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Researchers at the Chinese Academy of Sciences have developed a four-shank 32-channel implantable microelectrode array to monitor single-cell neural information in the hippocampus CA1 under low-dose isoflurane anesthesia. The modified microelectrode arrays showed enhanced electrical properties, allowing for high signal-to-noise ratio recordings of neural activity. The study found that isoflurane anesthesia inhibited spike firing rate in hippocampal CA1 neurons and induced low-frequency oscillations, providing a tool to monitor anesthesia depth in clinical practice. This research offers insights into the neural mechanisms of isoflurane anesthesia and highlights the importance of monitoring anesthesia levels during surgery. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Ohio State University investigated the effect of oral premedication with gabapentin and trazodone on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in dogs. The research found that the combination of gabapentin and trazodone significantly lowered the MAC of isoflurane in dogs, potentially reducing anesthetic risks. The study concluded that this premedication could be beneficial in clinical practice to decrease the required dose of isoflurane during anesthesia. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Fujian Medical University in China have developed a novel compound, D30, which has shown promise in alleviating postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in aged mice. POCD, Alzheimer's disease, and other cognitive diseases are linked to neurotoxic microglial responses, with (32-microglobulin (B2M) playing a key role. D30 treatment significantly improved learning and memory in aged mice by inhibiting the surge of plasma B2M levels and protecting blood-brain barrier integrity. This research offers potential insights into addressing cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) in Botucatu, Brazil, focused on the environmental and biological measurements of the anesthetic isoflurane and its potential toxic effects on veterinarians. The research found that isoflurane was detected at high levels in the air and urine of veterinarians, but no significant differences were observed in hematological, hepatic, or renal parameters between exposed and non-exposed groups. The study concluded that urinary isoflurane can serve as an internal biomarker for monitoring occupational exposure and that such exposure did not lead to abnormal hematological or biochemical changes in veterinarians. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at National Chung Hsing University in Taichung, Taiwan, explored the use of electroencephalography (EEG) to evaluate noxious stimulation during isoflurane anesthesia in dogs. The study found that frontal EEG parameters, such as the patient state index (PSI) and spectral edge frequency (SEF), responded to noxious stimulation, indicating changes in frontal cortical activity. The research suggests that PSI could be a potential indicator for detecting stimuli in canine isoflurane anesthesia. This study provides valuable insights into monitoring noxious stimuli during anesthesia in dogs, contributing to advancements in veterinary medicine. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at the Federal University of Bahia in Brazil focused on the anesthetic management of a maned sloth undergoing forelimb amputation. The sloth was immobilized using ketamine and midazolam, with tramadol for analgesia, and isoflurane for anesthesia maintenance. A paravertebral brachial plexus block was performed successfully, resulting in stable physiological variables and a smooth recovery for the animal. This research highlights the importance of effective anesthesia protocols for wildlife species like sloths, contributing to their conservation and well-being. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study from Erciyes University explores the synthesis of hybrid copper phosphate nanoflowers using copper and shed snakeskin, showcasing antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, and dye degradation properties. The research highlights the potential applications of these hybrid nanoflowers in various fields, including environmental and biomedical uses. The study emphasizes the cost-effectiveness and practicality of utilizing bio-extracts with functional groups in the synthesis process. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute in Kolkata, India, compared the effects of the anesthetics propofol and isoflurane on T cell immune responses in perioperative breast cancer patients. The research found that propofol better regulated T cell immuno-inflammatory responses compared to isoflurane, as evidenced by clinical observations and molecular simulations. This study sheds light on the potential impact of anesthetic choice on immune responses in breast cancer patients undergoing surgery. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Konkuk University in Seoul, South Korea, conducted a study on the preventive effect of ulinastatin on blood-brain barrier dysfunction in rats with postoperative cognitive dysfunction after general anesthesia with isoflurane. The study found that rats treated with ulinastatin showed a more limited cognitive decline, lower blood-brain barrier permeability, and increased expression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) compared to the control group. The research suggests that ulinastatin administration before general anesthesia may help mitigate cognitive decline in rats with postoperative cognitive dysfunction. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the University of Manitoba explores the use of methoxyflurane as an adjunct to local anesthesia for scrotal procedures to improve pain tolerance and reduce anxiety levels. The study involves a randomized controlled trial with participants aged 18-65 undergoing scrotal surgeries. Preliminary results show that methoxyflurane is safe with no reported adverse events, indicating potential benefits for patient outcomes. The study is ongoing, with more participants expected to be recruited within the designated timeframe. [Extracted from the article]

The patent issued by Boston Scientific Scimed Inc. pertains to multi-armed polymers with free-radical-polymerizable monomers, specifically focusing on bioerodible injectable hydrogels used in medical applications. The patent describes the composition, systems, and methods related to these polymers, highlighting the need for additional hydrogels in the biomedical field. The inventors detail the structure of the polymers, including core components and reactive groups, emphasizing their potential applications in healthcare technology and pharmaceuticals. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Nanjing University have conducted a study on the antioxidative effect of STAT3 in cellular vulnerability to isoflurane. The research focused on the role of STAT3 in protecting against isoflurane-induced cytotoxicity in various cell types. The study found that specific regulation of STAT3 was closely linked to cellular vulnerability to isoflurane through an antioxidative pathway. The findings suggest potential therapeutic targets for mitigating the adverse effects of isoflurane exposure. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the University of Wisconsin conducted a study on traumatic brain injury (TBI) using an invertebrate Drosophila melanogaster model to investigate the effects of anesthetics on TBI outcomes. They found that exposure to certain volatile anesthetics prior to TBI reduced mortality within 24 hours, indicating a dose-dependent reduction in mortality. The study also revealed genetic differences in anesthetic preconditioning of TBI, suggesting a genetic component for variation in mortality following TBI. The findings highlight the importance of considering anesthetic dose and genetic background when studying the effects of anesthetics in vertebrate TBI models. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf in Germany examined the impact of volatile anaesthetics on haematology and clinical chemistry in ferrets. The research found that inhalation anaesthesia with isoflurane and sevoflurane significantly affected various blood parameters in ferrets compared to those who were restrained and awake during blood withdrawal. The study concluded that the detection of anaemia in ferrets under inhalation anaesthesia should be considered in both clinical and research settings. For more information, readers can refer to the article "Influence of volatile anaesthetics on haematology and clinical chemistry in ferrets" published in BMC Veterinary Research. [Extracted from the article]

A patent application has been submitted for an inhalation device and system by inventor Mykola GUMENIUK, focusing on the use of volatile anesthetics like methoxyflurane for inducing anesthesia through inhalation. The device aims to prevent the release of anesthetic vapors into the environment and allow for the adjustment of inhaled doses, addressing concerns about leakage and dosing accuracy. This innovation seeks to enhance the delivery of volatile anesthetics, particularly methoxyflurane, by improving the design and functionality of inhalation devices and systems. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the role of orexinergic projections to the substantia innominata in regulating arousal and analgesia. Through various techniques such as optogenetics and EEG/EMG recordings, researchers found that activating the LHAOX[->]SI circuit increased orexin release, promoting arousal from anesthesia and inducing analgesia to thermal and inflammatory pain. The study suggests that orexin neurons innervate SI neurons predominantly through OX2R to regulate both arousal and pain. This preprint has not yet been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care in Haryana, India, conducted a study to compare the effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane on liver function in adult patients postoperatively under general anesthesia. The study included 90 patients aged 18-60, divided into two groups. The research found that both inhalation agents caused significant changes in liver function parameters postoperatively, highlighting the importance of monitoring liver function in patients undergoing general anesthesia. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Southern Medical University in Shenzhen, China, conducted a study on fear response in mice by using pupil dilation and behavior analysis as complementary measures. The study found that pupil diameter changes effectively distinguished between different drug manipulation groups, such as dexmedetomidine, isoflurane, and saline. The research concluded that combining pupillary and behavioral metrics can provide a more precise assessment of animal emotions, refining animal disease models and drug evaluations. This peer-reviewed study highlights the potential of multidimensional assessments in neuroscience research. [Extracted from the article]

