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If the past two years have proven anything, it is that students today hold a tremendous capacity to adapt to incredibly difficult learning environments. This paper explores student learning experiences in one such learning environment, the period of online learning that occurred between January and March 2021 due to COVID-19-related school closures. Investigating the effectiveness of the digital learning platform Padlet in terms of student engagement with the Latin curriculum and its cultivation of Latin comprehension skills, this case study of Year 8 students in a state-maintained girls' grammar school demonstrates the value of collaborative, discussion-based approaches to remote teaching. The value of digital learning platforms in our post-pandemic educational environment is demonstrated in its potential to bridge the communicative gap felt by many students when taught online, simulating the lively classroom climate which so often generates exciting and effective learning opportunities for each student. As this paper demonstrates, digital learning platforms hold the potential not only to assist educators in coping with the challenges of remote learning, but also to extend student learning in ways once considered unimaginable beyond the realms of the physical classroom. As a result, this paper argues that the position of such platforms in the post-pandemic classroom must be advocated and supported further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equation discovery, also known as symbolic regression, is a machine learning task of inducing closed-form equations from data and background knowledge. The latter takes various forms. Domain-specific knowledge can constrain the space of candidate equations to those that make sense in the scientific or engineering domain of use. Cross-domain knowledge, on the other hand, imposes general rules for model acceptability, such as parsimony, understandability, or consistency of the equations with the dimensional units of the variables. In this paper, we propose using attribute grammars to ensure the induced equations' dimensional consistency. Attribute grammars are flexible enough to combine cross-domain knowledge on dimensional consistency with domain-specific knowledge expressed as a probabilistic context-free grammar. At the same time, we show that attribute grammars can be efficiently transformed into probabilistic context-free grammars for equation discovery with existing algorithms. Finally, we provide empirical evidence that attribute grammars ensuring dimensional consistency of equations can significantly improve the performance of equation discovery on the standard set of a hundred Feynman benchmarks. • Attribute grammars elegantly express dimensionally consistent expressions. • Efficient combining of dimensional analysis with other background knowledge. • Generate equations by transforming into probabilistic context-free grammar. • Discovered 60% more benchmark equations by accounting for dimensional consistency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to translate unseen passages is a skill tested in both Latin A-level and the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma. Higher IB candidates are expected to translate a passage of 105–125 words of Latin poetry (in this case, Ovid's Metamorphoses) as the first of their externally marked papers. The International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO) uses unseen passages to 'measure the [students'] ability to understand and translate texts in the original language' (2014, p. 25). The passages are marked according to two criteria: (a) meaning; (b) vocabulary and grammar. In order to access the highest grades, the students must provide a 'logical translation [in which] errors do not impair the meaning' and 'render vocabulary appropriately and grammar accurately and effectively' (IBO, 2014, pp. 28–9). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Product reviews are of great commercial value for online shopping market. The identification of customer opinions from product reviews is helpful to improve the marketing decisions of customers, sellers and producers. This paper proposes a novel framework for summarizing customer opinions from product reviews. Firstly, our framework identifies grammatically and semantically meaningful phrases which contain product attributes and their corresponding opinions from original product reviews by using grammar rules and the latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) model. Secondly, our framework generates readable and simple summaries from the identified phrases automatically by using the deep neural network. The summaries provide users the valuable opinions on product attributes. Moreover, our framework provides an interactive mode for users to choose product attributes which they are interested for generate personalized summaries to help users focus on the most concerned opinions. Experimental results on six datasets demonstrate effectiveness of our framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The semantic classification of names discriminates the collective from the senses of "grouping" and "set", however, the confluence of traits related to "meeting" or "encounter" has greatly hindered the determination of this type of expressions. In this paper, the particularities of collective names will be described, emphasizing the sense of 'collection', as a definitive feature of a nominal semantic