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Background The purpose of this research is to extend Corporate Social Marketing (CSM) literature and provide practitioners with a framework that can be used in different contexts, as the existing literature lacks an understanding of what factors determine the success of a CSM program and understand the interplay between cross-sector partnerships, CSM, and societal outcomes and impact delivery. Companies are taking a greater interest in addressing social issues, utilizing innovative CSR approaches such as CSM to promote behavior change among their audience while matching their core strengths and attributes (Kotler et al., 2012).Focus of the Article The article evaluates how the CSM program Mein Pragatideveloped lasting behavior change and seeks to develop a conceptual model around its success.Research Question How can the CSM contribute to behavior change programs?Program Design/Approach Importance to the Social Marketing Field The proposed model (Input, Outcome, and Impact Model of Program Development) provides a structured approach to building a CSM program that changes behavior and develops mutual benefit between corporations, government, and nonprofits.Methods Using a case study approach, this paper analyzes a successful financial inclusion program, Mein Pragatiof a global analytics company, CRISIL, and its CSR arm. The three studies (in-depth interviews with eight management members, in-depth interviews with 82 Sakhis (peer educators) and their spouses, and 248 survey interviews with beneficiaries reveal the connection between program development, social outcomes, and societal impact.Results Based on the findings of the three studies, the cross-sector Input, Output, and Outcome Model of the Program Development proposes ways to build effective CSR interventions. Individually, the findings from the in-depth interviews provide a thematic overview of CSM’s success, peer educator interviews identify the impact and outcomes of Mein Pragati, and beneficiary interviews demonstrate program success.Recommendations for Research and Practice Future research can empirically test the Input, Outcome, and Impact Model of Program Development, as further exploration of CSM is needed to understand how the concepts of people, planet, and profits can mutually benefit and provide both behavioral and societal change within program development.

Background Segmentation use in social marketing especially in improving the health of young adults is limited, and theory use within segmentation remains infrequent. A generalisable segmentation structure that can be reliably applied across different young adult’s samples may assist social marketers to move beyond one size fits all healthy eating programs.Focus of the Article Segmentation is an essential marketing principle which allows customising marketing activities to the needs of specific segments. Evidence shows that behaviour change is more likely when more principles are used, yet segmentation remains underutilised and a cross-sample validation of segments across different populations remains to be demonstrated.Importance to the Social Marketing Field Delivery of healthy eating programs targeted to group differences and accommodating a broader theory-based socio-ecological viewpoint is needed to engage with a cross section of young adults more effectively along with a cross-sample validation of segments across different populations to identify a valid segmentation structure that can be reliably applied across the Australian young adult population.Methods A replication study was conducted using the same constructs, items and analytical procedures as in the original study. Data was collected online and in person using a paper survey in two military bases to ensure a mix of Australian Defence Force (ADF) trainee types. Psychographic variables informed by the MOA framework were collected and used to segment the sample with two-step cluster analysis along with a demographic measure (education) and behavioural measure (eating behaviour) to repeat the segmentation analysis.Results The ability of the MOA framework to explain eating behaviour was confirmed in the ADF trainee sample, and two-step cluster analysis produced a similar segment structure to the original study with education, opportunity and motivation to eat healthy being the most important variables in segment formation.Recommendations for Research or Practice Segmentation is important for developing understanding that enables social marketers to design social change programs to meet the needs of young adults. This empirical replication study confirmed a similar theory-driven healthy eating segment solution across two young adult populations illustrating the value of using behavioural theories to draw segments and utilising the same theory to cross-validate the constructs in a comparable sample. Future research could use this approach to identify a valid segmentation structure that can be reliably applied across different populations and behavioural contexts.

The article focuses on the rise of online trolling, using the example of Rachael "Raygun" Gunn's experience during the 2024 Paris Olympics. Topics include the role of social media algorithms in amplifying harmful content, the impact of anonymity on online behavior, and strategies to address trolling through improved moderation and education.

