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Numerous human activities and a rapidly growing world population are increasing the demand for freshwater. Fresh water production relies heavily on the use of conventional fuels and is associated with environmental pollution, leading to the need to look for other alternatives such as clean energy (solar energy). There are many villages and rural areas in the world without access to clean water. Many desalination systems have been developed to address this shortcoming. This study describes strategies for increasing clean water solar energy productivity that are currently in commercial and experimental development stages. Solar stills are the most prudent method for delivering new water since they just sudden spike in demand for the energy of the sun, which is promptly accessible in nature. The focus is on technologies that can be used independently, especially those that can be integrated into solar thermal systems. The results show that the solar thermal distillation yield is inversely proportional to the basin water depth and is directly related to the wind speed in the absorbing region, the temperature of the glass covers and the incident solar radiation. Add to the technology used inside and outside the system to improve productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes a smart home control system, which includes lighting, microclimate and security subsystems, as well as control algorithms for various operating scenarios. The process of the system operation is described in detail, the visualization of the system is presented in the form of a 3d model. The article shows the practical significance of the system, describes its functionality. The work is of undoubted relevance, since the introduction of a house management system can improve conditions of life and achieve high energy efficiency rates. The article presents in detail each element of the control system, namely: a control device, a control object, a set of sensors. On the example of the lighting subsystem, the process of creating the entire automated control system is described. An algorithm for automatic lighting operation is obtained and described. To control the system, a human-machine interface was developed in the OpenHab program. A panel with indicators of the light sensor is presented, its functionality is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is a crucial technique for photovoltaic (PV) systems to maximize their energy conversion efficiency. This paper briefly reviews various MPPT techniques and algorithms utilized in solar-powered systems. The benefits and drawbacks of each strategy are explored, and a brief comparison table is offered to make it easier to choose the best MPPT approach for a given application. The paper also discusses the importance of MPPT research in harvesting pure energy from renewable energy sources. The paper also highlights the power output issues faced by solar-powered systems, especially in partial shading conditions, which reduce the power output of the systems. Nonetheless, the maximum power point (MPP) is the only power point needed to obtain maximum PV power. Overall, this paper provides valuable insights into MPPT techniques and algorithms, their strengths, and limitations, and their suitability for different applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays increasing energy efficiency and introducing energy-saving technologies is a strategic task for all national economies. During various industrial processes a large amount of heat is released which is often utilized in cooling towers of various types or dissipated in the atmosphere. The paper presents a study of a two-stage ORC-installation with various working fluids of cascades which allows solving the problems of heat recovery at industrial enterprises effectively. The paper presents an analysis of the thermodynamic cycles of the primary and secondary circuits of a two-stage ORC plant for various working fluids, and also determines the thermodynamic parameters of the combined cycles of an ORC plant with different working fluids. Promising working fluids for the primary and secondary circuits of a two-stage ORC plant are proposed, the thermal efficiency of combined cycles is determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compressive sensing is a way to deal with signals. The most efficient method for lowering latency and energy usage in IoT-based WSNs is compression sensing (CS). CS is used to lower the quantity and size of transmitted data packets via the IoTnetwork. The compressive sensing (CS) technique lowers the network's energy consumption and end-to-end latency. The practiceof compressive sensing is one of the signal-processing methods that find solutions to underdetermined linear systems by efficientlycollecting and recreating data. To recover a signal, a significant number of samples is required, as stated by the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem; however, this number can be lowered through optimization by taking advantage of the signal's intrinsic sparsity. It gives us an easy-to-use framework that lets us gather data and figure out what the signal is from fewer observations. In this paper, we compare CS reconstruction algorithms for overall system performance, data processing complexity values, reconstruction errors, and time for various compression techniques. This paper is useful for future work to compare CS reconstruction techniques to find a new optimized solution method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world is evolving and technically advancing, people need a lot of gadgets to be interconnected for the smooth functioning of the system and every gadget requires a certain amount of energy. Now with so many gadgets being used energy consumption has become a major threat to the world. Some devices take a lot of time to charge, and sometimes users even forget to turn off the charging port which leads to more energy loss and thus more carbon emissions. The proposed solution is to build a device that not only charges the devices but also stores the energy. The port auto-cuts the charging when a device is fully charged and stores the extra energy. In this paper, we have gone through different papers and have analyzed the algorithm they are using and their disadvantages. This survey contains a wide range of algorithms used for energy saving by researchers so as to learn more about green IoT and energy saving. Researchers can use this survey's insightful results as a guide to developing novel systems for energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a review of better performance for the photovoltaic system using different technologies and parameters by considering many factors to get the best design and simulation that could fit the Iraqi atmosphere. These factors are the best energy production by using optimum tilt and azimuth angle, considered the most important parameters for getting the maximum solar radiation and eventually getting the preferable performance