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We have observed a distinctive quantization-related behavior in the LLaMA3/3.1-70B models that is absent in both the LLaMA2-70B and LLaMA3/3.1-8B/405B models. Quantization is a crucial technique for deploying large language models (LLMs) efficiently. Among various bit widths and representations for weights and activations, the 8-bit integer weight and 8-bit integer activation (W8A8) configuration is particularly popular due to its widespread hardware support. However, the impact of W8A8 post-training quantization on model accuracy remains contentious. While several studies have suggested calibrating either weights or activations to mitigate accuracy degradation, a comprehensive solution has yet to be identified. In this paper, we empirically investigate multiple LLMs featured on an open LLM leaderboard, discovering that the LLaMA3-70B model series have a unique accuracy degradation behavior with W8A8 per-channel post-training quantization. In contrast, other model series such as LLaMA2, LLaMA3-8B, Qwen, Mixtral, Mistral, Phi-3, and Falcon demonstrate robust performance with W8A8, sometimes surpassing their FP16 counterparts. Contrary to previous assertions attributing degradation to the large dynamic range of activations, our findings indicate that the weight distribution of the LLaMA3-70B is the primary factor behind the vulnerability. By meticulously analyzing the distinct characteristics of weight distributions across Transformer blocks, we propose a mixed strategy with less than 3% of the layers enabling finer W8A8 quantization granularity, while the remaining 97% of layers retain the per-channel configuration. As a result, the average accuracy of LLaMA3-70B-W8A8 is increased from 45.5% to 73.4% (just 0.7% shy of LLaMA3-70B-FP16) across eight reasoning tasks. Notably, our method requires neither calibration nor fine-tuning.

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are frequently employed in a variety of computer vision applications. Nowadays, an emerging trend in the current video distribution system is to take advantage of DNN's overfitting properties to perform video resolution upscaling. By splitting videos into chunks and applying a super-resolution (SR) model to overfit each chunk, this scheme of SR models plus video chunks is able to replace traditional video transmission to enhance video quality and transmission efficiency. However, many models and chunks are needed to guarantee high performance, which leads to tremendous overhead on model switching and memory footprints at the user end. To resolve such problems, we propose a Dynamic Deep neural network assisted by a Content-Aware data processing pipeline to reduce the model number down to one (Dy-DCA), which helps promote performance while conserving computational resources. Additionally, to achieve real acceleration on the user end, we designed a framework that optimizes dynamic features (e.g., dynamic shapes, sizes, and control flow) in Dy-DCA to enable a series of compilation optimizations, including fused code generation, static execution planning, etc. By employing such techniques, our method achieves better PSNR and real-time performance (33 FPS) on an off-the-shelf mobile phone. Meanwhile, assisted by our compilation optimization, we achieve a 1.7$\times$ speedup while saving up to 1.61$\times$ memory consumption. Code available in https://github.com/coulsonlee/Dy-DCA-ECCV2024., Comment: ECCV2024

As deep convolutional neural networks (DNNs) are widely used in various fields of computer vision, leveraging the overfitting ability of the DNN to achieve video resolution upscaling has become a new trend in the modern video delivery system. By dividing videos into chunks and overfitting each chunk with a super-resolution model, the server encodes videos before transmitting them to the clients, thus achieving better video quality and transmission efficiency. However, a large number of chunks are expected to ensure good overfitting quality, which substantially increases the storage and consumes more bandwidth resources for data transmission. On the other hand, decreasing the number of chunks through training optimization techniques usually requires high model capacity, which significantly slows down execution speed. To reconcile such, we propose a novel method for high-quality and efficient video resolution upscaling tasks, which leverages the spatial-temporal information to accurately divide video into chunks, thus keeping the number of chunks as well as the model size to minimum. Additionally, we advance our method into a single overfitting model by a data-aware joint training technique, which further reduces the storage requirement with negligible quality drop. We deploy our models on an off-the-shelf mobile phone, and experimental results show that our method achieves real-time video super-resolution with high video quality. Compared with the state-of-the-art, our method achieves 28 fps streaming speed with 41.6 PSNR, which is 14$\times$ faster and 2.29 dB better in the live video resolution upscaling tasks. Code available in https://github.com/coulsonlee/STDO-CVPR2023.git, Comment: CVPR 2023 Highlight Paper

