y se han creado clasificaciones en función de la evidencia científica, como la que ha propuesto el Instituto Australiano del Deporte (AIS). Los remeros de élite realizan sesiones de entrenamiento centradas en el desarrollo de la capacidad aeróbica y anaeróbica, así como entrenamientos defuerza, por lo que la utilización de SD adecuados puede mejorar el rendimiento de estos deportistas. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de consumo de SD en remeros de élite universitarios y evaluar el grado de evidencia del SD consumido. Método: Estudio descriptivo y transversal en el que han participado 14 remeros del equipo de remo de la Universidad de Alicante. Se utilizó un cuestionario, previamente validado, para recoger los datos pertinentes al consumo de SD. Resultados: Los SD más consumidos fueron: cafeína (81%), proteína de suero (75%), creatina monohidrato (62,5%), barritas energéticas (56,3%), bebida isotónica (50%) y BCAA (43,7%). La finalidad principal de su uso fue para mejorar el rendimiento deportivo y solo un 33% estaba asesorado por un dietista-nutricionista. Conclusión: La mayoría de los SD utilizados por los remeros tienen respaldo científico. Por lo que sería interesante que se llevasen a cabo más investigaciones en esta población., Introduction: The use of sports supplements (SD) is very common among athletes. In recent years the prevalence of consumption has been increasing. However, not all SD provide the benefits that we are find when we deciding to use this type of substance. That is why scientific entities have been its focus in the evaluation of SD and classifications have been created for scientific evidence, as well as in the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS). The elite rowers training activities focused on the development of aerobic and anaerobic capacity and strength traininig, so the use of suitable SD could improve the performance of these athletes. Objective: Determine the prevalence of SD consumption in university rowers and to evaluate the grade of evidence of SD consumption. Method: Descriptive and transversal study in which have participated 14 rowers that shape the University of Alicante’s rower team. A previously validated questionnaire was applied to collect the data about SD consumption. Results: The SD most consumed were: caffeine (81%), whey protein (75%), creatine monohydrate (62.5%), energy bars (56.3%), isotonic drink (50%) and BCAA (43, 7%). The main purpose of its use was to improve athletic performance, and only 33% were advised by a dietitian-nutritionist. Conclusion: Most SD that rowers used have scientific support. So, it would be interesting if more research were carried out in this population., ntrodução: O uso de suplementos esportivos (DS) é muito comum entre atletas e nos últimos anos a prevalência de seu consumo vem aumentando. No entanto, nem todos os DSs fornecem os benefícios que se buscam ao decidir consumir esses tipos de substâncias. É por isso que as entidades científicas têm se voltado para a avaliação do DS e têm sido criadas classificações com base em evidências científicas, como a proposta pelo Australian Institute of Sport (AIS). Os remadores de elite realizam sessões de treinamento com foco no desenvolvimento da capacidade aeróbia e anaeróbia, além do treinamento de força, de forma que o uso de DS adequado pode melhorar o desempenho desses atletas. Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência do consumo de DS em remadores universitários de elite e avaliar o grau de evidência do consumo de DS. Método: Estudo descritivo e transversal do qual participaram 14 remadores da equipe de remo da Universidade de Alicante. Um questionário previamente validado foi usado para coletar dados pertinentes ao consumo de SD. Resultados: Os DSs mais consumidos foram: cafeína (81%), proteína de soro de leite (75%), creatina monohidratada (62,5%), barras energéticas (56,3%), bebida isotônica (50%) e BCAA (43,7%). O principal objetivo de seu uso era melhorar o rendimento esportivo e apenas 33% foram orientados por nutricionista-nutricionista. Conclusão: A maioria dos DSs utilizados pelos remadores possuem respaldo científico. Portanto, seria interessante se mais pesquisas fossem realizadas nesta população

Predicting winning times in rowing is not easy. The water conditions and temperatures can throw off the best calculations. Despite this, research has been completed into the long-term trends of how fast rowers can go. Reviewing over a Century of race results, two Danish researchers have predicted winning times for the seven women’s and seven men’s events at the Tokyo Olympics.

Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá porovnáním životního stylu veslařů, kteří se veslování věnují nebo věnovali na vrcholové či rekreační úrovni. V práci je nahlíženo na sport a sportovní veslování z pohledu sociálních věd. Cílem práce je zařadit veslování do širšího kontextu života veslařů a najít kladné a záporné stránky rekreačního a vrcholového veslování, které spočívají v časové náročnosti, socializaci či finanční stránce. Pro zjištění cíle práce jsou využita data z kvalitativního výzkumu pomocí rozhovorů s informátory a retrospektivního zúčastněného pozorování autorky, která se sama závodnímu veslování 9 let věnovala. Všichni informátoři jsou členové Veslařského klubu Lysá nad Labem, kde výzkum probíhal., This bachelor thesis deals with comparing the lifestyle of professional and recreational rowers who used to row in the past or who are rowing now. The thesis tackles the issue of sport from the perspective of social science. The main goal of this thesis is to put rowing in the broader context of rowers' lives and to find positive and negative sides of rowing in conjuction with financial aspects, socialization or time consumption. To determine the main goal of this thesis, data from qualitative research is used. Data was obtained, thanks to interviews with informants and retrospective participant observation of the author, who devoted herself to competitive rowing for 9 years. All informants are members of the Rowing Club Lysá nad Labem, where the research also took place., Fakulta filozofická, Studentka představila práci - její strukturu, cíle a metody výzkumu i výsledky. Reagovala na otázky komise., Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

