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Acacia nilotica, a versatile plant with diverse medicinal properties, has gained significant attention in recent years. This study focuses on the identification and quantification of phenolic compounds in various parts of A. nilotica, including leaves, stem, and roots, using a high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD) method. The investigation reveals the presence of 10 bound phenolic compounds in different parts of A. nilotica, employing the base hydrolysis method, while seven free phenolic compounds are quantified using an ultrasonic-assisted extraction technique, i.e. sonication. Furthermore, the study explores the bioactivity of these phenolic compounds through DPPH radical scavenging assays, showcasing their antioxidant potential, with values ranging from 41.31 to 150.49 μmol/100g quercetin equivalents. Notably, the stem exhibits higher concentrations of absolute flavonoids (42.77 mg/g) and total tannins (33.61 mg/g) compared to other plant parts. Additionally, the antimicrobial properties of A. niloticaextracts are evaluated against two distinct microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus(Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative). The results demonstrate significant antimicrobial activity against both types of bacteria. Among the plant’s components, the leaf extract exhibits the highest antimicrobial activity, with an inhibition zone of 2 mm at a concentration of 10 µg/mL. The selected samples are good sources of phenolic compounds as well as bioactive compounds with promising antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the therapeutic potential of A. niloticaand may pave the way for its utilization in various pharmaceutical and healthcare applications.

This study proposes a novel method for streaming data compression and encoding protocols based on generative adversarial networks (GANs) and fuzzy logic. The concept of GAN and fuzzy logic integration creates a different prospect as compared to the existing multimedia streaming data compression and security protocols. This article proposed a collaborative model for multimedia data compression by integrating GAN with fuzzy logic. It guarantees data compression using a secure channel for the verification platform of multimedia-enabled videos. Thus, it defines a fuzzy-based weight function for controlling the frequency of the current objects by the contents that effectively handle a string of code generation, which is designed and developed. It also eliminates adversarial loss removes streaming data redundancy and saves resource constraints using static–dynamic memory, transmission bandwidth, and computational power. In addition, this proposed model reduces the number of lossless video files before encryption by increasing the entropy of the sequence of coded images. Fuzzy logic code provides a more secure multimedia information mapping on the code contents. Substantially, the private key is generated when multimedia-enabled video files are embedded and sent to the receiver, and decoding information is possible using the same key. To illustrate the simulation of the theoretical results and model experiments are performed under the Python 3.9 tool. The experimental results show that a better compression ratio is achieved compared with the other state-of-the-art models. There is no difference between the original video and the compression after decoding, and the rate is increased to over 30.13%.

In parallel and distributed computing, cloud computing is progressively replacing the traditional computing paradigm. The cloud is made up of a set of virtualized resources in a data center that can be configured according to users’ needs. In other words, cloud computing faces the problem of a huge number of users requesting unlimited jobs for execution on a limited number of resources, which increases energy consumption and the network cost of the system. This study provides a complete analysis of classic scheduling techniques specifically for handling data-intensive workloads to see the effectiveness of the energy and network costs of the system. The workload is selected from a real-world data center. Moreover, this study offers the pros and cons of several classical heuristics-based job scheduling techniques that take into account the time and cost of transferring data from multiple sources. This study is useful for selecting appropriate scheduling techniques for appropriate environments.

Byline: Ghulam Ali Buriro, Aftab Ahmed Charan and Muhammad Ali Keywords: Superhero, Symbolism, Allegory, Genre, Screen Fiction, Movies Introduction Symbolism inevitably runs in literature with its vast connotative facets. In [...]

Nowadays, cloud computing has gained popularity because it provides a platform for pay-as-you-go services, including hardware, software, and operating environment. However, technological resources cannot only be shared, but allocated on-demand to various users. With the emerged rate of inevitable vulnerabilities and network crime activities all over the globe, cybercriminals targets cloud environments. So, the demand for digital investigation is increased drastically. These extreme challenges pose serious issues for the cloud investigation. It has an impact on the researcher community of digital forensics as well. The cloud service providers and customers have yet to establish adequate forensics capacity and support digital forensics investigations on cybercrime activities in the cloud. In this paper, we present a digital forensics-enabled cloud investigation framework. In addition, we survey previous related works based on existing cloud forensics practices, fog forensics, edge forensics, and law and highlight the significant role of cloud computing in digital forensics. Finally, we discuss the technical challenges and limitations along with the future directions.

