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Zusammenfassung: Studienziel: Die distale intraartikuläre Humerusfraktur führt bei unzureichender Versorgung zu einer schmerzhaften Bewegungseinschränkung oder Gelenkfehlstellung. Eine Alternative kann beim geriatrischen Patient der totalendoprothetische Ersatz des Ellenbogengelenks sein. Material und Methode: Bei 12 Patienten erfolgte die Implantation einer zementierten Prothese vom Typ Coonrad-Morrey. Zugrunde lagen in allen Fällen distale Humerusfrakturen. Die Nachuntersuchung erfolgte über 13 Monate anhand des Mayo-Scores. Ergebnisse: In 6 Fällen erfolgte zur Indikationsstellung eine zusätzliche Computertomographie. Die K-Draht-Osteosynthese zeigte einen postoperativen Korrekturverlust. Beim Fixateur externe können die ulnaren Pinlöcher eine Sollbruchstelle bilden. Die Ruhigstellung in der Oberarmgipsschale bis zur Prothesenimplantation wird deshalb favorisiert. Der Mayo-Score lag im Schnitt bei 90,5 Punkten und der Bewegungsumfang bei 84,5°. Schlussfolgerung: Beim älteren Menschen kann die primär endoprothetische Versorgung einer distalen intraartikulären Humerusfraktur mit der teilgekoppelten zementierten Prothese eine Alternative zur Osteosynthese sein.

EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW It is well known that the planar fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (SOI) (FDSOI) architecture is a technological booster of the CMOS performance, thanks to better electrostatics than devices on [...]

In this contribution, the potential of Pulse Electrochemical Machining (PECM) for the machining of lamellar cast iron is investigated with regard to the machining performance during electrolysis with sodium nitrate as electrolyte and stainless steel as cathode. Therefore, the material removal characteristics of lamellar cast iron with PECM are determined by performing systematic design of experiments techniques applying an industrial PECM machine system (PEMCenter8000) to fulfill the effective utilization of the process and to minimize the number of trials. An analysis of the precision of the manufactured geometries and the possibility of generating defined surface qualities are contents of this study.

Pulse Electrochemical Machining (PECM) is known to produce finished surfaces with a typical roughness in the region of conventional machining methods like grinding or lapping. Furthermore, the process characteristics support the leveling of a rough anodic surface by using an either smoother, equally rough or even rougher cathode. This research focuses on an empirical investigation of the contrary approach, since for some applications surfaces with a well-defined roughness within small tolerances are needed. Examples are forms for injection molding, medical implants and friction pairs. In this contribution the copying accuracy to specifically produce and reproduce a localized as well as adjustable rough surface structure in steel is analyzed under different process conditions. The surface structure and roughness of the used PECM cathodes are initially produced by Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) using copper as electrode. This study will show how surface roughnesses can accurately be produced with PECM in a range of typical conventional and non-conventional machining methods. Furthermore, the possibility of adding a surface texture by PECM is pointed out which will create a similar result as an EDM process but without the disadvantages of heat affected zone, tool wear and long machining time for fine finishes. The changes of the surface roughness during the process chain - producing the electrodes by turning, machining the PECM cathodes with EDM and finally machining the parts with PECM - are measured in all stages and correlated to the process conditions and influencing parameters. For all PECM experiments a commercially available PEM Center8000 with sodium nitrate as electrolyte and for all EDM experiments a FORM 20 with IonoPlus IM E-MH as dielectric was used.

