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Research on common‐ingroup identity has mainly focused on consequences and potential benefits of inclusive social categorizations. However, very little is yet known about processes and conditions that could facilitate such inclusive social categorizations. In this paper, with four studies (N = 582) set in a post‐conflict context of Bosnia and Herzegovina and with members of two ethnic groups (Bosniaks and Serbs), we have demonstrated how perceptions of intergroup moral similarity can act as an important precursor of common‐ingroup identity at the national level. We report both cross‐sectional as well as experimental evidence demonstrating how perceptions of intergroup moral similarity boost common‐ingroup identifications in socially relevant context using members of real adversary social groups. Moreover, we show that learning about outgroups' morally admirable behaviours can facilitate inclusive social categorizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Racism, the act of discrimination based on racial or ethnic group, is deeply embedded in North American history, and continues to be one of the most prevalent forms of prejudice today. The present article explores the causes of racism through four social psychological perspectives: social cognitive theory, social identity theory, social representations theory, and discursive theory. While each perspective provides its unique explanations on the causal mechanisms of racism, it is concluded that no individual theory effectively captures the multi-faceted nature of racism. Therefore, a two-fold framework integrating aspects from all four theories is proposed. Disclaimer: The present paper discusses sensitive topics regarding racial inequalities, which some may find offensive and/or traumatizing. Please read at your own discretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to differences in geographical situations and other ethnic-specific factors, different ethnic groups have developed different preferences towards migration as part of their socioeconomic norms. An ethnic group's social norms provide a sense of identification and belonging to its members, and are hence likely to influence the decision-making of the individuals within the group. We hypothesise that the effects of these norms will be attenuated when one's ethnic group is in the majority in their community. This case has been established in social psychology studies on the salience of social categories. Using the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) panel dataset combined with the 2000 and 2010 Indonesia population census data, this paper empirically investigates the role of ethnic identity in individuals' internal migration decisions in Indonesia. The estimation exploits variation in whether an individual is living as a part of the ethnic majority or minority within their community, to explain the migration rates variation. The results demonstrate that while the individuals from more mobile ethnic groups tend to have a higher probability to migrate compared to those of less mobile ethnic groups, the effect is weakened when the individuals live as part of the majority ethnic group in the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is argued that far‐right (FR) populism in the West is fuelled by inequality. In this paper, we argue that three social psychological processes are central to explaining these phenomena. We suggest that these processes are recursive although we do not specify their temporal order. Drawing on the social identity tradition, we first examine how inequality is linked to reduced social trust and cohesion, which has consequences for both low‐ and high‐income groups. We examine the known effects of perceived threat in amplifying tensions between groups and consolidating identity positions. Second, we argue that national identity consolidation is a particularly likely response to inequality, which, in turn, reduces tolerance of cultural diversity as an associated consequence. Finally, we consider the value of these strengthened national identities to those who harness them effectively to gain political ground. In this way, those who offer FR populist rhetoric aligned with nationalism can blame immigrants, "foreign" powers, and mainstream politics for both the lack of social cohesion and reduced economic circumstances of many. We conclude that FR populist leaders not only tap into the negative social consequences of inequality, their policy positions also fail to address and may even compound the situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The globalisation of international migration has increased the ethnic diversity of most ageing populations across the Western world. This has implications for gerontological research, policy and practice, and puts our understandings of ethnicity to the test. This paper presents the different perspectives that inform ethnicity scholarship (the essentialist/primordial perspective, the structuralist/circumstantialist perspective and social constructionism) and suggests that the way in which we regard ethnicity has implications for how gerontological research is designed, how policies for old age are formulated and how gerontological practice is shaped. Through a review of contemporary gerontological research on ethnicity published in some of gerontology's main journals, the paper discusses some of the trends observed and concludes that most research seems to be informed by essentialism and structuralism. This suggests that the gerontological imagination on ethnicity has yet to be informed by the latest developments in ethnicity scholarship. The paper therefore urges gerontologists to broaden their understanding of ethnicity and suggests that much could be gained if we were to let the social constructionist perspective on ethnicity and the notion of intersectionality be sources of inspiration for the gerontological imagination on ethnicity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the interest of promoting discussion between sociolinguists and social psychologists, this paper offers a social psychological perspective on some of the themes surrounding ethnicity and language that are raised by the authors of the papers in this issue. I present three psychological approaches to ethnic identity and suggest how each of these theoretical models might lead to different research questions regarding the relation between language and ethnicity. I also suggest some caveats regarding the use of self-reports of ethnic identity, particularly quantitative responses to closed-ended questions, that