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Objective: This study was done to describe how the PNP Drug Enforcement Unit carries out its mandated operational and administrative functions. Theoretical Framework: This study is anchored on the Theory of Multidimensional Approach which explains the process of assessing and implementing an approach such as methods, tactic, and strategy that consists of more than one feature/design to address a situation or problem that is considered complex or needs to be assessed from several points of view. Method: In this study, the researchers used generic qualitative research, utilizing a grounded theory. Purposive sampling was used in selecting and identifying the participants of the study. A total of eight (8) participants were selected to describe the administrative and operational functions of the selected DEU. The data collection was done using the unstructure interview guide validated by the expert in the field. Ethical considerations Results and Discussion: Themes were derived and analyzed, falling into five (5) main themes. They are as follows: 1) conundrums of insufficiency, 2) insufficiency reverberates ineffectiveness, 3) insufficiency breeds inefficiency, 4) labyrinth for development, and 5) taming of the flock. Research Implications: The PNP DEU within their territorial jurisdiction are generally considered the center of the police responses to drug trafficking and use. Thus, they must mount the most sophisticated investigations techniques against drug traffickers. It is for this reason that they should have continuing training which are essential for their development. Originality/Value: This study provides bases for restructuring the present framework of the PNP DEU. As it encourage that strategic shift from the existing framework to a restructured framework incorporating the improvements suggested as necessary by the participants.

This phenomenological study aimed to explore the in-depth perceptions and insightful reflections of 12 International Protestant Convention leadership team members to explore and investigate their lived experiences and leadership decisions during the COVID-19 pandemic through the lens of Complexity Leadership Theory. The 2020-2023 COVID-19 pandemic changed the world when the emergent fast-paced virus disrupted and overwhelmed societal life, creating pre- and post-COVID bifurcation points that will shape world dynamics and social interactions for years (Warren, 2022; Christianson & Barton, 2021; Harari, 2020; Pierce, 2020). For this research, complexity leadership interactions, social network dynamics, and information flow were studied to discover emergent leadership themes and how information flowed through the convention and church networks to make these church leaders successful at operating their churches through turmoil and turbulence (Garretsen et al., 2022; Veldsman, 2020; Borgatti et al., 2018; Uhl-Bien & Arena, 2017). The research discovered that despite the sudden shock of the global crisis and societal lockdown that impacted the International Protestant Convention leadership team members' leadership approach and decision-making in responding to the crisis, the leaders remained resolved to lead with God’s guidance, direction, comfort, and refuge.

Objective: This study aims to analyze and compare the emergence of administrative judiciary systems in Qatar and Britain. The administrative judiciary plays a crucial role in ensuring the rule of law and protecting citizens' rights in modern legal systems. By examining the similarities and differences between these two countries, this study seeks to shed light on the factors that have influenced the development and implementation of administrative judiciary systems.   Method: The research methodology employed in this study includes a comprehensive literature review, analysis of legal frameworks, and comparative analysis. The study explores the historical background and legal traditions of both Qatar and Britain to understand the contextual factors that have shaped their administrative judiciary systems.   Result: The findings of this study reveal to: both countries have legal frameworks and court structures in place to regulate administrative matters. Second, they differ in their legal foundations, with Qatar following a civil law system and the United Kingdom adhering to common law principles. Third, the scope of judicial review varies, with Qatar focusing on legality and procedural fairness, while the United Kingdom has a broader scope that includes the merits and reasonableness of administrative decisions. Furthermore, the study identifies key factors that have influenced the emergence of administrative judiciary systems in these countries. The study also highlights the impact of international legal norms and practices on the development of administrative judiciary systems. The findings of this study can inform policymakers and legal practitioners in their efforts to strengthen and improve administrative judiciary systems.

The purpose of this article is to provide a proposal for an administrative and financial software for community-based tourism centers (CBTC), based on a previous diagnosis carried out in 28 CBTCs in Ecuador. The purpose of this software is to support these centers in a better management of their enterprises by means of an adequate management of their economic and human resources for the whole community benefit, considering the functions of administration: planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. For its design the PHP programming language and the Dream Weaver and Notepad++ programs were used, the software is easy and simple to use, considering the particularities of these community centers. It has 4 sections: Administrative, financial, Inventories and Inventories by consignment, each of these sections has its respective menu where the required information is entered and tracked. The reports generated will be useful for decision making and continuous improvement of these ventures., El propósito de este artículo es proporcionar una propuesta de software administrativo y financiero para los centros de turismo comunitario (CTC), basado en un diagnóstico previo realizado en 28 CTC de Ecuador. Este software pretende apoyar a estos centros en una mejor gestión de sus emprendimientos mediante una adecuada administración de sus recursos económicos y humanos, considerando las cuatro funciones de la administración: planificación, ejecución, seguimiento y evaluación. Para su diseño se utilizó el lenguaje de programación PHP y los programas Dream Weaver y Notepad++, el software es fácil y sencillo de utilizar, considerando las particularidades de estos centros comunitarios. Cuenta con 4 secciones: Administrativa, Financiera, Inventarios e Inventarios por consignación, cada una de estas secciones tiene su respectivo menú donde se ingresa y se da seguimiento a la información requerida. Los reportes generados serán útiles para la toma de decisiones y la mejora continua de estos emprendimientos

El presente trabajo de grado, con el cual se aplica al título de Magister en Gerencia de Proyectos de la Universidad EAFIT, recopila estudios de prefactibilidad, según la metodología ONUDI, mediante los cuales se evalúa la viabilidad del proyecto para le montaje de un Centro de Atención Integral en Salud para la Primera Infancia e Infancia. La idea de proyecto surge de la experiencia de la doctora María Camila Franco, quien es médica pediatra de profesión, hermana y futura socia inversionista. El proyecto tiene como objetivo el montaje de un centro de atención multidisciplinario que proporcione a la ciudad un espacio de atención unificado y de calidad para los niños, que sea rentable para los inversionistas y que socialmente sea incluyente al brindar atención subsidiada para niños de escasos recursos. En el presente estudio se consideran estudios de entorno, mercado, técnico, administrativo, legal, financiero y de riesgos para tener un panorama completo de la viabilidad del proyecto y que permita tomar decisiones sobre futuras inversiones en el mismo., This degree work, which is applied to the title of Master in Project Management at EAFIT University, compiles the pre-feasibility studies according to the UNIDO methodology through which the feasibility of the project for the assembly of a comprehensive health care center for early childhood and infancy is evaluated. The project idea arises from the experience of Dr. Maria Camila Franco, who is a pediatrician by profession, sister and future investment partner. The project aims to set up a multidisciplinary care center that will provide the city with a unified and quality care space for children, which will be profitable for investors and socially inclusive by providing subsidized care for low-income children. The present study considers environmental, market, technical, administrative, legal, financial, and risk studies in order to have a complete picture of the project's feasibility and to make decisions about future investments in the project.

This study examines the forms of legal protection available for victims of medical malpractice. This study uses normative legal research with a statute approach. The collected legal material is then qualitatively analyzed to describe the problem and answer the study objectives. The results show that the complexity of health service provision during the COVID-19 pandemic increases the risk of errors and medical malpractice. The Government has established a series of legal protections, including civil, criminal, and administrative, to facilitate victims of medical malpractice claim their rights. Civil legal protection ensures patients’ rights to seek compensation through out-of-court dispute resolution, such as negotiation, mediation, and arbitration. Meanwhile, criminal legal protection regulated punishments such as imprisonment or a fine for doctors proven guilty of medical malpractice. On the other hand, administrative legal protection provides a complaint mechanism for patients, ensuring that the Government and Honorary Council will impose administrative sanctions on doctors proven guilty of medical malpractice. Therefore, it is recommended that the Government continue strengthening and enhancing public awareness regarding patients’ rights and the available legal protection mechanisms, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. This role is crucial for empowering the community to protect themselves from potential medical malpractice. Furthermore, healthcare personnel should be given maximum support through adequate facilities and equipment provision, as well as capacity enhancement through ongoing training and education, to enable them to provide optimal health services in the face of this pandemic challenge. In addition, there needs to be a strengthening of the monitoring system and legislation to prevent and effectively handle medical malpractice cases., Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji bentuk-bentuk perlindungan hukum yang ada terhadap korban malapraktik medis. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan. Bahan hukum yang terkumpul kemudian dianalisis secara kualitatif untuk mendeskripsikan masalah dan menjawab tujuan penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kompleksitas pemberian layanan kesehatan pada masa pandemi COVID-19 meningkatkan risiko kesalahan dan malapraktik medis. Pemerintah telah menetapkan serangkaian perlindungan hukum, baik perdata, pidana, dan administratif, untuk memudahkan korban malapraktik medis mendapatkan haknya. Perlindungan hukum perdata menjamin hak pasien untuk mendapatkan kompensasi melalui penyelesaian sengketa di luar pengadilan, seperti negosiasi, mediasi, dan arbitrase. Sedangkan perlindungan hukum pidana mengatur ancaman pidana seperti pidana penjara atau denda bagi dokter yang terbukti melakukan malapraktik medis. Di sisi lain, perlindungan hukum administratif memberikan mekanisme pengaduan kepada pasien, memastikan bahwa Pemerintah dan Majelis Kehormatan akan memberikan sanksi administratif kepada dokter yang terbukti melakukan malapraktik medis. Oleh karena itu, direkomendasikan agar Pemerintah terus memperkuat dan meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat mengenai hak-hak pasien dan mekanisme perlindungan hukum yang ada, terutama di masa pandemi COVID-19. Peran ini sangat penting untuk memberdayakan masyarakat agar dapat melindungi diri dari potensi malapraktik medis. Selain itu, tenaga kesehatan harus diberikan dukungan maksimal melalui penyediaan fasilitas dan peralatan yang memadai, serta peningkatan kapasitas melalui pelatihan dan pendidikan berkelanjutan, agar mereka dapat memberikan layanan kesehatan yang optimal dalam menghadapi tantangan pandemi ini. Selain itu, perlu adanya penguatan sistem pengawasan dan peraturan perundang-undangan untuk mencegah dan menangani kasus malapraktik medis secara efektif.