Pertrochanteric femoral fractures are common and intramedullary nailing is an accepted method for their surgical treatment. Accurate placement of the implant is essential to ensure fixation. The conventional technique can require multiple guide wire passes, and relies heavily on fluoroscopy. A computer-assisted planning and navigation system based on two-dimensional fluoroscopy for guide wire placement in the femoral neck has been developed, in order to perform intramedullary pertrochanteric fracture fixation using the proximal femoral nail (PFNA®). The planning process was supported by a ‘zero-dose C-arm navigation’ system. The PFNA was inserted into 12, intact, femoral sawbones guided by the computer-based navigation, and into 12, intact, femoral sawbones using a conventional fluoroscopic-assisted technique. Guide wire and subsequent blade placement in the femoral neck was evaluated. The computer-assisted technique achieved a significant decrease in the number of required fluoroscopic images and in the number of guide wire passes. The obtained average blade placement accuracy in the femoral neck was equivalent to the conventional technique. The operation time was significantly longer in the navigation-assisted group. The addition of computer-assisted planning and surgical guidance to the intramedullary nailing of pertrochanteric femoral fractures offers a number of clinical benefits based on the results of this sawbone study. Further studies including fractured sawbones and cadaver models with extension of the navigation process to all steps of PFNA introduction and with the goal of reducing operation time are indispensable before integration of this navigation system into clinical practice.

The radial head plays an important role for the stability of the elbow joint. According to Mason, radial head fractures are classified into different grades. While low grade fractures can be treated conservatively or operatively, multifragmental fractures of the radial head are treated by resection and prosthetic replacement. However, these prostheses are not part of the inventory in every hospital. The following study presents the data of 15 patients treated by postprimer radial head replacement. The prosthesis was implanted on average 4 days after trauma. Two different types of implants were used. A Mason 3 injury existed in 8 cases, a Mason 4 fracture was observed in 5 patients and two patients had a Monteggia-equivalent fracture pattern. Either an upper arm bracing or in cases with severe joint instability a fixateur externe was applied. Using the score of Broberg and Morrey we found in 10 cases a good, in 2 patients a fair and in 3 cases a poor result. While in a Mason 3 fracture the postprimer replacement is suitable, it can not be recommended for Mason 4 or even Monteggia-equivalent fractures. Der Radiuskopf spielt für die Stabilität des Ellenbogens eine wichtige Rolle. Dabei wird der Radiuskopfbruch nach Mason in unterschiedliche Grade eingeteilt. Während bei den niedriggradigen Frakturen die konservative oder osteosynthetische Therapie zum Tragen kommt, werden die nicht mehr rekonstruierbaren Radiuskopffrakturen durch eine Prothese ersetzt. Allerdings hat nicht jedes Krankenhaus eine derartige Prothese bevorratet. In der vorliegenden Studie werden die Behandlungsergebnisse nach postprimärer Implantation einer Radiuskopfprothese bei 15 Patienten untersucht. Dabei lag in 8 Fällen eine Mason 3 Fraktur, bei 5 Patienten eine Mason 4 Fraktur und zweimal eine Monteggia-äquivalente Verletzung vor. Bis zur Indexoperation wurde entweder ein Oberarmgips angelegt oder bei starker Instabilität ein gelenküberbrückender Fixateur externe montiert. In 2 Fällen wurde zunächst eine Ulnaosteosynthese durchgeführt. Die Prothese wurde im Schnitt 4 Tage nach Trauma implantiert. Es wurden 2 verschiedene Prothesentypen verwendet. Nach dem Score von Broberg und Morrey fand sich bei 10 Patienten ein gutes, in 2 Fällen ein zufriedenstellendes und dreimal ein schlechtes Ergebnis. Als Komplikationen traten 3 periartikuläre Verkalkungen auf. In 2 Fällen war eine schleichende Reluxation nach initialer Oberarmgipsanlage eingetreten. Während sich die Mason 3 Fraktur für die postprimäre Prothesenimplantation sehr gut eignet, ist dies bei den Mason 4 und den Monteggia-äquivalenten Verletzungen allenfalls bedingt der Fall. Komplexe Ellenbogenverletzungen mit prothesenpflichtiger Radiuskopffraktur sollten von Kliniken behandelt werden, die den Radiuskopfersatz primär durchführen können.

We have studied the integration process and the electrical properties of TiN/metal gate transistors with high k dielectrics for various strained substrates: Strained SOI, Strained SiGeOI, and Strained Ge. Substrate approaches enable (i)higher strain levels (additive with process induced strain), (ii)the co-integration of opposite strained layers for nMOS and PMOS, (iii)VT engineering for metal gates. Those features make the substrate approach a very promising solution for ultimate CMOS integration.