Within the context of globalization, we explore the country-of-origin of brand or product placements in Bollywood films. Content analysis of films since economic liberalization (1991, 1996, 2001, 2006, 2010) reveals a substantial increase in brands, with foreign brands outnumbering domestic brands and placed in prominent ways. Results of surveys reveal that Indians are positive about the practice yet generally prefer domestic over foreign product placements. Consumer ethnocentrism versus admiration for Western lifestyles emerged as significant predictors of attitudes and perceptions. Theoretical ramifications for globalization, global brand strategy, and brand placement are discussed., A parrot named Prada (Housefull, 2010). A dog named Face-book (Golmaal 3, 2010). Audi executives tweeting about the brand's leading role in Bodyguard (2011; Sauer 2011). Foreign (nonlocal; Batra et [...]

This article examines health communication campaigns aimed at preventing alcohol consumption among women who are pregnant or attempting to become pregnant. Relevant communication materials were gathered and a qualitative review was conducted. A majority of the campaigns followed the tenets of protection motivation theory by focusing on the threat variables of severity and vulnerability, as well as emphasizing response efficacy. Few campaigns focused on costs or self-efficacy. Future fetal alcohol spectrum disorders prevention initiatives should attempt to reduce perceived costs, as well as include self-efficacy messages in order to increase women's confidence that they can carry out the recommended actions. KEYWORDS FASD, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, health communication, prevention, protection motivation theory DOI: 10.1080/07359680903519776

Poor eating habits are an important public health issue that has large health and economic implications. Many food preferences are established early, but because people make more and more independent eating decisions as they move through adolescence, the transition to independent living during the university days is an important event. To study the phenomenon of food selection, the heath belief model was applied to predict the likelihood of healthy eating among university students. Structural equation modeling was used to investigate the validity of the health belief model (HBM) among 194 students, followed by gender-based analyses. The data strongly supported the HBM. Social change campaign implications are discussed. KEYWORDS health belief model, healthy eating, university students

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is one of the most preventable sources of developmental abnormalities, and has a singular cause-alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Estimates for the costs of treatment of a single case of FASD range often above one million dollars. The primary strategy for prevention currently centers on no alcohol consumption during pregnancy. However, a sizeable number of North American women currently drink during pregnancy. A literature review examined the behavior of maternal alcohol consumption in order to understand the rationale associated with drinking. Generally, it appears that pregnant women differ by their alcohol consumption habits and their reasons to drink. In an attempt to eliminate FASD, we review a number of educational, legal, and community-based programs that have been used to promote abstinence and examine where they have been successful. Unfortunately, social marketing strategies have received less attention. Several potential applications of social marketing directed to drinking-during- pregnancy campaigns are suggested, and possible contributions to the overall effort are explained. doi:10.1300/J026v23n02_04 KEYWORDS. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder prevention, pregnant women, social marketing, social change strategies, alcohol, alcohol abstinence