Curricula timetabling belongs to the scheduling and planning domain of artificial intelligence, the problem largely recognised by its key importance for initiating and afterward regulating the curricula events. In the literature the issue is reflected as a resources management job against puzzling constraints. The group of hard constraints requires the vital priority and must be removed, whereas the degree of solving of soft constraints upraises the quality scale and leads to optimal solution at the end. Constraint programming is one of the contemporary techniques that shape the research work presented in this article. The research investigates a constraint programming framework to examine over the various datasets. The study proposes and implements three incremental low-level heuristics operated by min-conflict algorithm approach for solving identical but unequal benchmark scheduling instances. The framework is designed in such way to provide fair chance of randomisation and incremental calculation to parameters in order to keep up the accuracy. The acquired prominent results validated the effectiveness and correctness of proposed methodology.

Acacia nilotica, a versatile plant with diverse medicinal properties, has gained significant attention in recent years. This study focuses on the identification and quantification of phenolic compounds in various parts of A. nilotica, including leaves, stem, and roots, using a high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD) method. The investigation reveals the presence of 10 bound phenolic compounds in different parts of A. nilotica, employing the base hydrolysis method, while seven free phenolic compounds are quantified using an ultrasonic-assisted extraction technique, i.e. sonication. Furthermore, the study explores the bioactivity of these phenolic compounds through DPPH radical scavenging assays, showcasing their antioxidant potential, with values ranging from 41.31 to 150.49 μmol/100g quercetin equivalents. Notably, the stem exhibits higher concentrations of absolute flavonoids (42.77 mg/g) and total tannins (33.61 mg/g) compared to other plant parts. Additionally, the antimicrobial properties of A. niloticaextracts are evaluated against two distinct microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus(Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative). The results demonstrate significant antimicrobial activity against both types of bacteria. Among the plant’s components, the leaf extract exhibits the highest antimicrobial activity, with an inhibition zone of 2 mm at a concentration of 10 µg/mL. The selected samples are good sources of phenolic compounds as well as bioactive compounds with promising antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the therapeutic potential of A. niloticaand may pave the way for its utilization in various pharmaceutical and healthcare applications.

Byline: Dr. Malik Ajmal Gulzar, Ghulam Ali Buriro and Aftab Ahmed Charan Abstract This specific research aims to find out the rubric effects on raters' reliability with connection to language [...]

Byline: Muhammad Mooneeb Ali, Ghulam Ali Buriro and Aftab Ahmed Charan Abstract This paper investigates the phenomena of wide spread borrowing and mixing of English words and phrases into Urdu [...]

Digital forensics (DF) is the scientific investigation of digital criminal activities, illegal attempts, and cyber-attacks through computer systems. It is becoming a crucial aspect of law enforcement agencies, court law, and business farms to identify, preserve, examine, and analyse digital evidence using proof approve and efficient techniques for eventual demonstration of evidence that help to take further actions. This review paper explores the different methodologies and frameworks related to digital forensics investigation and incident response, and explain the impact of forgery and tampering in the evidence chain-of-custody. Moreover, we highlight a list of popular investigation tools along with the features in terms of distinct prospects. Finally, we have evaluated and examined various applications, implementation research challenges, and limitations. The open research areas and future directions also address which need concern for a better and more efficient digital investigation.

Tight gas sandstone production faces enormous challenges from marginal matrix porosity and permeability in rock formations. In this regard, the liquid nitrogen (LN2) treatment remedy has been suggested as an appropriate stimulation approach to resolve this issue. An experimental study was carried out to investigate the cryogenic liquid nitrogen fracturing of tight rock sandstone to enhance gas recovery from such reservoirs. Three core samples from the Kirthar fold belt were subjected to LN2treatment for 30, 60, and 90 min. Petrophysical characterization was performed through scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, nanoindentation measurements, and quantitative X-ray diffraction technique. The results reveal wide conductive fractures with an optimum size of 30 μm in the 90 minutes treatment case. Moreover, petrophysical measurements show that porosity increases from 8 to 19% at an optimal liquid nitrogen (LN2) treatment duration (90 minutes). Furthermore, the permeability of the samples increased from 31 to 53 md after treatment with liquid nitrogen. Results from nanoindentation studies after LN2treatment revealed a significant decrease in nanoindentation moduli because of the increase in cracked rock compressibility.

