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Microplastics threaten soil ecosystems, strongly influencing carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents. Interactions between microplastic properties and climatic and edaphic factors are poorly understood. We conducted a meta-analysis to assess the interactive effects of microplastic properties (type, shape, size, and content), native soil properties (texture, pH, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC)) and climatic factors (precipitation and temperature) on C and N contents in soil. We found that low-density polyethylene reduced total nitrogen (TN) content, whereas biodegradable polylactic acid led to a decrease in soil organic carbon (SOC). Microplastic fragments especially depleted TN, reducing aggregate stability, increasing N-mineralization and leaching, and consequently increasing the soil C/N ratio. Microplastic size affected outcomes; those <200 μm reduced both TN and SOC contents. Mineralization-induced nutrient losses were greatest at microplastic contents between 1 and 2.5% of soil weight. Sandy soils suffered the highest microplastic contamination-induced nutrient depletion. Alkaline soils showed the greatest SOC depletion, suggesting high SOC degradability. In low-DOC soils, microplastic contamination caused 2-fold greater TN depletion than in soils with high DOC. Sites with high precipitation and temperature had greatest decrease in TN and SOC contents. In conclusion, there are complex interactions determining microplastic impacts on soil health. Microplastic contamination always risks soil C and N depletion, but the severity depends on microplastic characteristics, native soil properties, and climatic conditions, with potential exacerbation by greenhouse emission-induced climate change.

ABSTRACT Industrialization has enhanced the utilization of natural resources and add-up in air and land pollution. Now, it's high time to explore alternative materials to deal with depletion of natural [...]

Tomato production is significantly harmed by the interruption of fungal pathogens, i.e., Alternaria solani, the causal agent of early blight, which is responsible for substantial yield losses in tomato crops. In recent years, the application of silver-based green synthesized nanomaterials (AgNMs) has been documented as the best performer against various plant diseases. However, the knowledge about applying green-synthesized AgNMs for the management of early blight and its impact on the components of the antioxidant defense system, especially in tomatoes, still needs to be discovered. Therefore, in the current study, two green synthesized viz. wild gourd (Citrullus colocynthis) and rough cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) AgNMs were applied at three different concentrations to check their efficacy against the early blight of tomatoes and the components of the antioxidant defense system of tomato plants. Results revealed that C. colocynthis-based AgNMs were found to be most effective and exhibited disease incidence of A. solani(22%) with a significant increase in tomato production (13%) along with the number of fruits/plants. Moreover, application of C. colocynthis-based AgNMs improved the concentration of ascorbic acid (1240, 997 µg/mL), total phenolic contents (950, 800 µg/mL), flavonoids (111, 88 mg/g), hydrogen peroxide (0.0013, 0.001 U/mg), amylase (110, 89 U/mL), chlorophyll a(0.31, 0.25 mg/g), chlorophyll b(0.22, 0.16 mg/g), and total chlorophyll (0.61, 0.50 mg/g) in treated plants of resistant and susceptible varieties of tomato respectively, than that of control. It is concluded that applying green synthesized AgNMs may be a viable alternative to synthetic chemicals for managing the early blight of tomatoes.

Quinoa is a super food, climate resilient crop which can be grown on salt affected soils, but the seed produced in sat affected soil show poor germination and vigour. A study comprising of pot and field experiment with two salinity levels, normal (less than 4 dS m−1), saline (15 dS m−1) and four potassium doses 50, 75, 100, 125 kg ha−1was conducted to evaluate the effect of potassium application on plant growth, physiology, water relations and seed quality of quinoa CV. (UAF-Q7). Soil application of potassium @125 kg ha−1increased plant height and panicle length in both experiments. Transpiration rate, water use efficiency, chlorophyll content index and photosynthetic rate also improved in normal and saline soil. Similarly, plant water relations including osmotic potential, water potential, relative water contents, seed yield and seed germination (82%) also improved by application of application of potassium @125 kg ha−1. Sodium ion concentration in quinoa seed decreased (21.66 ppm) and potassium concentration increased (43.95 ppm) while no significant change in calcium was observed by the application of potassium. In conclusion, soil application of potassium @125 kg ha−1not only improves growth, physiology, and yield attributes but also seed quality of quinoa in both normal and salt affected soil. Recommendations of this study will be helpful to improve the quality of quinoa seed produced on salt affected soils and future food security.

Citrus fruits have a prominent position among the tree fruits and are extensively grown in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Citrus is a perennial fruit crop that is highly nutrient-responsive and requires appropriate nutrition for optimum growth and development. The transition from conventional chemicals to biofertilizer (organic) sources is gaining popularity these days. This study aimed to assess the effects of different organic and synthetic fertilizer doses on the yield and quality of 10-year-old ‘Kinnow’ mandarin trees (grafted on ‘Rough lemon’) for three consecutive seasons: 2015–2016, 2016–2017, and 2017–2018. Six different formulations of fertilizers were used in this study, i.e., farmyard manure (FYM), humic acid (HA), and inorganic fertilizers (NPK). As a source of nitrogen, we used calcium ammonium nitrate for phosphorous (single superphosphate, SSP) and sulphate of potash (SOP) were used. The recommended dosage of organic and inorganic fertilizers was used during the experiment, namely T1 (50 Kg/plant FYM + 1000:500:500 g/plant NPK); T2 (60 Kg/plant FYM + 750:375:375 g/plant NPK); T3 (70 Kg/plant FYM + 500:250:250 g/plant NPK); T4 (150 g/plant HA + 1000:500:500 g/plant NPK); T5 (200 g/plant HA + 750:375:375 g/plant NPK) and T6 (250 g/plant humic acid + 50% Basic dose of NPK). According to the results, T2 fertilizer significantly enhanced plant growth, canopy volume, and plant spread. Moreover fruit yield (55, 52, 54 g) was improved in T2 treatment for 3 consecutive years compared to the other treatments. The better fruit size (65, 67, 65 mm) and juice percentage (40, 45, 41%) remained substantially higher and increased in T2 compared to other tested treatments. The research findings exhibited that orchard nutrition management notably affected tree growth and productivity. The combination of a large quantity of organic (FYM) with a lower level of inorganic fertilizer showed significantly better plant growth and yield than other combinations. In the future, these doses should be advised for mandarins in the field conditions in order to improve yield and fruit quality.