research on language and ethnicity suggests we should be attentive to. I conclude with some discussion of how social psychological and sociolinguistic researchers might jointly advance understanding of the link between ethnicity and language, particularly through a more fully articulated analysis of the “social context”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The provision and arrangement of care for elderly people is one of the main challenges for the future of European welfare states. In both political and public discourses elderly people feature as the subjects who are associated with particular needs, wishes and desires and for whom care needs to be guaranteed and organised. Underlying the cultural construction of the care regime and culture is an ideal type model of the elderly person. This paper analyses the discursive construction of elderly people in the discourses on care in Austria. An understanding of how elderly people as subjects, their wishes and needs and their position within society are constructed enables us to analyse, question and challenge the current dominant care arrangements and its cultural embeddings. The paper demonstrates the processes of silencing, categorisation and passivation of elderly people and it is argued that the socio-discursive processes lead to a particular image of the elderly person which consequently serves as the basis on which the care regime is built. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper shifts discussion on social diversity from ethnic diversity to broader social diversity. We explore spatial social diversity and assess opportunities to encounter diversity in an urban context. In doing so, we prepared a description of diversity in the residential communities of two cities, Leeds and Warsaw, using census data for small areas (UK 2001, Poland 2002). Selected variables were used to represent the key social dimensions of difference: demographic, socioeconomic, ethnic, and disability. A cluster analysis using a k-means algorithm was implemented for each city separately and for the two cities combined using harmonized indicators. We selected eight cluster solutions for each city which had diff erent profiles and spatial distributions. A combined cluster analysis showed that there was little overlap in community types across the two cities. The paper illustrates that Leeds and Warsaw residents experience very different opportunities to encounter difference which need to be taken into account when local diversity policies are implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper surveys the Muslim Chinese, the Hui, as a minority ethnic group in their social interaction with the non-Muslim Chinese, the Han, in China. The findings show that the Hui in China remain a marginalized group with little influence on the political and economic affairs in China. It is also confirmed that since Islam is practised as a comprehensive way of life, which is different from the non-Muslim Chinese ways, the Han majority recognize the Hui only as a minority ethnic group. The paper examines three phases of relationships between the Muslim Hui and the non-Muslim Han. First, there is peaceful co-existence between the two groups while the Hui resist the great force of assimilation and acculturation of non-Muslim ways. In the second phase there is intensification of discrimination and persecution of the Hui by the non-Muslim Chinese who perceive them as a threat, and both parties entertain mutual stereotypes, suspicion and hostilities. In the third phase, the Muslim Chinese cannot take the pressure of the intensified prejudice, persecution and discrimination, and so they revolt against the Han. These three kinds of relationships continue to exist between the Muslim Hui and the non-Muslim Han in China depending on the delicate and complex situations of the two groups in various parts of contemporary China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the intersections of diversity, namely the identity markers of ethnicity, gender, age, and immigrant status, in the area of health and well-being. Based on findings from recent studies on the determinants of health status and health care utilisation patterns of immigrant and native-born Canadians in mid-to later life (Dunn and Dyck, 1998; Globerman, 1998; Kopec, Williams, To and Austin, 2001; Perez, 2002), the paper examines issues of representation, inclusion, and access to health care services from both qualitative and quantitative perspectives. Specifically, the focus is on identifying and understanding the connections between ethnicity, gender, age, immigrant status, charter language ability, and health care accessibility and utilisation over the adult life course. A recent study, based on analyses from 1996-1997 National Population Health Survey data, examining the intersections between age, health, immigrant status, and language ability is highlighted. The paper concludes with a discussion on the implications of this research for policy and program development targeting specific intersection sub-groups (e.g., South Asian older adult women for screening tests). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As we belong to a host of groups, we have a multitude of social identities that are interdependent. Social identity complexity refers to the degree of overlap between cross-cutting group memberships while social identity inclusiveness to the range of people a person identifies with through shared group membership. In this paper, we explored the relationship between the complexity and inclusiveness of social identity, and feelings toward ethnic/religious in-groups, as well as feelings toward outgroup members. The research was conducted in two cities in Serbia: Belgrade and Novi Pazar (N = 178; average age 23), allowing for comparisons between young Serbs and Bosniaks, who belonged to the groups with a recent history of conflict. We found that social identity complexity was unrelated, whilst social identity inclusiveness was systematically and positively related to more positive feelings toward religious and ethnic out-groups. This effect was significant across different ethnic groups (Serbs and Bosniaks) and local contexts (Belgrade and Novi Pazar). Both social identity complexity and inclusiveness were unrelated to emotions toward members of the own group. We related these results with the existing data on the social identity structure and intergroup relations, and discussed the importance of inclusive identities for building tolerant societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of our paper is a concise review of the