Background: Over the past half century, social marketing has come into its own, both as a discipline and a practice, for creating positive social outcomes. However, as the operating environment continues to evolve, the role of social marketing in the change landscape requires consideration.Focus of the article: In this article, the author presents a commentary on the present and future role of social marketing research and practice through the lens of a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis. Topics discussed in the analysis include the boundary definition of social marketing, modalities of practice, sources of funding, the complexity of target issues, and professional standing and competition.Importance to the social marketing field: Critical analysis of social marketing research and practice can assist to maintain and grow its relevance and adoption among key stakeholders.Recommendations for Research or Practice: Several recommendations are made for addressing the issues identified in the SWOT analysis. These include conscious effort to market social marketing; clarify the concept of audience orientation when designing social marketing solutions; address specific research questions that produce academic and managerial insights; utilize corporate partnerships creatively; offer social marketing course to retain accreditation of professions such as marketing, public health, environmental studies, or public administration; and, encourage documentation of initiatives.Limitations: The discussion presented here is based purely on opinions and experience of the author.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to empirically test O’Reilly and Madill’s (2012) process model to assess social marketing elements of a multi-year partnership between Coca-Cola Canada and a physical activity microgrant program, known as Teen Challenge, managed by ParticipACTION, a Canadian not-for-profit organization that champions sport and physical activity participation. ParticipACTION’s Teen Challenge is a multi-year initiative that was developed in 2008 and involves over 5,800 community organizations (COs) and over 500,000 Canadian teens across the nation (ParticipACTION, 2016). Design/methodology/approach: A series of ten hypotheses related to the evaluation are tested using longitudinal data from event participants over a five-year period from 2009 to 2013. Findings: The study revealed that sponsor and sponsee shared objectives around sport participation, including the three found in this study. Practically, this is a positive result for sport participation properties who might now consider this as part of a sponsorship sales strategy. The research found that both Coca-Cola Canada and ParticipACTION have the following shared objectives in this particular sponsorship: motivate and support youth to get active and live a healthy life; remove barriers that youth face in getting physically active; and encourage more COs to be involved in the program. Conceptually, this finding extends the discussion of shared social marketing objectives in sponsorship proposed by Madill and O’Reilly (2010). Research limitations/implications: The findings support the sponsorship literature, in suggesting that shared objectives among sponsorship partners are important for the sponsorship to achieve successful outcomes (Cornwell et al., 2001). Shared sponsorship objectives can be utilized as a strategic tool for the sponsee to demonstrate the effectiveness of the program and to build a long-term relationship. The results of the logistic regression analysis indicate that COs which viewed partners’ collaboration as positive agreed that the Teen Challenge program made physical activity more accessible and affordable for youth. Practical implications: This study provides several important implications for non-profit organizations that aim to establish an effective social marketing campaign. One way for non-profit organizations to build a strong relationship with sponsors was through positive collaboration where the two partners work together (e.g. activation) to maximize the sponsorship’s effectiveness. First, it increased youth participation in the Teen Challenge program and made it affordable for teens to participate in other physical activity programs. Second, it enhanced Coca-Cola’s image as supporters of active lifestyle in the eyes of COs. Finally, it affected the likelihood that COs would recommend the program. Social implications: Results of the survey of COs that are registered with the program provides us with another important finding that positive partner collaboration is only one component of overall effectiveness. Another component would be to take action to communicate to COs that positive collaboration indeed took place in the sponsorship. One way to achieve this goal is to demonstrate to COs the importance of funding that the sponsor provides as well as the impact of sponsorship partners’ positive collaboration on the overall program. The authors also found that sponsorship partners’ positive collaboration in the delivery of the Teen Challenge program played an important role in whether COs recommend the program to others. Originality/value: The results of this research contribute to the evaluation of the sponsorship of a health-oriented social marketing sponsorship of a sport participation property or sponsee (ParticipACTION) and a major brand as sponsor (Coca-Cola).

Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists differ in chemical structure, duration of action, and in their effects on clinical outcomes. The cardiovascular effects of once-weekly albiglutide in type 2 diabetes are unknown. We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of albiglutide in preventing cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke.