Increasing salinization is a real threat to food security by diminishing the performance of glycophyte staple crop wheat. To tackle salinity, one option is to identify and use salt-tolerant germplasm but salinity tolerance is a multigenic trait which is conferred by a large array of interacting physiological and biochemical processes. Keeping this in mind, (eighteen) physiological indices were used to appraise salt tolerance of 20 bread wheat genotypes and specifically evaluated the effect of sodium exclusion on seed yield of salt-stressed wheat genotypes in pots. Significant statistical difference was found between the genotypes, at different salinity levels for physiological, biochemical, and yield-related attributes. Under salt regime (15 dS m−1), the performance of all wheat genotypes was significantly affected as compared with those of the plants grown in control conditions (1.41 dS m−1). Among the 20 genotypes, Kharchia 65 produced maximum grain yield followed by V-03094, V-02156, LU26S, PVN, V0005, and TURACO, which was linked to lower Na+and higher K+accumulation in the leaf. Moreover, these genotypes also maintained higher K+/Na+ratios in their leaves under saline stress. Furthermore, significant increase in leaf proline content was found in all genotypes growing in salt regimes as compared with those in plants grown under non-saline conditions. Chlorophyll fluorescence such as non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching (NPQ) and electron transport rate (ETR) were markedly higher in saline environment in all wheat genotypes as compared with those in plants grown in control. Of the 20 genotypes, V-0005 followed by V-02156, V-03094, V-04181, and PVN were found to be salt-tolerant as they showed enhanced exclusion of Na+and maintained the high K+/Na+ratio. These genotypes also showed improved plant water relations and gas exchange characteristics and less cell membrane injury. While genotypes PBW343*2, PUNJAB 85, FRET2, and TAM200/TUI were found to be salt-sensitive genotypes. Better yield was strongly linked with sodium exclusion, stable membranes, and protected oxygen-evolving complex (PS II).

A hybrid polymer nanocomposite polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-b-polystyrene-grafted maleic anhydride with organically modified montmorillonite; SEBS-g-MA/OMMT was synthesized through solution casting methodology with varying clay proportions. The organophilic character was introduced into the inorganic clay platelets using 2,2-bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]propane (BAPPP) as an intercalating mediator employing ion interchange process which was confirmed by XRD patterns. Nanocomposite films were investigated by FTIR, XRD, and SEM for their morphology. XRD pattern of the nanocomposite film revealed the homogeneous dispersion of platelets into the matrix, thus responsible for the improved material properties. Enhanced forces of adhesion led to a compatibilized system as depicted by scanning electron micrographs. Fine dispersion and smooth surface particles were exfoliated and were unidentified under the microscope. SEBS-g-MA showed improved mechanical strength up to 8% clay content based on tensile tests. When the mechanical strength of the nanocomposite was examined with its clay content, a 90% increase in modulus was found when compared to the original polymer matrix. Thermal decomposition temperatures of the nanocomposite ranged from 365 to 446 °C. With increasing clay loading, the nanocomposite exhibited thermal stability greater than pure polymers under similar conditions.

Site-specific ground response analysis is needed for seismic hazard estimation, and its mitigation is required for seismically active regions of Pakistan. The work presented in the following includes response analysis of a specific site at Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa using equivalent linear (EL) and also nonlinear (NL) analyses. The site model was developed using the geotechnical investigation data from field investigation and subsequent laboratory tests on representative soil samples. The earthquake records compatible to the seismic activities in the target area are selected and matched to the target response spectra in order to obtain input excitation force for the base ground model. Several issues that are related to site-specific ground response analysis, i.e., shear strain, mobilized shear strength and ground acceleration along depth of soil model, are studied and compared for both EL and NL analyses. The analysis results are also further studied and compared for ground response spectra and amplification factor using both EL and NL analyses.

Solanum lycopersicumL. is the second most significant fruit crop after potato. It is a rich source of various vitamins, dietary components, and carotenoid content as well. Carotenoids are essential pigments in numerous physiological processes as well as accessory pigments in photosynthesis regulated by phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene. Although the role of PDSgene has been reported in various plants, its role in Pakistan’s local cultivar “Rio Grande” has not been investigated yet. Therefore, the current research aimed to evaluate PDSgene’s function via TRV-VIGS-based optimized transient silencing protocol. Briefly, PDSgene of tomato was studied computationally for its localization and potential functions. Afterward, the PDSgene was silenced in Rio Grande by agro-infiltration through TRV-VIGS. In order to ensure effective silencing, pigment analysis, PDSgene molecular analysis, and infiltration efficacy were all investigated. Computational studies revealed high conservation in the promoter of PDSgene among selected plant species with a prevalence of CAAT-box and TATA-box. The study highlighted chloroplast to be the principal cellular structure where the majority of PDS protein is found. A transcriptome study of the transiently silenced Rio Grande revealed a considerable reduction in PDSmRNA transcripts in leaves with reference to the respective control. Pigment analysis of the PDS-silenced albino plant leaves showed approximately 90% reduction in their chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid content suggesting the successful silencing of PDSgene as its active expression plays a positive role in pigment synthesis. The obtained results highlight the role of PDSgene in Rio Grande as well as TRV-based VIGS to be a promising technique to improve crop attributes by efficiently silencing the target genes.

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is an important plant hormone required for various plant growth and developmental activities. YUCCA proteins are the enzymes for IAA synthesis that catalyze the rate-limiting step. However, the YUCCAgene family in Japanese apricot has not been thoroughly characterized. Here, we investigated the effect of rootstocks on scion growth of Japanease apricot and genes involved in auxin biosynthesis (YUCCA). Growth characteristics revealed that the height of ‘Longyan’ [Prunus mumeSieb. et Zucc] plants with P. mumerootstock were significantly shorter than ‘Longyan’ plants with P. persicarootstock. This study isolated 13 PmYUCCAgenes from the Japanese apricot genome. Bioinformatics and expression studies were undertaken to investigate the functions and characteristics of YUCCAgenes. The physicochemical properties, gene structure, conserved domains, conserved motif, and phylogenetic relationships of YUCCAgenes were determined using bioinformatics analysis. Likewise, we analyzed the expression of PmYUCCAgenes in Japanese apricot’s leaf and stem-bark (scion). The expression levels of PmYUCCA3and PmYUCCA5genes were noticeably lower in the leaves of ‘Longyan’/P. mumegraft combination than that of the ‘Longyan’/P. persicagraft combinations, suggesting their distinct roles in regulating growth vigor. This research explores the genome-wide identification, characterization, and possible relationship between growth vigor and expression profile analysis of the YUCCAgene family in Japanese apricot.