The Mughal period in Kashmir emerged as a defining era, characterized by transformative socio-economic and cultural shifts. This research delves into the multifaceted influence of the Mughal Empire on Kashmir, examining the administrative reforms, economic prosperity, architectural marvels, and the intertwining of Mughal and Kashmiri identities. While the region thrived under the Mughals, experiencing urban growth, trade expansion, and cultural renaissance, it simultaneously grappled with economic challenges, including high taxation, middlemen exploitation, and external threats. The study juxtaposes the region's advancements, such as the Zabt system and the architectural legacies of emperors like Jahangir and Shah Jahan, against the backdrop of inherent vulnerabilities and external pressures. In essence, the Mughal influence on Kashmir presents a rich tapestry of growth, integration, challenges, and resilience, offering profound insights into the complexities of regional governance and identity formation within a vast empire. This research serves as a comprehensive exploration of a historically significant period, emphasizing the nuanced interplay between power, culture, and economics in shaping the destiny of a region.

This qualitative transcendental phenomenological study aimed to explore the real-life experiences of women serving in senior-level higher education leadership positions in higher education institutions. The theory guiding this study was the Self-Efficacy Theory, as presented by theorist Albert Bandura, was used as a theoretical guide, identifying if participant's self-efficacy could be or was affected by whether or not they were successful in the studied environment, along with how others within the environment contributed to that perception as imposed by their experiences. This research employed a qualitative method, with the design being a transcendental phenomenological study. Purposeful and snowball sampling identified participants as senior-level administrative leaders in higher education institutions. It relied upon the belief that discovery, understanding, and obtaining insight from participants would provide the most significant information based on their expertise in the researched area. Participants completed a demographic questionnaire, a work self-efficacy inventory, individual interviews, and a focus group. Data collected were analyzed using a thematic approach and identified recurrent themes derived from participants' experiences, and deductive and inductive approaches were implemented. The findings of this research addressed and answered the research questions of the stated purpose and theoretical framework of this study and resulted in three key themes (a) development of interpersonal practices for women in higher education leadership, (b) women in higher education leadership and the role of self-efficacy, and (c) barriers for women in higher education leadership.

On July 16, 1969, NASA astronaut Neil Armstrong dropped himself onto the dusty surface of the Moon, momentarily followed by his lunar module pilot, Buzz Aldrin. It is simple to recognize the clear historical significance of the Apollo moon landings. It can also be easy, however, to overlook the work of thousands of individuals and decades of development that culminated in a lunar voyage. Because the moon landings were unprecedented, the hardware required had to be developed from scratch and mission protocol had to be written. Additionally, the United States was competing against its Cold War adversary, the Soviet Union, which had already thrusted a manmade satellite into orbit. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was created in 1958 to coordinate the space program of the United States. NASA was a conglomeration of various military personnel, facilities, and technology as well as an experimental aeronautics regulatory agency known as the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). As its first steps in manned space exploration, NASA began Project Mercury. It would loft America’s first astronauts into space and set the stage for further projects that ultimately led to the Apollo moon landings. Even though Project Gemini immediately preceded Project Apollo, the Mercury program set a course for the young NASA to eventually reach the Moon. The creation of NASA from military assets and NACA, its early administrative personnel and structure, as well as its first steps in Project Mercury were foundational for later success achieved by Project Apollo.

Solar energy is considered one of the most important energy sources in recent years and is used by photovoltaic panels for electricity generation, making it a valuable alternative to generate quality, stable energy and improve energy efficiency in a residence. Specifically, the study of implementing solar panels as electricity generating alternatives in homes is very important. Taking into account the above, the purpose of this research work is to present a current perspective on commonly standardized installations and innovative methodologies that use photovoltaic energy, highlighting the growth and effectiveness in other parameters such as quality, energy efficiency and others in the home energy field. The study carried out focuses on the RSL, following the procedure set by the PRISMA matrix with a representative sample of 81 articles from the Scopus and Scielo data source between the years 2019 and 2023. The results demonstrate that using photovoltaic energies provides benefits. and that help buildings and homes partially and/or completely fulfill their load as sustainable solar energy generation technologies. The findings suggest that researchers agree that the implementation of photovoltaic systems considerably improves the energy quality (33% increase) and energy efficiency (23% increase) in a residence, as well as highlighting the greatest benefit of the implementation of an isolated system in almost 44% of the articles, also considering the various data collection methods and testing mechanisms, La energía solar es considerada una de las fuentes de energía más importante en los últimos años y es utilizada por paneles fotovoltaicos para generación de electricidad, por lo que es una valiosa alternativa para generar energía de calidad, estable y mejorar eficiencia energética en una residencia. En concreto, es de mucha importancia el estudio de implementar paneles solares como alternativas generadoras de electricidad en hogares. Teniendo en cuenta lo mencionado, el propósito de este trabajo de investigación es presentar una perspectiva actual acerca de las instalaciones comúnmente estandarizadas y metodologías innovadoras, que utilizan energía fotovoltaica, resaltando el crecimiento y eficacia en otros parámetros como calidad, eficiencia energética y otros en el campo energético domiciliario. El estudio realizado se centra en la RSL, siguiendo el procedimiento marcado por la matriz PRISMA con una muestra representativa de 81 artículos desde la fuente de datos Scopus y Scielo entre los años 2019 y 2023. Los resultados demuestran que el utilizar energías fotovoltaicas se obtiene beneficios y que ayudan a los edificios y hogares en cumplir parcialmente y/o completamente su carga como tecnologías de generación de energía solar sostenible. Los hallazgos sugieren que los investigadores están de acuerdo en que la implementación sistemas fotovoltaicos mejoran considerablemente la calidad de la energía (incremento del 33%) y eficiencia energética (incremento del 23%) en una residencia, así también resaltan la mayor de la implementación de un sistema aislado casi en 44% de los artículos, considerando también los diversos métodos de toma de datos y mecanismos de ensayos

The research called "Organizational Climate and its relationship with the job performance of administrative workers at the San Carlos Private University, 2020". with general objective: Establish the relationship between the organizational climate and work performance in administrative workers of the University. And specific objectives: Identify the relationship that exists between motivation and job performance in administrative workers at UPSC Puno 2020. And determine the relationship that exists between social relationships with the job performance of administrative workers at UPSC Puno 2020. With general hypothesis: There is a significant relationship between the organizational climate and job performance in administrative workers. Regarding the methodology, the type of research is of a quantitative approach, it has the Hypothetical - deductive method, with a non-experimental and cross-sectional design. The study population was 92 administrative workers, with a non-probabilistic sample because we worked with the entire population. For data collection, the survey will be used as a technique and the questionnaire on a Likert scale as a tool. The results indicate that 46.7% of administrative workers show a high level of organizational climate and a high level of performance. There is a significance p=0.00, which is less than p=0.01, and r=0.968, which corresponds to a very high correlation, accepting the alternative hypothesis. In conclusion, the organizational climate is significantly related to job performance in administrative workers at the Universidad Privada San Carlos Puno 2020., La investigación denominada “Clima Organizacional y su relación con el desempeño laboral de los trabajadores administrativos de la Universidad Privada San Carlos, 2020”. con objetivo general: Establecer la relación del clima organizacional y el desempeño laboral en los trabajadores administrativos de la Universidad. Y objetivos específicos: Identificar la relación que existe entre la motivación y el desempeño laboral en los trabajadores administrativos de la UPSC Puno 2020. Y Determinar la relación que existe entre las relaciones sociales con el desempeño laboral de los trabajadores administrativos de la UPSC Puno 2020.Con hipótesis general: Existe relación significativa entre el clima organizacional y el desempeño laboral en los trabajadores administrativos. Referente a la metodología el tipo de investigación es de enfoque cuantitativo, tiene por método el Hipotético - deductivo, con diseño no experimental y de corte transversal. La población de estudio fue 92 trabajadores administrativos, con muestra no probabilística porque se trabajó con el total de la población. Para la recolección de datos se utilizará como técnica la encuesta y como herramienta el cuestionario en una escala de Likert. Los resultados señalan que el 46.7% de los trabajadores administrativos, muestra un alto nivel en el clima organizacional y un alto nivel en el desempeño. Se tiene una significancia p=0.00 el cual es menor a p=0.01 y un r=0.968 que corresponde a una correlación muy alta aceptándose la hipótesis alternativa. En conclusión, el clima organizacional se relaciona significativamente con el desempeño laboral en los trabajadores administrativos de la Universidad Privada San Carlos Puno 2020.