which depends on the mathematical model that fits each country. The economic profit for a PV system that the reviewer analysis in each paper for maximizing the solar contribution to a particular load, in addition to the impact of how weather conditions such as temperature, solar radiation intensity, etc. have an impact on solar cell efficiency and productivity.; all these factors besides the stability of the solar cell, the relation of the Self Consumption (SC) Degree of Autarky (DA) and economic-efficiency that effect on the PV system performance. The various orientation enables us to obtain many possibilities that serve the required study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for renewable energy is highly increasing worldwide to fulfil energy demand as well as reduce the impact of global warming. Indonesia as the most extensive archipelago face real challenge to power its remote areas with green electricity. This paper assesses economically the idea of hybrid power plant of solar and/or biomass to electrify Indonesian remote areas with green electricity. Furthermore, the carbon credit as an additional income of this project is estimated using CDM methodology. The project is proposed in Sakti, Batukandik, and Batumadeg villages in Nusa Penida Island, Bali; the ER are 7460.57, 2587.10, and 9044.84 tCO2e/year, accordingly. The IRR is analyzed under two scenarios: the initial electricity cost of USD 0.15/kWh and the reduced cost of USD 0.10/kWh including carbon credits and biochar sales. The sensitivity analysis is conducted to observe the effect of most tentative variables towards the IRR. Furthermore, determining the feasibility of this project by analyzing the ERR is assessed to be important, whether it is profitable for the community or not. For the ERR analysis, there are two results calculations. The ERR value with the application of carbon credits shows 32.66%. In comparison, the ERR value without the application of carbon credits shows 28.19%. These values are obtained from several parameter calculations in the ERR analysis in this study. It consists of a consumer surplus, which is computed from the benefits obtained by PLN. Then, the producer surplus and job increases are computed from the benefits obtained by the community if this project is executed. This paper result has essential role in contribution to social, economic, and environmental goal for sustainable development and supporting national economic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaysia has targeted to achieve 40% of renewable energy (RE) by 2035. It is evident that solar energy shall contribute the largest portion of the target due to the abundant resources of solar in Malaysia. Nevertheless, Malaysia should not limit its' RE resources to only solar energy. This includes RE in the likes of wind energy. Although generally Malaysia has comparatively low annual average wind speed, numerous studies have shown that there are several areas with relatively higher annual average wind speed. These areas may potentially be considered for wind energy development. Several methodologies have been utilized by researchers to identify such areas. Several researchers opted to develop wind maps to identify the potential area in Malaysia for wind energy development. Interpolation methods such as Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) and Kriging are commonly utilised in wind mapping studies as these methods are effective to estimate the wind speed at unmeasured area. This paper reviews the comparison between the wind speed interpolation methods which are IDW and Kriging for wind energy applications in Malaysia. Among the interpolation parameters compared include input, results and validation. The way forward proposed by this paper will aid as a reference for future advances in wind mapping in Malaysia and its surrounding region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comparative study on thermal performance between a traditional cookstove and an improved cookstove based on energy, exergy and emission. Intending to diminish the use of wood for daily domestic cooking practice in local area, this paper emphasizes on the optimum and efficient utilization of plant-based biomass (peanut shell) as fuel for cookstoves. The thermal and emission performances of two stoves were determined by lab-based water boiling test (WBT). The energy and exergy efficiencies of traditional stove for cold start were 10.70±2.26% and 1.26±0.96%, respectively, whereas those for hot start were 13.21±2.18% and 1.46±1.02%, respectively. Similarly for improved cookstove, the energy and exergy efficiencies were recorded 19.28±1.89% and 3.32±1.11% in cold start condition, and those were 23±1.93% and 4.56±1.23% in hot start condition. The time average values of carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM) were recorded as 75±6.21ppm and 7000±1900 µg/m3, respectively for traditional cookstove, and those for improved one were 15±4.89 ppm and the 3806±1175 µg/m3, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

the issue of rising electricity demand in the building sector is one of the major challenges. Therefore, the Building Management System (BMS) inside the building. Since the PV, national grid, and diesel generators supplies building electrical power, so the Energy Management System (EMS) technologies are necessary to study the priority of PV to supply building power to save energy. This paper proposes a Smart Building Management System (SBMS) used with Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) in addition lighting systems. HVAC is controlled with occupancy sensors, temperature control, and load control. Lighting systems are controlled through occupancy sensors and daylight sensors to make them operate to minimize electricity consumption. Using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) control of the EMS in this work, SBMS and EMS are created and simulated using two case studies to supply public buildings. The first situation is SBMS without EMS and the second situation is SBMS with EMS. Finally, the results showed the impact of SBMS on the reduction of energy consumption for HVAC systems and lighting (20% on summer day and 11% on winter day), as the energy consumption was reduced for both HVAC and lighting by about (54% on a summer day and 44% on a winter day) because we added the scenario of case two to the one scenario case in a public building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a premier insight into renewable energy, global perspectives, challenges, development, and the environmental impact of solar power in Iraq. Every day, degrees of global sun radiation range from 2000 kWh/m2 to 2500 kWh/m2. The global demand for electricity due to environmental concerns increases the pressure to use alternative, sustainable, and hassle-free power sources. Solar power is an infinite, CO2-free energy source that may be used anywhere in the planet. Solar energy generates 1.4 ×105 TW of power on the earth's surface, as well as around 3.6×104 TW of this