We conducted the molecular epidemiological study of cattle in Lahore from August 2007 to July 2008. Faecal samples were collected from four different areas, i.e. Military dairy farm, Government dairy farm, Gawala dairy colonies and House hold dairy animals. The faecal samples were purified and the number of cysts purified and quantified. DNA was extracted from the purified cyst and was amplified through PCR. The study revealed the prevalence 31.11% ( 224/720), amongst these the high prevalence was recorded in Govt. dairy farm (46.11%), followed by Gawala dairy colonies (36.11%), Military dairy farm (25.55%) and lowest was recorded in household dairy animals (16.66%). The age-specific herd prevalence was (41.66%) and (27.59%) young and older cattle, accordingly. The high prevalence was observed in female (31.71%) as compare to the male (26.25%). The season wise prevalence was recorded higher in autumn (36.66%) followed by summer (34.58%), spring (30%) and lowest was recorded in winter (25%).The statistical analysis revealed the higher significant in all areas and also in age, sex and season wise (p Keywords: Giardia | Cattle: Prevalence | PCR, Introduction Giardia lamblia, also called Giardia duodenalis or Giardia intestinalis, is a protozoan parasite of the small intestine that causes extensive morbidity worldwide. Giardia was organism seen under the microscope [...]

PurposeGlucansucrase is an industrially important enzyme that is produced by different species of bacteria like Leuconostoc, Streptococcus and Acetobacter. Among them Leuconostoc mesenteroides is used for the production of glucansucrase that catalyzes the synthesis of a commercially important long chain glucose polymer known as glucan on industrial scale.Due to its increasing demand in various biotechnological industries, isolation of new strains of Leuconostoc mesenteroides for the production of glucansucrase and glucan is of valuable importance.MethodsNew strain of Leuconostoc mesenteroides AA1 was isolated and various biochemical conditions and aspects regarding extracellular glucansucrase activity have been optimized. Glucansucrase was purified to homogeneity using conventional chromatographic techniques. Amino acid analysis and N-Terminal sequence of the purified enzyme was also performed. ResultsGlucansucrase [EC 2.4.1.5] was purified to homogeneity with an overall purification factor of 162.5 times, with a specific activity of 2692 DSU/mg. The native protein showed a molecular mass of 177,000 Da by SDS PAGE. The enzyme exhibited optimum catalytic activity at 35 [degrees]C and pH 5.0 with 0.1 M citrate phosphate buffer. The kinetic constants [k.sub.m] and [V.sub.max] were estimated as 69.88 mM and 61.75 DSU/ml/hr, respectively. The amino acid composition of the enzyme showed that the enzyme is rich in both the basic and polar/hydrophilic amino acid and is less rich in acidic amino acids. The first six amino acid residues at the N-terminal end are D-S-T-N-T-V. ConclusionsThis novel extracellular glucansucrase is significant for industrial perspective and is therefore suggested that this strain can be used for the production of glucansucrase and high molecular weight glucan on a large scale. Keywords: Leuconostoc mesenteroides | Glucansucrase | Glucan | Characterization | Dextransucrase | Purification, Introduction Glucansucrase is a glucosyltransferase (E.C. 2.4.1.5) that catalyzes the transfer of glucosyl residues from sucrose to glucan polymer and liberates fructose. Glucan is a high-molecular-mass polymer ([10.sup.7] to [10.sup.8] [...]

Table of Contents Abstract Introduction Aetiologies Conclusions References Abstract The vast majority of sensorineural hearing loss cases are irreversible. However there is a significant proportion of cases in which the [...]

The Mancos shale core sample investigated in the present research has been extracted from the late Cretaceous (upper cretaceous) geologic formation of USA. Shale gas is usually obtained by horizontal drilling which induces fractures to increase the flow ability of hydrocarbons. Therefore, it is important to understand the mechanical properties, heterogeneity, and their complexities associated with elastic properties of shale. An experimental study was conducted to examine the morphological characteristics of the Mancos shale core sample both pre- and post-treatment with cryogenic liquid nitrogen (LN2) for various immersion times, namely, 30, 60, and 90 min. The atomic force microscopy technique is used to understand the surface roughness, irregularities in core samples, and for more accuracy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results were employed to visualize the formation of cracks caused by cryogenic liquid nitrogen. Results from SEM showed an increase in the fracture size from 2 to 25 μm with an increase in the aging time up to 90 min under the atmosphere of cryogenic LN2. Nano-indentation measurements revealed that the nano-indentation moduli of the Mancos samples subjected to applied forces of 50 and 200 mN underwent a decrease from 24.6 to 16.8 and 15.6 GPa, respectively, with an increase in cryogenic liquid nitrogen treatment time to 90 min. The permeability of the shale samples after LN2treatment showed a significant increase, whereas increasing net confining stress from 1000 to 7000 psi for all untreated and treated rock samples exhibited a decrease in permeability, which is attributed to increased compaction between the pore spaces. Moreover, the porosity of the Mancos shale increased from 3.78 to 6.92% for pretreated and treated rock samples.

