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Illustration by Edwin Fotheringham Enron, Worldcom, FIFA, General Motors, Volkswagen, and Wells Fargo are just a few examples of scandals caused by organizational cultures that encouraged inappropriate behavior. The reputation [...]

Several cybersecurity incidents have made front page news this year. The reality for businesses is that it is a perpetual source of risk. Eighty-seven percent of respondents to Deloitte's most [...]

Internal auditors are required to use their professional judgment when evaluating the effectiveness of an organization's internal controls, corporate governance, and risk management practices. To do that effciently, audit programs [...]

Modern organizations generally recognize the risk of employees having interests that conflict with the interests of the organization, itself. These conflicts not only affect internal auditors--who are expected to follow [...]

Audit objectives are the mission statement, or the reason, for the audit engagement. Once they've been established, everything done on the engagement--either directly or indirectly--supports their achievement. Audit objectives are [...]

Background. The Work Limitations Questionnaire-25 (WLQ-25) and the Work Instability Scale for Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA-WIS) have been used to measure at-work disability related to musculoskeletal disorders. However, a recent systematic review has shown that important psychometric properties still needed to be evaluated. Objective. The purpose of this study was to establish the validity and responsiveness of the WLQ-25 and RA-WIS in people with chronic work-related upper-extremity disorders. Design. Two-hundred six participants with chronic upper-extremity disorders who attended a specialty clinic operated by the Workplace Safety & Insurance Board of Ontario were evaluated at their initial visit and 6 months later. Methods. Questionnaires completed at each evaluation were: the WLQ-25, the RA-WIS, the QuickDASH, the pain subscale of the Shoulder Pain and Disability Questionnaire, and the Chronic Pain Grade Questionnaire. At the 6-month evaluation, participants completed a global rating of change question. Known-group and construct convergent validity were assessed using analysis of variance and Pearson correlations, and standardized response means (SRMs) were used to assess responsiveness. Clinically important differences (CIDs) also were determined. Results. The WLQ-25 and RA-WIS had low to moderate correlations with pain and disability scales (.28 Limitations. The external criterion of change was specific to change in upper-extremity condition and not to change in work ability or productivity. Conclusions, The WLQ-25 and RA-WIS provide different information from that provided by pain and disability measures. They discriminate among functional outcome subgroups and detect improvement over time in people with chronic work-related upper-extremity disorders., Musculoskeletal disorders often lead to work disabilities in L the form of both time away from work (absenteeism) and difficulties experienced on the job (presenteeism). (1,2) Presenteeism reflects the phenomenon [...]

Reports from extracted data can sometimes be misleading, which can be a problem when organizations rely on them to make critical business decisions. This is especially important for organizations subject [...]

Employee communication of dissent, or constructive challenges, to management and its corresponding reception, are key aspects of risk management. Employee perception about conveying disagreement influences that employee's understanding of controls, [...]

AS COMPANIES AROUND THE WORLD STRUGGLE TO COMPLY with the U.S. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 or one of the growing list of regulations modeled after the law, they want to [...]

IN A RECENT CONFERENCE Board survey of 271 risk management executives from a wide variety of industries throughout North America and Europe, more than 90 percent said they are building [...]

THE DEFINITION OF 'VALUE ADDED' CAN VARY considerably from one audit department to the next. For many practitioners, this phrase describes audit work that helps management improve the business, rather [...]

Rapid range expansion of boreal forest predators onto the tundra may disrupt local ecological processes, notably through competition with ecologically similar species. Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) have expanded their range northwards throughout the Canadian Arctic, inducing competition with endemic Arctic foxes (V. lagopus). We studied competition between Arctic and red foxes, with a focus on interference competition, and winter movements of red foxes using satellite telemetry and den occupancy data from both species. We worked at Bylot Island (Nunavut) and Herschel Island (northern Yukon), two sites at the northern limit of the red fox’s range. As expected, red fox home ranges were 56% larger on average than Arctic fox home ranges. However, red foxes did not exclude Arctic foxes regionally nor did they prevent them from breeding successfully in their vicinity. On Bylot Island, Arctic foxes did not spatially avoid red foxes more than their conspecifics, as evidenced by similar intra- and interspecific home-range overlaps. On Herschel Island, the red fox pair’s home range extensively overlapped the home range of their Arctic fox neighbors. While red foxes tracked on Bylot Island survived several winters without expanding or leaving their home ranges, those on Herschel Island moved onto the sea ice and died. Overall, our results demonstrate low levels of interference competition between the two species in the High Canadian Arctic. When red fox density is low, as in our study areas where land protection prevents predator subsidization by anthropogenic food sources, Arctic and red foxes may be able to co-exist with limited antagonistic interactions. Our sample sizes were limited by the naturally low density of red foxes at their northernmost edge. Replication therefore is needed to fully understand winter space use and intraguild interactions in this species at its northern range limit.