In view of ecobenign nature of green synthesis, iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoflakes are synthesized via a green route. Three different vegetables (spinach, broccoli and pumpkin) extracts were used for the synthesis of Fe3O4nanoflakes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses confirm the formation of face centered cubic Fe3O4, while SEM analysis revealed the formation of nanoflakes. FTIR also confirm the Fe–O bands at 478 and 590 (cm−1) and the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was observed at 280 nm. The magnetic properties were also investigated and Fe3O4prepared using spinach extract shows relatively low saturation magnetization (Ms) of ∼66 emu/g as compared to pumpkin (105 emu/g) and broccoli (130 emu/g) with ∼25Oe coercivity value. The antibacterial activity of Fe3O4nanoflakes was studied against Escherichia coliand Pseudomonas aeruginosaand a highly promising antibacterial activity was observed. Results revealed that the Fe3O4nanoflakes prepared via a green route could have potential applications in biomedical field.

The paper emphases on the removal of Reactive Blue 194 dye (RB-194) using different process variables alone and in combination as well. A Cs-137 γ-radiation source was used to treat RB-194 at a dose rate of 669 Gy/h (Gray/h) with 1–10 kGy irradiation dose in the presence of (0.2–0.6 mL) hydrogen peroxide. The optimization of various process variables such as pH, γ-radiations absorbed dose, initial concentration of RB-194 and concentration of H2O2were done to achieve thoroughgoing degradation. The dye was considerably degraded (79%) by γ-radiation but the addition of 0.6 mL H2O2increased the degradation to 97% at a 10 kGy irradiation dose in acidic pH. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy technique confirmed the presence of various useful groups. The fragmented by-products of RB-194 produced by irradiation at a 10 kGy dose were identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results revealed that dye molecules are degraded after decolorization to lower molecular weight substances, primarily organic acids, and carbon dioxide. The findings demonstrated that RB-194 could be efficiently removed from wastewater using γ-radiations along H2O2.

ABSTRACT With addition of steel fibers to concrete, its properties are altered from brittle to ductile. Using lightweight concrete enables decrease in additional loads while self-compacted concrete avoids use of [...]

Coal is one of the important sources of energies and its combustion produce sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere, which needs desulphurization to avoids the pollution issue. Coal desulfurization was performed using SnO2/TiO2nanocomposite under solar light irradiation. The SnO2/TiO2was synthesized by co-precipitation method and deposited on glass beads. The prepared SnO2/TiO2was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) techniques. The SnO2/TiO2nanocomposite desulfurization efficiency was performed under solar light irradiation and process variables, i.e., irradiation time, H2O2and pH were optimized for maximum desulfurization of coal. The SnO2/TiO2nanocomposite showed promising efficiency and 60 % sulfur removal was achieved under optimum conditions. Based on efficiency, the SnO2/TiO2nanocomposite has potential for the desulphurization of coal under solar light exposure, which will make the process highly economical feasible.

The present work outlines the successful synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) stabilized with gum shellac (GS) and their use as photocatalyst for the enhanced degradation of dyes. Se NPs were synthesized by a simple and cost effective chemical reduction method using selenious acid, GS and sodium borohydride. Gum shellac was used as stabilizing agent. The orange red gum shellac-selenium nanoparticles (GS–Se NPs) were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The morphology of these particles appeared to be uniform and spherical as observed in SEM images. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic profile showed the presence of elemental selenium, carbon and oxygen. The synthesized GS–Se NPs were investigated for their photo-catalytic efficiency towards degradation of methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) dye in aqueous media. Absorbance was measured at λmax665 nm and 455 nm for MB and MO, respectively. Maximum degradation of MB in-comparison with MO obtained at 50 mg/L were 81.72 % and 71.42 % respectively. A very slow degradation rate was observed for the MO and MB in the absence of synthesized photocatalyst whereas greater percentage degradation was observed for the GS–Se NPs.

Eosin Y (EY) is a toxic dye and has adverse effects on human beings as well as on aquatic organisms. During the last few decades, various methods such as physio-chemical and biological methods have been reported for the degradation of this toxic dye. Many researchers reported degradation of EY using different polymer stabilized metal nanoparticles synthesized employing green methods. Mono-metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) stabilized by polymeric systems are the most widely used tools for the degradation of many toxic dyes including EY. Characterization as well as morphology assessment of the nanoparticles is done by different analytical techniques including UV-visible, FTIR, SEM, TEM and XRD. In this review article, synthesis, characterization, chemistry of the polymeric stabilized nanoparticles has been reported. In addition, mechanism, kinetics and thermodynamics of catalytic degradation of EY using polymeric stabilized nanoparticles, have been discussed. This review also carries the discussion on various nano catalytic systems which have been used for the degradation of EY to link the most recent work on water purification from EY dye. This review will be helpful in understanding the spectrum of already published work describing role of polymeric stabilized nanoparticles for EY degradation. It will also motivate researchers to design their future work and commercial applications of polymeric stabilized nanoparticles.

The current study reports the adsorption of aluminum (Al3+) from aqueous solutions through batch experiments using eucalyptus wood waste-derived biochar (EWB). The EWB morphology and structure were observed by surface area analysis, scanning electron microscopy, as well as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. A thorough analysis of the variables influencing adsorption performance was conducted. The adsorption process was examined using the Freundlich, Langmuir, pseudo-second-order models as well as pseudo-first-order. The EWB showed a high adsorption rate in low concentration Al3+solutions. The adsorption of Al3+was exothermic and spontaneous. The prepared EWB are very promising as an alternative adsorbent for Al3+due to their porous structure and high adsorption capacity (>90%).