electricity is utilized. Global power usage decreased by 3.6 ×104 TW in 2012 to 17 TW. Photovoltaic (PV) cells are critical components for turning solar radiation into electricity. Photovoltaic technology, energy conversion efficiency, economic evaluation, electricity legislation, environmental effect, a wide range of uses, and possibilities, this study goes into great detail on s and development. This painting collects new literature (e.g. research papers, conference proceedings, reports, books) on photovoltaic technology, monetary analysis, environmental impact, and public awareness policies. Due to the fast advancement of PV technology, the assessment determined that PV is a simple approach to harvest solar energy. Finally, this work shows the projects that can be adapted to control the use of renewable electricity systems in standard electricity and in particular solar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of green building is believed to be a key factor in achieving sustainable development in the building sector. The Green Building Council Indonesia is responsible for the development and deployment of green buildings in Indonesia, and has released version 1.2 of the Greenship rating tools for evaluating new green buildings. The use of renewable energy sources in green buildings is highly encouraged, with one point awarded for every 0.5% of energy usage covered by renewable energy, up to a maximum of five points. The installation of rooftop PV systems is a popular choice for renewable energy in many governmental green-rated buildings, but it is important to determine the ideal capacity to prevent overpriced installation costs. This paper proposes a method where the focus is on gaining maximum points in renewable energy and minimizing investment costs, rather than maximizing installed capacity. This approach can reduce capacity by up to 68%. Another important consideration is choosing the optimum grid connectivity type, and the paper discusses the options of on-grid or zero export schemes. Zero export scheme is chosen for this case since the capacity of the PV system is much smaller than the grid power connection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the rapid development of mobile data at higher data rates, the overall power needs of receiving terminals may have exceeded the power budget of remote radio heads (RRHs). As a result, the network operator must get lots of energy from the real-time market again, especially the grid, or make less profit. This paper proposes two models to study energy management in real-time based on specific renewable energy at RRHs to address the following issue for green cloud radio access networks (Cloud-RANs). This paper proposed two models which formulate partial cooperation optimization problems in model 1 using a reweighted ℓl-norm approximation for ℓO-norm while model 2 proposed full cooperation optimization formulation. Then, both proposed models are applied semidefinite relaxation (SDR) techniques. According to the simulation results, the proposed model 2 efficiently minimizes energy costs to achieve better SINR targets and real-time energy trading while managing supply and demand power at RRHs and satisfying QoS at user terminals. The proposed model 2 with power-shortage management outperforms the other model regarding enabling energy efficiency and lowering total network energy costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the years, field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based accelerators have attracted interest and attention due to their performance and energy efficiency factors. This paper presents an optimized FPGA-based accelerator using a systolic array for matrix multiplication. In a systolic array, many identical processing elements (PEs) are arranged in a well-organized structure, and each PE is connected with the other PEs. The data will flow between neighboring elements in different directions synchronously. PE is an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) with attached working registers and local memory. This paper coded the accelerator in Verilog and simulated using the Quartus Prime with PowerPlay Power Analyzer tool for power optimization. A 3-bit ALU has been implemented using the Synopsys electronic design automation (EDA) tool. The schematic diagram, layout and verification for a complete ALU design have been accomplished. This paper provides detailed results and analyses of the systolic array and ALU in power dissipation and area density based on method and circuit implementation. The results showed that the power consumption efficiency of the accelerator improved after optimization. Also, power dissipation and the area of 3-bit ALU are reduced by 0.2 mW and 4.55 % at the back-end, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When comparing conventional vehicle and Hybrid electric vehicle, hybrid electric vehicle offers obviously better fuel economy and lower fuel emissions. To boost HEV efficiency in terms of fuel efficiency and pollutants, as well as to ensure customer contentment with the vehicle's "driving performance". Recommend to go for optimization of the major components size of the powertrain and the parameters of the control system in HEV. Finding the best or the optimum design of a hybrid vehicle will be a complicated problem that could be solved through several approaches. This paper examines various powertrain component sizes for Toyota Prius in a series-parallel hybrid configuration to get the optimum design that can achieve the optimum performance, these standards consist of fuel economy, fuelemissions, and acceleration. Engine power (ICE), battery module, and electric motor power (EM) are the componentswhich optimized. Four new sizes were used for each component, so a total of sixty-four different designs were investigated using the ADVISOR tool Simulink for two driving cycles. ANOVA analysis of response surface methodology (RSM) is used as the analysis approach to know the ranking of these designs and to show the significantcomponent which can affect the whole design. The results show an increase in fuel economy by almost 7% as well as decreasing in fuel emissions. Moreover, in this paper, an overview of HEV technology was provided and a performance comparison between HEV and conventional vehicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first, and at the same time one of the most important tasks in building a predictive system is the task of analyzing the original data set. The next task is to process the data according to the purpose and objectives of the predictive system. These two tasks are often not given enough attention and, as a consequence, the developer does not get the desired result as a result of building the system. This paper discusses methods and algorithms for data analysis and processing that can help in building a predictive system. The data set from the machine learning competition "ASHRAE - Great Energy Predictor III" is used as input data. The analysis phase focuses on constructing graphs and drawing