One of the most important sources of knowledge coaches draw on to inform their practice is their experience of being coached themselves. These experiences are gendered. To date, however, relatively little research is available that indicates how coaches do gender in their discursive coaching practices. We used a Foucauldian lens to explore discourses drawn on by 12 international elite rowing coaches to legitimate their ‘regimes of truth’ in their thinking about elite women rowers. Although they professed to treat everyone the same regardless of gender, they drew on discourses that constituted their women athletes as inferior to various implicit male norms. We suggest that coaches are reproducing the discourses about gender into which they were disciplined during their athletic careers and regard these as ‘regimes of truth’ in their own coaching practice. We discuss the implications of these findings with regard to the perpetuation of the gendering of coaching and conclude that the normalization of men and the gendered hierarchy in sport remains largely unchallenged.

The aim of this study was to determine whether a rowing training program leads to improvements in physical fitness and body composition in women who have survived breast cancer (53.70 ± 7.88 years). The participants (n = 30) completed a twelve-week training program consisting of three sessions per week, with each session lasting from sixty to ninety minutes. An anthropometric and general physical fitness assessment was performed before and after the program. The results showed statistically significant improvements in all the physical fitness tests performed: sit and reach (2.82 cm); back scratch, dominant (3.29 cm); back scratch, non-dominant (4.59 cm); counter movement jump (1.91 cm); hand grip, dominant (2.54 kgf); hand grip, non-dominant (2.53 kgf); chair stand (2.56 rep); and six-minute walk (51.56 m). In addition, a significant improvement was observed in the efficiency of the cardiovascular system measured by heart rate, in beats per minute (bpm), both before (−12.63 bpm) and after the six-minute walk test (−11.46 bpm). The evaluated body composition parameters also improved, specifically total lean mass (2.18 kg) and the percentage of total body fat (−2.63%). We can therefore conclude that rowing training programs can be a strategy to be considered for improving physical fitness in this population given the improvement obtained in both anthropometric and physical fitness variables, thus leading to better health and quality of life.

In the Swedish peasant society, the church was an important venue. In areas were the church in the parish was located nearby a lake, the easiest way to reach the church was by boat. This was the case in several parishes around the lake Siljan in the province Dalarna, which is the focal point of this study. The villages were large, and the villagers would organise themselves in large boats, so called church-boats. Due to technological innovations, as one important aspect, there were no longer any need for the church-boats at the time of the turn of the 20th century. Some decades into the new century the old boats were once again taken into use and new boats of the same type were taken into production. In 1936 an organized racing competition with church-boats was initiated, and this still lives on today. This study examines the contemporary customs surrounding church-boats on Siljan in the character of competition as well as journeys to the church. The main part of the material is collected through ethnological fieldwork, conducted through interviews and observation/participant-observation, supplemented with a wide range of other material such as internet sources as well as textual and visual material. Aspects that are highlighted is the different characters of the custom, how the custom today is expressed in relation to the past, how local identity is expressed through the custom and what role its performers see for the custom today and for the future. One aspect that is highlighted is the stagnated interest in the usage of the church-boats but narratives with a positive tone are given room as well. A crucial proposition of the study is how the custom in its era as revitalized cultural heritage is filled with new values. Its historical purpose is no longer of relevance and today the usage of the church-boats comes with other purposes such as a cultural historical interest, tourism and sport. It is also shown how changes and preservation both serves as necessary compo

Physical activity promotes mental health. A key factor is self-regulation. In the field of sports, self-regulation is related to the psychophysiological competence of rating of perceived effort (RPE). It was reported that adolescents have lower RPE competencies than adults, and it was hypothesized that this effect depends on physiological and cognitive development. The present study investigated in a sample of adolescents whether the RPE is related to basic cognitive competencies. Twelve rowers performed cognitive tests and a graded exercise test on a rowing ergometer, in which they continuously rated their perceived effort. Objective load measures and subjective perceptions were highly correlated (rho = 0.95–0.99). Furthermore, these correlations were inter-individually moderated by measures of mental speed and spontaneous flexibility. The results confirm the significance of basal cognitive competencies for conscious load perception. It is discussed whether regular sport has beneficial effects on the development of RPE competencies by enhancing cognitive regulation.