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have great potential to solve many real-world problems, but they usually require an extensive amount of computation and memory. It is of great difficulty to deploy a large DNN model to a single resource-limited device with small memory capacity. Distributed computing is a common approach to reduce single-node memory consumption and to accelerate the inference of DNN models. In this paper, we explore the "within-layer model parallelism", which distributes the inference of each layer into multiple nodes. In this way, the memory requirement can be distributed to many nodes, making it possible to use several edge devices to infer a large DNN model. Due to the dependency within each layer, data communications between nodes during this parallel inference can be a bottleneck when the communication bandwidth is limited. We propose a framework to train DNN models for Distributed Inference with Sparse Communications (DISCO). We convert the problem of selecting which subset of data to transmit between nodes into a model optimization problem, and derive models with both computation and communication reduction when each layer is inferred on multiple nodes. We show the benefit of the DISCO framework on a variety of CV tasks such as image classification, object detection, semantic segmentation, and image super resolution. The corresponding models include important DNN building blocks such as convolutions and transformers. For example, each layer of a ResNet-50 model can be distributively inferred across two nodes with five times less data communications, almost half overall computations and half memory requirement for a single node, and achieve comparable accuracy to the original ResNet-50 model. This also results in 4.7 times overall inference speedup.

During the deployment of deep neural networks (DNNs) on edge devices, many research efforts are devoted to the limited hardware resource. However, little attention is paid to the influence of dynamic power management. As edge devices typically only have a budget of energy with batteries (rather than almost unlimited energy support on servers or workstations), their dynamic power management often changes the execution frequency as in the widely-used dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) technique. This leads to highly unstable inference speed performance, especially for computation-intensive DNN models, which can harm user experience and waste hardware resources. We firstly identify this problem and then propose All-in-One, a highly representative pruning framework to work with dynamic power management using DVFS. The framework can use only one set of model weights and soft masks (together with other auxiliary parameters of negligible storage) to represent multiple models of various pruning ratios. By re-configuring the model to the corresponding pruning ratio for a specific execution frequency (and voltage), we are able to achieve stable inference speed, i.e., keeping the difference in speed performance under various execution frequencies as small as possible. Our experiments demonstrate that our method not only achieves high accuracy for multiple models of different pruning ratios, but also reduces their variance of inference latency for various frequencies, with minimal memory consumption of only one model and one soft mask.

As data becomes increasingly vital, a company would be very cautious about releasing data, because the competitors could use it to train high-performance models, thereby posing a tremendous threat to the company's commercial competence. To prevent training good models on the data, we could add imperceptible perturbations to it. Since such perturbations aim at hurting the entire training process, they should reflect the vulnerability of DNN training, rather than that of a single model. Based on this new idea, we seek perturbed examples that are always unrecognized (never correctly classified) in training. In this paper, we uncover them by model checkpoints' gradients, forming the proposed self-ensemble protection (SEP), which is very effective because (1) learning on examples ignored during normal training tends to yield DNNs ignoring normal examples; (2) checkpoints' cross-model gradients are close to orthogonal, meaning that they are as diverse as DNNs with different architectures. That is, our amazing performance of ensemble only requires the computation of training one model. By extensive experiments with 9 baselines on 3 datasets and 5 architectures, SEP is verified to be a new state-of-the-art, e.g., our small $\ell_\infty=2/255$ perturbations reduce the accuracy of a CIFAR-10 ResNet18 from 94.56% to 14.68%, compared to 41.35% by the best-known method. Code is available at https://github.com/Sizhe-Chen/SEP., Comment: ICLR 2023