ABSTRACTA total of 540 d-old Cobb 500 broiler chickens were randomly allocated into five groups: a control group receiving only the basal die (control), and experimental groups supplemented with exogenous protease (30,000 IU/kg) and crushed seeds of Bunium persicum, Coriandrum sativum, and Carum copticum(10 mg/kg each) for a period of 35 days. The results demonstrated that growth performance parameters, including feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio, were significantly improved (P < 0.05) in broilers supplemented with protease compared to those receiving the selected herbs. Additionally, the digestibility of crude protein and crude fat showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in broilers that received protease compared to the Bunium persicum. Tibia bone weight significantly improved (P = 0.01) in birds supplemented with protease, Coriandrum sativumand Carum copticum. In addition, the robusticity index decreased (P < 0.05) in protease supplemented group. In terms of ileal histological features increased (P < 0.05) in broilers supplemented with protease compared to the control. In summary, the results indicate that protease supplementation yielded superior outcomes in terms of improving growth, ileal digestibility, bone quality, and villus dimensions in broilers compared to the herbal plant supplements used in this study.

Objectives/methodology The present study focuses on the evaluation of antioxidant potential (AP), total phenolic (TP) and total flavonoid (TF), antimicrobial activity (AA), antidiabetic capacity (AC), heavy metals contents (HMC) and sensory evaluation of commercial ketchup samples.Results The AP, TP and TF were found to be in the range of 35.51 to 77.92%, 2.66 to 14.98 mg GAE/100 g and 1.69 to 4.23 mg QE/g, respectively. The results of AA showed that commercial ketchup (CK) samples showed inhibition of microbial growth ranged from 18.96 to 30.67 mm against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)and 19.00 to 31.14 mm against Escherichia coli (E. coli). The AC (involving alpha-amylase assay) was determined and represented as IC50value of 23.12 to 62.76 µg/mL. According to the sensory evolution, all the samples were acceptable for use with overall acceptability <50.Conclusions The current study concluded that ketchup exhibited good antioxidant, antimicrobial and antidiabetic potential, however, the level of heavy metals in tested ketchup were required to be controlled.

This study presents a novel approach for the design and synthesis of gold nanorods (Au NRs) integrated into Fe₂O₃ quantum dots (QDs) and g-C₃N₄ nanosheets, targeting enhanced photocatalytic performance for visible-light-driven water splitting. The Au NRs, synthesized through a controlled growth method and subsequently purified and functionalized, were incorporated into Fe₂O₃ QDs/g-C₃N₄ hybrids via low-temperature calcination. Characterization of the composites revealed uniform dispersion of the Au NRs within the Fe₂O₃ QDs/g-C₃N₄ matrix, facilitating optimal light absorption and charge carrier separation. Photocatalytic experiments demonstrated that the Au NRs significantly enhanced the photocatalytic efficiency of the Fe₂O₃ QDs/g-C₃N₄ hybrid. The Au NRs@Fe₂O₃ QDs/g-C₃N₄ composite achieved a remarkable 99.4 % degradation of methylene blue (MB) within 90 min under visible light, while maintaining a high hydrogen evolution rate of 368.16 mmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹ over 3 h. The enhanced performance is attributed to the unique S-scheme heterojunction between Au NRs, Fe₂O₃ QDs, and g-C₃N₄, which promotes efficient charge separation, extended light absorption, and accelerated redox reactions. This work demonstrates the potential of engineered Au NRs@Fe₂O₃ QDs/g-C₃N₄ nanohybrids as an efficient photocatalyst for visible-light-driven hydrogen production and environmental remediation, offering a promising pathway toward sustainable energy solutions.

Fruit color is an important factor that affects its quality. The red-skinned cultivars of Japanese apricot (Prunus mumeSieb. et Zucc.) have high medicinal economic benefits and are mainly used for deep-processed products because of their eye-catching red pigmentation. In contrast, molecular markers related to the red color trait in Japanese apricot fruit haven’t been reported. This study identified twenty-eight SNPs markers based on genome resequencing data. The average number of alleles per SNP marker site in red and green-skinned groups of Japanese apricot cultivars was 1.9643, with heterozygosity ranging from 0.02 to 0.75, and an average Shannon index of 0.517 and 0.4420, respectively, indicating high dispersion and diversity. The total germplasm was divided into two (K = 2) clusters, including 10 and 34. Most red-skinned Japanese apricot cultivars were classified as cluster I, showing the significant genetic difference between the two cultivar groups (Fst= 0.54). According to PICvalues, a total of seven SNPs markers showed high polymorphism (PIC> 0.5), including PmSNP_1 (4-CL), PmSNP_4 (WD40), PmSNP_5 (MYB29), PmSNP_18 (UFGT6) and PmSNP_27 (UFGT3) that were highly correlated with red color trait. Among them, PmUFGT3exhibited the highest polymorphism, which is significant for future research on developing and utilizing germplasm resources related to red fruit skin.

Deploying caches at the macro base station (MBS), unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and mobile user caches can effectively reduce the retransmission of duplicate content in the 5G cellular wireless hotspot network. As the storage capacity of MBS is much higher than UAVs and other hotspot cache nodes, the MBS advertises its vacant storage space so that the participating nodes can rent it. In this article, we proposed an efficient load-balancing scheme by using the Stackelberg equilibrium game model. The proposed scheme sets a unit price ($\xi$) based on constraints to avoid data traffic uncertainty caused by participation nodes and rent vacant space of MBS. Furthermore, we proposed an efficient scheme for the placement and delivery of hotspot content by using Knapsack and Zipf. Moreover, ensuring the device-to-device link support also minimizes transportation costs. The results validate that considering the above-mentioned techniques significantly improves the overall hotspot network performance.

Citrus fruits have a prominent position among the tree fruits and are extensively grown in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Citrus is a perennial fruit crop that is highly nutrient-responsive and requires appropriate nutrition for optimum growth and development. The transition from conventional chemicals to biofertilizer (organic) sources is gaining popularity these days. This study aimed to assess the effects of different organic and synthetic fertilizer doses on the yield and quality of 10-year-old ‘Kinnow’ mandarin trees (grafted on ‘Rough lemon’) for three consecutive seasons: 2015–2016, 2016–2017, and 2017–2018. Six different formulations of fertilizers were used in this study, i.e., farmyard manure (FYM), humic acid (HA), and inorganic fertilizers (NPK). As a source of nitrogen, we used calcium ammonium nitrate for phosphorous (single superphosphate, SSP) and sulphate of potash (SOP) were used. The recommended dosage of organic and inorganic fertilizers was used during the experiment, namely T1 (50 Kg/plant FYM + 1000:500:500 g/plant NPK); T2 (60 Kg/plant FYM + 750:375:375 g/plant NPK); T3 (70 Kg/plant FYM + 500:250:250 g/plant NPK); T4 (150 g/plant HA + 1000:500:500 g/plant NPK); T5 (200 g/plant HA + 750:375:375 g/plant NPK) and T6 (250 g/plant humic acid + 50% Basic dose of NPK). According to the results, T2 fertilizer significantly enhanced plant growth, canopy volume, and plant spread. Moreover fruit yield (55, 52, 54 g) was improved in T2 treatment for 3 consecutive years compared to the other treatments. The better fruit size (65, 67, 65 mm) and juice percentage (40, 45, 41%) remained substantially higher and increased in T2 compared to other tested treatments. The research findings exhibited that orchard nutrition management notably affected tree growth and productivity. The combination of a large quantity of organic (FYM) with a lower level of inorganic fertilizer showed significantly better plant growth and yield than other combinations. In the future, these doses should be advised for mandarins in the field conditions in order to improve yield and fruit quality.