The technical preparation as one of the components of the sport preparation in rowing has a great importance because of the relationship with the competitive result. During the technical preparation of the rowers, juvenile category of Pinar del Río, deficiencies have been detected in the execution of the rowing technique, in each of its phases. That is why, for this study, the objective was to characterize the technical preparation of the juvenile male category rowers of the EIDE "Ormani Arenado" of Pinar del Río. The population used was composed of nine athletes of the juvenile category and six coaches, including the one who leads the preparation of this team mentioned above. For the development of this research, theoretical and empirical methods were used. Among the theoretical methods are systemic-structural-functional, historical-logical, analysis-synthesis, induction-deduction. The empirical methods used were document analysis, observation, interview and survey. The use of these methods made it easier for the researcher to know the real state of the technical preparation of these athletes and showed deficiencies such as execution errors, the non-existence of tests to evaluate the technique, it is not planned or controlled taking into account the individual characteristics of the athletes; however, it is considered by the coaches, as an aspect of great importance, the technical preparation in this sport., A preparação técnica como um dos componentes da preparação desportiva no remo tem uma grande importância devido à relação com o resultado competitivo. Durante a preparação técnica dos remadores, categoria juvenil de Pinar del Río, foram detectadas deficiências na execução da técnica de remo, em cada uma de suas fases. Por isso, para este estudo, o objetivo foi caracterizar a preparação técnica dos remadores da categoria masculina juvenil da EIDE "Ormani Arenado" de Pinar del Río. A população utilizada foi composta por nove atletas da categoria juvenil e seis treinadores, incluindo aquele que lidera a preparação desta equipe mencionada anteriormente. Para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, foram utilizados métodos teóricos e empíricos. Entre os métodos teóricos estão o sistêmico-estrutural-funcional, histórico-lógico, análise-síntese, indução-dedução. Os métodos empíricos utilizados foram a análise documental, observação, entrevista e técnica de pesquisa. A utilização destes métodos facilitou ao investigador o conhecimento do estado real da preparação técnica destes atletas e mostrou deficiências como erros de execução, a inexistência de testes para avaliar a técnica, não é planejada nem controlada tendo em conta as características individuais dos atletas; no entanto, é considerada pelos treinadores, como um aspecto de grande importância, a preparação técnica neste esporte., La preparación técnica como uno de los componentes de la preparación deportiva en el remo tiene una suma importancia por la relación que guarda con el resultado competitivo. Durante la preparación técnica de los remeros, categoría juvenil de Pinar del Río, se han detectado deficiencias en la ejecución de la técnica de remar, en cada una de sus fases. Es por ello que, para este estudio se trazó como objetivo caracterizar la preparación técnica de los remeros de la categoría juvenil masculino de la EIDE "Ormani Arenado" de Pinar del Río. La población utilizada estuvo compuesta por nueve atletas de la categoría juvenil y seis entrenadores, incluyendo el que dirige la preparación de este equipo antes mencionado. Para el desarrollo de esta investigación, fueron utilizados métodos teóricos y empíricos. Dentro de los métodos teóricos el sistémico-estructural-funcional, el histórico-lógico, análisis-síntesis, inducción-deducción. Los métodos empíricos utilizados fueron el análisis de documentos, la observación, la entrevista y la técnica de encuesta. El uso de estos métodos facilitó al investigador conocer el estado real de la preparación técnica de estos atletas y mostró deficiencias como los errores de ejecución, la no existencia de las pruebas para evaluar la técnica, no se planifica ni controla teniendo en cuenta las características individuales de los atletas; sin embargo, es considerado por los entrenadores, como un aspecto de mucha importancia, la preparación técnica en este deporte.

On many occasions, the maximum result of a team does not equate to the total maximum individual effort of each athlete (social loafing). Athletes often combine their sports life with an academic one (Dual Career), prioritizing one over the over in a difficult balancing act. The aim of this research is to examine the existence of social loafing in a group of novice university rowers and the differences that exist according to sex, academic performance, and the kind of sport previously practiced (individual or team). Therefore, a study was conducted from a probabilistic perspective using the Bayesian Network analysis methodology. The results confirm the existence of the Ringelmann effect or social loafing. The Bayesian analysis let us confirm that having a good student who practices a team sport, even in the individual rowing concept, increases the probability of obtaining greater performance (higher number of strokes and more power in each one). Therefore, when rowing partnerships are formed, the occurrence probability chain is quickly simplified, along with values of the top and bottom variables. Finally, the instantiations undertaken on the bottom variable that appears to be common in the two BNs, the watt input, enhance the results obtained. In short, rowers who have a better academic record are more involved in team testing, so this characteristic is defining when it comes to achieving better performance in team testing.