Vision transformers (ViTs) have recently obtained success in many applications, but their intensive computation and heavy memory usage at both training and inference time limit their generalization. Previous compression algorithms usually start from the pre-trained dense models and only focus on efficient inference, while time-consuming training is still unavoidable. In contrast, this paper points out that the million-scale training data is redundant, which is the fundamental reason for the tedious training. To address the issue, this paper aims to introduce sparsity into data and proposes an end-to-end efficient training framework from three sparse perspectives, dubbed Tri-Level E-ViT. Specifically, we leverage a hierarchical data redundancy reduction scheme, by exploring the sparsity under three levels: number of training examples in the dataset, number of patches (tokens) in each example, and number of connections between tokens that lie in attention weights. With extensive experiments, we demonstrate that our proposed technique can noticeably accelerate training for various ViT architectures while maintaining accuracy. Remarkably, under certain ratios, we are able to improve the ViT accuracy rather than compromising it. For example, we can achieve 15.2% speedup with 72.6% (+0.4) Top-1 accuracy on Deit-T, and 15.7% speedup with 79.9% (+0.1) Top-1 accuracy on Deit-S. This proves the existence of data redundancy in ViT., Comment: AAAI 2023

The conventional lottery ticket hypothesis (LTH) claims that there exists a sparse subnetwork within a dense neural network and a proper random initialization method called the winning ticket, such that it can be trained from scratch to almost as good as the dense counterpart. Meanwhile, the research of LTH in vision transformers (ViTs) is scarcely evaluated. In this paper, we first show that the conventional winning ticket is hard to find at the weight level of ViTs by existing methods. Then, we generalize the LTH for ViTs to input data consisting of image patches inspired by the input dependence of ViTs. That is, there exists a subset of input image patches such that a ViT can be trained from scratch by using only this subset of patches and achieve similar accuracy to the ViTs trained by using all image patches. We call this subset of input patches the em winning tickets, which represent a significant amount of information in the input data. We use a ticket selector to generate the winning tickets based on the informativeness of patches for various types of ViT, including DeiT, LV-ViT, and Swin Transformers. The experiments show that there is a clear difference between the performance of models trained with winning tickets and randomly selected subsets, which verifies our proposed theory. We elaborate on the analogical similarity between our proposed Data-LTH-ViTs and the conventional LTH to further verify the integrity of our theory. The Source codes are available at https://github.com/shawnricecake/vit-lottery-ticket-input., Comment: Accepted by IJCAI 2023

Deep learning-based super-resolution (SR) has gained tremendous popularity in recent years because of its high image quality performance and wide application scenarios. However, prior methods typically suffer from large amounts of computations and huge power consumption, causing difficulties for real-time inference, especially on resource-limited platforms such as mobile devices. To mitigate this, we propose a compiler-aware SR neural architecture search (NAS) framework that conducts depth search and per-layer width search with adaptive SR blocks. The inference speed is directly taken into the optimization along with the SR loss to derive SR models with high image quality while satisfying the real-time inference requirement. Instead of measuring the speed on mobile devices at each iteration during the search process, a speed model incorporated with compiler optimizations is leveraged to predict the inference latency of the SR block with various width configurations for faster convergence. With the proposed framework, we achieve real-time SR inference for implementing 720p resolution with competitive SR performance (in terms of PSNR and SSIM) on GPU/DSP of mobile platforms (Samsung Galaxy S21).

Channel pruning has been broadly recognized as an effective technique to reduce the computation and memory cost of deep convolutional neural networks. However, conventional pruning methods have limitations in that: they are restricted to pruning process only, and they require a fully pre-trained large model. Such limitations may lead to sub-optimal model quality as well as excessive memory and training cost. In this paper, we propose a novel Channel Exploration methodology, dubbed as CHEX, to rectify these problems. As opposed to pruning-only strategy, we propose to repeatedly prune and regrow the channels throughout the training process, which reduces the risk of pruning important channels prematurely. More exactly: From intra-layer's aspect, we tackle the channel pruning problem via a well known column subset selection (CSS) formulation. From inter-layer's aspect, our regrowing stages open a path for dynamically re-allocating the number of channels across all the layers under a global channel sparsity constraint. In addition, all the exploration process is done in a single training from scratch without the need of a pre-trained large model. Experimental results demonstrate that CHEX can effectively reduce the FLOPs of diverse CNN architectures on a variety of computer vision tasks, including image classification, object detection, instance segmentation, and 3D vision. For example, our compressed ResNet-50 model on ImageNet dataset achieves 76% top1 accuracy with only 25% FLOPs of the original ResNet-50 model, outperforming previous state-of-the-art channel pruning methods. The checkpoints and code are available at here ., Comment: Accepted to CVPR 2022