Background and Purpose. Findings related to joint function can be recorded with movement diagrams or by characterizing the "end-feel" according to the procedure described by Cyriax. Because both methods are used to classify pain and resistance in relation to joint range of motion (ROM), the purpose of this study was to simultaneously evaluate the reliability of these categorizations in a patient sample. Subjects. Two physical therapists performed 2 assessments of passive lateral rotation of the shoulder in 34 patients. Methods. Pain and resistance findings were recorded using movement diagrams and end-feel categories. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC[2,1]) were used to analyze the ratio (movement diagram) data, and kappa statistics ([Kappa]) were used to analyze the categorical (end-feel) data. Results. Intrarater ICCs varied from .58 to .89. Interrater ICCs for locating maximum pain and resistance in joint ROM varied from .85 to .91. Other interrater ICCs were lower (ICC = .34-.88). Intrarater kappa values for end-feel were moderate ([Kappa] = .48-.59), and interrater kappa values were substantial ([Kappa] =. 62-.76). Conclusion and Discussion. Movement diagram measures conceptually related to the end of joint ROM and end-feel were highly reliable. This finding and the fact that additional end-feel categories were introduced in the study may partially explain the end-feel reliability findings. Consideration of their use in future studies may help to determine their clinical utility. [Chesworth BM, MacDermid JC, Roth JH, Patterson SD. Movement J diagram and "end-feel" reliability when measuring passive lateral rotation of the shoulder in patients with shoulder pathology. Phys Ther. 1998;78:593-601.], Key Words: Manual therapy, Movement diagram, Reliability, Shoulder. Manual therapy, in our opinion, is becoming increasingly popular with clinicians, as evidenced by the inclusion of manual therapy techniques in professional [...]

The board's audit committee may be the ideal summary of the governance role - oversight, assurance, fiduciary integrity. Yet solid rules and standards for the audit committee have been slow in coming. Anthony Ridley, general auditor at Ford and chairman of the Institute of Internal Auditors, offers sound guidelines for 'the most important responsibility a director can assume.' (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.), Is fraudulent financial reporting our leading growth industry? It certainly seemed so in the 1980s, and how much has really changed since? Major breakdowns in internal control - from Barings [...]

Components of the Gag protein of bovine immunodeficiency-like virus (BIV) seem to be capable of stimulating monocyte migration and function. The Gag protein occurs inside the virus but may be released during the breakdown of the virus or the cell it infects. The Gag protein itself is cleaved into smaller fragments. Experiments on a BIV strain isolated from cattle showed that the Gag protein enhanced monocyte migration and function. A fragment of the Gag protein called the p26 capsid appears to be the active component.

Climate-caused changes in prey abundance may alter predator–prey dynamics in the Arctic food web. Lemmings (Dicrostonyxspp.) are important prey for Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) and their annual population fluctuations drive fox reproduction, creating strongly linked predator–prey population cycles. Winter diet directly impacts Arctic fox reproductive success, but winter prey diversity on the tundra is low. Strategies such as using the marine environment to scavenge seals have allowed Arctic foxes to persist during years of low lemming abundance. However, warming winters have decreased snowpack quality, preventing lemmings from reaching their previous high abundances, which may reduce their impact on predator dynamics. We investigated Arctic fox dietary response to lemming abundance by reconstructing Arctic fox winter diet in the low Arctic. Next-generation sequencing of fecal DNA, from samples (n= 627) collected at dens in winters of 2011–2018, identified prey both from terrestrial and marine environments. Despite lemming cycle damping, Arctic foxes still increased lemming consumption during years of higher lemming abundance. Alternative prey such as marine resources were consumed more during years of low lemming abundance, with up to 45% of samples containing marine resources in low lemming years. In addition, Arctic foxes consumed high proportions of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus), which may represent a new alternative prey, suggesting climate change may be creating new foraging opportunities. Changes in prey abundance illustrate how climate-caused disturbances are altering Arctic food-web dynamics. Dietary flexibility and availability of alternative prey may become increasingly important for Arctic predators as the Arctic continues to change.