various approaches to the concept of ethnic community, starting from the classical ones and ending with the postmodern ones. Emphasis is laid on the constructivist and constructionist approaches, and our conclusions point out that an individual's belonging to an ethnic group is an ever-changing social construct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper expands on the ethnolinguistic repertoire approach to consider the use of a broad linguistic repertoire by a single speaker in the construction of a multivalent identity. African American speakers in North America are often analyzed from an ethnolectal perspective, and placed in contrast to (white) speakers of regional varieties of American English. A close analysis of three features – one that is traditionally ethnolectal (copula absence as a feature of African American English), one that is traditionally dialectal ( bought -raising as a feature of New York City English), and one that is potentially either (non-rhoticity in the syllable coda) – reveals intersectional identification practices that go beyond ethnicity and regional identity. The results of a variationist analysis of a community sample of speakers from the Lower East Side of Manhattan is contrasted with a micro-analysis of the repertoire of a single speaker, with the repertoire analysis demonstrating the fluid nature of speaker identity and of the boundaries between ethnolect and dialect in New York City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the use of features classically considered AAE (Labov, 1972, Rickford, 1999; Wolfram and Thomas, 2002; Green, 2002) by adult white women with significant social ties with African Americans and explores why some members of a dominant ethnic group adopt the linguistic features of a non-dominant ethnic group with whom they have social ties, while others with similar social ties do not. Participants’ use of a constellation of phonological features associated with AAE is considered, and an exemplary variable which represents this constellation—/l/ vocalization—is analyzed. Through implementation of an ethnographically-informed multi-category quantitative metric of social and cultural practice, the density and affective quality of speakers’ ties to members of the African American community throughout the stages of their lives is measured (cf. Milroy, 1980; Bortoni-Ricardo, 1985), as is speakers’ participation in aesthetic practices associated with their African American cohorts (cf. Bourdieu, 1991; Adli, 2006). Intra-group variation in use of AAE phonological features is evident within the sample; participants also vary with regard to their adoption of other semiotic practices linked to African American ethnicity. These findings reveal that there is no static way of “being” a white woman with African American social ties. Additionally, differentiated use of ethnically-marked linguistic features and participation in other ethnically-marked aesthetic and cultural practices are not only reflective of speakers’ varied social ties, but also signify speakers’ varied personal ideologies about the boundaries of ethnic identification, as evidenced in discursive commentary from the speakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ancestral claims on an individual can evoke mental conflict when they involve separating from an ethnic group whose beliefs and customs are devalued by the dominant culture. However, these claims are engraved on the psyche early in development by caretakers to the level of pre-object relatedness, where contents and affect tones are implicit and may be unavailable for later psychoanalytical interventions. In addition, as the anthropologist Clifford Geertz notes, one's culture of origin precedes the development of psyche and creates its own set of claims that must be renegotiated when one encounters a different domain of cultural symbols, a confrontation that can produce psychological dissonance and self-alienation. In this paper, three cases are examined in which mental conflicts were evoked by attempts at divesting ancestral claims in response to conscious efforts to assimilate into the dominant culture. These patients suffered from separation guilt and unstable self-esteem and reported dream imagery suggesting psychological imbalance. The requirement to carefully delineate the ancestral claims on psyche as well as those contents and affects that may not be accessible to therapeutic intervention is emphasized, and the importance of compromise and acceptance with respect to the psychological demands of the unconscious are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I consider the applicability of liberal, ethno-national and post-national perspectives of citizenship to the concept of membership in Israeli society. I examine attitudes of Jews regarding the allocation of social rights to new immigrants arriving under the Law of Return, Israeli Arabs, and labour migrants. Analysis shows that the framework that guides access to the goods of citizenship displays a hierarchical mode that reflects two main membership discourses. The first is the liberal discourse, which differentiates between citizens (Jewish immigrants and Arabs) and non-citizens (labour migrants) in entitlement to rights. The second is the ethno-national discourse which discriminates between Jewish and Arab citizens. Although the distinction between Jewish and non-Jewish citizens is evident, the impact of 'citizenship status' on discriminatory attitudes to out-group members is stronger than the impact of 'ethnic origin' (i.e. Arab) migrants in Israel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the socio-economic, political, and cultural transformations that have been taking place in South America during the past ten years, particularly in Ecuador, Venezuela, and Bolivia. Whereas at the level of the states the transformations do not seem to venture beyond alternative forms of modernization, the discourses and strategies of some social movements suggest radical possibilities towards post-liberal, post-developmentalist, and post-capitalist social forms. To entertain such a possibility requires that the transformations in question be seen in terms of a double conjuncture: the crisis of the neoliberal project of the past three decades; and the crisis of the project of bringing about modernity to the continent since the Conquest. At stake in many cultural-political mobilizations in Latin America, it is further argued, is the political activation of relational ontologies, such as those of indigenous peoples and Afro-descendents, which differ from the dualist ontologies of liberal