Weight pruning in deep neural networks (DNNs) can reduce storage and computation cost, but struggles to bring practical speedup to the model inference time. Tensor-cores can significantly boost the throughput of GPUs on dense computation, but exploiting tensor-cores for sparse DNNs is very challenging. Compared to existing CUDA-cores, tensor-cores require higher data reuse and matrix-shaped instruction granularity, both difficult to yield from sparse DNN kernels. Existing pruning approaches fail to balance the demands of accuracy and efficiency: random sparsity preserves the model quality well but prohibits tensor-core acceleration, while highly-structured block-wise sparsity can exploit tensor-cores but suffers from severe accuracy loss. In this work, we propose a novel sparse pattern, Shuffled Block-wise sparsity (Shfl-BW), designed to efficiently utilize tensor-cores while minimizing the constraints on the weight structure. Our insight is that row- and column-wise permutation provides abundant flexibility for the weight structure, while introduces negligible overheads using our GPU kernel designs. We optimize the GPU kernels for Shfl-BW in linear and convolution layers. Evaluations show that our techniques can achieve the state-of-the-art speed-accuracy trade-offs on GPUs. For example, with small accuracy loss, we can accelerate the computation-intensive layers of Transformer by 1.81, 4.18 and 1.90 times on NVIDIA V100, T4 and A100 GPUs respectively at 75% sparsity., Comment: To-appear in Design Automation Conference (DAC), July 2022

A primary source of increased read time on NAND flash comes from the fact that in the presence of noise, the flash medium must be read several times using different read threshold voltages for the decoder to succeed. This paper proposes an algorithm that uses a limited number of re-reads to characterize the noise distribution and recover the stored information. Both hard and soft decoding are considered. For hard decoding, the paper attempts to find a read threshold minimizing bit-error-rate (BER) and derives an expression for the resulting codeword-error-rate. For soft decoding, it shows that minimizing BER and minimizing codeword-error-rate are competing objectives in the presence of a limited number of allowed re-reads, and proposes a trade-off between the two. The proposed method does not require any prior knowledge about the noise distribution, but can take advantage of such information when it is available. Each read threshold is chosen based on the results of previous reads, following an optimal policy derived through a dynamic programming backward recursion. The method and results are studied from the perspective of an SLC Flash memory with Gaussian noise for each level but the paper explains how the method could be extended to other scenarios.

Recently, Vision Transformer (ViT) has continuously established new milestones in the computer vision field, while the high computation and memory cost makes its propagation in industrial production difficult. Pruning, a traditional model compression paradigm for hardware efficiency, has been widely applied in various DNN structures. Nevertheless, it stays ambiguous on how to perform exclusive pruning on the ViT structure. Considering three key points: the structural characteristics, the internal data pattern of ViTs, and the related edge device deployment, we leverage the input token sparsity and propose a computation-aware soft pruning framework, which can be set up on vanilla Transformers of both flatten and CNN-type structures, such as Pooling-based ViT (PiT). More concretely, we design a dynamic attention-based multi-head token selector, which is a lightweight module for adaptive instance-wise token selection. We further introduce a soft pruning technique, which integrates the less informative tokens generated by the selector module into a package token that will participate in subsequent calculations rather than being completely discarded. Our framework is bound to the trade-off between accuracy and computation constraints of specific edge devices through our proposed computation-aware training strategy. Experimental results show that our framework significantly reduces the computation cost of ViTs while maintaining comparable performance on image classification. Moreover, our framework can guarantee the identified model to meet resource specifications of mobile devices and FPGA, and even achieve the real-time execution of DeiT-T on mobile platforms. For example, our method reduces the latency of DeiT-T to 26 ms (26%$\sim $41% superior to existing works) on the mobile device with 0.25%$\sim $4% higher top-1 accuracy on ImageNet., Comment: ECCV 2022