category that presents a greater lexical variability than that described by the Grammatical Tradition and registers a defining syntactic behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that nowadays punctuation depends significantly on syntax. The identification of grammatical categories, syntactic phrases, syntactic functions and peripheral elements constitutes the main foundation to use punctuation marks, which has a clear advantage: applying objective criteria in this orthographic aspect. This paper puts a special emphasis on uses of comma and hyphen, although sometimes a reference is made about other punctuation marks. The Orthography of the Spanish Language and the New Grammar of the Spanish Language, published by the Royal Spanish Academy and the Association of Spanish Language Academies, are the theoretical basis to this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to present the Nietzschean concepts of revenge and eternal return on philosophical grounds of language. One can grasp in the reflection of Nietzsche, beyond psychological analysis, a linguistic-grammatical meaning of «revenge». The pervasiveness of this instinct is so radical that it is intertwined with the pervasiveness of the metaphysics of language. The revenge drives in search of the culprit, of the author, of the cause, of the subject, and it is linked with the founding gesture of metaphysics in general. But this vengeful research of an author is rooted first and foremost in grammatical functions, in the predicative structure of the speech, which declines each event according to agent and activities. The deliverance from revenge, that Zarathustra promises with the eternal return, can be interpreted as a paradoxical attempt to get free from the last shadow of God, the faith in grammar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The task of natural language parsing can naturally be embedded in the maximum-margin framework for structured output prediction using an appropriate joint feature map and a suitable structured loss function. While there are efficient learning algorithms based on the cutting-plane method for optimizing the resulting quadratic objective with potentially exponential number of linear constraints, their efficiency crucially depends on the inference algorithms used to infer the most violated constraint in a current iteration. In this paper, we derive an extension of the well-known Cocke–Kasami–Younger (CKY) algorithm used for parsing with probabilistic context-free grammars for the case of loss-augmented inference enabling an effective training in the cutting-plane approach. The resulting algorithm is guaranteed to find an optimal solution in polynomial time exceeding the running time of the CKY algorithm by a term, which only depends on the number of possible loss values. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the presented algorithm, we perform a set of experiments for parsing English sentences. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper we introduce a novel, context-free grammar, RNAFeatures * , capable of generating any RNA structure including pseudoknot structures (pk-structure). We represent pk-structures as orientable fatgraphs, which naturally leads to a filtration by their topological genus. Within this framework, RNA secondary structures correspond to pk-structures of genus zero. RNAFeatures * acts on formal, arc-labeled RNA secondary structures, called λ -structures. λ -structures correspond one-to-one to pk-structures together with some additional information. This information consists of the specific rearrangement of the backbone, by which a pk-structure can be made cross-free. RNAFeatures * is an extension of the grammar for secondary structures and employs an enhancement by labelings of the symbols as well as the production rules. We discuss how to use RNAFeatures * to obtain a stochastic context-free grammar for pk-structures, using data of RNA sequences and structures. The induced grammar facilitates fast Boltzmann sampling and statistical analysis. As a first application, we present an O ( n log ( n )) runtime algorithm which samples pk-structures based on ninety tRNA sequences and structures from the Nucleic Acid Database (NDB). Availability: the source code for simulation results is available at http://staff.vbi.vt.edu/fenixh/TPstructure.zip . The code is written in C and compiled by Xcode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues for the consideration of determiners (including articles) as an adjectival category, i.e. determining adjectives, within the context of Spanish Grammar. Determiners, it is claimed here, do not constitute an independent word category. The paper analyses terminological problems posed by terms such as determinante, actualizador, presentador etc. and discusses the different theories on determiners and their classifications. The author proposes a differentiation between intensifying and non-intensifying determiners and suggests different subcategories for each group. The last section of this paper deals briefly with multi-word determiners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the author's views on army. He says that he and the troops had gone to grammar school and high school during the war, collected tin cans and scrap paper, seen their mothers shop with ration stamps, gotten war bonds for our birthdays, seen service stars in windows and uniforms everywhere, known a thousand war movies, remembered V-E Day and pictures of wrecked cities.