[Resumen] En la actualidad, está muy presente el uso del dopaje para aumentar el rendimiento deportivo, aunque ha estado presente a lo largo de toda la historia. El remo, se encuentra entre los principales deportes en los que se detecta el uso de sustancias prohibidas en los controles antidopaje, en nuestro país. Son muchos los efectos adversos sobre la salud, a corto y largo plazo, que se pueden presentar tras el consumo de las sustancias más comúnmente empleadas en el deporte. El objetivo de este proyecto es diseñar una intervención enfermera en educación de la salud, dirigida a remeros de categorías absolutas y a su personal de apoyo, con la finalidad de aumentar sus conocimientos y estudiar la percepción personal en relación con el dopaje. Se trata de un estudio cuasi-experimental pre-post, con el que se determina si la intervención enfermera incrementa la comprensión y concienciación sobre el dopaje, promoviendo así la salud de este colectivo de deportistas., [Resumo] Na actualidade, está moi presente o uso da dopaxe para aumentar o rendemento deportivo, aínda que estivo presenta ao longo de toda a historia. O remo, atópase entre os principais deportes nos que se detecta o uso de sustancias prohibidas nos controis antidopaxe, no noso país. Son moitos os efectos adversos sobre a saúde, a curto e longo prazo, que se poden presentar tras o consumo das sustancias máis comúnmente empregadas no deporte. O obxectivo deste proxecto é deseñar unha intervención enfermeira en educación para a saúde, dirixida a remeiros das categorías absolutas e ao seu personal de apoio, coa finalidade de aumentar os seus coñecementos e estudar a percepción persoal en relación coa dopaxe. Trátase dun estudio cuasi-experimental pre-post, co que se determina se a intervención enfermeira incrementa a compresión e a concienciación sobre a dopaxe, promovendo así a saúde deste colectivo de deportistas., [Abstract] Currently, the use of doping to increase sports performance is very present in our society although it has always been present throughout history. In our country, rowing is one of the main sports in which the use of banned substances can be easily detected by means of anti-doping controls. There are countless adverse health effects which can turn up, short or long term, after consuming the most common substances used in sport. The objetive of this Project is to design a nursing intervention on health education. It would be aimed at not only oarsmen of absolute rank but their support personnel as well. Its purpose would be to increase their knowledge and to study self- perception with regard to doping. This is a quasiexperimental, pre-post study which determines whether nursing intervention increases the understanding and awareness of doping. Thus it is that promotes health on this group of athletes.

New Findings: What is the central question of this study? Is cardiac output during exercise dependent on central venous pressure? What is the main finding and its importance? The increase in cardiac output during both rowing and running is related to preload to the heart, as indicated by plasma atrial natriuretic peptide, but unrelated to central venous pressure. The results indicate that in upright humans, central venous pressure reflects the gravitational influence on central venous blood rather than preload to the heart. Abstract: We evaluated the increase in cardiac output (CO) during exercise in relationship to central venous pressure (CVP) and plasma arterial natriuretic peptide (ANP) as expressions of preload to the heart. Seven healthy subjects (four men; mean ± SD: age 26 ± 3 years, height 181± 8 cm and weight 76 ± 11 kg;) rested in sitting and standing positions (in randomized order) and then rowed and ran at submaximal workloads. The CVP was recorded, CO (Modelflow) calculated and arterial plasma ANP determined by radioimmunoassay. While sitting, (mean ± SD) CO was 6.2 ± 1.6 l min−1, plasma ANP 70 ± 10 pg ml−1 and CVP 1.8 ± 1.1 mmHg, and when standing decreased to 5.9 ± 1.0 l min−1, 63 ± 10 pg ml−1 and −3.8 ± 1.2 mmHg, respectively (P < 0.05). Ergometer rowing elicited an increase in CO to 22.5 ± 5.5 l min−1 as plasma ANP increased to 156 ± 11 pg ml−1 and CVP to 3.8 ± 0.9 mmHg (P < 0.05). Likewise, CO increased to 23.5 ± 6.0 l min−1 during running, albeit with a smaller (P < 0.05) increase in plasma ANP, but with little change in CVP (−0.9 ± 0.4 mmHg). The increase in CO in response to exercise is related to preload to the heart, as indicated by plasma ANP, but unrelated to CVP. The results indicate that in upright humans, CVP reflects the gravitational influence on central venous blood rather than preload to the heart.

Objetivo Analizar si en la tripulación del cuatro sin timonel español seleccionada para el preolímpico de Río de Janeiro 2016 presenta el efecto Ringelmann, consistente en que conforme aumenta el número de componentes de un grupo, la aportación individual, al resultado final, va disminuyendo. Método La muestra la componen los cuatro remeros de la tripulación del citado bote con una experiencia de 13, 16, 10 y 13 años respectivamente, y una edad media de 24.25±0.5 años. Resultados En la totalidad de los casos se produce un aumento sistemático en la condición del equipo respecto de la individual, con una media de metros recorridos en esta de 1029.25 metros, mientras que en la grupal fue de 1036.75. El número de vatios generados también fue superior en la ejecución colectiva (535.25w. frente a los 524.25w.). Sin embargo, la media de paladas en la condición individual fue inferior (35.5) a la de grupo (37.25). En cuanto a la percepción de esfuerzo (escala de Borg), los remeros puntuaban más bajo individualmente (7.75) que en grupo (8.75). Conclusiones Nuestros datos parecen mostrar que el nivel competitivo, la fuerte convicción de equipo y la alta motivación pueden no solo paliar, sino hacer desaparecer el efecto Ringelmann en un bote de cuatro sin timonel. A pesar de que la percepción de esfuerzo es mayor en equipo., Objective Try to know if the crew of the Spanish boat Coxless four selected for the pre-Olympic 2016 Rio de Janeiro shows the Ringelmann effect, which is that as the number of components of a group, the individual contribution decreases. Method The sample is composed of four rowers crew of that boat with an experience of 13, 16, 10 and 13 years, respectively, and an average age of 24.25 years ([DT]=0.5). Results In all cases a systematic increase occurs in the equipment condition regarding individual, with an average of meters traveled in this of 1029.25 meters, while the group was 1036.75. The number of watts generated was also higher in the collective execution (535.25w. versus 524.25w.). However, the average of strokes in the individual condition was lower (35.5) to the group (37.25). As for the perception of effort (Borg scale), the rowers individually scored lower (7.75) than in group (8.75). Conclusions Our data seem to suggest that the competitive level, strong conviction like a team and highly motivated can not only alleviate also remove the Ringelmann effect on a boat Coxless four. Although the effort perception is greater in a team than individual.