modernity. Al maestro Orlando Fals Borda, luchador incansable, In Memoriam, por su honestidadintelectual y su compromiso politico con America Latina, con la vida y con el mundo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is currently little research on the therapeutic alliances in family therapy, and even less on those from minority ethnic backgrounds. This paper reports on how British South Asians attending family therapy perceive the alliances, and compares this to the constructs of a newly developed tool – the System for Observing Family Therapy Alliances. Nine participants were interviewed and thematic analysis was employed to analyse the data. The results suggest that certain aspects of the alliances may need more attention when working with this ethnic group. These are safety in front of the therapist and emotional connection to the therapist (including feelings towards the reflecting team and consideration of ethnically matching therapist and client). In general, the quality of the alliance is seen as more important than employing culturally specific techniques. The implications for diversity and family therapy training are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have demonstrated that organisations exert a powerful impact on their members, but the mechanisms through which this occurs are not well understood. In the present paper, using social identity and self-categorisation theories as theoretical frameworks, we explore the role that social identity plays in affecting individual well-being of staff ( N= 113) and students ( N= 693) in two Australian high schools. Well-being includes positive aspects of personal functioning, such as self-esteem, positive affect, and job involvement, but also negative aspects, such as depression, anxiety, loss of emotional control, aggressive and disruptive behaviour. In line with predictions, social identification was significantly related to, and mediated the relationship between, organisational factors and individual psychological well-being. This work provides a bridge between social psychological concepts and the clinical and educational domains. It reinforces the need to integrate the role of the social self and social identity processes in understanding the (individual) psychology of the person. De nombreuses études ont montré que les organisations ont un impact puissant sur leurs membres, mais les mécanismes sous jacents n’ont pas été mis à jour. Dans cet article, en utilisant les théories de l’identité sociale et de l’auto-catégorisation comme cadres théoriques, nous explorons le rôle que l’identité sociale joue sur le bien-être individuel du staff ( N= 113) et des étudiants ( N= 693) dans deux écoles secondaires australiennes. Le bien-être comprend des aspects positifs relatifs au fonctionnement personnel, tel que l’estime de soi, l’affect positif et l’engagement à l’emploi mais aussi des aspects négatifs comme la dépression, l’anxiété, la perte de contrôle émotionnel, un comportement agressif et perturbé. En accord avec les hypothèses, l’identification sociale a significativement un rapport à, et intervient sur la relation entre des facteurs organisationnels et le bien-être psychologique individuel. Ce travail établit un lien entre des concepts psychosociaux et les domaines cliniques et relatifs à l’éducation. Il renforce le besoin d’intégrer le rôle des processus du soi social et de l’identité sociale dans la compréhension de la psychologie (individuelle) de la personne. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we focus on a key psychological principle underlying pluralism, subgroup respect, defined as feelings that one's subgroup is recognized, accepted, and valued by members of a common group (e.g. Americans' respect for various ethnic subgroups). Analyzing survey data collected from a large and diverse sample of respondents in two US cities (Oakland, California, and Los Angeles; N = 1,229), we found that subgroup respect was linked to more positive evaluations of America and its ethnic groups, but only among African Americans and Latinos. Among Whites, personal respect (i.e. how Americans feel about the individual) was a better predictor of the assessed attitudes (affect toward Americans, distrust of the justice system, and ingroup favoritism) than subgroup respect. Advocates of pluralism suggest that acknowledgment and regard for valued subgroup identifies will have a unifying effect on the social system. The data here, while generally consistent with this perspective, suggests, however, that the unifying influence of subgroup respect is limited to members of ethnic minority groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on research examining prospective and established teachers' conceptualization and practice of antiracism pedagogy. Views reveal great variability in pedagogical and ideological positions that include unexamined assumptions about students' differential commitments to education across racial and ethnic groups, and fear of abandoning an unnamed Canadian norm. To challenge teachers' conceptualization and practice of antiracism, this study systematically develops transformative possibilities for a teacher education praxis designed to link other social movements for social justice issues. The authors suggest moving the issues of social difference, race and antiracism into mainstream scholarship, ensuring teacher commitment to the cause of social justice and engaging participants in critical reflective practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to suggest that certain types of grouping are associated with radical and gradual types of assimilation and fusion. I will apply the distinction between the corporate and noncorporate group to the processes of ethnic regrouping. This distinction should serve to give a structural focus to studies of ethnic relations and thus will supplement the social psychological approaches. In the concluding section, in which the wider implications of corporateness are discussed, it will be seen that such a distinction will facilitate the comparison of ethnic groups with other types of groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the ethnonational identity, security and implosion of Yugoslavia focusing on the relationship between Montenegro and Serbia. Perception of a power vacuum throughout the former communist bloc after the collapse of communism; Failure of the discipline of international relations in dealing with the outbreak of ethnic conflicts throughout the contemporary world stage; Normative and policy questions raised by the proliferation of post-Cold-War ethnic for the international community.