conclusions from them. The paper shows how to use graphical information to find anomalies in the data and eliminate them. Examples of graphs that provide information useful for building machine learning models are given. The data processing phase describes the transformations performed on the data. It considers the transformations that lead to positive results as well as those that lead to negative results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the vehicles all over the planet uses fossil fuel or gasoline for transportation. It is the significant usage of energy and consumes a large portion of the world's oil. These fuels are non-renewable and also poses threat to the atmosphere by creating environmental pollution. This also leads to global warming due to emission of greenhouse gases during transportation. In coming year, electrical vehicles (EVs) are going to be vital alternative for transportation as electricity is cheaper than the fossil fuels and also causes nearly no pollution. In this paper, Simulink model for EV is proposed which demonstrates the vehicle performance, dynamics and battery necessities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless networks are using an increasing amount of energy to assure the quality of service as the number of high-data-rate applications increases. As a result of inadequate energy resources and eco-friendly transmission, energy-efficient communications have received significant attention. Data transmission and energy usage are tightly related in wireless communication, whereas the channel's capacity limits the data rate, and It's currently unclear how much energy a communication system require in future generations. So, in this paper, transmission power p, bandwidth B are varied to find the maximum achievable limit on Energy efficiency in future wireless devices under different scenarios. Analysis of energy efficiency as a function of channel gain and bandwidth is performed in the simulation of a single antenna system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lowering Covid-19 cases globally and nationally provides a positive indication of economic growth, especially in Batam City, Indonesia. This condition is also followed by increased electrical energy consumption, particularly in residential houses. This paper presents an electrical energy audit process of a residential house using the IKE (Energy Consumption Intensity) parameter. The audit was conducted in a home with a building area of 226 m2 and an electrical capacity of 4400 VA. The result shows that the total electricity consumption of such a house is 1,266.34 kWh per month, to which the air-conditioning system contributed the most prominent electricity consumption of the whole facilities in the house. Providentially, the score of IKE is less than 8.5, which means such a residential house is categorized as very efficient energy consumption. Furthermore, the self-evaluating checklist technique has carried out to find the main factor that affects the electricity consumption of the air-conditioning system. Regarding the highest rating score on the self-evaluating checklist of air conditioning systems, the ceiling has a score of 77.5%. This result means that the ceiling needs to be evaluated to reduce the heat load of the house, which in turn reduces the electrical energy consumption of the air conditioning system. Finally, this work can use as an initial audit framework for assessing electrical energy consumption in residential houses in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper p esents the key characteristics and benefits from production and installation of asphalt materials at reduced temperature by using warm mix asphalt (WMA). Two broad approaches to manufacturing WMA, namely foaming processes and additive technologies offer different range of working temperatures but having similar their design requirements. The recent update to the UK Specification for Highway Works is presented, and findings from 6-year performance monitoring confirmed satisfactory performance of WMA, in terms of maintaining good stiffness modulus and good resistance against rutting, moisture and age-hardening. The immediate benefit to producing LTAs is the reduction in energy consumption required by burning fuels to heat conventional asphalt mixture. Other benefits include lower carbon emission, better health and safety for workers, and less odours generated at the plant and the paving site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass in its original form with low bulk density causes large transport and storage costs, and therefore, it cannot be used as an effective combustion fuel. Densification of biomass using briquetting technology can resolve the aforementioned issues and enhance the effectiveness of biomass as a combustible fuel. The relevance of using this fuel in thermal conversion processes is growing because it is abundant and under-explored. Hence, examining the fuel characteristics of these resource materials is imperative for their effective utilization in energy generation. The aim of the present work is to assess the suitability of various agricultural and aquatic residues as sources of briquette production by determining their fuel properties. Sixteen types of agricultural and aquatic residues which are abundantly available in Kerala (southwestern coastal state of India) were selected for this investigation. The fuel properties of the selected feedstock materials were determined using proximate analysis, elemental analysis, and heating value testing. The density, moisture content, volatile matter content, ash content percentage, and fixed carbon percentage of the feedstock material were carried out according to different ISO standards. Furthermore, the elemental analysis and the heating value of all the feedstock materials have been determined. Finally, the paper concludes by comprehensively listing all the fuel properties of the feedstock materials investigated in this study. The density of the feedstock materials ranged from 105.92 to 700.10 kg/m3. The fuel properties showed that Water hyacinth leaves, oil palm fruit bunch, saw dust; grass waste, dry leaves, vegetable market waste, and spent tea waste have significant potential for bio-briquette production. Also, from the characterization of the feedstock material, it is evident that rice husk and banana peel have higher ash content (above 20 %). Therefore, they are not appropriate for the production of biomass briquettes. The fuel properties of various agro aquatic residues for briquette production obtained from this study are expected to be of great use to the manufacturers in the briquetting of these feedstock materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an optimization approach is brought forward for optimal energy scheduling in a modern smart home. After the development of smart devices and their integration with smart grid, the end consumers have the chance to schedule their home appliances in order to decrease the overall electricity price and allaying the power