Comparing XML documents with XML grammars, also known as XML document and grammar validation, is useful in various applications such as: XML document classification, document transformation, grammar evolution, XML retrieval, and the selective dissemination of information. While exact (Boolean) XML validation has been extensively investigated in the literature, the more general problem of approximate (similarity-based) XML validation, i.e., document–grammar similarity evaluation, has not yet received strong attention. In this paper, we propose an original method for measuring the structural similarity between an XML document and an XML grammar (DTD or XSD), considering their most common operators that designate constraints on the existence, repeatability and alternativeness of XML elements/attributes (e.g., ?, ∗ , MinOccurs , MaxOccurs , etc.). Our approach exploits the concept of tree edit distance, introducing a novel edit distance recurrence and dedicated algorithms to effectively compare XML documents and grammar structures, modeled as ordered labeled trees. Our method also inherently performs exact validation by imposing a maximum similarity threshold (minimum edit distance) on the returned results. We implemented a prototype and conducted several experiments on large sets of real and synthetic XML documents and grammars. Results underline our approach’s effectiveness in classifying similar documents with respect to predefined grammars, accurately detecting document and/or grammar modifications, and performing document and grammar relevance ranking. Time and space analysis were also conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modality appears in conversational Spanish markers vamos and vaya as a result of their modal origin from subjunctive forms. Some of their implicit modal values are gone conventionalizing because of their continued interaction with certain contexts, while other ones have weakened as the textual values of these elements were strengthened. In this paper, we focus on one of the modal functions of these markers that has barely been addressed in the literature, despite its considerable functional performance. This is reaffirmation propositional function, which presents distinctive formal and functional features that allows it to be considered as an independent (sub)function of these conversational markers, and in particular, their constructional derivatives and . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the acceptability of some Basque Spanish phenomena which do not appear in the Spanish guideline norm. To achieve it an acceptability survey with 40 sentences has been made to 108 Basque Spanish bilingual students at university between 18 and 20 years, who ought to describe them as right or wrong. In this survey sentences with Basque Spanish features are listed, such as demonstratives without disparaging value, ya as a positive polarity term, evidencial and modal uses of soler + infinitivo, leísmo with masculine and feminine human referents and null objects, among others. The aim is to prove whether these features are general or not in the Basque Spanish speakers and whether these speakers describe or not these features as right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poder, deber (de), tener que, haber de and haber que constitute the hard core of the Spanish auxiliary modal verbs. Nevertheless, there exist other verbs with modal meaning whose grammatical properties, at least some, allow them to be included in this class too. This is the analysis, for instance, proposed in the NGLE for conseguir, necesitar, prometer, lograr and saber. A priori, the Spanish verb caber could also be added to the former group to the extent that it has to be glossed by poder 'can' in constructions such as No cabe exigir otro comportamiento, 'No se puede exigir otro comportamiento'. The aim of this paper is two-fold. Firstly, a detailed description of the grammar and the semantics of caber, in isolation as well as in comparison with other Spanish modal verbs, is offered. Secondly, we address the topic of whether it should or not be considered an auxiliary modal verb with respect to both its syntax and its meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no chapter devoted to discourse markers in the new grammar published by the Real Academia Española (NGLE), which is coherently structured according to lexical categories. However, these units are described in the chapter devoted to the adverb. In this paper, we present some thoughts on the way discourse markers are described in this work: to what extent the recent proposals that have been made in this field of study have been subscribed by the academics and whether the authors of the grammar have included some novelties regarding more traditional descriptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The six particles dis–, ex–, abs–, de, des–and desde constitute the relational subsystem of the “movement of separation” with heterogeneous vitality and profitability in Spanish language. This paper analyzes the issue of invariant signification in each of those particles, the senses they develop in preverbal or compositional position and the degree of vitality they show in contemporary speech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on certain grammatical constructions whose interpretation depends on the presence or absence of the article. The concept of grammatical construction it's that of form/meaning pairings (as found in construction-based approaches). Grammatical constructions have meanings that are not necessarily the sum of their parts. Thus, the behaviour of a grammatical word such as articles shows that in grammar syntax, semantic and pragmatics are indissociable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Fuzzy context-free max- grammar (or , for short), as a straightforward extension of context-free grammar, has been introduced to express uncertainty, imprecision, and vagueness in natural language fragments. Li recently proposed the approximation of fuzzy finite automata, which may effectively deal with the practical problems of fuzziness, impreciseness and vagueness. In this paper, we further develop the approximation of fuzzy context-free grammars. In particular, we show that a fuzzy context-free grammar under max- compositional inference can be approximated by some fuzzy context-free grammar under max–min compositional inference with any given accuracy. In addition, some related properties of fuzzy context-free grammars and fuzzy languages generated by them are studied. Finally, the sensitivity of fuzzy context-free grammars is also discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In the Spanish language, the "proportional correlation" is expressed by different syntactic forms depending on the type of discourse, the geographic areas, etc. This paper deals with the semantic-linguistic differences --in many cases, very large-- between these particular forms and the varied senses which they acquire in the speech uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of Discourse Markers explores the interdiscipline crossroad zone by excellence in where Grammar and Pragmatic interacts. In this framework, in this paper is propose a grammar and pragmatic description of the spanish discourse marker por un lado… por otro. The examples, that exhaust the more significant possibilities of use of this discourse marker, have been extracted of a Corpus of 60,000 journalistic articles of diverse genre. In the grammar characterization of the discourse marker are described the prototypical forms and the variants of contextual adaptation that it more habitually adopts por un lado… por otro in relation to the diverse grammar functions that can carry out. Por un lado… por otro is a discourse marker with a discontinuous structure in the textual space that makes cohesion from diverse textual fragments by means of logical interrelations. The marker orders in a symmetrical way a semantically homogenous space, indicating that the two discursive sequences, although sometimes in a contrastive way, take part of the same commentary. In its pragmatic characterization is analyzed the computational information of processing that contributes por un lado… por otro to discourse. The pragmatic function of discourse markers has an interactive nature and its consists of guiding the interpretative trajectory of the textual users. Discourse markers works, first, as an ostensive stimulus (that is to say, like a element of focalization used in a deliberate way by the producer by take the control of attention of the receiver) that, secondly, they guide the process of discursive interpretation, taking influence in a positive way in the minimization of the processing effort that makes the receiver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the problems of categorization of the Spanish particle nada más and a set of similar particles associated with it: nada más que, y nada más / más nada, no más. These units have always occupied a secondary place in linguistic research due to their formal, functional, semantic and pragmatic complexity. In the first place, data based on dictionaries, grammars and some specific works about these particles are reviewed. Then, after taking examples extracted from cultivated oral Spanish as a starting point, their different uses (nominal, adverbial, connective and discursive) are systematized. To sum up, our aim is to contribute to a better description of Spanish grammatical phraseology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses creating a gateway criteria which are certain requirements that must be met before students' papers can be graded by teachers. According to the article, the papers should be returned to students with an F grade and instructions to revise and resubmit for grading is standards such as word processing, grammar and punctuation are not met. Teachers can set the gateway criteria at different levels for various groups of students.