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have been proven to be effective in solving many real-life problems, but its high computation cost prohibits those models from being deployed to edge devices. Pruning, as a method to introduce zeros to model weights, has shown to be an effective method to provide good trade-offs between model accuracy and computation efficiency, and is a widely-used method to generate compressed models. However, the granularity of pruning makes important trade-offs. At the same sparsity level, a coarse-grained structured sparse pattern is more efficient on conventional hardware but results in worse accuracy, while a fine-grained unstructured sparse pattern can achieve better accuracy but is inefficient on existing hardware. On the other hand, some modern processors are equipped with fast on-chip scratchpad memories and gather/scatter engines that perform indirect load and store operations on such memories. In this work, we propose a set of novel sparse patterns, named gather-scatter (GS) patterns, to utilize the scratchpad memories and gather/scatter engines to speed up neural network inferences. Correspondingly, we present a compact sparse format. The proposed set of sparse patterns, along with a novel pruning methodology, address the load imbalance issue and result in models with quality close to unstructured sparse models and computation efficiency close to structured sparse models. Our experiments show that GS patterns consistently make better trade-offs between accuracy and computation efficiency compared to conventional structured sparse patterns. GS patterns can reduce the runtime of the DNN components by two to three times at the same accuracy levels. This is confirmed on three different deep learning tasks and popular models, namely, GNMT for machine translation, ResNet50 for image recognition, and Japser for acoustic speech recognition.

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have shown to provide superb performance in many real life applications, but their large computation cost and storage requirement have prevented them from being deployed to many edge and internet-of-things (IoT) devices. Sparse deep neural networks, whose majority weight parameters are zeros, can substantially reduce the computation complexity and memory consumption of the models. In real-use scenarios, devices may suffer from large fluctuations of the available computation and memory resources under different environment, and the quality of service (QoS) is difficult to maintain due to the long tail inferences with large latency. Facing the real-life challenges, we propose to train a sparse model that supports multiple sparse levels. That is, a hierarchical structure of weights are satisfied such that the locations and the values of the non-zero parameters of the more-sparse sub-model area subset of the less-sparse sub-model. In this way, one can dynamically select the appropriate sparsity level during inference, while the storage cost is capped by the least sparse sub-model. We have verified our methodologies on a variety of DNN models and tasks, including the ResNet-50, PointNet++, GNMT, and graph attention networks. We obtain sparse sub-models with an average of 13.38% weights and 14.97% FLOPs, while the accuracies are as good as their dense counterparts. More-sparse sub-models with 5.38% weights and 4.47% of FLOPs, which are subsets of the less-sparse ones, can be obtained with only 3.25% relative accuracy loss.

Recently, a new trend of exploring sparsity for accelerating neural network training has emerged, embracing the paradigm of training on the edge. This paper proposes a novel Memory-Economic Sparse Training (MEST) framework targeting for accurate and fast execution on edge devices. The proposed MEST framework consists of enhancements by Elastic Mutation (EM) and Soft Memory Bound (&S) that ensure superior accuracy at high sparsity ratios. Different from the existing works for sparse training, this current work reveals the importance of sparsity schemes on the performance of sparse training in terms of accuracy as well as training speed on real edge devices. On top of that, the paper proposes to employ data efficiency for further acceleration of sparse training. Our results suggest that unforgettable examples can be identified in-situ even during the dynamic exploration of sparsity masks in the sparse training process, and therefore can be removed for further training speedup on edge devices. Comparing with state-of-the-art (SOTA) works on accuracy, our MEST increases Top-1 accuracy significantly on ImageNet when using the same unstructured sparsity scheme. Systematical evaluation on accuracy, training speed, and memory footprint are conducted, where the proposed MEST framework consistently outperforms representative SOTA works. A reviewer strongly against our work based on his false assumptions and misunderstandings. On top of the previous submission, we employ data efficiency for further acceleration of sparse training. And we explore the impact of model sparsity, sparsity schemes, and sparse training algorithms on the number of removable training examples. Our codes are publicly available at: https://github.com/boone891214/MEST., Comment: NeurIPS 2021 Spotlight Paper