Peak to Average ratio (PAR). The application pattern of home devices is observed at first for optimal energy scheduling. The home gateway (HG) obtains the demand response (DR) showing the real-time electricity price (RTEP) and later sent to energy management controller (EMC). With the Demand Response, the EMC results in the essential energy scheduling that can be sent to each electric appliance by the Home Gateway. The next feature is integrating RTEP with IBR, because if only RTEP is considered the appliances tend to be scheduled at lowest electricity price slot, this may lead to blackout during that time period. By executing this optimization method, our proposed approach could gradually reduce boththe electricity price and PAR, thereby, strengthening the stability of the entire Grid system. The optimization technique we used to solve this problem was Genetic Algorithm (GA) as the optimization problem was nonlinear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appearance of the interior and exterior of modern cars is characterized by a variety of chromed parts. Due to the lightweight construction requirements to reduce fuel consumption or to maximize the range of electric vehicles, the use of metallic parts is adversarial. Typically, these parts are injection molded parts made of ABS or PC/ABS and subsequently electroplated. If the requirements on mechanical properties increase, mineral-filled polyamide 6 (PA6) is often used. The particles and their distribution are primarily responsible for the surface quality of the electroplated parts. Unfortunately, the rejection rate of electroplated PA6 is up to 30 %. Therefore, in this paper, the particle distribution in the boundary layer was investigated for different operating points by performing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using ANSYS Fluent. The simulations were executed for a microscopic section in the boundary layer and the boundary conditions were derived from a macroscopic simulation assuming continuous material properties using Sigmasoft. Particle interactions were also set using the DEM-collision-model. Significant process parameters for the particle distribution in the surface layer were determined and correlated with surface parameters from real experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demand-side management (DSM) is an effectual approach by coordinating utility management and routinely tracking energy usage, the intelligent grid assists in controlling energy demand and promotes its efficiency. However, the paper aims to utilize Linear programming optimization algorithms as an effective tool for managing energy demand and maximizing the use of renewable energy sources. These algorithms are able to estimate which is the best utilization of what resources are accessible and reduce consumption by describing the energy system as a collection of linear equations. The optimization system makes assumptions about the various energy costs when it will be high or low and modifies energy use accordingly. We applied different scenarios to assess the resiliency of the system. The simulation took into account a number of variables, including the weather, energy usage, and pricing fluctuations. MATLAB R2023a and Simulink provide an integrated platform with data analytics to build the proposed system and optimization model to minimize cost in MATLAB. Compared to other methods using various optimization algorithms as the binary orientation search algorithm (BOSA), cockroach swarm optimization (CSO), and the sparrow search algorithm (SSA) were applied to DSM methodology for a residential community with a primary focus on decreasing peak energy consumption results as in previous study was, BOSA has a lower standard deviation (0.8) compared to the other algorithms (1.7 for SSA and 1.3 for CSOA), making it more robust and superior, in addition to minimizing cost (5438.98 cents of USD (mean value) and 16.3% savings), the suggested approach is used for lowering electrical energy costs in a micro-grid system while maintaining their regular load and operating hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a case study enabling the performance evaluation of the Al-khairat power plant in Karbala city based on the application of the Pinch Analysis (PA) method to determine the best possible heat recovery (Qrec.) available in the plant and how can this be used to minimise energy consumption and save energy. PA has been used to study integration in several processes to help develop optimum heat transfer and minimise total cost: such work has also allowed the development of a Heat Exchanger Network (HEN) design to support this process. Al-khairat power plant consists of 10 units, each of which generates 125 MW; thus, the overall production of the plant is 1,250 MW. Unit 3 was selected as a representative unit for this study, based on its performance stability throughout the year. The data from control room facilities was then used to theoretically calculate the relevant heat loads (ΔH), which were applied in a Composite Curve (CC) to evaluate the Qrec. However, the results suggested that PA may not be effectively applied in this power plant, with similar conclusions being obtained from the application of simulation software (Aspen Energy Analyzer, AEA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of health monitoring systems has generated considerable interest among researchers in WBAN. The WBAN require a MAC protocol that aligns with BAN principles and fulfills specific requirements. However, designing an efficient MAC protocol for WBAN is challenging due to the distinctive attributes of the wireless channel and the need to minimize energy consumption. This paper aims to comprehensively analyze the performance of MAC protocols specifically designed for WBAN. To achieve this, under different scenarios, we evaluate the performance of two widely used MAC protocols, namely IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee MAC) and IEEE 802.15.6 (Baseline MAC). We utilize the Castalia-3.2 framework and the OMNet++ simulator to conduct our evaluations. We assess the performance of these MAC protocols in two configurations: GTS ON, which combines CSMA/CA and TDMA, meanwhile GTS OFF, which employs only the CSMA/CA access mechanism. The simulation results demonstrate that the MAC protocol incorporating CSMA/CA and TDMA outperforms the MAC protocol based solely on CSMA/CA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless sensor network (WSN), is a technology that can collect data over a large area using a set of sensor nodes. There are several research in the field of wireless sensor networks. One of the popular areas is optimizing the routing protocol strategy with respect to energy utilization of sensor nodes. Clustering mechanism is one of the popular WSN routing mechanism. In this paper, network performance analysis was performed using the LEACH modification algorithm. The results show that throughput, packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay have increased. The measurement