IMPORTANCE: American football is the largest participation sport in US high schools and is a leading cause of concussion among adolescents. Little is known about the long-term cognitive and mental health consequences of exposure to football-related head trauma at the high school level. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the association of playing high school football with cognitive impairment and depression at 65 years of age. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A representative sample of male high school students who graduated from high school in Wisconsin in 1957 was studied. In this cohort study using data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, football players were matched between March 1 and July 1, 2017, with controls along several baseline covariates such as adolescent IQ, family background, and educational level. For robustness, 3 versions of the control condition were considered: all controls, those who played a noncollision sport, and those who did not play any sport. EXPOSURES: Athletic participation in high school football. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: A composite cognition measure of verbal fluency and memory and attention constructed from results of cognitive assessments administered at 65 years of age. A modified Center for Epidemiological Studies’ Depression Scale score was used to measure depression. Secondary outcomes include results of individual cognitive tests, anger, anxiety, hostility, and heavy use of alcohol. RESULTS: Among the 3904 men (mean [SD] age, 64.4 [0.8] years at time of primary outcome measurement) in the study, after matching and model-based covariate adjustment, compared with each control condition, there was no statistically significant harmful association of playing football with a reduced composite cognition score (–0.04 reduction in cognition vs all controls; 97.5% CI, –0.14 to 0.05) or an increased modified Center for Epidemiological Studies’ Depression Scale depression score (–1.75 reduction vs all controls; 97.5% CI, –3.24 to –0.26). After adjustment for multiple testing, playing football did not have a significant adverse association with any of the secondary outcomes, such as the likelihood of heavy alcohol use at 65 years of age (odds ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.32-1.43). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Cognitive and depression outcomes later in life were found to be similar for high school football players and their nonplaying counterparts from mid-1950s in Wisconsin. The risks of playing football today might be different than in the 1950s, but for current athletes, this study provides information on the risk of playing sports today that have a similar risk of head trauma as high school football played in the 1950s.

The impact of large-scale, ‘mass’ community-based sport, and physical activity (PA) events on population PA has yet to be established. The enhancement of organizational capacity to support health promotion initiatives is one mechanism through which such events may be helpful. Sports Day in Canada (SDIC) is an annual, nation-wide event celebrating the role of sport within communities and promoting sport participation. Beginning in 2010, thousands of Canadian sport and PA organizations have created SDIC events each year. The objective of this study was to examine the types of organizations who participate in SDIC and to determine if and how these organizations benefit from hosting an event. Online surveys of event organizers (2010 to 2013 SDIC) were conducted. Descriptive analyses identified organization and event characteristics, and one-way ANOVAs across time assessed event organizers’ perceptions related to their overall satisfaction, benefits obtained, and challenges faced while participating in SDIC. Findings showed that organizations were mainly from the provinces of Ontario, British Columbia, and Quebec, worked with children and youth, and registered an event that was a tournament or school based. There was a significant increase in overall satisfaction [F(3, 996) = 27.26, p < .001] and benefits obtained [F(3, 1000) = 18.36, p < .001] across all four years of SDIC. One main benefit reported by organizations was an increased awareness and interest among community members in sport program(s) offered by their organization. Mass events like SDIC may help enhance organizational capacity to deliver health promotion initiatives including sport and PA programming.

Sports Day in Canada (SDIC) is an annual event celebrating the role of sport within communities and promoting sport participation across Canada. SDIC ends a week of thousands of local sporting events and activities with a day-long national television broadcast. The objectives of this study were to evaluate whether awareness of SDIC has increased over time among Canadians (2010–2013), identify correlates of awareness, and assess changes in individuals' intentions to engage in sport. Online surveys were administered (2010: N = 863; 2011: N = 674; 2012: N = 861; 2013: N = 1447) to assess demographics, levels of physical activity and sport participation, awareness of SDIC, and intentions to participate in sport and physical activity as a result of SDIC. Analyses were conducted using independent t-tests, one-way ANOVAs, and a series of binary logistic regressions. Awareness of SDIC increased significantly from 26.9% in 2010 to 41.2% in 2013. Current sport participation (OR 1.21; 95% CI [1.11, 1.32]; OR 1.32; 95% CI [1.19, 1.47]; OR 1.26; 95% CI [1.16, 1.37]; OR 1.30; 95% CI [1.22, 1.38]) was the only significant correlate of awareness in years 2010–2013, respectively. Among people aware of SDIC, intentions to participate in sport as a result of SDIC have significantly increased over time, F(3, 1662) = 8.88, p < .001. Special events such as SDIC appear to have a role to play as part of a broader strategy to encourage sport participation among Canadians. A challenge for such events remains in reaching inactive people.