Ce chapitre traite de la réalité des procédures d'élaboration de règles par l'exécutif ayant un effet transnational, ou pour être plus précis, trans-territorial. Il cartographie le phénomène, discute de certains de ses principaux défis et envisage des approches possibles. L'élaboration de règles exécutives transnationales est donc la création de règles non législatives en dehors des limites territoriales d'un organisme tel que l'UE ou un État, dans lequel elles sont applicables. Les effets de ce phénomène très répandu doivent être examinés

The objective of the study was to analyze the administrative management and its impact on customer satisfaction of the company Nítido Marketing & Business, located in the Manta Division, Manabí province. In the development, concepts of the different authors on administrative management and customer satisfaction were reviewed. In this research, the design was non-experimental cross-sectional. The selected population corresponded to 20 employees and 5 clients of the company. The technique that helped in the investigation was the Likert scale questionnaire. Through the analysis of the results obtained, it was determined that the relationship between administrative management and customer satisfaction is positive and significant within the aforementioned company, since there is a correlation between the two variables. As well as it was evidenced that the administrative functions are all carried out in an ideal way, and through it the fulfillment of the elements of customer satisfaction, which has allowed them to achieve their objectives and develop the company., El estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la gestión administrativa y su impacto en la satisfacción del cliente de la empresa Nítido Marketing & Business, ubicada en el Cantón Manta, provincia de Manabí. En el desarrollo se revisaron conceptos de los diferentes autores sobre la gestión administrativa y la satisfacción del cliente. En esta investigación el diseño fue no experimental transversal. La población seleccionada correspondió a 20 colaboradores y 5 clientes de la empresa. La técnica que se utilizó en la investigación fue el cuestionario en escala de Likert. A través del análisis de los resultados obtenidos se determinó que la relación entre la gestión administrativa y la satisfacción del cliente es positiva y significativa, ya que existe correlación entre las dos variables. Así como también se evidenció que las funciones administrativas son todas realizadas de forma idónea, y a través de ello el cumplimiento de los elementos de la satisfacción al cliente, lo que les ha permitido el logro de sus objetivos y desarrollo de la empresa.

In this article, as a result of Russia's vassal subjugation of the Bukhara Khanate, its economic and political control, as well as its interference in its internal affairs, intensified. In accordance with the 1873 Russian Bukhara Treaty, the issue of increasing Russian infiltration into the Bukhara border areas was discussed.

This study examines the strategies that colonial authorities implemented to respond to the effects of the earthquake that hit Lima in 1687. This natural event disrupted people’s everyday li- ves and government’s quotidian matters. The extensive material destruction was evident in most buildings in the capital city of the Peruvian viceroyalty. Its local government, led by the viceroy, had to organize rapidly to design and implement several measures to tend the increasing needsof Lima’s people. In addition to this, colonial authorities were also in charge of rebuilding those building structures that symbolized royal power, as headquarters of governments’ offices and tribunals. With a depleted royal treasury, royal representatives resorted to various mechanisms to complete their building projects, reducing the burden on the kings’ treasury as much as possible. This work illustrates various cases on which colonial authorities preferred projects of reduced costs, sought alternative sources of revenues, or transferred the building cost to third parties. It is this capacity to deal with unexpected circumstances effectively overshadows traditional discour- ses of decadence about the Spanish monarchy in the late seventeenth century., Este estudo examina as estratégias que as autoridades coloniais implementaram para responder aos efeitos do terremoto que azotó Lima em 1687. Este evento natural perturbou a vida cotidiana das pessoas e as questões cotidianas do governo. A extensa destruição material foi evidente na maioria dos edifícios da capital do vice-reinado peruano. Seu governo local, liderado pelo vice-rei, teve que se organizar rapidamente para projetar e implementar várias medidas para atender às necessidades crescentes do povo de Lima. Além disso, as autoridades coloniais também foram encarregadas de reconstruir as estruturas de edifícios que simbolizavam o poder real, como sedes de escritórios de governos e tribunais. Com o tesouro real esgotado, os representantes reais recorreram a vários mecanismos para concluir seus projetos de construção, reduzindo ao máximo a carga sobre o tesouro dos reis. Este trabalho ilustra vários casos em que as autoridades coloniais preferiram projetos de custos reduzidos, buscaram fontes alternativas de receita, ou transferiram o custo da construção para terceiros. É essa capacidade de lidar com circunstâncias inesperadas que efetivamente ofusca os discursos tradicionais de decadência sobre a monarquia espanhola no final do século XVII., Este estudio examina las estrategias que implementaron las autoridades coloniales para responder a los efectos del terremoto que azotó a Lima en 1687. Este evento natural trastocó la vida cotidiana de las personas y los asuntos rutinarios del gobierno. La gran destrucción material fue evidente en la mayoría de los edificios de la capital del virreinato peruano. Su gobierno local, liderado por el virrey, tuvo que organizarse rápidamente para diseñar e implementar diversas medidas con las cuales atender las crecientes necesidades de la gente de Lima. Además de esto, las autoridades coloniales también se encargaron de reconstruir aquellas edificaciones que simbolizaban el poder real, como las sedes de las oficinas de gobierno y tribunales reales. Con un tesoro real agotado, los representantes reales recurrieron a varios mecanismos para completar sus proyectos de construcción, reduciendo la carga sobre el tesoro de los reyes tanto como fuera posible. Este trabajo ilustra varios casos en los que las autoridades coloniales prefirieron proyectos de costos reducidos, buscaron fuentes alternativas de ingresos o transfirieron el costo de la construcción a terceros. Es esta capacidad para lidiar con circunstancias inesperadas que eclipsa efectivamente los discursos tradicionales de decadencia sobre la monarquía española a fines del siglo XVII.

Constant changes in technology pose continuous challenges for higher education institutions that are training the engineers of the future. These changes are making it necessary to adapt the curriculum in order to develop the skills needed by the XXI century engineer. Moreover, instead of thinking in a large curriculum reform at a specific moment, it is necessary to define curriculum management processes that include change as a natural component of the process. In addition to these global trends, each institution has a particular context and thus, the analysis in each institution has unique characteristics, a common methodological approach, and a reference model that can be built as long as it is flexible enough to include that context. This paper describes a model developed for curriculum management inside the School of Engineering at Universidad EAFIT - Colombia. This model includes the institutional context and is based on a process approach defined by the Business Process Management (BPM) methodology. The model uses the Burlton Hexagon as a theoretical framework to identify organizational structure, strategies, policies, infrastructure, technology tools and human capital. It is also a mechanism for specifying curricular macro processes including the global and institutional context. The proposed model is based on three pillars: (a) scientific research in education, which promotes the use of the scientific method as a strategy to ensure an approach to problems based on evidence which allows the construction of educational innovation projects, (b) education engineering focused on engineering education, which transforms the learning by developing basic, professional, and transversal skills as well as those specific for an engineer of the XXI century, and (c) interactive educational communities, both face to face and virtual, as spaces for knowledge management that support collaborative working and experience-sharing, managed by its members working together promotin

This paper proposes a model that integrates the knowledge management to the business processes management in order to improve the process performance. The proposal defines the knowledge management flow as an element that interacts with part workflows and provides rules and actions in the BPMN elements in order to improve the BPM. To achieve the aim, first, a survey was made in forty Colombian' companies in order to identify the state of the practice about business process management, knowledge management and their use through the workflows; then, different elements were identified and characterized in order to achieve the integration model proposed. This was experimented in forty business workflows of the companies analyzed. A use case shows how the interactions among model elements are, and how these can improve the process performance. This experience allowed to measuring the effect that the integration had in the business process management by means of a new metric that involve the knowledge management in the workflow. Finally, it was possible conclude that the knowledge management must be part to the BPM impacting directly the workflow, in order to improve the result offered to the organizational actors and customers.