On all levels of rowing, a general rule is that you have to row together. Rowing together has no clear-cut definition. However, it is known that each rower has his or her own style, which can be registered in movement patterns and force curves. The big question is how to combine these individual styles such that the crew works together in the best way. The Dutch Rowing Federation showed interest in this topic, wanting to know how to adjust the rigging dimensions of the boat to allow the best racing performance. The goal of this thesis is to provide advice on what features of the rowing stroke should be synchronized and whether and how this could be promoted by individualized rigging. The theoretical foundation for this study was a literature study about the current knowledge on the rowing stroke and differences within and between individuals and crews. Current used measures on performance and synchronization of rowers were described, and finally a proposal was done for which methods to use in the ongoing of the study. Data was obtained from five female athletes of elite level, doing trials in a quadruple sculls of approximately 30 seconds at 30 SPM and 32 SPM in four different combinations. The strokes were identified and analyzed, based on performance and synchronization measures. Performance measured as Average Speed, Work per Stroke, Blade Losses, Velocity Fluctuation Losses and their respective and combined efficiencies. Synchronization measures were defined as Mean Standard Deviation of the Phase, Standard Deviation of the Time to Half Impulse and Standard Deviation of the Time to Half Work. The chosen synchronization measures were not completely independent. Standard deviations of time to half impulse and half work were found to be highly similar (r = 0.970). An opposite effect was found between kinematic synchronization and the other two, Mean Standard deviation of the Phase was not in line with the empirical rule that better synchr, Mechanical Engineering | BioMechanical Design | Sports Engineering

Purpose: to determine the main anthropometric indicators, the level of the functional state of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of athletes, depending on the type of constitution of their body. Material & Methods: in the course of the study, measurements were made of the type of body constitution, morphological indicators and indicators of the functional state of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of athletes. Two experimental groups were formed from specialized sport school athletes. Results: the analysis of anthropometric and functional indicators of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of athletes specializing in freestyle wrestling and rowing from specialized sport school is carried out. The dependence of the state of morphological and functional parameters of athletes depending on the type of body constitution is shown. Conclusion: the dependence is established between the type of body constitution with the morphological and functional indicators of athletes specializing in freestyle wrestling and canoeing.

In this research the influence of the rower behavior and rigging setup on the boat performance is investigated in a data-driven model. There are different rowing styles and techniques between rowers. Making rowers row in synchrony, while important for the boat performance, is not easy. Rowers have their own signature rowing curve, of which only few aspects can be changed. The signature rowing curve can be based on the oar angle or the relative displacement of the rower. The latter is assumed to be constant for changes in the rigging setup and therefore preferred. The data used in this study comes from a woman’s double, the rowers of which are members of the KNRB. In the boat measurements are done on the gate and foot forces, as well as the oar angles, the seat displacement and boat accelerations. From the free body diagrams of the different parts of the system, a one-dimensional rowing model is derived. The model is driven with the measured forces on the rower and the oar angles. It can be validated with the measured boat accelerations. The distribution of the masses in the system are slightly changed. All drag force on the system is assumed to be viscous and is assumed to be proportional to the square of the boat velocity. The lateral forces on the blade and the oar deformation are neglected. The relative motions of the rower are best predicted with the forces acting directly on the rower, after a compensation of the measured foot force. The best fit for the boat accelerations are found by combining the system acceleration with the relative accelerations of the rowers. With the assumption that the rower can be modeled as a force constraint model, the rigging setup of the modeled boat is changed. The blade forces have a leading role on the resulting boat motions when changing the rigging parameters. However the blade forces might not be realistically modeled. Changing the lever ratio of the oar, by increasing the inboard length leads to a bigger co

Rowing is a competitive sport where victory is determined by fine margins. In the past, the focus has been on optimizing the shell. Due to the increasing regulations placed on the shell design, the scope for manoeuvring in this area is greatly limited. This increases the necessity to focus on the less explored option of propulsion in rowing. The propulsion is caused by the momentum transfer from the rowers to the water with the help of oar blades. The design of these oar blades has also been extensively studied. However, knowledge on the effect of the air-water interface on the drag force on the oar blades is still lacking. Therefore, visualizing the flow around the oar blades will lead to better understanding of the flow structures, which would help in optimizing the drag force acting on the oar blades. In the present study, a simplified scenario of a rectangular flat plate moving normally to its plane along a straight line and parallel to the free surface has been studied using hydrogen bubble visualization and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Using a 4-axes industrial robot and a force/torque transducer, the effect of the air-water interface on the drag force on the plate has been studied at a Reynolds number, based on the longest edge of the plate, of 6×104. The analysis of the drag force profiles at different plate depths led to the identification of a high drag case, which occurred at a plate depth h of 20 mm. The hydrogen bubble visualization indicated that in this specific case, the high drag was related to the formation of a compact wake behind the plate. Hydrogen bubble visualizations were also performed at two other plate depths, h = 0 and h = 100 mm, to determine the effect of the air-water interface on the flow structures and ultimately on the drag force acting on the plate. The visualization of the deep water case (h = 100 mm) captured the formation of a vortex ring, which was found to have uni, Mechanical Engineering