The Albian–Aptian Goru Formation represents a fluvio-deltaic reservoir in both the Central and Southern Indus Basin, Pakistan. Using high-resolution core data, this study provides comprehensive insights into the depositional environment and its role in influencing reservoir heterogeneities in the studied formation. The sedimentological investigations demonstrate five lithofacies, namely, (i) massive sandstone (Sm), (ii) horizontal to low-angle planar laminated sandstone (Sl), (iii) planar cross-laminated sandstone (Sc), (iv) heterolithic beds (Hw and Hr), and (v) massive mudstone (Mm). Facies associations reflect shallow marine depositional settings varying from deltaic in the NE to strand plain in the SW. The framework grains of the established lithofacies exhibit quartzo-feldspathic petrofabrics, which have been sourced from stable craton-continental block settings. The petrophysical data in the core depth zone show high shale content in Well-A and lower parts of Well-B. In Well-A, the crossover between the density and neutron logs is not observed, which suggests unsaturated sands, while Well-B exhibits a permeable zone as indicated by neutron-density crossover, low gamma ray values, and relatively high porosity. The petrographic analysis and scanning electron microscopy indicate high effective porosities contributed by both primary (intergranular and intercrystalline) and secondary porosity (owing to fracturing and dissolution). The upper part of Well-B shows high porosity values up to 28% due to highly fractured quartz. Porosity values are low in the lower parts of the Well-A and Well-B due to intensive calcite cementation, chlorite recrystallization, proto matrix as well as pseudo matrix. This suggests that both Well-A and Well-B have a common source but the reservoir properties can be attributed to the depositional and post-depositional variations in the petrofabric of the studied lithological units. The Cretaceous Goru Formation in Southern Indus Basin, the Pariwar formations in Jaisalmar Basin, and Bhuj Formation in Kutch Basin share same geological history and sedimentary processes. Thus, these studies can be utilized in the exploration of Cretaceous reservoirs in these basins.

AbstractThis study investigates the protective effect of various hydroxy acid-based rust converters such as malic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, hydroxy acid mixture and glycolic acid in controlling the corrosion of steel reinforcement embedded in cement mortar. The steel rebars pre-treated with hydroxy acids were embedded in cement mortar samples. Afterward, the reinforced samples were exposed to 2.5% sodium chloride (NaCl) and 2.5% magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) solution for 52 weeks (∼365 days). The corrosion state of rebars was estimated in terms of visual assessment of steel rebars, electrical resistivity (ER), corrosion current density based on linear polarisation resistance (LPR) and half-cell potential (HCP) values. The results indicate that the rebar specimens treated with malic, tartaric, lactic and hydroxy acid mixture underwent a lower degree of corrosion-related deterioration. This inhibition effect on the corrosion of steel rebars is due to the formation of insoluble complexes and chelates, leading to the preservation of hydration products in the samples collected from the steel–mortar interface as evidenced by SEM, XRD and FTIR spectroscopy.

We theoretically investigate the Goos-Hänchen (GH) shifts of a reflected light beam from the dielectric interface containing a monolayer graphene sheet in the presence of an external perpendicular magnetic field. Using Kubo formalism we derive the expressions for the magneto-optical (MO) conductivities. Based on the angular spectrum analysis, we calculate and demonstrate that quantized GH shifts on the surface of graphene monolayer can be tuned by varying the intensity of the applied magnetic field and the beam incidence angle. We show that the GH shifts are quantized due to the Landau level (LL) quantization of the magneto-optical conductivities. In the vicinity of Brewster's angle the GH shift exhibit extreme positive or negative peaks around the magneto-excitation photonic energies in the terahertz regime. We discuss the dependence of the GH shifts on the strength of the magnetic field, the incidence angle, chemical potential, and the impinging frequency of the Gaussian beam. We also discuss the GH shifts for partial reflection (PR) and total internal reflection (TIR) conditions. We find that in the total internal reflection geometry, we have giant angular and spatial GH shifts in the vicinity of the Brewster angle as well as near the critical angle. The MO-modulated GH shift in graphene–substrate system provides a new mechanism to realize photonic devices in the terahertz region.

•Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from a matched sibling donor (MSD) is the standard of care treatment for children and young adults with severe aplastic anemia (SAA).•Limitations in identifying an MSD, together with recent advancement in the form of adding post-transplantation cyclophosphamide to alternative donor transplantation (ADT), compel a contemporary reevaluation.•In this metanalysis, the pooled 5-year overall survival was in favor of upfront ADT compared with immunosuppressive therapy (odds ratio [OR], 0.44) and in favor of upfront ADT compared with salvage ADT (OR, 0.31).•Upfront ADT is a potential alternative treatment option in pediatric and young adult patients with SAA who lack an HLA MRD.