Parcial regulation on the extinction of administrative legal realities has been a fertile soil for uncertainty in Chile. Currently, the author of an act levied with penalty or tax does not know whether the excessive delay of the State in imposing it will produce a perpetual lack of definition due to the exclusion of the statute of limitations or the interruption or suspension of the period to exercise powers due to the initiation of the administrative procedure. He does not know either whether his perplexity will have an end date due to the application of fatal terms either proper or analogous (civil, criminal), or due to a declaration of procedural lapse. This uncertainty is mainly caused by the variety of postulates on the questions raised in legal literature and case law. While some contribute to the lack of definition at the expense of the perpetrator’s expectations, others try to solve it, although in a manner which may be inconsistent with public interests at stake.This paper aims to contribute to the solution of the practical problems and uncertainty caused by administrative delay or inactivity in a way that reconciles private and public interests. It proposes to recover the concept of expiry or administrative decay as a generic extinctive effect in accordance with its etymology and legal nature, to define its essential features, and to assign a specific denomination and legal regime to the causes that trigger it, namely, statute of limitations, preclusion and termination., La regulación parcial de la extinción de algunas figuras jurídicas administrativas ha sido un terreno fértil de incertidumbre en Chile. En la actualidad, el autor de un hecho gravado con sanción o tributo desconoce si el atraso excesivo del Estado en pronunciarse sobre el gravamen implicará un estado de indefinición permanente por imprescriptibilidad de la potestad o por interrupción o suspensión del plazo para ejercerla debido al inicio del procedimiento administrativo; o si su perplejidad tendrá fecha de término por aplicación de plazos de preclusión o de prescripción fatales, propios o análogos (civiles, penales), o por declaración de decaimiento procedimental. Esta incerteza jurídica se debe, principalmente, a la variedad de postulados acerca de las interrogantes planteadas en la doctrina y la jurisprudencia. Mientras unos contribuyen al estado de indefinición de la situación del autor del hecho gravado, otros procuran solucionarlo no siempre de modo coherente o en armonía con los intereses públicos en juego. Este trabajo tiene pretende contribuir a la solución de los problemas prácticos y de incerteza que produce el atraso o inactividad administrativa de un modo que compatibilice intereses privados y públicos. Se propone recuperar el concepto de caducidad o decaimiento administrativo como efecto extintivo genérico conforme a su etimología y naturaleza jurídica, definir sus rasgos esenciales, y asignar una denominación y régimen específico a las causales que lo provocan, en particular, la prescripción, la preclusión y la resolución.

Express trusts are not all the same. They are found in different contexts, have different purposes and the rules of trust law do not apply uniformly to them all. Nevertheless, the cases and scholarship retain a strong commitment to a central unity in trust law. This commitment is the idea that trust law is unified by the unique legal form of a duty to hold assets for the benefit of others. However, the integrity of this unique form is challenged by the unrelenting rise in discretionary trusts. Discretionary trusts contain doctrinal differences that challenge the archetypal legal form and the conceptual monism at the heart of trust law. This challenge requires us to ask what it means for trustees to hold assets for the benefit of others and how that meaning has changed. The object of this thesis is to answer these questions using an interpretive analysis of the legal materials. This thesis argues that there are two distinct answers to what it means for trustees to hold assets for the benefit of others. It presents two distinct models of the legal form of the trust. Fixed trusts are explained by the traditional proprietary model of trusts, which is defined by beneficiaries’ distributive entitlements. Fixed beneficiaries are entitled to be distributed specific benefits from the trust assets and those entitlements are immune from divestment at the volitional choice of another person. In contrast, discretionary trusts fit an administrative model of trusts, which is defined by beneficiaries’ procedural entitlements. Discretionary beneficiaries are not entitled to distributions but are entitled to have trustees follow procedures in making decisions about distributions. The thesis argues that the distinction between these two trust models is well established in the case law. Moreover, the administrative discretionary trust model accounts for trustees with mere powers of appointment as well as trustees with imperative trust powers. However, the thesis argues that development

The purpose of the article is to study the socio-cultural image of Tuvan officialdom in the late XIX and early XX centuries. The methodological basis of the study is the principles of historicism, objectivism, and an integrated approach. As a result, since it is known that the effective functioning of the system of state power primarily depends on the people who carry out administrative activities, it is necessary to reconstruct the socio-cultural image of Tuvan officials. Analyzing the socio-cultural image of Tuvan officialdom, it can be concluded that a special social group has been formed in traditional Tuvan society.

So far, policy formulation almost carried out by the elite, even formally the elite has the authority while the community does not. This mechanism conceptualized in the form of formulation models, such as institutional, rational and even incremental models, and especially the elite-mass model. The position of the community directly is generally relatively weak or even almost non-existent. Initiation to involve more community roles in policy formulation has carried out as much as in deliberative and participatory models, but still, the involvement of the community becomes an object, not the subject of policy formulation. This elitist model of policy formulation, especially in Indonesia, occurs both at the national, provincial and district/city levels, the latter at the village level. By these facts, it is interesting to know the potential or prospects of the community, especially at the village level, to be the subject of policy formulation at the village level. This study uses an experimental approach with the treatment of enhancing their understanding and awareness about the formulation of budgeting policies or empowerment in legal, administrative and socio-psychological aspects. This study focuses on the process of formulating village income and expenditure budgets in two villages in Sumbang District, Banyumas Regency. Methods of collecting data using focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with informants selected purposively and questionnaire methods for respondents who chosen accidentally, while analyzing data using interactive. The results of the study show the very high potential and prospects of the community to become an important part and subject to the process of the budgeting policy formulation.

En el presente trabajo de grado se planteó y realizó una reestructuración técnica administrativa para la empresa Camisetas DUNA S.A.S., con el propósito de incrementar su productividad, enfocándose en los procesos internos y externos que permiten un mayor rendimiento en la producción y en las ventas.

The subprime mortgage crisis was a devastating financial shock for many homeowners. This research uses a probabilistic matching strategy to link foreclosure records with birth certificate records from 2006 to 2010 in California to identify birth parents who experienced a foreclosure. Among mothers who did, those issued a loan during the peak of subprime lending from 2005 to 2007 were more Hispanic and socioeconomically disadvantaged than mothers with loans originating before 2005. We use a mother fixed-effects analyses of ever-foreclosed mothers issued a loan during 2006 and 2007 and find that infants in gestation during or after the foreclosure had a lower birth weight for gestational age than those born earlier, suggesting that the foreclosure crisis was a plausible contributor to disparities in initial health endowments.

Research, general and applied in particular, in administrative and accounting careers, have deficiencies, in Ecuadorian universities, however, that the law and regulations of higher education typify that: necessarily, the university must generate research Overall objective. - Determination of the causes that are limiting the development of applied research in administrative and accounting careers. The following factors were investigated: the lack of determination of the objects to be investigated; the definition of the research class, that is, whether they are pure, applied or mixed research; the identification of the type of research, quantitative or qualitative; the existence, not of research faculty; the existence or not of policies, rules and procedures focused on a methodological research guide; the existence or not of specific training; and the level of linkage with the business and institutional sectors. The methodology used in the present investigation. - The scientific and technical guidelines of applied scientific research were used, basically of a qualitative nature of an interpretive nature. Seventy-four research files were applied to teachers; and, to eighty-four professionals who work, in these areas, in several companies. Results. - The main result of the investigation was: The majority, of the investigated teachers, maintained that the works of degree do not adhere to the procedures of the scientific investigation; In addition, they stated that the main cause of this reality is the lack of scientific training, with specific contents, in administrative and accounting careers. The accounting and administrative professionals, who were working, in almost a hundred companies, at the time of the investigation, meanwhile, said that the work of graduation and graduation of these careers are not used., La investigación, general y la aplicada en particular, en las carreras administrativas y contables, tienen deficiencias, en las universidades ecuatorianas, sin embargo, de que la ley y el reglamento de educación superior tipifican que: necesariamente, la universidad debe generar investigación. Objetivo general. - Determinación de las causas que están limitando el desarrollo de la investigación aplicada en las carreras administrativas y contables. Se investigaron los siguientes factores: la falta de determinación de los objetos a investigar; la definición de la clase de investigación, esto es si son investigaciones puras, aplicadas o mixtas; la identificación del tipo de investigación, cuantitativas o cualitativas; la existencia a no de docentes investigadores; la existencia o no de políticas, reglas y procedimientos concentrados en una guía metodológica de investigación; la existencia o no de capacitación específica; y el nivel de vinculación con los sectores empresariales e institucionales. Metodología utilizada en la presente investigación. - Se utilizó los lineamientos científicos y técnicos de la investigación científica aplicada, básicamente de tipo cualitativo de carácter interpretativo. Se aplicaron setenta y cuatro fichas de investigación a docentes; y, a ochenta y cuatro profesionales que laboran, en estas áreas, en varias empresas. Resultados. - El resultado principal de la investigación fue: La mayoría, de los docentes investigados, sostuvieron que los trabajos de grado no se apegan a los procedimientos de la investigación científica; además, manifestaron que la causa principal de esta realidad es la falta de formación científica, con contenidos específicos, en las carreras administrativas y contables. Los profesionales contables y administrativos, que estuvieron laborando, en casi un centenar de empresas, en el momento de la investigación, por su parte, manifestaron que los trabajos de titulación y graduación de estas carreras no se utilizan.