Postoperative exacerbation of ventricular arrhythmias has been reported in some patients treated with thoracotomy implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). This phenomenon, which may be related to epicardial patch electrodes, may be less frequent after nonthoracotomy ICD implantation. In this nonrandomized study, post operative arrhythmias in thoracotomy approaches (n = 52) were compared with those in nonthoracotomy approaches (n = 59). Preoperatively, all patients were clinically stable receiving an antiarrhythmic regimen chosen by serial drug testing. Nine of 52 patients in the thoracotomy group developed sustained ventricular tachycardia postoperatively while receiving the same antiarrhythmic regimen chosen preoperatively, and 1 patient eventually died. Two additional patients developed frequent and prolonged episodes of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia requiring changes in the antiarrhythmic regimen. In the nonthoracotomy group, only 3 of 59 patients developed sustained ventricular tachycardia and 1 developed frequent nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. Thus, only 4 of 59 patients in the nonthoracotomy group developed clinically significant ventricular arrhythmia during the postoperative period compared with 11 of 52 patients in the thoracotomy group (p

Outcomes of 282 patients referred to the arrhythmia service at Montefiore Medical Center for sustained ventricular tachycardia (n = 214) or ventricular fibrillation (n = 68) associated with coronary artery disease were analyzed retrospectively. All patients underwent serial drug trials by electrophysiologic testing and Holter monitoring. Sixty-eight patients who did not respond to drug therapy were treated with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD group), and 214 patients were treated with other methods guided by electrophysiologic testing and Holter monitoring (non-ICD group). The non-ICD group included 49 patients who responded to drug therapy as judged by electrophysiologic testing, as well as patients who did not respond and were not treated with defibrillator therapy for various reasons. Ten patients died in the hospital (2 patients in the ICD group, 8 in the non-ICD group). Actuarial survival rates free of total cardiac death at 1, 2, and 3 years were, respectively, 94%, 87%, and 85% in the ICD group, and 82%, 78%, and 73% in the non-ICD group (p = NS). Survival rates free of total death at 1, 2, and 3 years were 90%, 82%, and 76% in the ICD group, and 82%, 76%, and 70% in the non-ICD group, respectively (p = NS). Survival rates free of total cardiac and total deaths of 49 patients treated with an effective regimen determined by electrophysiologic testing were nat significantly different from those of the ICD group. This retrospective study suggests that outcomes of patients treated with ICDs may not be dramatically different from those of patients treated with other methods guided primarily by electrophysiologic testing. Therefore, prospective studies comparing ICD therapy with drug therapies are ethically justified and should be conducted to determine roles of various therapeutic procedures.

To determine the influence of left ventricular (LV) function on survival and mode of death in patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD), sudden death, surgical mortality, total arrhythmia-related death, total cardiac death and total death were retrospectively evaluated in 377 consecutive patients. The outcomes were also compared between patients with an LV ejection fraction [greater than or equal to]30% (214 patients, group 1) and

You've read all the theories. Your CEO wants you to try it. Your staff might like it. But is employee involvement the right approach for you? AS ONE OF three [...]

Although electrophysiologic studies are often used to assess antiarrhythmic drug efficacy in patients with ventricular tachycardia (VT), the reproducibility of these studies during therapy has not been definitively established. Confirmation studies were performed during drug therapy in 64 patients (51 men, mean age 63 years) with sustained ventricular arrhythmias induced during initial study to assess the reproducibility of drug effect. All patients had coronary artery disease. The stimulation protocol used included the serial introduction of up to 3 premature ventricular stimuli during sinus rhythm and with ventricular pacing at 2 pacing rates. Rapid ventricular pacing techniques were also used. Antiarrhythmic drug efficacy was confirmed in 77% of patients. Sustained VT was induced at repeat electrophysiologic study in 19% of patients during antiarrhythmic therapy that was previously thought to be effective. In summary, electrophysiologic study results during antiarrhythmic therapy exhibit significant day-to-day variability. Sustained VT can be induced during antiarrhythmic therapy that was previously defined as effective by programmed stimulation in a substantial number of patients. (Am J Cardiol 1992;69:1296-1299)

Although developed in and long associated with the public sector, the concept of value-for-money (VFM) auditing is finding increasing interest and application in the private sector. These organizations realize the [...]

