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This book presents a comprehensive study of the emergence, functioning and evolution of international cooperation among competition authorities. It presents an in-depth look at network cooperation taking place within international organisations, as well as networks based on binding international agreements and various informal networks, among others. It further identifies and analyses the forms of international cooperation among national competition authorities (NCAs) that are taking place within transnational competition networks. The book classifies these forms of cooperation by grouping them into three stages – soft, developed and enhanced cooperation – discussing each in detail. It thus reflects the evolution of the international cooperation process and provides insights as to its possible development. This work will be of interest to researchers, academics and advanced students in the fields of competition law, public administration, international relations and those interested in international competition law and its contribution to global public governance.

This open access book examines the conflict of law rules in East Asian states. With a focus on the laws in Mainland China, Japan and South Korea, the book also looks at the rules of Hong Kong and Taiwan. Beyond a description of the substance of the current law, the book highlights the evolution these jurisdictions have undergone since being adopters of rules developed in European and North American legal systems. As evidenced by recent modernisations in their private law regimes, these East Asian states are now innovators, creating rules that are more suited to the local concerns. Significantly, the new approaches to private international law taken by China and Japan are themselves being adopted by other jurisdictions, shifting the locus of influence in this important area of law. The chapters in Part 1 give a contextual overview of the legal regimes of Mainland China, Japan, and South Korea. This part is intended to foster a deeper understanding of how the systems are changing to better fit the particular national approaches to law. A more in-depth view of the rules on private international law follows in Part 2, where the rules of Hong Kong and Taiwan are set forth in addition to those of the rest of China, Japan and South Korea. Part 3 provides a detailed look at the conflict rules relevant to commercial law, specifically as regards international jurisdiction of courts, while Part 4 examines the rules applying to family and succession law. Written in an easily accessible style, the book is a valuable resource for scholars as well as practitioners of East Asian law, private international law, and comparative law. The ebook editions of this book are available open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence on bloomsburycollections.com.

Mit dem Data Governance Act (DGA) hat sich der europäische Gesetzgeber für eine strenge Regulierung von Datenvermittlungsdiensten entschieden. Anbieter von Datenvermittlungsdiensten werden durch Art. 10-15 DGA verpflichtet, sich vor der Aufnahme ihrer Dienste bei einer zuständigen Behörde anzumelden und umfangreiche Vorgaben an die Erbringung ihrer Dienste einzuhalten. Ziel dieser Vorschriften ist es, das Nutzervertrauen in Datenvermittlungsdienste zu stärken und dadurch Anreize für den vertrauensvollen Datenaustausch zwischen Privatpersonen, Unternehmen und staatlichen Einrichtungen zu setzen. Die vorliegende Arbeit unternimmt die bislang umfassendste Untersuchung der Art. 10-15 DGA im Hinblick auf B2B-Datenvermittlungsdienste. Vor dem Hintergrund der Zielsetzungen der europäischen Datenstrategie sowie der ökonomischen Besonderheiten von B2B-Datenmärkten und Datenvermittlungsdiensten werden die Art. 10-15 DGA detailliert ausgelegt und aus rechtsökonomischer Perspektive bewertet. ; Mit dem Data Governance Act (DGA) hat sich der europäische Gesetzgeber für eine strenge Regulierung von Datenvermittlungsdiensten entschieden. Anbieter von Datenvermittlungsdiensten werden durch Art. 10-15 DGA verpflichtet, sich vor der Aufnahme ihrer Dienste bei einer zuständigen Behörde anzumelden und umfangreiche Vorgaben an die Erbringung ihrer Dienste einzuhalten. Ziel dieser Vorschriften ist es, das Nutzervertrauen in Datenvermittlungsdienste zu stärken und dadurch Anreize für den vertrauensvollen Datenaustausch zwischen Privatpersonen, Unternehmen und staatlichen Einrichtungen zu setzen. Die vorliegende Arbeit unternimmt die bislang umfassendste Untersuchung der Art. 10-15 DGA im Hinblick auf B2B-Datenvermittlungsdienste. Vor dem Hintergrund der Zielsetzungen der europäischen Datenstrategie sowie der ökonomischen Besonderheiten von B2B-Datenmärkten und Datenvermittlungsdiensten werden die Art. 10-15 DGA detailliert ausgelegt und aus rechtsökonomischer Perspektive bewertet.