Readymade garment industry is also playing a key role in fashion world as well as in countries economy. A tailor made business transform into industry how, when and what kind of strategies required which highlighted in this paper. Change is the natural law, but personalization over globalization in marketing readymade garment business can open a new challenges. Retail services are generally still produced and consumed at the same location (requiring a face-to-face interaction), despite increasing volumes of online sales. Analytical research based upon primary data which collected from manufacturer, wholesalers, retailers, and customer in Pune city through various questionnaires.This paper also made an attempt to highlight, how to convert upcoming challenges into opportunities in readymade garment business. How and what kind of Administrative and Marketing challenges force to change Readymade garment business into an industry in online shopping era.

The performance of functions in labor and commercial performance is increasingly important, especially in a market with greater competition and dynamics. Therefore, business management has focused on the definition of the workforce of an organization, as the essential element for achieving its objectives. Through this, it aims to ensure the continuity of the organization to be globally competitive. Therefore, the implementation of a manual of functions within the administrative policies motivates the workforce to respond to their knowledge, skills and abilities to perform one or another job, and about it, the administration must have the foresight to locate correct to the worker in your organization chart. Thus, workers are an important element and are the key to keeping the organization in the market as competitive as possible, adapting to their interests with the administrative strategy. The objective of this study focuses on the impact of the implementation of the manual of functions in an organization for the increase of work performance and commercial development that were based on a main titration study called Manual de Funciones Administrativas y Comerciales para la empresa D'Toditos Home S.A., on what was estimated as a result, that this administrative tool is an element of motivation for professional development by workers and commercial for the company, therefore, its implementation promotes that behaviors and attitudes achieve performance required in the organization., El desempeño de funciones en el rendimiento laboral y comercial es cada vez más importante, especialmente en un mercado con mayor competencia y dinámica. Por ello, la administración empresarial se ha centrado en la definición de la fuerza laboral de una organización, como el elemento esencial para la consecución de sus objetivos. A través de ello, pretende garantizar la continuidad de la organización para ser competitiva globalmente. Por tanto, la implementación de un manual de funciones dentro de las políticas administrativas motiva a la fuerza laboral a responder a sus conocimientos, habilidades y destrezas para realizar uno u otro trabajo, y sobre ello, la administración debe tener la previsión de ubicar de manera correcta al trabajador en su organigrama. Siendo así, los trabajadores constituyen un elemento importante y son la clave para mantener a la organización en el mercado tan competitiva como sea posible, adaptándose a sus intereses con la estrategia administrativa. El objetivo de este estudio se centra en el impacto de la implementación del manual de funciones en una organización para el incremento del rendimiento laboral y el desarrollo comercial que se fundamentaron en un estudio de titulación principal denominado Manual de Funciones Administrativas y Comerciales para la empresa D’Toditos Home S.A., sobre lo que se estimó como resultado, que esta herramienta administrativa constituye un elemento de motivación para desarrollo profesional por parte de los trabajadores y comercial para la empresa, por ello, su implementación promueve que los comportamientos y actitudes alcancen el desempeño requerido en la organización.

For South African higher education institutions to compete globally, they must be able to provide quality service to their clients and stakeholders. The increasing competition puts pressure on institutions to strive to be the best. The importance of quality service delivery cannot be over-emphasised. Students are there to receive education that will enable them to meet the market requirements which will, in turn, improve the economy of the country. Therefore, all staff members of the university, including the administrative staff of Faculty of Science and Agriculture, cannot be excluded from this. Recent challenges and the University of Limpopo have also exerted a lot of pressure on the administrative staff and secretaries to deliver quality services to its clients. The administrative staff from the Faculty of Science and Agriculture are not excluded from the above challenges, hence the study on factors affecting service delivery at the University of Limpopo focuses on them. The performance of the administrative staff in the Faculty of Science and Agriculture depends on the factors that influence them to deliver quality services in the area of the study. Service delivery at the University of Limpopo was fraught with challenges such as lack of clarity on policies and alternative strategies, inadequate resources, lack of managerial skills, monitoring and evaluation. The study also seeks to investigate the factors that hinder effective service delivery by the administration at the university. The data were obtained by means of questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. These were then used to gain a deeper understanding of the challenges that were encountered by the respondents in the area of the study. The findings of the study confirm that there are negative factors that are associated with the implementation of service delivery in the area of the study. Lack of staff development and relevant training to the administrative staff were regarded as the main challeng

The phenomenon of administrative and financial corruption is a serious phenomenon facing countries, especially developing countries and IRAQ in particular, as they began to decay in the body of their societies began to security and subsequent paralysis in the process of construction and economic development, which involve the destruction of the economy and financial and administrative capacity. The purpose of this study. To identify the manifestations of administrative and financial corruption in the country and diagnose and propose what can be proposed to address them and to ensure the reduction of its negative impact on development in terms of economic, social and administrative through the activation and consolidation of the efforts of the various bodies in the IRAQ.

DELSIGNORE, MONICA, open, Today, the administrative judge is not the judge of the “fundamental” rights affected by the administrative powers. According to the jurisprudence of the Court of cassation, pronouncing as judge of the distribution of competences between administrative and ordinary jurisdiction, the administrative judge can decide on “fundamental” rights only when they fall among the fields belonging to his exclusive jurisdiction. This theory was elaborated by the same Court almost forty years ago, when it recognized the non-degradability of a “fundamental” right, which would flow as individual right from the Constitution to the individuals and which could not become a legitimate interest even if it faces the administrative power. On the one hand, this because the legitimate interest has been considered – for a long time – a legal position unable to ensure an adequate protection to the special value of the fundamental rights. On the other hand, this theory was conceived as an answer to a practical issue: to overcome the inadequacy of the judicial protection the administrative judge could offer to all the legal positions belonging to his jurisdiction, both “fundamental” or not. Formally denying the presence of public powers in the dispute involving “fundamental” rights, the ordinary judge has been able to syndicate the legitimacy of the administrative action, becoming a model for the protection the administrative judge should have guaranteed to the legal position object of his decisions. As any emergency solution, this cannot be considered an efficient response on the long term: beyond the lack of theoretical foundations, its inefficiency descends from the uncertainty of the boundaries of the “fundamental” rights as legal positions. Beyond the introduction of an additional variable that complicates the identification of the responsible judge, the risk was that of being in presence of two different legal safeguards for equally “fundamental” legal positions, according to the recognitio, Ad oggi, il giudice amministrativo non è il giudice ordinario dei diritti “fondamentali” incisi dai pubblici poteri. Secondo l’orientamento tracciato dalla Corte di cassazione, come arbitro del riparto di giurisdizione, il giudice amministrativo può conoscere dei diritti “fondamentali” solo qualora ricadano in una materia di giurisdizione esclusiva. Ciò come eredità di una teoria elaborata dallo stesso giudice ordinario quarant’anni fa, capace di sancire l’indegradabilità come conseguenza naturale del carattere fondamentale di una posizione giuridica, in modo che essa nasca come diritto soggettivo in Costituzione e possa superare indenne il confronto coi pubblici poteri. Pertanto, i beni oggetto dei diritti “fodamentali” non potrebbero mai ricevere tutela attraverso la categoria degli interessi legittimi. Al di là delle possibili giustificazioni teoriche, tale giurisprudenza fu elaborata come risposta a un’esigenza pratica: far fronte all’inadeguatezza della protezione giurisdizionale offribile dal giudice amministrativo a tutte le situazioni giuridiche oggetto del suo sindacato, “fondamentali” o meno. Formalmente negando la sussistenza di pubblici poteri, il giudice civile ne ha vagliato il legittimo esercizio, per poi fungere da modello quanto ai mezzi che avrebbe dovuto avere a disposizione il giudice amministrativo per un’effettiva tutela delle posizioni giuridiche sottoposte al suo sindacato. Come qualsiasi soluzione emergenziale, però, essa non può considerarsi una risposta efficiente sul lungo periodo: oltre alla carenza dei fondamenti teorici, l’inefficienza consegue dall’incertezza dei limiti della categoria dei diritti “fondamentali”. Sicché, al di là dell’introduzione di un’ulteriore variabile che complica l’individuazione del giudice a cui rivolgersi, il rischio era quello di vedere attribuite due tutele differenti a fronte di situazioni giuridiche parimenti “fondamentali”, a seconda del riconoscimento o meno, da parte del giudice, di tale fondamentalità, Si, open, Galli, L