We report detailed depth profiles of the particle-reactive radionuclides 234Th (24.1 days) and 7Be (53.3 days) in sediment cores collected at different seasons in the Thau Lagoon, located in the south of France. Two sites with contrasting characteristics were selected: C4 in the middle of the lagoon and C5 nearby oyster farming. Both sites were visited six times between December 2001 and May 2003. 234Th in excess (234Th$_{\mathrm{xs}}$; i.e. supplied to sediment by settling particles) and 7Be both show seasonal variations in activities and in penetration within sediment. With their very short half-lives and moderate sedimentation rates at both sites (around 0.1 - 0.3 cm per year), 234Th$_{\mathrm{xs}}$and 7Be should be present only at the water-sediment interface. However all the profiles show penetration of both short-lived radionuclides to variable depths, from 1 up to 8 cm, that indicates efficient biological mixing of upper sediments. Such a mixing is usually described as a biodiffusive transport defined by bioturbation coefficient (D$_{\mathrm{b}}$). The simplest way to calculate D$_{\mathrm{b}}$from radionuclide profiles is to assume steady-state within the mixed layer. For site C4, steady-state bioturbation rates (D$_{\mathrm{b}}$-SS) range between 1 and 12 cm2yr-1, with a weak seasonal signal. The mixing of surface sediments at site C5 presents a greater range (1 - 31 cm2yr-1) with the highest values observed in summer. Radionuclide fluxes at the water-sediment interface show too seasonal variations, particularly marked at site C5 in relation with its position. Such a time-series of short radionuclides at the water-sediment is most unusual. It provides the opportunity to develop a non-steady state modelling in order to test the significance of bioturbation rates based on steady state assumption. These tests allow to figure out how variations (seasonal, episodic) of radionuclide fluxes could induce errors on D$_{\mathrm{b}}$-SS determinations.

For two decades it has been impossible to develop drugs with novel mechanisms of action against herpesviruses, and treatment has been confined largely to the use of inhibitors of viral DNA polymerase. As a representative of a novel inhibitory approach, the non-nucleosidic BAY 38-4766 was identified as a highly selective inhibitor of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). The compound selectively inhibits not only HCMV strains, including ganciclovir-resistant, ganciclovir/foscarnet and ganciclovir/cidofovir double-resistant clinical isolates, but also a number of monkey and rodent cytomegaloviruses. In a murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) pathogenicity model in mice, antiviral efficacy and excellent tolerability were demonstrated. BAY 38-4766-resistant HCMV and MCMV strains are not cross-resistant to the nucleoside analogues ganciclovir and cidofovir or the pyrophosphate analogue foscarnet, indicating a different mode of action. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that the high selectivity of this drug class is most likely due to the inhibition of a late stage of the viral replication cycle. Sequence analyses of resistant HCMV and MCMV strains revealed mutations in UL89 and UL104, proteins known to be involved in viral DNA cleavage and packaging. Consequently, the drug is highly specific for the viral as opposed to cellular functions, since UL89 is related to a bacteriophage terminase and no human equivalent exists. In addition, because some of the genes of the viral DNA cleavage and packaging complex are highly conserved among herpesviruses, development of broad-spectrum agents covering additional human herpesviruses might be possible using this approach.

Abstract. A gravity core taken in the canyon of Capbreton shows a succession of sedimentary facies which can be interpreted as three superimposed Bouma sequences. The turbiditic sequences are covered by an oxidised layer which contains live benthic foraminiferal faunas indicating a reprisal of hemipelagic deposition. Activities of ²³⁴Th and ²¹⁰Pb suggest that the most recent turbidite was deposited between early December 1999 and mid-January 2000. During this period, the most probable natural event able to trigger a turbidity current was the violent storm which affected the French Atlantic coast on 27 December 1999. The turbidity current could have been caused by a sediment failure due to an excess in pore pressure generated by the storm waves, an increase of the littoral drift, or the dissipation of the along-coast water bulge through the canyon. This sub-recent turbidite shows that the canyon experiences modern gravity processes, despite the lack of a direct connection with a major sediment source.