ABSTRACTThe relevant metabolite biomarkers for risk prediction of early onset of ventricular fibrillation (VF) after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) remain unstudied. Here, we aimed to identify these imetabolites and the important metabolic pathways involved, and explore whether these metabolites could be used as predictors for the phenotype. Plasma samples were obtained retrospectively from a propensity-score matched cohort including 42 STEMI patients (21 consecutive VF and 21 non-VF). Ultra-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry in combination with a comprehensive analysis of metabolomic data using Metaboanalyst 5.0 version were performed. As a result, the retinal metabolism pathway proved to be the most discriminative for the VF phenotype. Furthermore, 9-cis-Retinoic acid (9cRA) and dehydrophytosphingosine proved to be the most discriminative biomarkers. Biomarker analysis through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed the 2-metabolite biomarker panel yielding an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.836. The model based on Monte Carlo cross-validation found that 9cRA had the greatest probability of appearing in the predictive panel of biomarkers in the model. Validation of model efficiency based on an ROC curve showed that the combination model constructed by 9cRA and dehydrophytosphingosine had a good predictive value for early-onset VF after STEMI, and the AUC was 0.884 (95% CI 0.714–1). Conclusively, the retinol metabolism pathway was the most powerful pathway for differentiating the post-STEMI VF phenotype. 9cRA was the most important predictive biomarker of VF, and a plasma biomarker panel made up of two metabolites, may help to build a potent predictive model for VF.

A series of Bi and Fe doped La1−xBixCr1−yFeyO3(x= 0.00–0.10 and y= 0.02–0.12) perovskites were fabricated through a facile microemulsion method and were characterized by XRD, DC electrical-resistivity, dielectric, VSM, and UV–Visible measurements. Orthorhombic phase of synthesized substituted chromite nanocrystallite was confirmed by powdered XRD analysis with crystallite size in 47.8–32.9 nm range. DC electrical resistivity was observed to increase from 1.70–39.99 × 108Ω-cm. Dielectric parameters analyzed in frequency range of 20 kHz–20 MHz were decreased, while magnetic parameters were observed to increase with the increase in dopant (Bi+3and Fe+3) concentration. Whereas coercivity values was low (narrow hysteresis loop), which indicate the soft ferromagnetic of the prepared material materials which are quite useful to employ in storage devices and electronics. Moreover, La1−xBixCr1−yFeyO3degraded 90.80% Rhodamine B dye under visible light irradiation within 55 min. The increase in electrical resistivity, while decrease in dielectric parameters was also observed with increase in dopant concentration, ferromagnetic nature and excellent photocatalytic properties make this material suitable for high frequency energy devices, microwave appliances as well as an excellent magnetically separable photocatalyst for the purification of contaminated wastewater.

Although climax has passed but the bitter reality associated with COVID-19 spread and transmission has never lost from our minds. Due to its simultaneous transmission, millions of people not only lost their lives but they have left tears to the rests. This review presents an overlook about the advancements of textile filters (face masks) to prevent the transmission of viral infections. No doublt, surgical masks and other protective materials have been found quite important for reducing the COVID-19 spread but the disposal of these masks is more challenging and hectic because it can become a bulk source of viral contaminations. On the other hand, use of textiles with antiviral functionality has drawn extra interests for preventing the viral spread. During the past three years, several modified masks with promising commercial applications have been reported by the various firms. These textile filters have been categorized into three types: carbon-based, metal-based, and polymer-based materials. In this review, we have demonstrated the current development on antiviral textiles used for personal protection. Additionally, improvements in their manufacturing and designing of face masks to promote the utilization have also been discussed. Moreover, this study highlights the importance of electrochemical and FET–based sensors that have extensively used for the early detection. The review indicates that efficient and effective antiviral textiles should exhibit strong and reliable filtration capabilities. Albeit, there are still many challenges ahead but these fabric materials (surgical masks) have been found cost effective and highly protective for life. Along with the recommendations of textile based masks, this comprehensive study suggests about their preparation and methodologies that not only economically viable but also scientifically certified.

The rapid industrialization of the world is critically influencing our environment and natural ecosystem. The researchers are taking keen interest to invent novel material as photocatalyst for non-degradable organic pollutants. Herein, we have fabricated Sm and Co substituted M-type hexa-ferrite with composition Ca0.5Pb0.5–xSmxCoyFe12–yO19, (x = 0.00–0.1; y = 0.00–1.00) by sol–gel auto-combustion approach. The effect of Sm2+and Co3+substitution in calcium-lead hexaferrite has been investigated for structural, morphological, dielectric and photocatalytic applications for organic pollutants. X-ray diffraction study exhibited the presence of the single-phase M-type hexaferrite with size ranged between 19–23 nm. The particle size, shape and elemental composition were determined by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis. It was investigated that the electrical resistivity was decreased, and drifts mobility increased with increasing Sm2+and Co3+contents in the doped materials. An inverse relation has been established between the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss up to a frequency of 9.0 GHz and remains constant above this frequency range. The synthesized materials may prove a suitable contender in the domain of high-frequency devices like circulators, filters, transformers and antennas and environmental remediation. The energy bandgap (Eg) was calculated from UV-visible absorbance spectra by Tauc plot. It showed decreasing trend from 2.2 to 1.95 eV for precursor and doped material (Ca0.5Pb0.5–xSmxCoyFe12–yO19, x = 0.1; y = 1.00) respectively. Narrowing of bandgap is considered an important factor for the degradation of industrial effluents. The doped materials have also been explored to study the photocatalytic efficiency using a batch reactor to remove methylene blue dye from the textile synthetic wastewater in the presence of visible light radiations at 668 nm, recording 87.50% of degradation efficiency.

As part of this financing scheme, Unilever availed a loan of Rs833m through Standard Chartered Bank to set up 8.85MW of renewable energy production facilities across four factories in Punjab. The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) has been providing financing on a large scale to promote renewable energy that helped Unilever Pakistan run its 30 per cent plants on renewable energy, central bank governor Dr Reza Baqir said. [Extracted from the article]

In the quest to realize analog signal processing using subwavelength metasurfaces, in this paper, we present the first demonstration of programmable time-modulated metasurface processors based on the key properties of spatial Fourier transformation. Exploiting space-time coding strategy enables local, independent, and real-time engineering of not only amplitude but also phase profile of the contributing reflective digital meta-atoms at both central and harmonic frequencies. Several illustrative examples are demonstrated to show that the proposed multifunctional calculus metasurface is capable of implementing a large class of useful mathematical operators, including 1st- and 2nd-order spatial differentiation, 1st-order spatial integration, and integro-differential equation solving accompanied by frequency conversions. Unlike the recent proposals based on the Green’s function (GF) method, the designed time-modulated signal processor effectively operates for input signals containing wide spatial frequency bandwidths with an acceptable gain level. Proof-of-principle simulations are also reported to demonstrate the successful realization of image processing functions like edge detection. This time-varying wave-based computing system can set the direction for future developments of programmable metasurfaces with highly promising applications in ultrafast equation solving, real-time and continuous signal processing, and imaging.