The purpose of the article is to study the socio-cultural image of Tuvan officialdom in the late XIX and early XX centuries. The methodological basis of the study is the principles of historicism, objectivism, and an integrated approach. As a result, since it is known that the effective functioning of the system of state power primarily depends on the people who carry out administrative activities, it is necessary to reconstruct the socio-cultural image of Tuvan officials. Analyzing the socio-cultural image of Tuvan officialdom, it can be concluded that a special social group has been formed in traditional Tuvan society., El propósito del artículo es estudiar la imagen sociocultural de la burocracia de Tuvan a fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX. La base metodológica del estudio son los principios del historicismo, el objetivismo y un enfoque integrado. Como resultado, dado que se sabe que el funcionamiento efectivo del sistema de poder estatal depende principalmente de las personas que llevan a cabo actividades administrativas, es necesario reconstruir la imagen sociocultural de los funcionarios de Tuvan. Al analizar la imagen sociocultural de la burocracia de Tuvan, se puede concluir que se ha formado un grupo social especial en la sociedad tradicional de Tuvan.

Ad oggi, il giudice amministrativo non è il giudice ordinario dei diritti “fondamentali” incisi dai pubblici poteri. Secondo l’orientamento tracciato dalla Corte di cassazione, come arbitro del riparto di giurisdizione, il giudice amministrativo può conoscere dei diritti “fondamentali” solo qualora ricadano in una materia di giurisdizione esclusiva. Ciò come eredità di una teoria elaborata dallo stesso giudice ordinario quarant’anni fa, capace di sancire l’indegradabilità come conseguenza naturale del carattere fondamentale di una posizione giuridica, in modo che essa nasca come diritto soggettivo in Costituzione e possa superare indenne il confronto coi pubblici poteri. Pertanto, i beni oggetto dei diritti “fodamentali” non potrebbero mai ricevere tutela attraverso la categoria degli interessi legittimi. Al di là delle possibili giustificazioni teoriche, tale giurisprudenza fu elaborata come risposta a un’esigenza pratica: far fronte all’inadeguatezza della protezione giurisdizionale offribile dal giudice amministrativo a tutte le situazioni giuridiche oggetto del suo sindacato, “fondamentali” o meno. Formalmente negando la sussistenza di pubblici poteri, il giudice civile ne ha vagliato il legittimo esercizio, per poi fungere da modello quanto ai mezzi che avrebbe dovuto avere a disposizione il giudice amministrativo per un’effettiva tutela delle posizioni giuridiche sottoposte al suo sindacato. Come qualsiasi soluzione emergenziale, però, essa non può considerarsi una risposta efficiente sul lungo periodo: oltre alla carenza dei fondamenti teorici, l’inefficienza consegue dall’incertezza dei limiti della categoria dei diritti “fondamentali”. Sicché, al di là dell’introduzione di un’ulteriore variabile che complica l’individuazione del giudice a cui rivolgersi, il rischio era quello di vedere attribuite due tutele differenti a fronte di situazioni giuridiche parimenti “fondamentali”, a seconda del riconoscimento o meno, da parte del giudice, di tale fond, Today, the administrative judge is not the judge of the “fundamental” rights affected by the administrative powers. According to the jurisprudence of the Court of cassation, pronouncing as judge of the distribution of competences between administrative and ordinary jurisdiction, the administrative judge can decide on “fundamental” rights only when they fall among the fields belonging to his exclusive jurisdiction. This theory was elaborated by the same Court almost forty years ago, when it recognized the non-degradability of a “fundamental” right, which would flow as individual right from the Constitution to the individuals and which could not become a legitimate interest even if it faces the administrative power. On the one hand, this because the legitimate interest has been considered – for a long time – a legal position unable to ensure an adequate protection to the special value of the fundamental rights. On the other hand, this theory was conceived as an answer to a practical issue: to overcome the inadequacy of the judicial protection the administrative judge could offer to all the legal positions belonging to his jurisdiction, both “fundamental” or not. Formally denying the presence of public powers in the dispute involving “fundamental” rights, the ordinary judge has been able to syndicate the legitimacy of the administrative action, becoming a model for the protection the administrative judge should have guaranteed to the legal position object of his decisions. As any emergency solution, this cannot be considered an efficient response on the long term: beyond the lack of theoretical foundations, its inefficiency descends from the uncertainty of the boundaries of the “fundamental” rights as legal positions. Beyond the introduction of an additional variable that complicates the identification of the responsible judge, the risk was that of being in presence of two different legal safeguards for equally “fundamental” legal positions, according to the recognitio

On topics related to competition, the superintendence of industry and commerce have administrative and jurisdictional functions which in most of cases have been dealt by the normative. However, there are issues that have no answer, or if there are any, they are ambiguous. Therefore, the aim of this article is to analyze the scope of the administrative and jurisdictional functions that have been entrusted to the Superintendence in matters related to competition and to review the nature of its functions, its content, and the authorities responsible for complying with them, among others. Additionally, it proposes a distinction between the people who administer the law at the superintendence, and the judges who are qualified to know those processes., La Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio cumple, en temas de competencia, funciones administrativas y jurisdiccionales de las que se ha ocupado, en la mayoría de los casos, la normativa. Sin embargo, existen cuestiones que no tienen respuesta, o respecto de las cuales, si bien esta existe, resulta ambigua. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el alcance de las funciones administrativas y jurisdiccionales confiadas a la Superintendencia en asuntos de competencia, y con ello revisar, entre otras cuestiones, la naturaleza de sus funciones, su contenido, las autoridades encargadas de cumplirlas, los controles realizados por parte de la jurisdicción (ordinaria o contenciosa) a sus decisiones administrativas y jurisdiccionales. Así como plantear las distinciones entre las personas que administran justicia en la Superintendencia y los jueces habilitados para conocer de dichos procesos.

El soft law administrativo o el uso del derecho blando es una realidad en la práctica de la Administración que facilita el logro de los fines del Estado posmoderno. Sin embargo, también es factible que en esa zona de producción normativa abundante se soslayen principios, garantías fundamentales y derechos de los destinatarios de las normas o terceros interesados. Este documento muestra la necesidad de que estos instrumentos estén alineados al principio de juricidad, ya que su procedimiento de emisión es informal y, en la escena jurídica, se les considera como carentes de efectos obligatorios y, por ende, de control judicial, Administrative soft law is a reality in the Administration’s activity which facilitates the achievement of effective and efficient results. However, this abundant informal normative production can ignore principles and fundamental rights of individuals. This document shows the need for soft law instruments to be aligned with the principle of rule of law and judicial review since their issuing procedures are not regulated, and despite the fact that the acts containing these informal rules are devoid of mandatory effects

Justicia organizacional conlleva a entender cómo los trabajadores de una empresa aprecian la toma de decisiones de los mandos directivos en la administración de una empresa. En torno a este aspecto, este trabajo tiene por objetivo establecer la percepción de la justicia organizacional de los empleados en la Universidad Técnica de Machala (UTMACH), Ecuador. Para cumplir con el propósito propuesto, se encuestaron 400 servidores de la UTMACH, teniendo como metodología de investigación el estadístico-descriptivo y exploratorio. La prueba estadística de Cronbach arrojó un alfa de 0,939, lo que significa una elevada confianza en los datos recopilados. De acuerdo con los resultados, se concluye que la percepción del talento humano difiere en cada una de las fases de la gestión administrativa, debido a que en algunos casos la comprobación estadística corroboró el hecho de que la percepción era favorable y en otros casos no generaba ningún efecto. En las fases de organización y de planificación existe cierto nivel de incidencia, sin embargo prácticamente es incipiente; es decir, el talento humano no manifiesta mayor interés ante los cambios suscitados. En cuanto a la fase de dirección, el patrón se repite de modo similar a la planificación, en vista de que la apreciación de los empleados cambia ante una modificación de las políticas aplicadas por el líder. En lo que respecta al control, no existe incidencia en la percepción del talento humano.ABSTRACTOrganizational justice entails understanding how the employees of a company appreciate the decision-making of managers in the management of a company. Regarding this aspect, this paper aims to establish the perception of organizational justice of employees at the Universidad Técnica de Machala (UTMACH), Ecuador. In order to fulfill the proposed purpose, 400 servers of the UTMACH were surveyed, having the statistical-descriptive and exploratory as research methodology. Cronbach's statistical test yielded an alpha of 0.939, which