Privatrecht ist ein Werkzeug des Gesetzgebers zur Regulierung von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Ausgehend von dieser anhand des Kauf- und des Sachenrechts belegten These, legt Alexander Hellgardt eine umfassende Untersuchung des Einsatzes von Privatrecht zur Verhaltenssteuerung im öffentlichen Interesse vor. Er untersucht den unions- und verfassungsrechtlichen Rahmen der Regulierung mittels Privatrecht und entfaltet die Konsequenzen für Rechtswissenschaft, Gesetzgebung und Gerichtspraxis. Der Autor demonstriert, wie Privatrechtswissenschaft zu einer Regulierungswissenschaft werden kann, er entwickelt Kriterien, die den Gesetzgeber bei der Wahl von Regulierungsinstrumenten im Einzelfall anleiten können, und zeigt, wie die Rechtsanwendung die Regulierungsfunktion aufnehmen kann, indem die teleologische Auslegung um Elemente der Folgenabschätzung und Steuerung erweitert wird.

Der vorliegende Gesetzesentwurf unterbreitet einen Vorschlag zur Umsetzung des Konzepts des treuhänderischen Unternehmertums bzw. Verantwortungseigentums als eigene Rechtsform unter Einbeziehung von Nebengesetzen und steuerrechtlichen Überlegungen.Gesellschafter begreifen sich nach diesem Konzept als Treuhänder auf Zeit. Die Gewinne des Unternehmens stehen der unternehmenstragenden Gesellschaft und nicht den Gesellschaftern mit Stimmrechten zu. Überschüsse des laufenden Betriebs sowie der Liquidationserlös können für unternehmerische, gemeinnützige oder gemeinwohlorientierte Zwecke genutzt, aber nicht an die Gesellschafter ausgeschüttet werden. Gleichzeitig haben Gesellschafter die volle Gestaltungsfreiheit über das Unternehmen und können eine marktgerechte Vergütung für ihr Engagement erhalten. Auch die eigenkapitalähnliche Beteiligung von Investoren ist möglich, wobei diese keine Stimmrechtsinhaber sein dürfen. Dieses Konzept wird derzeit mit gesellschafts- und stiftungsrechtlichen Konstruktionen umgesetzt. Die eigene Rechtsform soll die Umsetzung erleichtern und Unternehmern damit eine weitere Gestaltungsmöglichkeit für langfristig ausgerichtetes Unternehmenseigentum und bei der Unternehmensnachfolge bieten. Ein erster Entwurf zur Umsetzung des Konzepts als Sonderform der GmbH wurde bereits 2020 von einer akademischen Autorengruppe (unter Mitwirkung von Prof. Dr. Rüdiger Veil) vorgelegt und 2021 überarbeitet. An diese Entwürfe schloss sich eine politische und rechtswissenschaftliche Diskussion an. Das Projekt der Schaffung einer eigenen Rechtsgrundlage für Unternehmen mit gebundenem Vermögen wurde 2021 in den Koalitionsvertrag der Regierungskoalition aufgenommen. Dieser Entwurf entstand auf Bitte der drei Berichterstatter für das Projekt im Bundestag - Esra Limbacher (SPD), Katharina Beck (BÜNDNIS 90/DIE GRÜNEN) und Otto Fricke (FDP) - als Diskussionsbeitrag.