Marketers realize the importance of 360-degree communication (reaching audience members in consistent but multiple ways) to improve brand salience, increase the effectiveness of behavior change strategies, and achieve organizational objectives. While several social marketing organizations have embraced the 360-degree approach, their effectiveness has not been adequately captured by research approaches such as 360-degree feedback. Our study addresses this gap by reporting the influence of Project Raksha (“protection” in Hindi), launched in November 2007 in the rural areas of four Indian states by Pathfinder International in support of government of India’s efforts to reduce maternal mortality and morbidity by promoting institutionalized delivery. The project designed specific interventions at the household, community, local government, and clinical levels to address four types of delays in response to obstetric complications. Westat India carried out postintervention-only evaluation by conducting self-report surveys and interviews with women and their influencers, community health workers, health service providers, and local government members. Findings revealed that most interventions proved effective in addressing the four types of delay that were key contributors to maternal mortality in the project areas. The 360-degree feedback mechanism allowed the social marketing organization to obtain a comprehensive grasp of its persuasion efforts. Achievements and failures were better captured and lessons better learned for future behavior change attempts.

Although social marketing promotion efforts are typically evaluated online using either finished video or static images, limited evidence exists whether media type influences audience response. In a posttest-only experimental study with a nationally representative sample of 663 Canadian mothers of 5- to 11-year-old children, participants were randomly assigned to one of two media conditions consisting of Think Againphysical-activity Public Service Announcements created by ParticipACTION.Mothers reported campaign recall, ad liking, motivation to respond to the ad (i.e., assist one’s child to get at least 60 min of physical activity every day), and their support behaviors. Data were analyzed using χ2and independent samples t-tests. Those exposed to the video version of the ad in comparison to the static image reported higher message recall and liking, and motivation to respond. There were no differences in parental support behaviors. Social marketing promotion efforts should be evaluated using the same format as the media message originally used. The study concludes that media type influences findings when evaluating social marketing promotion campaigns.

This research highlights the influence of globalization in Indian films (including product placement – PPL) and fashion, gauging perceived effects of PPL on self and others among Indian audiences. Although critics assume media effects, little is known about how audiences feel about the changes in the film industry, or the perceived influences of film on fashion and consumption imagery. Across two studies, we seek to fill those research gaps. Featuring 32 interviews, Study 1 revealed a relationship between fashion in film and in real life. Perceived effects of PPLs on self were found only among younger women; other respondents believed that others (“youngsters”) were affected more than they were, in line with third-person perception theory. In Study 2, a survey gauging 158 Indians' beliefs about perceived effects of PPL on self versus others showed that gender and attitude toward PPL influenced the nature of the perceived effects. Both studies indicate that gender drives the perceived influence of PPL on consumption.

Social marketing researchers have identified brand equity as a potential mediator of the relationship between campaign message exposure and resulting behavior. This study examined whether message exposure and components of brand equity contribute to overall brand equity changes over the course of a 12-month campaign evaluation. In addition, we examine whether brand equity consistently accounts for covariance (i.e., mediation) in the relationship between message exposure and parental support (PS). Data were drawn from ParticipACTION’s “Think Again” campaign evaluations that targeted parents, specifically moms, with children between the ages of 5 and 11 years (three independent samples: March 2011, N= 702 [T1]; September 2011, N= 706 [T2]; March 2012, N= 670 [T3]). Univariate analyses of variance were used to examine changes in message exposure and components of brand equity over time, while structural equation modeling was used to examine the brand equity model relationship. Findings revealed that message exposure was greatest at T3 (ps < .01) and that brand equity was greatest at T2 (ps < .05). Model fit statistics revealed modest to good fit. Results demonstrated that Think Againmessage exposure was related to brand equity (standardized effects .10–.28) and that brand equity was related to PS (standardized effects .30–.40; (ps < .01). Importantly, an indirect effect of message exposure on PS through brand equity (standardized effects .03–.09) emerged in all models (ps < .05). This study demonstrates the utility of branding social marketing campaigns to increase campaign effectiveness.

