1. Establishing the traceability of novel theranostic isotopes : from production to imaging
- Author
-
Pells, Sophia
- Subjects
Medical isotopes ,Beta therapy ,Auger therapy ,Gamma camera ,molecular radiotherapy ,Isotope production ,theragnostic ,Dosimetry ,Quantitative imaging ,SPECT ,theranostic ,nuclear medicine ,Geant4 Application for Emission Tomography - Abstract
Four radioisotopes of terbium have been identified as candidates for therapy and diagnostic imaging in nuclear medicine. As isotopes of the same element, their identical chemical properties mean they can be attached to the same pharmaceutical and will be processed identically in the body. For this reason, they form a theranostic set, and can be used for integrated therapy and diagnostic imaging with the potential to provide more effective, personalised patient therapies. This thesis investigates the procedure for establishing these novel isotopes in a clinical environment, from their production to clinical imaging protocols and absorbed dose evaluation. To utilise theranostic isotopes for personalised therapies, quantitative imaging is essential. Therefore, quantitative single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging of two of the terbium isotopes, Tb-155 and Tb-161, was assessed using a combination of experimental and simulated data. For this purpose, a full Monte Carlo simulation model of a clinical SPECT system was created and extensively validated against experimental acquisitions. A detection-efficiency correction was modelled and applied to the simulation and the agreement between simulated and experimental observables was quantified. The simulation was then used to evaluate imaging with Tb-155 and Tb-161 to determine the parameters which provided the best image quantification. Furthermore, Tb-161 was compared to the common clinical isotope Lu-177 through a simulated study of a patient therapy for metastatic neuroendocrine cancer. The absorbed dose from Tb-161 was found to be 40 % greater than that from an equal activity of Lu-177. It was also demonstrated that the portion of the absorbed dose due to Auger electrons from Tb-161 was over twice that from Lu-177, potentially increasing therapeutic efficacy. Post-therapy SPECT imaging was simulated with each isotope and activity recovery in organs and tumours assessed. The potential for a pre-therapy diagnostic scan with Tb-155 was considered, along with its use in a full pre-therapy dosimetry evaluation. Finally, production routes for the terbium isotopes using clinical-scale cyclotrons were evaluated. A natural gadolinium foil was irradiated with a 16.7 MeV proton beam and spectroscopy was performed to determine the relative activities of the reaction products. A theoretical evaluation of reactions with enriched gadolinium targets was also conducted. The results of this thesis show promise for the clinical implementation of these novel theranostic terbium isotopes and provide a foundation for further studies.
- Published
- 2022