RESUMENJusticia organizacional conlleva a entender cómo los trabajadores de una empresa aprecian la toma de decisiones de los mandos directivos en la administración de una empresa. En torno a este aspecto, este trabajo tiene por objetivo establecer la percepción de la justicia organizacional de los empleados en la Universidad Técnica de Machala (UTMACH), Ecuador. Para cumplir con el propósito propuesto, se encuestaron 400 servidores de la UTMACH, teniendo como metodología de investigación el estadístico-descriptivo y exploratorio. La prueba estadística de Cronbach arrojó un alfa de 0,939, lo que significa una elevada confianza en los datos recopilados. De acuerdo con los resultados, se concluye que la percepción del talento humano difiere en cada una de las fases de la gestión administrativa, debido a que en algunos casos la comprobación estadística corroboró el hecho de que la percepción era favorable y en otros casos no generaba ningún efecto. En las fases de organización y de planificación existe cierto nivel de incidencia, sin embargo prácticamente es incipiente; es decir, el talento humano no manifiesta mayor interés ante los cambios suscitados. En cuanto a la fase de dirección, el patrón se repite de modo similar a la planificación, en vista de que la apreciación de los empleados cambia ante una modificación de las políticas aplicadas por el líder. En lo que respecta al control, no existe incidencia en la percepción del talento humano

Efforts to reduce maternal and infant mortality through various programs including the National Health Insurance program. Midwives play an important role in reducing MMR and IMR, because the midwife is a health worker at the forefront and deal directly with the public, to provide continuous service and complete. This study aims to determine the factors that affect the participation of Independent Midwife Practice On the National Health Insurance Program in the city of Palangkaraya. The approach used in this study was an observational analytic and cross-sectional design. The population in this study are all midwives private practice located in the city of Palangkaraya in 2016. The samples included 105 midwives in private practice. Univariate analysis performed by the frequency distribution for bivariate analysis, age, education, length of practice, knowledge, communication, motivation, cooperation procedure, process claims, the administration process and tariff services using chi-square (x2) and the relationships among several variables were analyzed with multiple logistic regression , The result showed that the factors of education (p = 0.002), duration of practice (p = 0.003), procedure of cooperation (p = 0.000), the process claim (p = 0.042), and administrative processes (p = 0.001) showed a significant effect on the participation of midwives practice of independent Reviewed JKN program. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that factors of education (OR = 72.23; 95% CI = 2.38 to 218.76), p <0.05, Lama practices (OR = 79.94; 95% CI = 5.22 - 122.45, p <0.05), communications (OR = 97.98; 95% CI = 3.10 to 309.40, p <0.05) and administrative procedures (OR = 56.25; 95% CI = 4.21 to 750.77, p <0.05) simultaneously have a significant influence on the program with the participation of midwives private practices JKN. Conclusion The research results are the effect of education, length of practice, communication, cooperation procedure, process claims, an

The heralding of the university system in Sri Lanka with a single university in 1942, currently comprises of 15 universities. The University Grants Commission being its pinnacle. Thus the university system in Sri Lanka continues to exist with all of the typical problems of a state owned monopoly. This paper will explore and critically review the pressing issues in public universities. Initially the literature review was used to examine the existing Higher Education System in Public Universities. Data is heavily drawn from the University Grants Commission’s statistical reports along with annual report data and tables published by various Public Universities and was statistically analysed using quantitative techniques. Attracting a pool of talented staff is a major issue seen in Public Universities. Offering low basic salaries hinders the advent of talented MBA/engineering degree holders whereas private sector rich with attractive salaries is in the forefront. Figures reveal that the percentages of those who left were more than those appointed in years 2011 and 2013 in the Administrative, Finance and Administrative Others category. The present management and administrative capacity of universities are comparatively underdeveloped in lagging regions. Sadly till 2013, there were no professors in the Uva Wellassa and South Eastern Universities.&nbsp

Циљ рада је дефинисање и приказ универзалног иновираног модела система менаџмента квалитета заснованог на учењу и аспектима лидерства теорије комплексности. Како би се до овог циља дошло аутор је објединио учење, холистички приступ, системско размишљање, теорију комплексности, одрживост и промену парадигме у један иновирани модел, који треба да, као универзални модел, олакша организацијама прихватање и разумевање нове парадигме научне мисли, а то је парадигма комплексности. У до сада проученој литератури, није пронађен сличан модел. Примена иновираног модела треба да покаже да организације у прихватању нове парадигме, која не даје јасно дефинисане смернице, нити готово упутство за примену, могу да користе основу коју већ имају у формализованом систему менаџмента квалитета, који се може унапредити, на начине описане у раду, до нивоа комплексног адаптивног система. Као основа формализованог система квалитета узете су смернице стандарда ISO 9004:2009, за побољшање перформанси, због претпоставке да организације, које прате ове смернице већ имају јасну слику о томе шта се дешава око њих, али још увек нису у могућности да изађу изван ограничењастандарда и поред притиска који осећају. Идеја аутора била је да се иновираним моделом превазиђу ригидни оквири стандарда, а тиме оствари и боља интеракција са окружењем, већа флексибилност, иновативност и динамичност. Аутор је већ поменуту основу иновираног модела анализирао кроз сва три аспекта комплексног лидерства, адаптивног, административног и аспекта који омогућава промене. Из ове анализе произашла су питања, од којих је сачињен упитник. Упитник је упућен организацијама, а анализом добијених одговора потврђене су хипотезе изнете у раду. На тај начин дефинисан је један универзални модел система менаџмента квалитета, који може представљати основу данашњим организацијама за унапређење пословања и одрживу праксу, а који истовремено даје могућности за даље унапређење и прилагођавање актуелним захтевима организационог окружења., The aim of this dissertation is to define and display universal and innovated quality management system model based on learning and leadership aspects of complexity theory. In order to reach this goal the author has compiled learning, holistic approach, systems thinking, complexity theory, sustainability and change of paradigm shift in one amended model, which should, as a universal model, facilitate organization’s acceptance and understanding of the new paradigm of scientific thinking and that is complexity paradigm. Any similar model has not been found in the literature studied. Implementation of the innovated model should demonstrate, that organizations, in accepting new paradigm, which from its part does not give clearly defined guidelines nor “ready to use” procedure, can use as basis its formal quality management system, which can be improved in ways described in this dissertation, up to the level of a complex adaptive system. As basis of formal quality management system ISO 9004:2009 guidelines, for performance improvement, were taken, due to the condition that organizations which follow these already have a clear picture of what is happening around them, but are still not able to go ouside the restrictions imposed by the standard, regardless of pressure they feel. The author’s idea was to use this innovated model in order to overcome the rigid framework of standard and thereby achieve better interaction with organization’s environment, greater flexibility, innovation and dynamics. The author analyzed the above mentioned basis of innovated model, through all three aspects of complexity leadership, adaptive, administrative and enabling. From this analysis questions arose, which were put in a questionnaire. The questionnaire was sent to organizations and by analyzing responses obtained, hypotheses outlined in this dissertation were confirmed. This was the way to define one universal quality management system model, which could be the basis in today’s organizati

Degradacje miast mają niekiedy charakter indywidualny. Najczęściej jednak są efektem wielkoskalowych reform administracyjnych. Na osi dziejów, ziemie polskie przechodziły przez wiele takich reform, przeprowadzanych zarówno przez władze krajowe, jak i zaborcze. Stosunkowo mało znana w tym zakresie jest polska reforma z lat 1933–1934, która – zależnie od przyjętej definicji miasta – „zdegradowała” 722 ośrodki o miejskim wyznaczniku. Jej skromny rozgłos zależy od trzech głównych czynników. Po pierwsze, większość miejscowości objętych reformą znajduje się obecnie poza granicami Polski. Po drugie, reforma została wdrożona przez władze „wolnej Polski”, przez co trudno ją „zdemonizować” jak to często bywa z podobnymi reformami carskimi bądź komunistycznymi. Po trzecie, wiedza na temat reformy z 1933 i 1934 r. jest znikoma, ponieważ jest ona postrzegana przede wszystkim jako reforma gminna wyegzekwowana w celu wyrównania różnic administracyjnych zaistniałych w następstwie dawnych systemów zaborczych. Nie jednak, reforma ta ustandaryzowała również chaos panujący w strukturze miejskiej państwa, którego brak rozeznania nadal jest widoczny w licznych publikacjach. Zakładając zatem, że przemiany administracyjne w kategorii ośrodków miejskich w latach 1933–1934 wymagają szczególnego omówienia, celem niniejszego opracowania jest uporządkowanie informacji i sprostowanie często spotykanych błędów i nieporozumień. Wyniki niniejszego rozdziału wskazują, że pojęcie „utraty miejskości” wielu miejscowości od czasów zaborów po 1934 rok nie daje się ująć (i nie powinno się jego ujmować) w trybie binarnym miasto/nie-miasto. Należy rozumieć okoliczności, które czynią pojęcie miejskości w tym sensie problematycznym, szczególnie w odniesieniu do miast galicyjskich i miast Kresów Wschodnich oraz tzw. osad miejskich na terenie byłego Królestwa Kongresowego.