process in this research using Network Simulation 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the desired characteristics of adsorbent and adsorbate in adsorption cooling system. The development of competitive market ready adsorption chiller is hindered by the physics of the adsorbent-adsorbate pairs, the main component of this cooling system. A breakthrough is required to produce adsorbent-adsorbate pairs with superior characteristics. The adsorbent-adsorbate pair must have low heat of adsorption compared to the latent heat of vaporization of refrigerant. The adsorbent uptake must be sensitive to its temperature, to reduce energy usage for sensible heating during transition from adsorption to desorption phase. An increase on the rate of adsorption and desorption must be accompanied by increase in rate of heat transfer to make sure optimum performance can be achieved. For a quick assessment on performance of adsorbent, refrigerant and heat exchange surface, adsorption calorimeter could be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adaptive control is used when the automatic control system has to modify its own characteristics depending on the operating conditions. Such control is embedded in many contemporary systems in industry. It is based on the integration of knowledge about the process, presented as a database, with real-time monitoring depending on the incoming information. This paper proposes a method for implementation of adaptive control on asynchronous drive of electric vehicles. The necessary components are specified – the proposed method uses PLC, sensors providing the required information and a database with pre-recorded characteristics. The requirements to the database are determined – it must include the calibration characteristics of the electrical drive. Verification of the method was carried out by a laboratory simulator. Calibration of the electrical drive is performed and the required characteristics are obtained. Power losses and some important factors (coefficients) are calculated, many graphs are plotted. Implementation of this method will lead to increased energy efficiency and comfort of passengers in vehicles and allows quick and accurate fault detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the performance of a water cooled chiller at various number of fan cooling tower under the constant cooling capacity. The nominal capacity of the water cooled chiller unit is 800.0 ton and the refrigerant is R-514A. The performance of the water cooled chiller system when using 6 fans with a COP of8.29 and a kW/TR value not exceeding the minimum value set under the ASHRAE standard of0.42. The largest energy consumption is generated when the system uses 3 fans which is 2513.58 kWh during the period of time the system is turned on (7 hours). While the lowest energy consumption is generated when the system uses 6 fans which is 2036.78 kWh during the period of time the system is turned on (7 hours). The percentage of energy consumption increase when using 6 fans to 5 fans by 12,78%, from 5 fans to 4 fans by 7.48 % and from 4 fans to 3 fans by I,79%. Based on the results of analysis of the use of fan cooling tower variations on the performance and energy consumption of water cooled chiller is best when using 6 fans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of airborne transmission of COVID-19 in an indoor environment is now widely recognized, and it has drawn worldwide attention from both government organizations and researchers. Also, highly occupied indoor spaces such as restaurants, bars, and pubs have been the primarily affected service sectors due to the enforced lockdown measures. In this paper, the relative reduction in virus-laden aerosol exposure in a single-zone highly occupied space due to (i) the operation of HVAC systems and (ii) usage of non-HVAC control measures are investigated by using a recently developed web-based simulation tool. This tool was used to model the release of bio-aerosols in a highly occupied indoor space (i.e., bar or pub) with three different types of HVAC systems (central air handling system, dedicated outdoor air system, and wall unit system). Besides, the non-HVAC control measures were considered, including wearing face masks and use of room air cleaners. The occupant exposure was evaluated for 1 μm aerosols by which SARS-CoV-2 are transported within the indoor space. The exposure was estimated for 3 hrs./day of continuous exposure to a continuous source. The mitigation effects of different types of air filters in the recirculation line of the HVAC systems, ventilation using outdoor air based on the Spanish Thermal Building Regulations (RITE) and use of portable air cleaners (PACs) were investigated. The combined effect of ventilation, recirculated air filtration, and use of the PAC was evaluated in the reduction of aerosol exposure to uninfected occupants with and without wearing face masks. The energy consumption related to the applied control measures was also estimated for each type of HVAC system. In summary, the results of this study contribute to the selection of control options depending on the type of existing HVAC systems and reduced energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays the world is largely dependent on conventional energy sources which are non-renewable and its demand is increasing day by day. The emission due to utilization of these energy resources causes air pollution and human disease. So researchers are focusing their attention on biodiesel as an alternative to diesel. Biodiesel while being renewable, environment friendly, has poor performance and higher NOx emission. To eliminate these problems up to some extent, blending with diesel can be done but increasing blending percentage again causes the same problem. To eliminate these demerits of biodiesel researchers are using nano sized particles as additives to biodiesel. A large number of nanoparticles are used as additives and resulted in improved performance and emissions, viz. increased "brake thermal efficiency", reduced "brake specific fuel consumption" (bsfc), lower release of Hydrocarbon (HC) and Carbon monoxide (CO) etc. Apart from poor performance, higher NOx release is the main concern with the use of biodiesel. Some nanoparticles reduce NOx emission while use of some other nanoparticles result in increased NOx emission. NOx emission varies with the concentration of nano particle as well. This paper reviews the research work in which nanoparticles such as CeO2, TiO2, GO, CaO, Al2O3, Bi2O3, SiO2, ZnO, NiO, Ag-O, CNT, MWCNT, nano water emulsion as well as combination of these nano sized particles have been used as additives to biodiesel or biodiesel blends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The choice of the type and configuration of the engine, as well as ensuring its coordinated operation in critical modes to minimize thrust losses, have a significant impact on the fuel-economic and environmental performance of a high-speed passenger aircraft. Research work in this area is aimed