ABSTRACTThe report describes the establishment and characterization of a mouse xenograft transplantation model for the study of papillomavirus infection of bovine skin. Calf scrotal skin was inoculated with bovine papillomavirus type 2 before grafting it to the dorsum of severe combined immunodeficient mice. The grafted skin contained epidermis, dermis, and a thin layer of fat. After 5 months the induced warts not only showed histological features of papillomavirus infections but also tested positive for viral DNA and papillomavirus capsid antigen. The formation of infectious virions was demonstrated by inoculation of new transplants with crude extract from the induced warts as well as in a cell culture focus assay. Topical application of bromovinyl-2′-deoxyuridine led to a reduction in viral DNA content in the developing wart. This small-animal xenograft model should be useful for characterizing antiviral compounds and providing an understanding of the regulation of papillomavirus infections.

: Nach operativ versorgter intraligamentärer Achillessehnenruptur werden 2 unterschiedliche Behandlungskonzepte angewendet. In der Nachuntersuchung findet sich in der Patientengruppe mit semifunktioneller Nachbehandlung mittels eines Vakuumstützsystems neben einer kürzeren Dauer der Arbeitsunfähigkeit ein besseres klinisches und funktionelles Ergebnis. Die konventionelle Gipstherapie weist zusätzlich einen geringeren Tragekomfort und einen erhöhten ökonomischen Aufwand auf.

ABSTRACTEpstein-Barr virus is associated with several human malignancies including Burkitt’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and Hodgkin’s disease (HD). To examine the effect of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) in the pathogenesis of HD, we transfected the gene into the HD cell line L428. EBNA-1 expression was associated with significantly enhanced CD25 expression (interleukin 2 [IL-2]-receptor a chain) in transient and stably transfected L428 cells but did not affect the expression of IL-2 receptor ß and ? chains. There was no up-regulation of the B-cell activation molecules CD23, CD30, CD39, CD40, CD44, CD71, and CD54 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1) or enhanced production of IL-6, IL-10, lymphotoxin alpha, and the soluble form of CD25. Stable EBNA-1-expressing L428 cells were nontumorigenic in SCID mice but showed enhanced lymphoma development in nonobese diabetic-SCID mice compared to mock-transfected cells.

The analysis of bromine and chlorine in dilute aqueous mixtures is described for the first time. The data show that hypochlorite did not react with thiosulfate in dilute alkaline solutions so that the OBr- determination proceeded rapidly and quantitatively by potentiometric titration with thiosulfate as titrant. Chlorine was determined by difference following titration of both hypochlorite and hypobromite by the conventional iodometric method with potentiometric detection of the end point. This new method was successfully applied to a study of halogen consumption in swimming pool water that initially contained active chlorine and bromide ion where the concentration of each active halogen was found during exposure to sunlight.

Relationships between net aerial primary production (NAPP) and soil organic matter formation in a tidal marsh environment were analyzed using a dynamic model. Four basic parameters were considered in the model: NAPP, disappearance rate of dead standing crop, and rates of plant decomposition in soil and air. The model was tested in a sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense) tidal marsh of north Florida. Net aerial primary production was estimated to be 2643 g m−2y−1using a paired‐plot method. The mean annual disappearance rate of dead standing crop was estimated to be 1.965 g g−1y−1. The disappearance rate of sawgrass in soil was estimated to be 4.308 g g−1y−1for the labile portion and 0.105 g g−1y−1for the resistant portion. The sawgrass consists of 34% labile and 66% resistant portions. The soil organic matter due to NAPP was estimated to be 12.5 kg m−2. The actual soil organic matter under the marsh was found to be about 100 kg m−2. Most of the soil organic matter was preserved by constant submergence in water and, therefore, did not actively participate in the carbon cycle. Only about 20 kg m−2of the soil organic matter that had an average thickness of 30 cm was considered to be actively participating in the carbon cycle. The dynamic model predicted 30 y is needed for soil organic matter to be stabilized, and < 2 years is needed for dead standing crop to be stabilized under the environment. Ninety‐eight percent of the soil organic matter was from the resistant pool of sawgrass. The mean fraction remaining (MFR) of the soil organic matter was 0.36. Two carbon cycles were defined in the marsh soil: the short one (mean retention time = 0.73 y) is probably important to the food and energy supply of the ecosystem; the long one (mean retention time = 10 y) comprises the major portion of the soil organic matter.