It is difficult to argue that compliance audits are not an important internal audit product. Noncompliance with, for example, anti-money laundering legislation can have serious consequences. In one recent example, [...]

Requirements for a quality assurance and improvement program (QAIP) are outlined in IIA Standard 1300. An integral part of any QAIP should be to help ensure an internal audit department [...]

The phrase 'work smarter, not harder' encourages an increase in productivity and efficiency. It can motivate an employee to identify the most important and necessary tasks and execute them with [...]

The vast amount of data generated by business and the increase in data warehouses and legacy systems have created a treasure trove of information to be mined to draw meaningful [...]

DAVID MCNAMEE HAS LONG BEEN considered one of the internal audit profession's thought leaders on risk management. He has taught risk management to audit professionals in more than two dozen [...]

THE U.S. SARBANES-OXLEY ACT of 2002 is filled with onerous requirements, emerging interpretations, and perilous risks. The new regulations are forcing organizations to take a closer look at board and [...]

ODAY'S FAST-PACED BUSINESS environment bombards organizations with a diverse array of risk events. Consequently, organizations are developing a variety of risk management strategies. In this environment, internal auditors have an [...]

HE COMMITTEE OF sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission's (COSO) Internal Control -- Integrated Framework provides a framework, or model, for meeting business objectives. According to the private-sector group, internal [...]

The skills today's internal auditors need most can be found in the most recent update of The IIA's Global Internal Audit Common Body of Knowledge (CBOK) Study. The first report, [...]

SECTION 404 OF THE U.S. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires evaluation of how public companies' financial reporting controls are designed and implemented. The most resource-intensive facet of this evaluation is [...]

COMPANIES ARE SPENDING enormous time, energy, and consulting fees documenting and testing detailed financial control activities to comply with Section 404 of the U.S. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. But if [...]

IT IS NEARLY IMPOSSIBLE to scan through The Wall Street Journal without reading about yet another company in crisis. Although the reasons for these crises vary, credit and counterparty risks--the [...]

Disturbance by anthropogenic activities may cause chronic (long‐term) stress in wildlife and contribute to population declines. Although declines of boreal woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) across Canada have been attributed to anthropogenic disturbance, the physiological stress response of caribou to disturbance is not well understood. As a measure of chronic stress, we assessed cortisol concentrations in guard hair from 89 female caribou between 2009 and 2011 in eastern Manitoba. We compared cortisol concentrations among 5 caribou populations occupying areas with varying levels of disturbance, and estimated home ranges of 55 collared caribou to examine how home range size varied with cortisol concentrations. Within each home range, we quantified disturbance characteristics (roads, transmission lines, cottages, and logged and burned areas) and landscape features (lakes, black spruce [Picea mariana], and jack pine [Pinus banksiana]), and used model selection to determine the combination of disturbance features that best explained variation in caribou cortisol concentrations. Hair cortisol concentrations differed among the 5 caribou populations and increased with decreasing home range size. The proportion of the home range logged in the previous 6–21 years best explained variation in cortisol concentrations. Our results suggest that caribou respond negatively to logging, and caribou occupying the southern extent of their range could be vulnerable to disturbance. Although disturbance affects caribou cortisol concentrations, the consequences of increased cortisol concentrations on caribou survival and reproduction are unknown and need to be examined for effective management of populations. © 2017 The Wildlife Society. We evaluated the effects of disturbance on chronic levels of cortisol in boreal woodland caribou, and found that cortisol levels increased with increasing logging disturbance and decreasing home ranges. Minimizing logging and other anthropogenic disturbance, particularly from the southern extent of the caribou's range, could reduce cortisol levels in caribou.

I was quite disappointed in the misuse of the term control environment in the article, 'The Information Security Control Environment,' written by Meghann Cefaratti, Hui Lin, and Linda Wallace (April [...]

Adenocarcinomas of the paranasal sinus are uncommon, accounting for less than 1% of all malignancies and from 5 to 20% of all carcinomas of the sinonasal area. (1,2) We examined [...]