La finalidad de este estudio fue comparar la suplementación nutricional en remeros de élite nacionales e internacionales. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 20 remeros de élite (23.2 años ± 3.1), 4 mujeres y 16 hombres, pertenecientes a la Selección Española Absoluta de Remo. Mediante una bioimpedancia eléctrica tetrapolar se obtuvieron los datos antropométricos de la muestra. A través de un cuestionario, previamente validado, se adquirieron los datos relevantes al consumo de suplementos nutricionales deportivos (SND). Se obtuvieron valores para altura (1.84 ± 0.08 m); peso (81.4 ± 9.9 kg); y porcentaje graso (16 ± 4.5 %). Todos afirmaron haber consumido algún tipo de SND, y se hallaron diferencias significativas (p≤0.005, Ô= 3.155) entre sujetos nacionales (n = 5) (7.6 SND por sujeto) e internacionales (n = 15) (17.87 SND por sujeto). Los SND más consumidos fueron: hierro (85%), cafeína (85%), beta alanina (85%), barritas energéticas (85%), complejos vitamínicos (80%) y bebidas isotónicas (80%). Existe un alto consumo de SND por la muestra, principalmente internacionales. Toda la muestra respeta la legalidad en los suplementos consumidos y la finalidad principal de su uso fue la de mejorar su rendimiento deportivo. Es importante promover el uso efectivo y eficiente de los SND, a través de un mayor control, e informando a los deportistas sobre los riesgos que pueden derivar del uso de éstos., The purpose of this study was to compare nutritional supplementation in national and international elite rowers. The sample consisted of 20 elite rowers (23.2 years ± 3.1), 4 women and 16 men, belonging to the Spanish Absolute Rowing Team. By a tetrapolar electrical bioimpedance, the anthropometric data of the sample were obtained. Through a questionnaire, previously validated, data relevant to the consumption of sports nutritional supplements (SND) were acquired. Values were obtained for height (1.84 ± 0.08 m); weight (81.4 ± 9.9 kg); and fat percentage (16 ± 4.5%). 100% sample answered to have consumed some type of SND, and significant differences were found (p≤0.005, Ô = 3.155) between national subjects (n = 5) (7.6 SND per subject) and international subjects (n = 15) (17.87 SND per subject). The most consumed SND were: iron (85%), caffeine (85%), beta alanine (85%), energy bars (85%), vitamin complexes (80%) and isotonic drinks (80%). There is a high consumption of SND by the sample, mainly international. 100% respects the legality of the supplements consumed and the main purpose of its use was to improve its athletic performance. It is important to promote the effective and efficient use of SNDs, through greater control, and informing athletes about the risks that may arise from their use.

La finalidad de este estudio fue comparar la suplementación nutricional en remeros de élite nacionales e internacionales. La muestra estuvocompuesta por 20 remeros de élite (23.2 años ± 3.1), 4 mujeres y 16 hombres, pertenecientes a la Selección Española Absoluta de Remo. Mediante unabioimpedancia eléctrica tetrapolar se obtuvieron los datos antropométricos de la muestra. A través de un cuestionario, previamente validado, seadquirieron los datos relevantes al consumo de suplementos nutricionales deportivos (SND). Se obtuvieron valores para altura (1.84 ± 0.08 m); peso(81.4 ± 9.9 kg); y porcentaje graso (16 ± 4.5 %). Todos afirmaron haber consumido algún tipo de SND, y se hallaron diferencias significativas(pd»0.005, Ô= 3.155) entre sujetos nacionales (n = 5) (7.6 SND por sujeto) e internacionales (n = 15) (17.87 SND por sujeto). Los SND más consumidosfueron: hierro (85%), cafeína (85%), beta alanina (85%), barritas energéticas (85%), complejos vitamínicos (80%) y bebidas isotónicas (80%). Existeun alto consumo de SND por la muestra, principalmente internacionales. Toda la muestra respeta la legalidad en los suplementos consumidos y lafinalidad principal de su uso fue la de mejorar su rendimiento deportivo. Es importante promover el uso efectivo y eficiente de los SND, a través de unmayor control, e informando a los deportistas sobre los riesgos que pueden derivar del uso de éstos., The purpose of this study was to compare nutritional supplementation in national and international elite rowers. The sample consisted of20 elite rowers (23.2 years ± 3.1), 4 women and 16 men, belonging to the Spanish Absolute Rowing Team. By a tetrapolar electrical bioimpedance, theanthropometric data of the sample were obtained. Through a questionnaire, previously validated, data relevant to the consumption of sports nutritionalsupplements (SND) were acquired. Values were obtained for height (1.84 ± 0.08 m); weight (81.4 ± 9.9 kg); and fat percentage (16 ± 4.5%). 100%sample answered to have consumed some type of SND, and significant differences were found (pd»0.005, Ô = 3.155) between national subjects (n =5) (7.6 SND per subject) and international subjects (n = 15) (17.87 SND per subject). The most consumed SND were: iron (85%), caffeine (85%), betaalanine (85%), energy bars (85%), vitamin complexes (80%) and isotonic drinks (80%). There is a high consumption of SND by the sample, mainlyinternational. 100% respects the legality of the supplements consumed and the main purpose of its use was to improve its athletic performance. It isimportant to promote the effective and efficient use of SNDs, through greater control, and informing athletes about the risks that may arise from their use.