Degradations in Poland are sometimes made on an individual basis. Most often, however, they are the result of large-scale administrative reforms. Throughout history, the Polish lands were subject to many such reforms. Relatively little-known is the Polish reform of 1933–1934, which – depending on the definition of ‘city’ – degraded up to 722 units with some form of urban denominator. The modest notoriety of this reform depends on three major factors. Firstly, most settlements affected by it are currently outside of Polish territory. Secondly, the reform was carried out by Polish authorities, which makes it difficult to "demonize" as is often the case with the Russian reform of 1869–1870 and the subsequent “Communist” reforms of the 1950s and 1970s. Thirdly, knowledge about the reform of 1933–1934 is scarce in that it is perceived primarily as a municipal reform carried out to equalize the divergent municipal structure of Poland incurred by years of belonging to three different administrative systems following its partitions in the late 18th century. Assuming therefore that the administrative changes of 1933–1934 that affected the fates of so many urban settlements require a particular commentary, the aim of this chapter is to systematize information and to correct frequently encountered errors and misunderstandings. In terms of methodology, data have been compiled from several reliable sources, as well as by drawing on original legislation. The chapter concludes that the reform of 1933–1934 put an end to a much chaotic extant system of designating settlements as ‘urban’. As a consequence of this, I conclude that degradation of any one of the deliberated settlements – if it occurred between 1772 and 1934 – is complex and cannot be captured in a binary urban/non-urban mode. Moreover, this chapter extends its historical findings to contemporaneity, by discussing the towns’ current state and prospect of restitution.

The research aimed to identify and describe the characterization of internal control in the management of business enterprises of Peru in the 2013 period was descriptive research for information gathering bibliographic records was used. The main result is: The internal control to assess the efficiency, effectiveness, economy and productivity in companies achieving commercial grade item in many cases reaching 100 % in its objectives and targets scheduled. It also helps to minimize risks and errors or irregularities in a timely manner 80% having an adequate and efficient control for decision making in business life. The main conclusion is: The existence of control influences the different areas of the company to maximize opportunity, efficiency of operations, profitability and reliability of administrative, accounting and financial information. The setting and ambience trains staff to develop their activities and fulfill its responsibilities. Control activities are established to help ensure that the rules put in place to address any risk. This whole process is monitored to provide a reasonable degree of certainty as to the objectives of the company., La investigación tiene por objetivo identificar y describir la caracterización del control interno en la gestión de las empresas comerciales del Perú en el periodo 2013. La investigación fue descriptiva, y para recoger información se utilizaron las fichas bibliográficas. El principal resultado es: el control interno permite evaluar el grado de eficiencia, eficacia, economía y productividad en las empresas del rubro comercial, con lo que se logra en muchos casos alcanzar en un 100% sus objetivos y metas programados. También permite minimizar riesgos y errores o irregularidades en un 80% de forma oportuna, y contar con un adecuado y eficiente control para tomar decisiones en la vida empresarial. La principal conclusión es: la existencia de un control influye en las diferentes áreas de la empresa maximizando oportunidad, eficiencia de las operaciones, rentabilidad, y confiabilidad de la información administrativa, contable y financiera. El entorno o el ambiente forma al personal para que desarrolle sus actividades y cumpla con sus responsabilidades. Las actividades de control se establecen para ayudar a asegurar que se pongan en práctica las reglas para enfrentar cualquier riesgo. Todo este proceso es supervisado para proporcionar un grado de seguridad razonable en los objetivos de la empresa.

Breve historia de la evolución de la recuperación medio ambiental de las actividades extractivas en España desde sus orígenes hasta el presente. Con una visión personal, incluyendo anécdotas y curiosidades.

The results of psychometric analysis of the new technique of thinking styles diagnostics are presented. The fundamental principles of thinking style concept by A. Belousova, according to which the thinking style is determined by the dominance of a person’s function in the structure of thinking activity during the problem solving, are covered. In accordance with A. Belousova’s ideas that the collaborative thinking activity as a self-organizing system is carried out by means of functions assumed by each participant: function of generating ideas, the function of selection (review and evaluation of information), functions of sense transfer and function of implementation. Thinking of adult, acting as a complex self-organizing system, combines the same functions: generation, selection, sense transfer and implementation. In this connection, we believe that the thinking style is defined as a characteristic set of functions actualized by a person in different situations of the problem solving. Domination of generation function determines the development of initiative thinking style, selection - critical, sense transfer - administrative, implementation - practical. The results of testing the reliability and validity of a new questionnaire for the thinking style diagnostics on a representative sample of Russians are given. The author’s version of the questionnaire is presented.

Knowing the 1039 project "Development of sports and recreational cultural rights" diagnostic analysis was conducted through a SWOT, in the framework of the convention 025 of 2012, between the locality of Suba and University of Applied and Environmental Sciences UDCA different requirements in the agreement, such as logistical problems and lack of administrative support among other weaknesses were identified; then administrative intervention to agreements made college with public entities was performed. In this speech database of people who participated in sports initiatives by community leaders was supplemented, the development and consolidation of reports are supported projects implemented, was coaching in sports initiatives presented by community leaders, and finally an analysis of the results generated within the agreement was accomplished, Conociendo el proyecto 1039: “Desarrollo de los derechos culturales deportivos y recreativos”, se realizó un análisis de diagnóstico a través de un DOFA, en el marco del convenio 025 de 2012, entre la localidad de Suba y la Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales U.D.C.A. En el convenio se identificaron diferentes necesidades como los problemas logísticos y la carencia de apoyo administrativo entre otras falencias; posteriormente, se realizó una intervención administrativa a los convenios que efectúa la universidad con los entes públicos. En dicha intervención se complementó la base de datos de las personas que participaron en las iniciativas deportivas realizadas por los líderes comunitarios, se apoyó la elaboración y la consolidación de los informes de los proyectos ejecutados, se hizo un acompañamiento en las iniciativas deportivas presentadas por los líderes comunitarios, y por último se realizó un análisis de los resultados generados dentro del convenio.

В данной статье рассматривается система дошкольного образования и подходы, позволяющие решить проблему доступности дошкольного образования, в современных социально-экономических условиях при существующей социально-демографической ситуации в Российской Федерации, путем обеспечения потребности семей услугами дошкольного образования, повышением качества образовательных услуг., In this article we consider a system of preschool education and approaches to solve the problem of access to preschool education in the contemporary socio -economic conditions in the existing socio- demographic situation in the Russian Federation, by ensuring the needs of families of preschool education services, improving the quality of educational services.

Коллекция свинцовых печатей византийского Херсона постоянно пополняется за счет новых находок. Статья посвящена моливдовулам, найденным в разные годы ХХ в. и теперь находящимся в одной из частных коллекций. Печати отражают основные этапы византийской истории. Это буллы V–VIII вв., большинство из которых уникальны. Большая часть печатей датируется IX–XI вв. Они принадлежали как представителям местной администрации, так и чиновникам центрального аппарата империи. Несколько печатей принадлежали представителям знатных семей. Данные находки представляют важные сведения о контактах Херсона со столицей и другими провинциями Византии., The collection of the Byzantine Cherson lead seals is constantly replenished by new findings. This article is devoted to the molybdoboulloi being found during the 20th century and united now in a private collection. The seals reflect the main stages of Byzantine history. These are bulls of the 5th – 8th centuries, most of which are unique specimens with rare names. The dominant part is presented by seals of the 9th – 11th centuries. There are molybdoboulloi of local administration (archon Gregory, ek prosopou Sergios, strategoi Epiphanios, Leo Tzulas, John Proteuon и Soteros (?) Iasites), as well as of empire’s central apparatus (genikos logothetes Leo и Elessios; kommerkiarios Theodotos). Several seals belong to the noblemen (George Tzulas, Nicholas Kalopsichos и Constantin Maurokatakalon). All these findings provide new interesting information about the Chersonite’s broad contacts with an external world.

The objective of this paper is to describe two new administrative Swedish databases, referred to as the Belinda databases. Together, these databases contain the most detailed individual-level data on estates, bequests, and inheritances currently available. We present descriptive statistics for the key variables in the databases to give a picture of the size of estates, the content of the bequests, and who the recipients of the inheritances are. The statistics may serve as a point of reference for other scholars, but also as an illustration of the various research possibilities that the databases provide and how the data can be matched with other administrative registers. We also, briefly, describe the institutional context regarding intergenerational transfers in Sweden, including the inheritance law and the inheritance tax.