In this article, the author discusses teaching of story writing in English as foreign language (EFL) classroom. Various differences in academic writing and feature story are mentioned including paragraphs, topic sentences and the controlling idea. Also informative stories and personality profiles are the categories of feature story discussed.

Background Ulnar-sided wrist pain is a common problem in the upper extremity. It affects a broad patient population and can be difficult to treat. Ulnar impaction syndrome (UIS) is major cause of ulnar-sided wrist pain and a number of different operations have been used to correct it, including ulnar shortening osteotomy (USO).Objective To retrospectively review functional outcomes and complication rates of USO for UIS at the Hand and Upper Limb Centre (London, Ontario) over a two-year period.Methods Twenty-eight patients who underwent USO between 2007 and 2009 participated in the present study. Ulnar variance pre- and post-surgery was assessed using standard radiographic examination. Patient-rated outcomes were measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) survey for functional outcomes. Objective grip strength and range of motion were compared with the contralateral extremity.Results On average, USO achieved a 3.11 mm reduction in ulnar variance. Nonunion occurred in five patients and required a secondary bone grafting procedure. All USO eventually healed. Overall, pain improved by 47.2% and the mean DASH score after surgery was 37.21. Flexion, extension and supination range of motion decreased by 10° compared with the unaffected side. Eleven patients (39%) elected to undergo a second surgery for hardware removal. Patients receiving compensation from the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board experienced significantly higher residual pain (VSA 5.24 versus 1.97) and disability levels (DASH 60.23 versus 25.70). Smokers also experienced worse outcomes in terms of pain (VSA 4.43 versus 2.36) and disability (DASH 51.06 versus 29.67). In this cohort, smoking was not associated with a higher rate of nonunion.Conclusion USO is effective in reducing pain in UIS and improves disability, at the price of a small decrease in range of motion. Smokers and people receiving compensation from the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board, however, have significantly worse subjective outcomes (VAS and DASH), but similar objective outcomes (range of motion).

NICEATM and ICCVAM convened an international workshop to review the state of the science of human and veterinary vaccine potency and safety testing methods and to identify opportunities to advance new and improved methods that can further reduce, refine, and replace animal use. Six topics were addressed in detail by speakers and workshop participants and are reported in a series of six reports. This workshop report, the second in the series, provides recommendations for current and future use of non-animal methods and strategies for veterinary vaccine potency testing. Workshop participants recommended that future efforts to replace animal use give priority to vaccines (1) that use large numbers of animals per test and for which many serials are produced annually, (2) that involve significant animal pain and distress during procedures, (3) for which the functional protective antigen has been identified, (4) that involve foreign animal/zoonotic organisms that are dangerous to humans, and (5) that involve pathogens that can be easily spread to wildlife populations. Vaccines identified as the highest priorities were those for rabies, Leptospira spp., Clostridium spp., Erysipelas, foreign animal diseases (FAD), poultry diseases, and fish diseases. Further research on the identification, purification, and characterization of vaccine protective antigens in veterinary vaccines was also identified as a priority. Workshop participants recommended priority research, development, and validation activities to address critical knowledge and data gaps, including opportunities to apply new science and technology. Recommendations included (1) investigations into the relative impact of various adjuvants on antigen quantification assays, (2) investigations into extraction methods that could be used for vaccines containing adjuvants that can interfere with antigen assays, and (3) review of the current status of rabies and tetanus human vaccine in vitropotency methods for their potential application to the corresponding veterinary vaccines. Workshop participants recommended enhanced international harmonization and cooperation and closer collaborations between human and veterinary researchers to expedite progress. Implementation of the workshop recommendations is expected to advance alternative in vitromethods for veterinary vaccine potency testing that will benefit animal welfare and replace animal use while ensuring continued protection of human and animal health.

Veterinary vaccines have had, and continue to have, a major role in protecting animal health and public health, reducing animal suffering, enabling efficient production of food animals to feed the burgeoning human population, and greatly reducing the need for antibiotics to treat food and companion animals. Prominent examples include rabies vaccines and rinderpest vaccines. Rabies vaccines for domestic animals and wildlife have nearly eliminated human rabies in developed countries. Thanks to the Global Rinderpest Eradication Program which involves vaccination, trade restrictions, and surveillance, rinderpest may soon become only the second disease (after smallpox) to be globally eradicated. Successful examples of new technology animal vaccines that are licensed for use, include gene-deleted marker vaccines, virus-like-particle vaccines, recombinant modified live virus vaccines, chimeric vaccines, and DNA vaccines. Animal vaccines also use a wide variety of novel adjuvants that are not yet approved for use in human vaccines. Animal vaccines can be developed and licensed much more quickly than human vaccines. The West Nile virus was discovered in the United States in August 1999. By August 2001, an Equine vaccine for West Nile virus was conditionally licensed. For animal vaccines to effectively protect animal and public health they must be widely used, which means they must be affordable. The regulatory process must meet the need for assuring safety and efficacy without increasing the cost of licensing and production to the point where they are not affordable to the end user.