Primary cutaneous CD8+aggressive epidermotropic cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma (CD8+PCAETL) is a rare disease characterized by aggressive clinical course and short survival. All available data are extracted from case reports and case series. The outcome is dismal and only two reported cases were cured after several lines of therapies including stem cell transplant. We herein present the case of a patient with CD8+PCAETL who presented with rapidly progressive skin lesions and systemic symptoms. He was treated with aggressive multiagent chemotherapy comprising cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone alternating with high-dose methotrexate and cytarabine (hyper-CVAD). The treatment resulted in durable complete remission with no evidence of disease recurrence after 58 months of follow-up. This is the first reported case of durable remission after first-line treatment.

Frigidagenes play a key role in regulating flowering time in plants. In this study, we identified 12 PmFRLgenes and named them according to their chromosomal positions. These genes are unevenly distributed on five chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis of Frigida-like proteins of four Rosaceae species and Arabidopsis thalianashowed that these proteins could be divided into five subfamilies (I–V), and subfamily I (FRI) was absent in Rosaceae species. To further reveal the potential functions of these proteins, we performed duplication analysis and found three tandem duplication events and one segmental duplication event. Tandem duplication promoted the expansion and evolution of the PmFRLgenes. RNA-seq analysis showed that the PmFRLgenes were expressed in different tissues, but there were significant differences in the expression of some genes during dormancy. RT-qPCR results supported the RNA-seq results, suggesting that PmFRLgenes may be involved in the regulation of dormancy in Japanese apricot. In conclusion, our comprehensive analysis provides information on the evolution and possible functions of PmFRLgenes, laying a foundation for further research on the PmFRLfamily.

Gas-turbines are widely utilized in the power generation sectors as these require low operational cost, have very good efficiencies among other turbines, and produce less pollution but required to improve their performances further. This study used efficient and simple optimization methods of grey Taguchi and ANN to enhance gas turbine performance. The objective was to increase ηth, horsepower, and to decrease SFC and heat release of the industrial gas turbine (model # T-4502) by optimizing different levels of input process parameters by gyey-Taguchi method. Finally, air inlet temperature of 28.8 °C,14400 rpm and cartridge filter were found as optimal input parameters at which gas turbine’s performance improved with less consumption of natural gas. Moreover, ANOVA analysis revealed that ‘air-inlet-temperature’ is the dominant and ‘type of air-inlet-filter’ is the least effective process parameter with 71.17% and 1.40% impacts on the output parameters of the gas turbine.

As one of the cutting-edge technologies in advanced information science, wave-based cryptography is a prerequisite to enable a plethora of secure encrypting platforms which can be realized by smart multiplexing techniques together with suitable metasurface holograms (meta-holograms). Here, relying on the polarization multiplicity and re-writability of a computer-generated meta-hologram, a fully secure communication protocol is elaborately developed at the terahertz spectrum to host unique merits for exploring real-time metasurface-based cryptography (meta-cryptography) where highly restricted access of information is imposed. The proposed meta-cryptography exploits two dynamic near-field channels of a meta-hologram whose information can be instantaneously re-written without any polarization rotation and with high contrast and acceptable frequency bandwidth. The computer-generated meta-hologram is constructed based on the weighted Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm via a two-dimensional array of vertical graphene strips whose anisotropic reflection is merely determined by external biasing conditions. Several illustrative examples have been presented to demonstrate the perfect secrecy and polarization cross-talk of the proposed meta-cryptography. Numerical simulations corroborate well our theoretical predictions. As the first demonstration of dynamic THz meta-cryptography, the meta-hologram information channels can be deciphered into manifold customized messages which would be instrumental in data storage systems offering far higher data rates than electronic encryption can deliver.

Byline: Shahid Iqbal, Muhammad Haneef, Shahid Jameel Sameeni, Taqweemul Haq Ali, Farhan Shabbir, Mohammad Arshad and Tahir Khan The Lockhart Limestone of Paleocene age in the Changlagali area of Galiat [...]

In this paper, a dual-band reflective meta-hologram is designed providing two distinct information channels whose field intensity distributions can be independently manipulated at the same time. The proposed pure-phase meta-hologram is composed of several frequency-dispersive coding meta-atoms possessing each of 2-bit digital statuses of “00”, “01”, “10”, and “11” at either the lower (X-band) or the higher (Ku-band) frequency band. Relying on the weighted Gerchberg-Saxton phase retrieval algorithm, different illustrative examples have been provided to theoretically inspect the dual-band performance of our coding meta-hologram. Numerical simulations validate the proposed frequency multiplexing meta-holography with the ability to project two different high-quality images with low cross-talk on two X-band and Ku-band near-field channels located at distinct pre-determined distances from the metasurface plane. As proof of concept, two meta-hologram samples are fabricated, and the experimental results corroborate well the numerical simulations and theoretical predictions. The designed meta-hologram features all fascinating advantages of the coding metasurfaces while its performance overcomes that of previous studies due to providing two information channels rather than the conventional single-channel holography. The frequency multiplexing acquired by the proposed bi-spectral coding meta-hologram may provide great opportunities in a variety of applications, such as data storage and information processing.

Prunus mumeSieb. et Zucc., P. armeniacaL., and P. salicinaL. are economically important fruit trees in temperate regions. These species are taxonomically perplexing because of shared interspecific morphological traits and variation, which are mainly attributed to hybridization. The chloroplast is cytoplasmically inherited and often used for evolutionary studies. We sequenced the complete chloroplast genomes of P. mume, P. armeniaca, and P. salicinausing Illumina sequencing followed by de novo assembly. The three chloroplast genomes exhibit a typical quadripartite structure with conserved genome arrangement, structure, and moderate divergence. The lengths of the genomes are 157,815, 157,797, and 157,916 bp, respectively. The length of the large single-copy region (LSC) region is 86,113, 86,283, and 86,122 bp, and the length of the SSC region is 18,916, 18,734, and 19,028 bp; the IR region is 26,393, 26,390, and 26,383 bp, respectively. Each of the three chloroplast genomes encodes 133 genes, including 94 protein-coding, 31 tRNA, and eight rRNA genes. Differential gene analysis for the three species revealed that trnY-ATAis a unique gene in P. armeniaca; in contrast, the gene trnI-TATis only present in P. mumeand P. salicina, though the position of the gene in these chloroplast genomes differs. Further comparative analysis of the complete chloroplast genome sequences revealed that the ORF genes and the sequences of linked regions rps16and atpA, atpHand atpI, trnc-GCAand psbD, ycf3and atpB, and rpL32and ndhDare significantly different and may be used as molecular markers in taxonomic studies. Phylogenetic evolution analysis of the three species suggests that P. mumehas a closer genetic relationship to P. armeniacathan to P. salicina.