The article focuses on several aspects of peer reviews and mentions benefits of post-publication peer review, open reviewing in pre-publication, and harsh reviews like criticism of paper for abysmal grammar and writing style.

Highlights the presentations at the American Library Association annual conference in Chicago, Illinois. Approach in writing for publication; Activity on how to write a research paper; Presentation of the proper used of grammar and punctuation.

The article highlights the analysis conducted by QCA on the literacy skills of the students. According to the author, the analysis on the test papers revealed that 11-years-olds are tripping up on basic grammar, punctuation and spelling despite seven years of daily literacy lessons. He added that pupils who reached the expected level often struggle with crucial aspects of the subject. Moreover, the national results in the tests shows a surprising stall in English standards.

This article reports on the paper "Writing Matters," published by the Royal Literary Fund about the state of writing in schools. Because English grammar has been taken out of the coursework in many schools. Students no longer have a grasp of language and cannot produce writing that makes sense and do not understand how to approach punctuation. The author writes about her experience trying to create an effective learning tool for teachers and students about approaching grammar.

The paper reviews the computer software First English from DynEd International Inc. This comprehensive, well-designed, easy-to-navigate program will bolster any existing classroom curriculum and even tempt some teachers to replace their existing syllabus with First English. The early units introduce key language concepts like subject-verb agreement, possessive pronouns, yes-no questions, demonstratives, while addressing such topics as classroom actions, telling time, nationality, and gender. As they work through the lessons, students are rewarded with gentle encouragement for correct responses and given two tries before receiving hints for wrong answers. In the Dialog lessons, repeating characters Maria, Judy, Shawn, and Ken congregate at, in, and around a school that easily passes for either a middle school or a high school, creating a sense of continuity from unit to unit. Students can choose from eight assistive languages, including Spanish, Mandarin, and Korean, which in today's cross-cultural classrooms can be an invaluable tool for educators.

Discusses The Grammar Papers. The six discussion documents on the teaching of grammar published by the Qualifications and Assessment Authority in Great Britain; How they trace the history of grammar teaching and help teachers meet the requirements of the national curriculum.