AbstractThe ecology of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) and their main prey, snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus), is poorly understood in southern Canada and the contiguous United States compared to the boreal forest of Canada and Alaska, USA, where both species are well studied. However, given recent listing of lynx under the Endangered Species Act, accurate understanding of lynx and snowshoe hare ecology and conservation requirements in the United States is a high priority. We critically examined unchallenged perceptions and important research needs related to lynx and hare ecology and conservation at the southern extent of their range. Contrary to popular dogma, lynx do not require old-growth forest for denning, but further research on lynx and hare use of fragmented landscapes at lower latitudes is required. The contention that southern lynx are subject to higher interference or exploitative competition compared to their northern counterparts remains without strong empirical support. Lynx rely more on red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) and possibly other alternate prey at lower latitudes, but hares are the predominant food type for lynx across their range. Southern lynx and hare populations do not exhibit periodic cyclicity, but harvest statistics suggest that lynx abundance in the southern range is highly variable, implying that numerical fluctuations likely are fueled by immigration from Canada. Southern lynx population viability in the absence of ingress is suspect and thus maintaining connectivity with northern areas of occupancy should be a priority. Successful conservation of lynx populations in the contiguous United States will require 1) improved understanding of lynx population and habitat ecology at lower latitudes, 2) protection and management of large tracts of lynx and snowshoe hare habitat, and 3) ensured connectivity between lynx populations at the core and periphery of the species' range. However, in light of the numerous challenges facing conservation of populations of many species at their southern distributional limit, the long-term prognosis for lynx in the southern range currently is uncertain.

The distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) is classified as a uniaxial synovial pivot joint between the convex head of the ulna and the concave ulnar notch of the radius.

Public health is an important component of veterinary medicine. In the last 10 years, there has been growing recognition of the need to increase the number of veterinarians trained in public health. The Center for Food Security and Public Health (CFSPH) at Iowa State University (ISU), College of Veterinary Medicine, received a grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to support veterinarians working at CFSPH while pursuing the Master of Public Health degree. CFSPH and ISU administrators worked with the University of Iowa (UI) College of Public Health to establish three cooperative programs for veterinarians to earn the MPH degree. This article describes how these programs were developed and how they operate. (1) Between 2002 and 2005, CFSPH used funds provided by the CDC to support 15 veterinarians as they worked for CFSPH and toward the MPH degree. As the program grew, distance-education methods such as the Internet, Polycom videoconferencing, and the Iowa Communications Network (ICN) were incorporated. (2) A concurrent DVM/MPH degree is now offered; students can complete both degrees in four years. As of January 2008, three students have received their DVM and MPH degrees and 16 students are enrolled in the program. (3) In June 2007, the UI and ISU launched a distance MPH program for veterinarians working in private practice, industry, and government. Eight veterinarians are participating in the program, which includes two two-week, in-person summer sessions, with the remainder of the coursework taken at a distance via the Internet.

Abstract:Predator removal can be an effective strategy for reducing mortality rates of prey species. Because removal programs must continue indefinitely to remain effective, trapping creates a source—sink dynamic that can alter predator spatial distribution and demography. We investigated the intraspecific effects of predator removal by comparing 2 Florida, USA, raccoon (Procyon lotor) populations that are managed to decrease sea turtle egg mortality. Long‐term removal created an extremely male‐biased population (>10:1), but the proportion of juveniles did not differ between sites. Stable isotope analyses indicate that raccoons on the removal beach originated from inland habitats. Our results suggest that adult males dominate the recolonization of removal areas and the presence of juveniles on the beach is due to predispersal behavior. Because raccoons are highly omnivorous and mobile, intensive management at a small scale may have broader impacts across the landscape that predator‐removal programs should consider.