at developing and improving the methodology for forming layouts and assessing the aerodynamic, flight performance, and economic characteristics of supersonic passenger aircraft with an acceptable level of fuel efficiency, high flight safety, and low levels of sonic boom and noise. In the field of aircraft engine building, using modeling methods, it is necessary to provide a lead vector for the formation of a scientific and technical reserve for creating competitive engines in the shortest possible time. This paper presents the results of optimization of HPC blade angles and a variant of the engine with a constant high-pressure turbine is formed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's technological era, every home, industry, and commercial place has numerous electrical appliances to perform all tasks quickly and with ease. It also mandates every home to have a three-phase electrical supply and leads to a growing increase in energy demand. The traditional and new equipment have been modernized by making them very smart and energy efficient to manage the continuously growing energy demand. In the previous decades, power saving was done during the monitoring of the load alone, which was not very effective. The main objective of this paper is to continuously monitor the power consumption of the load and also to save energy in an efficient way using the Internet of Things (IOT). In a three-phase supply, whenever there is a phase shift, phase angle changes and so it has to be corrected. This system helps to correct the phaseangle automatically during the reverse condition. The IoT devices will be used to share voltage and current values on the website. Power management is also carried out to ensure proper power consumption. The monitoring relay is the main component of the system, and it checks the phase sequence, overvoltage, and undervoltage. A multifunction monitoring relay based on a microcontroller integrates the voltage and current values to calculate the supply's phase angle. The Proteus software was used for the website updates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the importance of transportation in logistics operations, the vehicle routing problem (VRP) is critical to logistics practice. The Green Vehicle Routing Problem (GVRP) is a variation of the VRP that focuses on issues related to sustainable transportation. GVRP's goal is to balance the economy and environmental costs by developing effective solutions to environmental and financial concerns. The purpose of this paper is to propose a Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) to solve the GVRP. Using the benchmark test instance E-n23-k3, a numerical experiment is carried out to test the proposed algorithm. The results show that the SSA outperforms the Route Splitting Tabu Search (RS-TS). On average, the total cost is reduced by 1.41%. Furthermore, we show that the use of various modes of transportation affects fuel consumption, emission costs, and vehicle usage costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing demand for energy worldwide, it has become imperative to explore and adopt sustainable energy practices. In this regard, predicting household electricity consumption accurately is essential, as it can help optimize energy usage and reduce waste. This paper focuses on using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) shows the neural networks to prevent household electricity consumption in India. The LSTM model was implemented using the Keras library in Python. The model was trained using the training set and tested using the testing set. The study demonstrated that LSTM neural networks are a promising approach to predicting household electricity consumption in India. Further research can be conducted to recover the accuracy of the perfect by including more variables such as household size, income, and appliance usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The entire modern world is dependent on energy. Providing cooling with renewable energy sources, such as solar energy, is one of the primary answers to the energy and environmental issues. Phase change materials (PCMs) play a significant role in the utilisation of solar energy in cooling applications. Recent study on solar energy using PCMs for low and medium temperature cooling applications indicates that PCMs are widely employed in solar thermal cooling, transport refrigeration, and commercial food outlets. Since low-temperature PCMs can maintain the temperature of small-scale refrigerators for an extended time, it can be used to maintain the space temperature of the appliance without the use of an electrical energy storage during the night. The primary factors in adapting a conventional system to work with solar energy with PCM are performance parameters such as pull-down time and on-off cycle of the compressor. In this paper, therefore, the experimental findings for the pull-down time and on-off cycle time of a 210-liter solar refrigerator with and without a PCM are provided. The experimental data revealed that the compressor's pull-down time and off-time were raised by 78% and 6.1 times, respectively. In addition to enhancing performance and facilitating temperature maintenance within the refrigerated space, the per-day energy consumption was reduced from 14.4 to 18.5% as compared to the system without PCM. It was confirmed that the use of PCM in refrigeration systems can play an essential role in enhancing their overall performance. Furthermore, this study could serve as a key link between the PCM and all currently available small-scale solar-powered household cooling appliances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity is one of the most important energy resources used for human comfort. Its generation is very expensive, so it must be carefully managed. Energy management is a key to well-used electrical grid, especially in developing countries, including Iraq, which face significant challenges such as frequent outages. The grid's main feature is good management with integration of renewable energies. Photovoltaic (PV) energy systems are widely used in variety of applications. It provides an alternative solution for energy self-sufficiency, and it is also possible to share the surplus with the grid. However, the PV system is temperature and solar radiation dependent, which is regarded as a disadvantage due to weather changes. At demand response (DR), the energy produced by the PV system may have a surplus or a shortfall of electric power resulting in either loss or no energy use or service interruptions. This problem of intermittency is overcome by hybridization. Thus, if the primary source is unable to meet the entire DR, the secondary source will take over the re-possibility of supporting. In this paper, a PV-Battery-Grid system is designed, tested and modelled by MATLAB program to integrate solar energy, bank of batteries, loads and grid. The proposed system pro-vides and manages generated energy by sharing it to loads and grid. Furthermore, the total harmonics distortion