Schjesvold: Novartis, Amgen, Celgene, Takeda, Janssen, Oncopeptides, MSD, Sanofi: Consultancy; Celgene, Amgen, Janssen, Oncopeptides: Research Funding; Amgen, Celgene, Takeda, Janssen,Novartis, SkyliteDX, Oncopeptides, Sanofi: Honoraria. Ribrag:Roche/Genentech: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; arGEN-X-BVBA: Research Funding; BAY1000394 studies on MCL: Patents & Royalties; Immune Design: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Incyte: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Eisai: Honoraria; AZD: Honoraria, Other; Pharmamar: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Servier: Consultancy, Honoraria; Gilead: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; AstraZeneca: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; F. Hoffmann-La Roche: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Travel Expenses; BMS: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Travel Expenses; Gilead: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Infinity: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; MSD: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Epizyme: Consultancy, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; argenX: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company, Research Funding; Institut Gustave Roussy: Current Employment; Nanostring: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Rodriguez-Otero:GlaxoSmithKline: Consultancy, Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company, Honoraria; Celgene/Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: TRAVEL, ACCOMMODATIONS, EXPENSES (paid by any for-profit health care company); Kite: Consultancy, Honoraria; Sanofi: Consultancy, Honoraria; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: TRAVEL, ACCOMMODATIONS, EXPENSES (paid by any for-profit health care company); Abbvie: Consultancy, Honoraria; Medscape: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Oncopeptides: Consultancy, Honoraria. Robak:Abbvie, Pharmacyclics, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Janssen, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Acerta, AstraZeneca, BioGene, UCB: Research Funding; F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Abbvie, Pharmacyclics, Novartis, Janssen, Acerta, AstraZeneca, BioGene, UCB, Sandoz: Honoraria. Hansson:Amgen, Celgene, Takeda, Janssen Cilag: Consultancy. Hajek:Celgene, Novartis, Amgen, Takeda, Janssen, BMS: Research Funding; Takeda, Amgen, Oncopeptides, Sanofi, Janssen, Novartis, Celgene: Honoraria; BMS, Takeda, Amgen, Oncopeptides, Sanofi, Janssen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Amor:Amgen: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Takeda: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; GSK: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Sanofi: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Celgene-BMS: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Martinez-López:Janssen, BMS, Sanofi, Novartis, Incyte, F. Hoffmann-La Roche and Amgen: Honoraria, Other: Advisory boards; Hosea and Altum: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen, Novartis, BMS, Incyte: Consultancy. Onishi:Genentech, Inc.: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company; F. Hoffmann-La Roche: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Gallo:F. Hoffmann-La Roche: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Raval:F. Hoffmann-La Roche: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Deshpande:Syneos Health: Current Employment. Malhi:Genentech, Inc.: Current Employment; F. Hoffmann-La Roche: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Hong:F. Hoffmann-La Roche: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company; Genentech, Inc.: Current Employment. Raab:Amgen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Heidelberg Pharma: Research Funding; Takeda: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Sanofi: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding.Venetoclax (ABT-199/GDC-0199) is a highly selective, potent, oral B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) inhibitor. Cobimetinib (GDC-0973/RG7420) is an orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MAP2K1 or MEK1). Atezolizumab (RG7446/MPDL-3280A) is a monoclonal antibody directed against programmed death-1 ligand-1 (PD-L1).

The rising popularity of social marketing as a framework for social change has resulted in an increased demand for advanced-level social marketing training. As a result, an online survey was conducted in early 2007 to identify the social marketing training needs of social sector professionals. A convenient sample of 477 respondents from 33 countries (but primarily from the United States and Canada) responded to the online survey. Respondents expressed an interest in learning a variety of topics. “Audience analysis” was ranked the highest followed by “sustainability of change.” Benefits from and barriers to attending training events were identified. The primary motivation of the respondents to attend a training event was to apply concepts directly to initiatives on which they are currently working. The preferred format of training and other such details were also investigated. Findings from this survey should help trainers and institutions that offer face-to-face training events better respond to advanced-level training needs in the field of social marketing.