Avian influenza(AI) is a highly contagious and zoonotic viral disease that affects several animal species. It causes heavy economic losses in the domestic poultry. A quick response is always desired in the event of any disease outbreak. The principal approach to control a contagious disease involves the killing of diseased animals along with the bio containment of infectious agent. Mass depopulation of the infected birds plays an important role in the eradication of the disease. The possible strategies for mass depopulation include maceration, electrocution, cervical dislocation, gassing and foaming. All of these procedures are much intensive and time consuming because it involves a lot of man power, biosecurity risks, applicability for all house types and suitability for large-scale emergency implementation. The basic objectives of these strategies include (1) To reduce pain and suffering to the birds, (2) To minimize disease spread and (3) To ensure of protection to human operators from potential biohazards. A suitable depopulation technique can only be suggested keeping in view the species and type of bird involved, and differences in husbandry practices like management, housing and stocking density. Mass depopulation is an important tool to control the spread of any disease but the selection of procedure depends upon the prevailing circumstances. In this paper, various mass depopulation strategies and their selection in different conditions is reviewed and discussed.

Much of the current literature suggests that the creation of a sympathetic internal culture is an important factor in the success of relationship marketing but some research shows that a more important variable is the entrepreneurial orientation of the SME, while admitting that there is no universally agreed definition of the term 'entrepreneur'. Relationship marketing as a concept and practice has become well established and involves the firm in assessing and modifying its corporate culture. A study was undertaken to see how SMEs use relationship marketing in developing their business. Their entrepreneurial orientation was categorised by the nature of their planning activity such as new product development and/or new market creation and exploitation. The study showed that all acknowledged and claimed to use relationship marketing to some extent. The entrepreneurial sub-sample exhibited a statistically significant difference to their non-entrepreneurial competition. They have more employees, have grown more and, as a group, had lost fewer customers. They practise relationship marketing more competently. Several conclusions can be drawn. It is difficult to create a competitive edge by only using relationship marketing; however, entrepreneurial firms use it in a more effective way. Entrepreneurial SMEs use internal employee incentives more effectively. A key factor is continuous personal customer contact. For the entrepreneurial SME, customer retention and development is at the heart of relationship marketing and needs to be undertaken in a calculated manner. Provided that entrepreneurial behaviour is not thought to be an inherited ability, less entrepreneurial SMEs can strive to emulate the successful behaviour of those that are more entrepreneurial.

When it comes to the enforcement of corporate governance, regulatory bodies play a leading role in enforcing the related regulations in entirety. The Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP), since its inception, has been at the forefront in driving Pakistan's economy on the path of sustainable growth and fiscal and financial stability. However, when the SECP frames a new regulation or law in the realm of corporate governance, it must take all stakeholders and concerned authorities on board. [Extracted from the article]

A brain-computer interface (BCI) affords real-time communication, significantly improving the quality of lifecycle, brain-to-internet (B2I) connectivity, and communication between the brain and external digital devices. This assistive technology innovates information and communication development paradigms, such as directly connecting the brain and multimedia devices to the cyber world. The system converts brain information to understandable signals for multimedia devices without physical interference and replaces human-based languages with the external environment control protocols. This advancement challenges and limits security severely. For this reason, the rate of attacks, malware, ransomware, and other types of vulnerabilities is increasing drastically. Another reason is the need to improve traditional procedures to investigate cyberenvironment security aspects. Also, these malicious attackers' prime objective is to harm personal information, enable content security and privacy protocols and physical systems integrity, and create high risk between system and consumers. However, security's capital importance stems from the growing number of wearables (on-body) and in-body wireless devices. These limitations affect personal and healthcare wireless networks during the communication (such as on-chain and off-chain) between human and wearable sensors (sense and transmit) and actuators. This paper presents a novel, secure Blockchain Security Module (BSM) for BCI with Multimedia Life Cycle Framework (MLCF) (BSM-BCIMLCF) that safely connects wearables while investigating the present-day BCI life cycle (BCILC) protection. It homogenizes a Blockchain-based distributed permission network approach to overcome existing challenges. The Blockchain enables assistant cybersecurity for BCI distributed applications to identify brain operations in real-time.