There have been long-standing controversies and inconsistencies over the experiment setup and criteria for identifying the "winning ticket" in literature. To reconcile such, we revisit the definition of lottery ticket hypothesis, with comprehensive and more rigorous conditions. Under our new definition, we show concrete evidence to clarify whether the winning ticket exists across the major DNN architectures and/or applications. Through extensive experiments, we perform quantitative analysis on the correlations between winning tickets and various experimental factors, and empirically study the patterns of our observations. We find that the key training hyperparameters, such as learning rate and training epochs, as well as the architecture characteristics such as capacities and residual connections, are all highly correlated with whether and when the winning tickets can be identified. Based on our analysis, we summarize a guideline for parameter settings in regards of specific architecture characteristics, which we hope to catalyze the research progress on the topic of lottery ticket hypothesis. Our codes are publicly available at: https://github.com/boone891214/sanity-check-LTH., Comment: NeurIPS 2021 camera ready

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are effective in solving many real-world problems. Larger DNN models usually exhibit better quality (e.g., accuracy) but their excessive computation results in long inference time. Model sparsification can reduce the computation and memory cost while maintaining model quality. Most existing sparsification algorithms unidirectionally remove weights, while others randomly or greedily explore a small subset of weights in each layer for pruning. The limitations of these algorithms reduce the level of achievable sparsity. In addition, many algorithms still require pre-trained dense models and thus suffer from large memory footprint. In this paper, we propose a novel scheduled grow-and-prune (GaP) methodology without having to pre-train a dense model. It addresses the shortcomings of the previous works by repeatedly growing a subset of layers to dense and then pruning them back to sparse after some training. Experiments show that the models pruned using the proposed methods match or beat the quality of the highly optimized dense models at 80% sparsity on a variety of tasks, such as image classification, objective detection, 3D object part segmentation, and translation. They also outperform other state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods for model sparsification. As an example, a 90% non-uniform sparse ResNet-50 model obtained via GaP achieves 77.9% top-1 accuracy on ImageNet, improving the previous SOTA results by 1.5%. Code available at: https://github.com/boone891214/GaP., Comment: ICLR 2022 camera ready

Neural network models are widely used in solving many challenging problems, such as computer vision, personalized recommendation, and natural language processing. Those models are very computationally intensive and reach the hardware limit of the existing server and IoT devices. Thus, finding better model architectures with much less amount of computation while maximally preserving the accuracy is a popular research topic. Among various mechanisms that aim to reduce the computation complexity, identifying the zero values in the model weights and in the activations to avoid computing them is a promising direction. In this paper, we summarize the current status of the research on the computation of sparse neural networks, from the perspective of the sparse algorithms, the software frameworks, and the hardware accelerations. We observe that the search for the sparse structure can be a general methodology for high-quality model explorations, in addition to a strategy for high-efficiency model execution. We discuss the model accuracy influenced by the number of weight parameters and the structure of the model. The corresponding models are called to be located in the weight dominated and structure dominated regions, respectively. We show that for practically complicated problems, it is more beneficial to search large and sparse models in the weight dominated region. In order to achieve the goal, new approaches are required to search for proper sparse structures, and new sparse training hardware needs to be developed to facilitate fast iterations of sparse models., Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures

To address the large model size and intensive computation requirement of deep neural networks (DNNs), weight pruning techniques have been proposed and generally fall into two categories, i.e., static regularization-based pruning and dynamic regularization-based pruning. However, the former method currently suffers either complex workloads or accuracy degradation, while the latter one takes a long time to tune the parameters to achieve the desired pruning rate without accuracy loss. In this paper, we propose a unified DNN weight pruning framework with dynamically updated regularization terms bounded by the designated constraint, which can generate both non-structured sparsity and different kinds of structured sparsity. We also extend our method to an integrated framework for the combination of different DNN compression tasks.