Objective.To assess published hand hygiene behavioral interventions that employed a social marketing framework and to recommend improvements to future interventions.Methods.We performed a systematic literature review by searching the PubMed database and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature for published articles about hand hygiene behavioral interventions in healthcare facilities, schools, and community settings. Our analysis included articles that describe multifaceted interventions and evaluated them with predefined social marketing benchmark criteria.Results.Of 53 interventions analyzed in this review, 16 (30.2%) employed primary formative audience research, 5 (9.4%) incorporated social or behavioral theories, 27 (50.9%) employed segmentation and targeting of the audience, 44 (83.0%) used components of the “marketing mix,” 3 (5.7%) considered the influence of competing behaviors, 7 (13.2%) cultivated relationships with the target audience, and 15 (28.3%) provided simple behavioral messages. Thirty-five (66.0%) of the interventions demonstrated a significant improvement in performance, but only 21 (39.6%) were considered to have a strong evaluative design. The median duration of the interventions was 8.0 months.Conclusions.From a social marketing perspective, the promotion of hand hygiene could be improved in several ways. The effectiveness of social marketing in hand hygiene promotion should be tested in future interventions.

Porous silica coatings were prepared by acid- and base-catalyzed sol−gel method. Surface morphology studies by atomic force microscopy showed smooth surface for acid-catalyzed coatings while base catalysis resulted in coarse particle morphology. On increasing the tetraethyl orthosilicate to base molar ratio from 1:1 to 1:3, the mean particle size of the coating shifted from 30 to 100 nm while the pore size varied from 4.7 to 14 nm. Infrared spectral analysis exhibited a change in the ratio of integrated peak intensities of Si−O−Si to Si−OH in acid-and base-catalyzed silica coatings. Textural studies showed an increase in particle size and porosity with base concentration. Optical transmission and surface roughness of base-catalyzed samples were found to be higher than that of acid-catalyzed silica coatings.

This experimental study tested Cause-Related Marketing (CRM) ads in the context of Benoit's Image Restoration Theory. The effects of three kinds of ads on the image of a brand and a nonprofit organization (NPO) after the release of an unfavorable news story were compared: brand ads, PSAs, and CRM ads. CRM ads produced more favorable responses than brand ads prior to scandal, but lost their advantage in the light of negative news.

Background Social marketing has been used in Asia to combat various social issues (Deshpande & Lee (2013). However, our understanding of social marketing awareness, adaptation, and achievement in Asian countries is limited.The focus of the Article An historical overview of social marketing developments in Asia.Importance to the Social Marketing Field This paper is one of the first attempts to integrate social marketing theory and practice in Asia to understand its strengths and weaknesses and to provide a recommendation to enhance the adoption and effectiveness of social marketing program design, implementation, and evaluation to generate social and behavioral change.Design/methodology/approach The authors representing 18 Asian countries searched for social marketing growth and trends in prominence, conceptual developments, social issues and solutions, and effectiveness in English and local language literature. This paper describes themes by highlighting examples of initiatives.Findings Our analysis reveals a broad spectrum of social marketing practices in Asia, focusing traditionally on managing overpopulation and preventing communicable diseases and, more recently, non-communicable diseases and climate action. The practice also revealed close integration with policies, overreliance on the government sector, lack of robust research studies, theorizing, documentation, training, and community involvement, and challenges presented by cultural factors and the confusion of understanding the term.Recommendations for research or practice The study recommends establishing the Asian Social Marketing Association and Asian Social Marketing Institute, adopt a Total Market Approach, improve documentation, clarify the boundaries of social marketing, enhance the effectiveness of strategies by embracing research, involving the beneficiary communities, and by learning from others.

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