A previous study conducted in rat-1 cells expressing alpha(1A)-adrenergic receptors showed that phenylephrine (PHE) stimulates phospholipase D (PLD) activity. This study was conducted to determine the contribution of protein kinase C (PKC) to PHE-induced PLD activation in these cells. PKC inhibitors bisindolylmaleimide (BIM) I and Ro 31-8220, but not G 6976 or a pseudosubstrate peptide inhibitor of PKCalpha, decreased PLD activity and arachidonic acid release elicited by PHE. However, antisense oligonucleotides directed against PKC alpha, delta, epsilon, and eta reduced PKC isoform levels by about 80% but failed to alter PHE-induced PLD activation, indicating that these PKC isoforms are not involved in PLD activation elicited by alpha1A-adrenergic receptor stimulation. Ectopic expression of a kinase-deficient mutant of the PKC-related kinase PKN significantly attenuated PHE-induced PLD activation. On the other hand, BIM I and Ro 31-8220 blocked PHE-mediated increase in intracellular Ca2+ but G 6976 and the peptide inhibitor did not. In the absence of extracellular Ca2+, PHE failed to increase PLD activity. These results indicate that alpha1A-adrenergic receptor-stimulated PLD activation is mediated by a mechanism independent of PKCalpha, delta, epsilon, and eta, but dependent on a PKC-related kinase, PKN. Moreover, PKC inhibitors BIM I and Ro 31-8220 block PHE-induced PLD activity by inhibiting calcium signal. Caution should be used in interpreting the data obtained with PKC inhibitors in vivo.

Mountains regions like Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) province of Pakistan are solely dependent on seasonal snow and glacier melt. In Indus basin which forms in GB, there is a need to manage water in a sustainable way for the livelihood and economic activities of the downstream population. It is important to monitor water resources that include glaciers, snow-covered area, lakes, etc., besides traditional hydrological (point-based measurements by using the gauging station) and remote sensing-based studies (traditional satellite-based observations provide terrestrial water storage (TWS) change within few centimeters from the earth’s surface); the TWS anomalies (TWSA) for the GB region are not investigated. In this study, the TWSA in GB region is considered for the period of 13 years (from January 2003 to December 2016). Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) level 2 monthly data from three processing centers, namely Centre for Space Research (CSR), German Research Center for Geosciences (GFZ), and Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), System Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS)-driven Noah model, and in situ precipitation data from weather stations, were used for the study investigation. GRACE can help to forecast the possible trends of increasing or decreasing TWS with high accuracy as compared to the past studies, which do not use satellite gravity data. Our results indicate that TWS shows a decreasing trend estimated by GRACE (CSR, GFZ, and JPL) and GLDAS-Noah model, but the trend is not significant statistically. The annual amplitude of GLDAS-Noah is greater than GRACE signal. Mean monthly analysis of TWSA indicates that TWS reaches its maximum in April, while it reaches its minimum in October. Furthermore, Spearman’s rank correlation is determined between GRACE estimated TWS with precipitation, soil moisture (SM) and snow water equivalent (SWE). We also assess the factors, SM and SWE which are the most efficient parameters producing GRACE TWS signal in the study area. In future, our results with the support of more in situ data can be helpful for conservation of natural resources and to manage flood hazards, droughts, and water distribution for the mountain regions.

Several letters to the editor are presented in response to articles in previous issues including the criminal activities in Kairana, Uttar Pradesh, India, the execution of Jamaat-e-Islami leader Motiur Rahman Nizami, and the upgrading of Pakistani Air Force fleet.

This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of E-glass fibers (≈1.0mm long, ø=0.017mm with 1.0wt.% and 5.0wt.%) in two (MegacemTMand GlassFillTM) glass-ionomer cements (GIC) to enhance their mechanical properties. The six specimen groups were assigned to MCC, MC1, MC5, GFC, GF1 and GF5, and evaluated after 24h dry storage and 30 days water storage. The results showed considerable increase in surface roughness and the flexural strength values of both cements in both time intervals, whereas a statistically higher elastic modulus was observed in MC1 24h (15.3GPa) and 30 days groups (7.1GPa). On the contrary, no steady improvement in nano-hardness and yield strength were observed with the addition of chopped glass fibers. The SEM images suggest inadequate adhesion of the fibers to GIC matrix. Reinforcing GICs with short chopped E-glass fibers may not improve all the mechanical properties of GIC.