Research from Fujian Medical University explores the role of GABAergic neurons in the central amygdala in regulating emergence from isoflurane anesthesia in mice. The study used fiber photometry, chemogenetic, and optogenetic approaches to manipulate neuron activity and assess behavioral and cortical responses to anesthesia. The findings suggest that CeA GABAergic neurons facilitate emergence from anesthesia through the CeA-BF pathway, shedding light on the neural circuitry involved in anesthesia regulation. [Extracted from the article]

A study from Tianjin, China, explores the impact of prolonged exposure to volatile anesthetics on cognitive function, specifically focusing on gamma-Aminobutyric acid A receptors (GABAAR) in dentate gyrus granule cells (DGGCs). The research suggests that prolonged exposure to isoflurane (ISO) may increase acute tonic inhibition in DGGCs, potentially contributing to neurotoxicity in the developing brain. The study highlights the role of d subunit-containing GABAARs in mediating the effects of ISO on DGGCs, emphasizing the importance of understanding subunit-specific mechanisms in anesthesia-induced cognitive impairment. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Purdue University explored the use of frontal electroencephalography (EEG) to monitor varying levels of isoflurane anesthesia in dogs. The research found that EEG monitoring can be a valuable tool for tracking brain states in real-time and guiding the management of isoflurane anesthesia. The study also noted that five out of six dogs experienced a rough recovery, possibly due to high burst suppression ratio (SR) and low mean arterial blood pressure (MBP). The findings suggest that EEG monitoring in dogs could offer insights into anesthesia management. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from the University of Wisconsin conducted a study on the links between mutations in different arms of mitochondrial Complex I and responses to volatile anesthetics. The research found that mutations in specific subunits of Complex I resulted in varying behavioral sensitivities and toxicities to isoflurane and sevoflurane in Drosophila melanogaster. The study suggests that anesthetics may have mechanisms of action that involve different arms of Complex I to varying extents, and that susceptibility to anesthetic toxicity may not always correlate with behavioral hypersensitivity. The research was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and has been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences in Bethesda, Maryland have conducted a study on the use of isoflurane as a treatment for nerve agent exposure. The study found that isoflurane, when administered intravenously, effectively halted convulsions and protected the central nervous system from organophosphate-induced neuronal loss. This injectable form of isoflurane was shown to be as effective as inhaled isoflurane, eliminating the need for vaporizer equipment and enabling intravenous therapy. The findings suggest that injectable isoflurane could be a promising treatment for organophosphate poisoning. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University in China explored the potential molecular mechanism of isoflurane, a commonly used general anesthetic, on neuronal apoptosis. The researchers investigated the role of the SIRT1-mTOR signaling pathway in regulating autophagy during isoflurane-induced apoptosis of fetal rat brain neurons. The study found that a 3% sevoflurane treatment led to increased apoptosis in fetal rat hippocampal tissue cells and neurons, along with enhanced autophagy. The researchers concluded that SIRT1 can modulate apoptosis in hippocampal neurons triggered by sevoflurane, with mTOR functioning as an inhibitory factor in this signaling pathway. [Extracted from the article]

A patent application has been published by the US Patent and Trademark Office for a system that creates hydrogel compositions for medical applications. The invention, filed by Yen-Hao Hsu, involves using a cyclic carbonate compound and a reactive polymer to improve the crosslink density and radiopacity of hydrogels. The patent application highlights potential benefits such as enhanced crosslink density and in vivo persistence. Boston Scientific Scimed Inc. is the assignee for this patent application. This information is summarized from a news article that focuses on healthcare technology and the use of hydrogel in medical devices. The article mentions various substances relevant to the research, as well as the involvement of Boston Scientific Scimed Inc., a medical device company. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from Johns Hopkins University discusses the impact of isoflurane anesthesia on brain metabolism in mice. The study found that isoflurane suppresses brain metabolism in a dose-dependent manner and is correlated with changes in respiration rate and reduced high-frequency EEG activity. The researchers used noncontrast MRI techniques to measure cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) and found that the degree of metabolic suppression by isoflurane was strongly correlated with respiration rate. These findings have implications for future studies involving animal disease models and anesthesia usage. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at Nanchang University in Jiangxi, China, explores the relationship between isoflurane anesthesia and anxiety-like behavior in aged mice. The study found that mice in the isoflurane anesthesia group displayed significant anxiety-like behavior, spending more time in closed spaces and exhibiting more wall climbing behavior. The researchers also discovered that the excitability of inhibitory neurons in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) was reduced following isoflurane anesthesia, which may contribute to the onset of anxiety-like behaviors. This research provides insight into the potential impact of anesthesia on anxiety in elderly patients. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Cairo University in Giza, Egypt have developed a new electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous detection of methocarbamol (MET) and paracetamol (PAR) in human serum samples. The sensor, which is modified with a conductive poly(L-methionine) (PMT) film and a mixture of reduced graphene oxide and graphene oxide (RGO-GO), showed enhanced oxidation processes and increased anodic current responses for MET and PAR. The sensor demonstrated good stability, repeatability, reproducibility, and anti-interference capability, with detection limits of 5.2 nM and 1.2 nM for MET and PAR, respectively. The research concluded that the sensor successfully detected the drugs in serum samples and pharmaceutical formulations with good recovery values. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Wellesley College in Massachusetts explored the effects of the microtubule-stabilizing drug epothilone B on anesthetic-induced unconsciousness in rats. The researchers found that rats treated with epothilone B took significantly longer to become unconscious compared to rats that received a placebo. This suggests that the binding of the anesthetic gas isoflurane to microtubules in the brain may be responsible for causing unconsciousness. The study supports the idea that consciousness is a property of a quantum physical state of neural microtubules. Further research is needed to understand the implications of these findings for humans and other animals. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Mahidol University in Bangkok, Thailand, explored the effectiveness of using a methoxyflurane inhaler in combination with local anesthesia to reduce procedural pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). The study found that the group using the methoxyflurane inhaler experienced greater pain reduction during the procedure compared to the group using only local anesthesia. Additionally, the methoxyflurane group had lower anxiety levels immediately after the procedure. The researchers suggest that further studies should be conducted to evaluate the impact of the methoxyflurane inhaler on different types of painful procedures. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Ottawa explores the use of inhaled methoxyflurane (IMF) as a treatment for acute pain in non-cancer patients. The study found that IMF has several advantages, including the ability for self-administration, rapid onset and offset, and minimal adverse events. Patients who used IMF experienced decreased pain, improved psychosocial factors, and overall satisfaction. The researchers suggest that IMF could be implemented in various settings, such as remote medical interventions and emergency rooms. Further research is needed to explore the full potential of IMF in pain management. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from Tehran University of Medical Sciences discusses the hemodynamic effects of different types of anesthesia in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing laparoscopic implantation of a peritoneal dialysis catheter. The study found that patients anesthetized with isoflurane experienced higher hemodynamic fluctuations compared to those anesthetized with etomidate. Given the critical nature of hemodynamic changes in ESRD patients, the researchers suggest that etomidate may be a more appropriate choice for anesthesia during this procedure. The full article can be accessed for free through the provided link. [Extracted from the article]