Abstract: Sewage discharge (chiefly waste waters into the Pointe Pitre bay originates from the neighboring developing town (60,000 inhabitants) A sampling campaign carried out in March 1984 permitted the assessment of both water and sediment quality in the bay, as well as the evaulation of heavy metal contents Industrial pollution appears insignificant whilst urban pollution dominates. Heavy metal contents (lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu)) are high in the sediments of the inner end of the bay and eastern bank, parallel to the urban agglomeration. This anthropogenic origin is accounted for by comparison of heavy metal contents with those prevailing in the terrestrial environment

Abstract: SCOPIX is a new digital X-ray imaging system for core analysis that uses an X-ray source coupled to a high-energy brightness amplifier and a CCD camera. SCOPIX’s numerical files are images in 256 gray levels equal in value to X-ray densities. Possible data processing approaches include: core logging using grayscale profiles to define the characteristics of sedimentary sequences and image processing to define and quantify lithologic facies and the geometry of physical and biological structures. Applications are: recognition of facies and sedimentary processes, study of sedimentary rhythms and geological cycles, and study of biological and geochemical processes.

Es wird ein automatisches Planimeter zur Auswertung von Streifenblatt-Chromatogrammen (optisches Nachlaufsystem) beschrieben, das mit Standardabweichungen von 0,4% oder besser reproduzierbare Werte liefert.

The reaction between hexacyanoferrate(III) and ascorbic acid has been applied to the ascorbinometric micro-titration of hexacyanoferrate(III), hexacyanoferrate(II), dichromate, permanganate, bromate and iodate ions as well as chloramine T. Titrations are carried out with an automatic titrimeter which records the potentiometric titration curve. Despite the small amounts of ions involved accuracy and precision of these methods are satisfactory.

Zusammenfassung Über eine neue Methode zur Bestimmung des Sauerstoffs in organischen Substanzen wird berichtet. Die Pyrolyse wird im Heliumgasstrom in einem T-förmigen Quarzrohr durchgeführt, das mit Hilfe eines neuen Verbrennungsofens beheizt wird. Das bei der Reaktion entstehende Kohlenmonoxid wird über Molekülsieb von den übrigen Pyrolysegasen getrennt und als getrennte Fraktion beim Durchgang durch die Katharometerzelle gemessen. Die der Kohlenmonoxidmenge proportionale Gleichspannung wird mit einem digitalen Integrator mit Drucker ausgewertet. Dieses Integrationssystem ist so aufgebaut, daß es wahlweise umschaltbar zum Einwägen der Substanz auf der Elektrowaage Cahn-RG als Digitalvoltmeter oder als digitaler Integrator zum Integrieren der Kohlenmonoxid-Peaks eingesetzt werden kann.

An apparatus is described for determination of the carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contents of organic compounds in one sample. The substance is. weighed on a direct-indication electromagnetic balance and is combusted in a T-shaped quartz tube. Carbon dioxide and nitrogen are determined simultaneously; during this time reaction water is retained by a cooling trap. Nitrogen is measured subsequently after absorption of carbon dioxide by soda asbestos. Reaction water is hereafter vaporized and determined. The measurement is performed by a thermal conductivity cell combined with a digital integrator. This unit is extensively automated. Net weight of substance and impulse figures are registered on a printer.