values of output inverter current, ac load current, and grid current were 2.16%, 0.18%, and 0.89% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing population density causes an increased demand for energy. Also, the large number of power generating stations, in addition to the rapid development of renewable energies, has brought an important challenge: developing energy networks and making them smart. Advanced meter infrastructure (AMI) provides data on energy use and network status by connecting utility companies and homeowners through wireless communication. Smart meters with real-time invoicing are a measurement device, tool that uses automatic data reading to give users information on how much energy they have used in the past hour, day, and month. The gadget advises the user on when to use energy and forecasts when power consumption will exceed the intended power. This paper reviews all aspects of smart power meters and their applications and billing techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EDM is a process of machining conductive materials by precision controlled in electrical discharge through a small clearance gap. Through EDM process, the electrical discharge energy will be converted into thermal energy which in turn causes the erosion of the workpiece. The discharge current determines the energy density used in erosion of the workpiece. During the discharges, the current pulse in used should be of a square pulse wave. In practical, EDM circuits tends to have parasitic components which causes the non-square waveform characteristics to the current pulses. In this paper, the simulation of a parasitic components is conducted capable to change the signal waveform and affecting the square pulse wave on the Material Removal Rate (MRR) characteristics. It is discovered that the parasitic component causes the discharge current to have transient current as well as in decreasing the MRR value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of fossil energy consumption to catalyze the production of biofuels as renewable energy, especially heat and electricity generation, will raise a level of concern for the environment and health. Biomass waste that is produced into biofuel is very promising as a renewable energy raw material. The utilization of biofuels from biomass has the advantage of increasing the mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. One very promising way of generating electricity is by using co-firing biomass pellets, especially for renewable energy generation. There are several routes in thermochemical conversion, but torrefaction is one technology that can produce pyrolysis at low temperatures. In addition, co-firing biofuels can produce efficiently at temperatures of 200-300oC with low conversion losses. However, the conventional heating used today, especially in batch operations, adversely affects the torrefaction of palm oil. In addition, the biomass processing rate and throughput are very low and the heat transfer rate is very poor. The integrated microwave technology can provide a good and promising solution, especially in increasing the capacity for upscaling torrefaction technology. The production quantity offered is also higher with optimal volumetric heat transfer. Critically the discussion in this paper is to discuss the latest developments in palm oil waste torrefaction technology for the production of biochar energy with low water content and better durability and resilience. The microwave radiation used is intended for heating so that the catalytic reaction of torrefaction on energy activity is lower. Based on the continuous microwave system that is included in the reactor, it has enormous potential, especially during the torrefaction streamlining process. Thus, the energy produced is more friendly to the environment and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy-water efficiency forecasting is important to ensure a reliable supply of water for future generations as well as reduce energy consumption. Uncertainty, fuzziness, and hesitation in the information about energy consumption and water production might affect the accuracy of predictions and the effectiveness of models. Forecasting inaccuracy and model efficiency may both be improved by using Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets, which are able to deal with the uncertainty, fuzziness, and hesitancy inherent in using past data. However, there is no standard technique in intuitionistic fuzzy time forecasting that can handle uncertain data and be utilized to create forecasts that are significantly more accurate than classical time series forecasting. In this paper, the triangular membership function and the trapezoidal membership function of the Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set, which is used to manage the water industry, were compared. This study looks at which of these two shapes of membership functions can make more accurate predictions. This becomes a core procedure in transforming the crisp value into fuzzy values by recognizing uncertainties or variations in the crisp values, and the process is known as fuzzification. Three forecasting errors were used in order to justify the best shape, namely Absolute Percentage Forecasting Error (APFE), Mean Squared Forecasting Error (MSFE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Forecasting Error (MAPFE). The result reveals that the triangular membership function is more accurate compared to the trapezoidal membership function for imprecise data representation in intuitionistic fuzzy time series forecasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In current time, there is a need for an affordable housing which must respect, on the one hand, requirements of overcrowded urban areas and, on the other hand, demands for modern buildings with low energy consumption. The number of old buildings must therefore give way to modern ones. Demolition waste emerging during pulling down of substandard buildings may after further processing constitute a potential source of filling materials which can preserve our resources of virgin aggregates. In the paper, the recycled aggregate obtained as a sub-fraction of processed demolition waste served as the substitution material instead of the natural aggregate for cement-based composites. Natural filler in the fraction 0/2 mm was replaced by the recycled one in the volumetric amount of 0-100 %, and on 28 days water cured samples physical, strength and thermal-transport related properties were assessed. Performed experiments showed a high potential of fine recycled filler which can effectively reduce the weight of produced composites but, on the other hand, partially mitigate their strength properties. Higher rate of open porosity caused by replacing material helped importantly improve thermal performance of hardened composites up to 30 %, versus plain dense mortar. There was made new type of cement-base mortars which for repairing of masonry structures can be intended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]