A pilot study conducted at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada, explored the feasibility of using methoxyflurane (PenthroxTM) as an anesthetic agent for outpatient cystoscopic procedures. The study involved 11 patients, and the average duration of the procedure was 24 minutes. Patients rated their pain levels at an average of 4 out of 10, and the overall performance of the treatment was rated at 3 out of 4. Four patients reported mild to moderate adverse events, including euphoria, dizziness, and intolerance to the medication. The study suggests that methoxyflurane may offer clinical benefits for outpatient urologic procedures. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Shanxi Medical University have conducted a study on the effects of isoflurane anesthesia on the hippocampal subregions of mice. The study found that isoflurane anesthesia reduces the firing rate of neurons in both the CA1 and dentate gyrus (DG) regions of the hippocampus, compared to wakefulness. Additionally, the firing rates of DG neurons were significantly lower than CA1 neurons during anesthesia, indicating a stronger impact on DG. This research provides valuable insights into the effects of general anesthesia on hippocampal function and offers a suitable approach for studying brain activities during anesthesia. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the Leibniz Institute for Primate Research in Germany has explored the effects of anesthesia on the functional properties of brain networks in marmoset monkeys. The researchers found that isoflurane anesthesia significantly altered the functional connectivity profiles of the marmoset brain, leading to suppressed visual activation and the absence of awake-like network patterns. However, they proposed an alternative anesthesia protocol using a continuous infusion of the sedative medetomidine, supplemented with a low concentration of isoflurane, which preserved the structure of functional networks. The researchers believe that this protocol could advance translational neuroscience initiatives in non-human primate neuroimaging. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Perugia in Italy compared three different anesthetic protocols for cats undergoing ovariectomy. The study aimed to evaluate the quality of sedation, antinociceptive effects, isoflurane-sparing effect, and analgesia during and after the surgery. The researchers found that there were no significant differences between the three opioid groups in terms of intra-operative rescue analgesia requirements, and the cats' vital parameters remained within normal ranges regardless of the opioid used. However, there were differences in pain scores between cats with home resting regimens and those in hospital kennels, suggesting that the unfamiliar environment may have influenced the cats' perception of pain. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences in Haryana, India, explored the use of opioid analgesics in combination with isoflurane anesthesia for buffaloes undergoing diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy. The researchers hypothesized that the inclusion of an opioid analgesic would reduce the amount of isoflurane needed during anesthesia. The study found that the volume of isoflurane used was significantly lower in the group that received the opioid analgesic compared to the control group. The study also reported no significant changes in the buffaloes' hematological and biochemical profiles. This research has been peer-reviewed and published in the Indian Journal of Animal Research. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Padova in Italy examined the exposure of operating room personnel to methyl ethers, specifically desflurane, sevoflurane, and isoflurane, which are commonly used as anesthetics in both human and animal surgery. The study involved 176 workers, including 167 involved in human surgery and 9 in animal surgery. Personal exposure to the anesthetics was measured using diffusive air samplers, and urine samples were collected to measure the concentration of the gases. The study found that the exposure levels for workers in human surgery were low, but higher levels were observed for personnel performing surgery on animals, particularly for isoflurane. The researchers suggest that this may be due to factors such as the physical characteristics of the animals, the quantity of anesthetics used, surgical procedures, and scavenging methods. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the Seattle Children's Research Institute has found that volatile anesthetics induce hyperpolarizing potassium currents in spinal cord neurons, which may contribute to their mechanism of action. The study focused on the role of mitochondrial complex I and the Ndufs4 gene in this process. The researchers discovered that the yeast NADH dehydrogenase enzyme, NDi1, can restore mitochondrial function and reduce the hyperpolarization caused by isoflurane in neurons. These findings suggest that isoflurane-induced potassium currents in spinal cord neurons may be a downstream mechanism of complex I inhibition in determining minimum alveolar concentration. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the SRM Institute of Science and Technology in Tamil Nadu, India have developed a fluorescent polymeric hydrogel for the selective detection of tetracycline (TC) antibiotics in water samples. The hydrogel, called P(OEGMA-co-DIMA), exhibited high selectivity and affinity towards TC. The detection method is based on a static quenching mechanism through a photoinduced electron transfer process and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The hydrogel was also tested in various water samples and showed good recovery rates and limits of detection. This research provides a promising approach for monitoring the impact of TC antibiotics on the environment and living organisms. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the Research Institute for Brain and Blood Vessels in Akita, Japan, discusses the development of a computer-controlled closed-loop infusion system for norepinephrine (NE) in dogs. The system aims to maintain mean arterial pressure (MAP) during surgery under general anesthesia. The study found that the system effectively controlled MAP within the target range in dogs with isoflurane-induced hypotension. The researchers concluded that this system has the potential to be a useful tool in clinical practice for the care of companion dogs. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at ELTE Eotvos Lorand University in Hungary found that the administration of a ketone diester and medium-chain triglyceride oil mixture called KEMCT can prevent the increase in blood glucose levels caused by isoflurane-induced anesthesia in female WAG/Rij rats. The study also found that KEMCT did not affect the recovery time from anesthesia in female rats. These findings suggest that exogenous ketone supplements like KEMCT may be effective in mitigating the metabolic side effects of isoflurane anesthesia, such as hyperglycemia, in both male and female rats. Further research is needed to explore the potential mechanisms of action involved. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at Manipal Academy of Higher Education in Karnataka, India compared the effects of two different anesthetics, sevoflurane and isoflurane, on postoperative nausea, vomiting, and cough. The study found that sevoflurane was more effective in reducing these adverse effects immediately after surgery compared to isoflurane. The research concluded that isoflurane was associated with a higher incidence of cough, while there was no significant difference in nausea and vomiting between the two groups. This information may be useful for patients and healthcare professionals in making decisions about anesthesia options. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, explored the genetic changes induced by isoflurane preconditioning in the mouse brain cortex. The study aimed to examine the temporal sequence of changes in gene expression following isoflurane exposure. The researchers found that isoflurane preconditioning led to significant alterations in genes associated with neurodegeneration and other nervous system disorders. These findings could contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying isoflurane preconditioning-induced neuroprotection in various central nervous system diseases. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Boston Children's Hospital explored the mechanism behind the growth of breast cancer in relation to the use of volatile anesthetics. The study found that isoflurane, a type of volatile anesthetic, directly binds to and inhibits two adhesion molecules, which leads to enhanced tumor growth. The research also showed that deficiency in one of these molecules, leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), facilitated breast cancer growth. The findings suggest that the use of isoflurane during tumor resection surgery may have negative outcomes for breast cancer patients. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca focused on the use of inhaled methoxyflurane for the reduction of distal radius fractures. The study aimed to evaluate the success rate of methoxyflurane in fracture reduction and compare it to propofol. The research found that methoxyflurane was successfully used in a majority of patients, resulting in a shorter recovery time compared to propofol. The study suggests that methoxyflurane is a promising option for surgical interventions like the reduction of distal radius fractures. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at Qingdao Agricultural University in China has found that dexmedetomidine (DEX) can reduce neuroapoptosis (cell death) induced by isoflurane in the developing rat hippocampus. The researchers investigated the role of miR-137, a neuroprotective factor, in this process. They found that DEX increased miR-137 levels and attenuated GSK-3b levels, suggesting that DEX attenuates neuroapoptosis by upregulating the miR-137/GSK-3b pathway. This research provides insights into potential strategies for preventing neuroapoptosis in young animals exposed to isoflurane. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Massachusetts General Hospital have discovered that the common anesthetic isoflurane can inhibit the metabolism of a PET tracer called [18f]3f4ap. This finding is significant because PET imaging studies in laboratory animals are typically performed under isoflurane anesthesia to ensure the subject remains still during image acquisition. The study found that isoflurane largely abolished the metabolism of the tracer in mice, resulting in higher brain uptake compared to awake mice. These findings highlight the need to examine the effect of isoflurane in PET imaging studies before translating tracers to humans who will be scanned without anesthesia. [Extracted from the article]