Purpose: We evaluated muscle proton elimination following similar exercise in the same muscle group following two exercise modalities. Methods: Seven rowers performed handgrip or rowing exercise for ~ 5 min. The intracellular response of the wrist flexor muscles was evaluated by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, while arterial and venous forearm blood was collected. Results: Rowing and handgrip reduced intracellular pH to 6.3 ± 0.2 and 6.5 ± 0.1, arterial pH to 7.09 ± 0.03 and 7.40 ± 0.03 and venous pH to 6.95 ± 0.06 and 7.20 ± 0.04 (P < 0.05), respectively. Arterial and venous lactate increased to 17.5 ± 1.6 and 20.0 ± 1.6 mM after rowing while only to 2.6 ± 0.8 and 6.8 ± 0.8 mM after handgrip exercise. Arterio-venous concentration difference of bicarbonate and phosphocreatine recovery kinetics (T 50% rowing 1.5 ± 0.7 min; handgrip 1.4 ± 1.0 min) was similar following the two exercise modalities. Yet, intramuscular pH recovery in the forearm flexor muscles was 3.5-fold slower after rowing than after handgrip exercise (T 50% rowing of 2 ± 0.1 vs. 7 ± 0.3 min for handgrip). Conclusion: Rowing delays intracellular-pH recovery compared with handgrip exercise most likely because rowing, as opposed to handgrip exercise, increases systemic lactate concentration. Thus the intra-to-extra-cellular lactate gradient is small after rowing. Since this lactate gradient is the main driving force for intracellular lactate removal in muscle and, since pH i normalization is closely related to intracellular lactate removal, rowing results in a slower pH i recovery compared to handgrip exercise.

Показаны различия функционального обеспечения работоспособности гребцов в процессе выполнения четырех тестовых заданий, выполненных в пороговых зонах интенсивности нагрузки – в зоне аэробного (вентиляторного) порога, анаэробного гликолитического порога, максимального по· max. Отмечены достоверные требления О 2 , на уровне эргометрической мощности работы 115 % VO 2 различия (р < 0,05) интегрального показателя реакции кардиореспираторной системы – тренировочного импульса в процессе выполнения последних отрезков первого-второго и третьего-четвертого тестовых заданий. Отмечены высокие адаптационные возможности организма к нагрузкам относительно невысокой интенсивности на уровне аэробно-анаэробного перехода. В условиях нагрузок, выполненных с более высокой интенсивностью, близкой к соревновательной деятельности спортсменов, возрастает степень напряжения кардиореспираторной системы, снижается скорость восстановительных процессов. В наибольшей степени уровень реакции снижается в условиях накопления утомления, типичного для второй половины дистанции., Differences in the functional support of rowers’ work capacity are shown in the process of performing four test tasks performed in the threshold zones of load intensity – in the zone of aerobic (ventilatory) threshold, · anaerobic glycolytic threshold, maximum O 2 intake, at the level of ergonomic power of work of 115 % VO max. 2 Significant differences (p < 0,05) in integral index of cardiorespiratory system response – training impulse in the process of performing the last segments of the first-second and the third-fourth testing tasks have been noted. High adaptation capacities of the body to loads of relatively low intensity have been observed at the level of aerobic-anaerobic transition. Under conditions of loads performed at higher intensity close to that of competitive activity, the degree of athletes’ cardiorespiratory system tension increased along with the decrease of recovery processes. The response level has decreased to the greatest extent under conditions of accumulated fatigue peculiar for the second half of the distance.