Declining soil fertility and crop yields are common in arid and semi–arid areas. Sustainable technologies that halt or reverse this trend are required to ensure food security. The use of compost for soil amendment should build soil resilience to drought. However, manure (which is a raw material in compost production) is used as a fuel in many semiarid regions of the world. To encourage farmers to change from using manure or composts as fuel to adopting them as soil additives, it will be necessary to demonstrate the production benefits associated with such additives. A 2‐yr field experiment was conducted in a semi‐arid (steppe) desert environment in Pakistan on sandy‐loamy soils. Poultry manure compost (PMC), pressmud compost (PrMC), and urea (U) were compared in a maize–maize (Zea maysL.) cropping system. The PMC and PrMC application increased soil organic carbon (SOC) and N as well as the soil's moisture content, but decreased the soil electrical conductivity (ECe) and pH after 2 yr. Replacing 25% of the U with PMC increased the mineral N and mean crop growth rate by 46%, the net assimilation rate by 30% and the yield by 219%, compared to the control. These results were comparable to applications of U alone and PMC with urea in a 25:75 application ratio. These results demonstrate that in semiarid regions, adding manure or compost as a soil additive improves the soil's yield potential. Core IdeasLess/no burning qualities manure can solve the conflict in using manure for energy.Compost can reverse soil fertility and maize yield decline in semiarid areas.Compost with urea at 25:75 can reduce 25% use of harmful mineral fertilizer. Less/no burning qualities manure can solve the conflict in using manure for energy. Compost can reverse soil fertility and maize yield decline in semiarid areas. Compost with urea at 25:75 can reduce 25% use of harmful mineral fertilizer.

In developing countries, there is a critical situation of pollution as well as shortage of energy. The aim of this project was to design a sustainable approach that can generate pollution-free energy (hydrogen) from a renewable source. For this purpose, Au@TiO2/CdS hybrid catalysts have been synthesized in a hydrothermal reactor at 180 °C. The morphology and optical characteristics of the catalysts were carried out using FT–IR, XRD, Raman, UV–Vis–DRS, SEM, EDX, AFM, and XPS techniques. All photoreactions were done in sunlight, whereas hydrogen generation experiments were monitored using GC–TCD (Shimadzu–2010/Japan). Overall, Au@TiO2/CdS was found to be the most active catalyst that delivers 19.15 mmol g–1h–1of hydrogen under sunlight. Tuning of TiO2/CdS catalysts with Au enhances the surface plasmon impact and generates more photo-induced charges. The results depict that the Au@TiO2/CdS system becomes more effective to cope with SPR electrons to drag redox reactions at active centers. Due to SPR effect, AuNPs progressively generate higher electron density on the surface of TiO2/CdS, specifically when it works on sunlight. Various factors like pH, temperature, catalyst dosage, reactor volume, intensity of light, and sacrificial agents have been evaluated. The results concluded that sustainable hydrogen can be achieved via tuning of AuNPs on a hybrid semiconductor system. Although there are many challenges ahead, this study holds promise for an eventual transition to replace conventional sources of energy.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles have wide industrial –applications, due to their enhanced mechanical, physical, optical and electrical properties. TiO2-based nanomaterials are extensively used in different industries for example paper, semiconductors, paint, food, cosmetics, water purification and textile. Besides its multiple applications in different domains of life, TiO2has been reported for its hazardous effect on ecosystems, specifically on humans and mammals. The human body may be exposed to TiO2NPs by three pathways i.e., oral, dermal and intra-gastric pathways and get accumulated in different parts of the body like the spleen, alimentary tract, central nervous system, liver, kidney, reproductive system, cardiac muscles and may form agglomerates with other mammalian cells. Additionally, these NPs may cross blood brain barrier and induce apoptosis in human hippocampal neurons. These NPs also show genotoxic effects that might leads towards the apoptosis and chromosomal instability. It has been observed experimentally that the cytotoxic effects of TiO2depend on their size, shape, type and rate of consumption. This paper provides comprehensive information regarding hazardous effects reported for TiO2NPs on living organisms (animals and humans). This information will be supportive for understanding the spectrum of toxicity associated with the NPs that will be helpful in deciding the fate of TiO2NPs.

We present a reflection-type 2-bit digital coding metasurface to achieve dual-band functionalities in two different operating bands, independently. We aim to design various coding sequences to achieve the pre-desired functionalities, which no longer require time-consuming optimization of the distribution of reflection phases. Two main contributions are provided in this work. First, we show that by changing the operational frequency band between the lower (X-band) and higher (Ku-band) frequency bands, we can realize the beam switching between the opposite half planes. Second, the proposed dual-band 2-bit coding metasurface is further extended for conversion from the spatial waves to surface waves in one frequency band, and beam deflection/focusing in another band. Samples are fabricated to experimentally validate their frequency-dependent performances, which show high efficiency and good agreement with simulations results. We remark that the proposed concept can be readily extended to the terahertz and optical regimes, which may find potential applications in multifunctional metadevices with multispectral features.

Quality Management System (QMS) is expressed as the systematic set of operational procedures, policies and objectives which are documented, maintained and controlled by the company to achieve its quality objectives and continuous improvement in the overall system of the organization. This study aims to explore the role of QMS implementation in improving customers’ satisfaction. The perception of the customers about the products manufactured by the organization with and without ISO 9001 have been explored. A modified SERVQUAL model has been used covering six major dimensions entitled: (i) tangibles, (ii) reliability, (iii) responsiveness, (iv) assurance, (v) empathy, and (vi) price & sales to analyze the impact of customers’ satisfaction. A comprehensive structured questionnaire was used for the survey with 24 individual customers and 11 small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). The results showed that there is a significant impact of QMS implementation and ISO certification on customers’ satisfaction. The customers easily rely on an SME if it has implemented QMS successfully and practicing effectively.