Deep neural networks have achieved remarkable success in computer vision tasks. Existing neural networks mainly operate in the spatial domain with fixed input sizes. For practical applications, images are usually large and have to be downsampled to the predetermined input size of neural networks. Even though the downsampling operations reduce computation and the required communication bandwidth, it removes both redundant and salient information obliviously, which results in accuracy degradation. Inspired by digital signal processing theories, we analyze the spectral bias from the frequency perspective and propose a learning-based frequency selection method to identify the trivial frequency components which can be removed without accuracy loss. The proposed method of learning in the frequency domain leverages identical structures of the well-known neural networks, such as ResNet-50, MobileNetV2, and Mask R-CNN, while accepting the frequency-domain information as the input. Experiment results show that learning in the frequency domain with static channel selection can achieve higher accuracy than the conventional spatial downsampling approach and meanwhile further reduce the input data size. Specifically for ImageNet classification with the same input size, the proposed method achieves 1.41% and 0.66% top-1 accuracy improvements on ResNet-50 and MobileNetV2, respectively. Even with half input size, the proposed method still improves the top-1 accuracy on ResNet-50 by 1%. In addition, we observe a 0.8% average precision improvement on Mask R-CNN for instance segmentation on the COCO dataset., Comment: Accepted to CVPR 2020; https://github.com/calmevtime/DCTNet

In cloud and edge computing models, it is important that compute devices at the edge be as power efficient as possible. Long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks have been widely used for natural language processing, time series prediction and many other sequential data tasks. Thus, for these applications there is increasing need for low-power accelerators for LSTM model inference at the edge. In order to reduce power dissipation due to data transfers within inference devices, there has been significant interest in accelerating vector-matrix multiplication (VMM) operations using non-volatile memory (NVM) weight arrays. In NVM array-based hardware, reduced bit-widths also significantly increases the power efficiency. In this paper, we focus on the application of quantization-aware training algorithm to LSTM models, and the benefits these models bring in terms of resilience against both quantization error and analog device noise. We have shown that only 4-bit NVM weights and 4-bit ADC/DACs are needed to produce equivalent LSTM network performance as floating-point baseline. Reasonable levels of ADC quantization noise and weight noise can be naturally tolerated within our NVMbased quantized LSTM network. Benchmark analysis of our proposed LSTM accelerator for inference has shown at least 2.4x better computing efficiency and 40x higher area efficiency than traditional digital approaches (GPU, FPGA, and ASIC). Some other novel approaches based on NVM promise to deliver higher computing efficiency (up to 4.7x) but require larger arrays with potential higher error rates., Comment: Published in: 2019 IEEE International Conference on Rebooting Computing (ICRC)

We study two aspects of noisy computations during inference. The first aspect is how to mitigate their side effects for naturally trained deep learning systems. One of the motivations for looking into this problem is to reduce the high power cost of conventional computing of neural networks through the use of analog neuromorphic circuits. Traditional GPU/CPU-centered deep learning architectures exhibit bottlenecks in power-restricted applications (e.g., embedded systems). The use of specialized neuromorphic circuits, where analog signals passed through memory-cell arrays are sensed to accomplish matrix-vector multiplications, promises large power savings and speed gains but brings with it the problems of limited precision of computations and unavoidable analog noise. We manage to improve inference accuracy from 21.1% to 99.5% for MNIST images, from 29.9% to 89.1% for CIFAR10, and from 15.5% to 89.6% for MNIST stroke sequences with the presence of strong noise (with signal-to-noise power ratio being 0 dB) by noise-injected training and a voting method. This observation promises neural networks that are insensitive to inference noise, which reduces the quality requirements on neuromorphic circuits and is crucial for their practical usage. The second aspect is how to utilize the noisy inference as a defensive architecture against black-box adversarial attacks. During inference, by injecting proper noise to signals in the neural networks, the robustness of adversarially-trained neural networks against black-box attacks has been further enhanced by 0.5% and 1.13% for two adversarially trained models for MNIST and CIFAR10, respectively., Comment: 20 pages, 11 figures, 11 tables