Literature has established strong relationships between some anthropometric and strength measures with rowing performance. However these studies have not correlated rower’s success with absolute (watt average) and relative weight values (watts per unit weight). The aim of this study was to correlate performance and efficiency in rowing with anthropometric and strength factors. Twenty-two elite rowers (11 male and 11 female) volunteered to participate in this study. Anthropometric measurements and body composition was obtained for each rower. Participants performed 2000 m maximal effort on a Concept II rowing ergometer and strength lower extremities were evaluated with jump height protocol using a jump mat (Chronojump-Boscosystem, Barcelona, Spain). Performance and efficiency in rowing ergometer test strongly correlated with anthropometric characteristics of height (r=0.873; r=0.815), weight (r=0.894; r=0.703), body muscles (r=0.973; r=0.829) and free body fat (r=-0.705; r=-0.856). However, positive correlations of strength factors with performance and efficiency in rowers have not been strong enough to use them like success predictors. This study concludes that present results provide an argument for coaches and rowers to increase strength training and to use anthropometric characteristics to predict rowing efficiency and performance using strength factors such as complementary performance predictor. Furthermore, anthropometric variables could be used to identify success in potential rowers., La literatura ha establecido fuertes relaciones entre algunas medidas antropométricas y de fuerza con el rendimiento en remo. Sin embargo, estos estudios no han correlacionado el éxito de los remeros con valores absolutos (media de vatios) y valores relativos de peso (vatios por unidad de peso). El objetivo de este estudio fue correlacionar el rendimiento y la eficiencia con factores antropométricos y de fuerza. Veintidós remeros de élite (11 chicos y 11 chicas) participaron voluntariamente en este estudio. Se obtuvieron las medidas antropométricas y la composición corporal de cada remero. Los participantes realizaron un test de máximo esfuerzo de 2000 m en un remoergómetro Concept II y la fuerza de las extremidades inferiores fue evaluada con un protocolo de salto con una plataforma de contacto (Chronojump-Boscosystem, Barcelona, España). El rendimiento y la eficiencia en el test de remoergómetro correlacionó fuertemente con las características antropométricas de altura (r=0.873; r=0.815), peso (r=0.894; r=0.703), masa muscular (r=0.973; r=0.829) and masa libre de grasa (r=-0.705; r=-0.856). Sin embargo, las correlaciones positivas de los factores de fuerza con el rendimiento y la eficiencia en remeros no ha sido lo suficientemente fuerte para usarlos como factores de éxito. Este estudio concluye que los presente resultados proporcionan un argumento para que entrenadores y remeros incrementen el entrenamiento de fuerza y para que puedan utilizar las caracterpotenciales zadas para identificar remeros potnciales. de fuerza como predictores complementarios de rendimiento. no ha sido lo ísticas antropométricas como predictores de rendimiento y eficiencia en remo utilizando los factores de fuerza como predictores complementarios de rendimiento. Además, las variables antropométricas podrían ser utilizadas para identificar remeros potenciales.

Literature has established strong relationships between some anthropometric and strength measures with rowing performance. However these studies have not correlated rower’s success with absolute (watt average) and relative weight values (watts per unit weight). The aim of this study was to correlate performance and efficiency in rowing with anthropometric and strength factors. Twenty-two elite rowers (11 male and 11 female) volunteered to participate in this study. Anthropometric measurements and body composition was obtained for each rower. Participants performed 2000 m maximal effort on a Concept II rowing ergometer and strength lower extremities were evaluated with jump height protocol using a jump mat (Chronojump-Boscosystem, Barcelona, Spain). Performance and efficiency in rowing ergometer test strongly correlated with anthropometric characteristics of height (r=0.873; r=0.815), weight (r=0.894; r=0.703), body muscles (r=0.973; r=0.829) and free body fat (r=-0.705; r=-0.856). However, positive correlations of strength factors with performance and efficiency in rowers have not been strong enough to use them like success predictors. This study concludes that present results provide an argument for coaches and rowers to increase strength training and to use anthropometric characteristics to predict rowing efficiency and performance using strength factors such as complementary performance predictor. Furthermore, anthropometric variables could be used to identify success in potential rowers., La literatura ha establecido fuertes relaciones entre algunas medidas antropométricas y de fuerza con el rendimiento en remo. Sin embargo, estos estudios no han correlacionado el éxito de los remeros con valores absolutos (media de vatios) y valores relativos de peso (vatios por unidad de peso). El objetivo de este estudio fue correlacionar el rendimiento y la eficiencia con factores antropométricos y de fuerza. Veintidós remeros de élite (11 chicos y 11 chicas) participaron voluntariamente en este estudio. Se obtuvieron las medidas antropométricas y la composición corporal de cada remero. Los participantes realizaron un test de máximo esfuerzo de 2000 m en un remoergómetro Concept II y la fuerza de las extremidades inferiores fue evaluada con un protocolo de salto con una plataforma de contacto (Chronojump-Boscosystem, Barcelona, España). El rendimiento y la eficiencia en el test de remoergómetro correlacionó fuertemente con las características antropométricas de altura (r=0.873; r=0.815), peso (r=0.894; r=0.703), masa muscular (r=0.973; r=0.829) and masa libre de grasa (r=-0.705; r=-0.856). Sin embargo, las correlaciones positivas de los factores de fuerza con el rendimiento y la eficiencia en remeros no ha sido lo suficientemente fuerte para usarlos como factores de éxito. Este estudio concluye que los presente resultados proporcionan un argumento para que entrenadores y remeros incrementen el entrenamiento de fuerza y para que puedan utilizar las caracterpotenciales zadas para identificar remeros potnciales. de fuerza como predictores complementarios de rendimiento. no ha sido lo ísticas antropométricas como predictores de rendimiento y eficiencia en remo utilizando los factores de fuerza como predictores complementarios de rendimiento. Además, las variables antropométricas podrían ser utilizadas para identificar remeros potenciales.

vol. 72 no. 11, Lee Castle, Band Leader (p. 1) -- Jan Winters, Vocalist (p. 1) -- PROFESSOR R. S. KISER (p. 1). Buddy Odione, SAE quarterback, is dubious whether to run or pass. Dean Simms, Pike, rushes in to hasten his decision. (p. 5). Sights Set On State Race: The 1958-59 edition of Southern's Water Mocs set ready for a practice row on Lake Hollingsworth. In the foreground is the varsity shell. In the background, the junior varsity boat. The Mocs will being their season during the last part of February. There is a possibility that the state race may be held in Lakeland on Lake Parker. Southern will then play host to Jacksonville, Rollins and Tampa. (p. 6)., 1-6