We explore the robustness of recurrent neural networks when the computations within the network are noisy. One of the motivations for looking into this problem is to reduce the high power cost of conventional computing of neural network operations through the use of analog neuromorphic circuits. Traditional GPU/CPU-centered deep learning architectures exhibit bottlenecks in power-restricted applications, such as speech recognition in embedded systems. The use of specialized neuromorphic circuits, where analog signals passed through memory-cell arrays are sensed to accomplish matrix-vector multiplications, promises large power savings and speed gains but brings with it the problems of limited precision of computations and unavoidable analog noise. In this paper we propose a method, called {\em Deep Noise Injection training}, to train RNNs to obtain a set of weights/biases that is much more robust against noisy computation during inference. We explore several RNN architectures, such as vanilla RNN and long-short-term memories (LSTM), and show that after convergence of Deep Noise Injection training the set of trained weights/biases has more consistent performance over a wide range of noise powers entering the network during inference. Surprisingly, we find that Deep Noise Injection training improves overall performance of some networks even for numerically accurate inference., Comment: 10 pages

We study the trade-offs between storage/bandwidth and prediction accuracy of neural networks that are stored in noisy media. Conventionally, it is assumed that all parameters (e.g., weight and biases) of a trained neural network are stored as binary arrays and are error-free. This assumption is based upon the implementation of error correction codes (ECCs) that correct potential bit flips in storage media. However, ECCs add storage overhead and cause bandwidth reduction when loading the trained parameters during the inference. We study the robustness of deep neural networks when bit errors exist but ECCs are turned off for different neural network models and datasets. It is observed that more sophisticated models and datasets are more vulnerable to errors in their trained parameters. We propose a simple detection approach that can universally improve the robustness, which in some cases can be improved by orders of magnitude. We also propose an alternative binary representation of the parameters such that the distortion brought by bit flips is reduced and even theoretically vanishing when the number of bits to represent a parameter increases., Comment: 9 pages

We exploit the redundancy of the language-based source to help polar decoding. By judging the validity of decoded words in the decoded sequence with the help of a dictionary, the polar list decoder constantly detects erroneous paths after every few bits are decoded. This path-pruning technique based on joint decoding has advantages over stand-alone polar list decoding in that most decoding errors in early stages are corrected. In order to facilitate the joint decoding, we first propose a construction of dynamic dictionary using a trie and show an efficient way to trace the dictionary during decoding. Then we propose a joint decoding scheme of polar codes taking into account both information from the channel and the source. The proposed scheme has the same decoding complexity as the list decoding of polar codes. A list-size adaptive joint decoding is further implemented to largely reduce the decoding complexity. We conclude by simulation that the joint decoding schemes outperform stand-alone polar codes with CRC-aided successive cancellation list decoding by over 0.6 dB., Comment: Single column, 20 pages, 8 figures, to be submitted to ISIT 2016

Phase-change memory (PCM) is a promising non-volatile solid-state memory technology. A PCM cell stores data by using its amorphous and crystalline states. The cell changes between these two states using high temperature. However, since the cells are sensitive to high temperature, it is important, when programming cells, to balance the heat both in time and space. In this paper, we study the time-space constraint for PCM, which was originally proposed by Jiang et al. A code is called an \emph{$(\alpha,\beta,p)$-constrained code} if for any $\alpha$ consecutive rewrites and for any segment of $\beta$ contiguous cells, the total rewrite cost of the $\beta$ cells over those $\alpha$ rewrites is at most $p$. Here, the cells are binary and the rewrite cost is defined to be the Hamming distance between the current and next memory states. First, we show a general upper bound on the achievable rate of these codes which extends the results of Jiang et al. Then, we generalize their construction for $(\alpha\geq 1, \beta=1,p=1)$-constrained codes and show another construction for $(\alpha = 1, \beta\geq 1,p\geq1)$-constrained codes. Finally, we show that these two constructions can be used to construct codes for all values of $\alpha$, $\beta$, and $p$.