Gesellschaftsformen bilden die Essenz des Gesellschaftsrechts. Der vorliegende Band untersucht, welche Bereicherungen das Rechtsformentableau in jüngerer Zeit erfahren hat. Als Untersuchungsgegenstand dienen ihm rund 20 ausgewählte Rechtsformneuschöpfungen aus dem In- und Ausland, deren Entstehen und Entwicklung im Einzelnen aufbereitet werden. Wichtige Leitfragen lauten: Wann und warum haben Reformgesetzgeber neue Gesellschaftsformen eingeführt? Von wem stammte die Anregung zu ihrer Einführung? In welcher Hinsicht unterscheiden sie sich von den traditionellen gesellschaftsrechtlichen Gussformen? Wie haben sie sich seither im nationalen und internationalen Rechtsformenwettbewerb behauptet? Durch diese akribischen Einzelstudien entsteht ein facettenreiches Bild des Ideenreichtums in- und ausländischer Reformgesetzgeber mitsamt ihren Wegbereitern aus Unternehmenspraxis, Anwaltschaft, Notariat, Rechtspolitik und Rechtswissenschaft.

In unternehmerischen Verhandlungen sind Täuschungen durchaus verbreitet und zielen darauf ab, das Verhandlungsergebnis zu beeinflussen. Gelogen wird dabei vor allem über Aspekte wie bessere Alternativangebote, Deadlines, die Verfügbarkeit eines Produkts oder unternehmensinterne Vorgaben. Die Verhandlungsliteratur stuft viele dieser Lügen außerhalb des Vertragsgegenstands und des Preises als akzeptierte Geschäftspraxis ein. Ein erster Blick auf § 123 Abs. 1, 1. Alt. BGB (Anfechtung wegen arglistiger Täuschung) legt hingegen nahe, dass vorsätzliche, kausal gewordene Täuschungen ausnahmslos als unrechtmäßig anzusehen sind. Eine für das Werk durchgeführte Studie zeigt allerdings, dass z.B. deutsche Richter für einige dieser Lügen keine rechtlichen Konsequenzen fordern. Stefanie Jung untersucht daher, ob das deutsche Recht Verhandlern im unternehmerischen Kontext einen Spielraum für bestimmte Irreführungen gewährt bzw. gewähren sollte. Auf Basis rechtshistorischer, rechtsdogmatischer, rechtsvergleichender, rechtsökonomischer und empirischer Argumente arbeitet sie eine differenzierte Lösung nach einzelnen Täuschungsgegenständen heraus.

Die Erschöpfung ist eine Schranke des Patentschutzes. Herkömmlich ist sie im deutschen Patentrecht sachlich, räumlich und zeitlich begrenzt. Im Zuge des europäischen Patentpakets wurde nunmehr eine neue, vierte Grenze geschaffen: Trotz tatbestandlichen Vorliegens kann die Erschöpfung ausnahmsweise ausbleiben. Damit ist das Ende der Ausgestaltung der Erschöpfung als Alles-oder-nichts-Regelung besiegelt. Constantin Blanke-Roeser widmet sich eingehend der neuen sowie den herkömmlichen Grenzen des Erschöpfungsgrundsatzes.

Kryptowährungen sind aus der Finanzwelt nicht mehr wegzudenken. Die Skepsis gegenüber den Notenbanken als Garanten der Geldwertstabilität hat einen neuen Finanzmarkt geschaffen. Die gesetzliche Erfassung beschränkt sich auf das Steuer-, Aufsichts- und Finanzmarktrecht, während das Zivilrecht nur fragmentarische Beachtung findet. Regelungen zum Geldschuldrecht durchziehen das BGB und tragen der Bedeutung des Universaltauschmittels Rechnung. Inwieweit ist das Schuldrecht für die Behandlung des alternativen Geldes gewappnet? Hierzu lässt sich auf den geldschuldrechtlichen Maßstab zurückgreifen. Dieser ist heterogen und verbietet daher eine Generalanalogie; die Kategorisierung der geldschuldrechtlichen Normen stellt dennoch eine belastbare Leitschnur für das Schuldrecht der Kryptowährungen bereit. Dies lässt einen Ausblick in Form von Normierungsvorschlägen de lege ferenda zu und wird durch die Betrachtung des Verbraucherschutzes abgerundet.

The Lisbon Centre for Research in Private Law (CIDP)'s research project Lisbon DAO Observatory is on a mission to find answers to the questions regarding the legal challenges and the current legal state of decentralised autonomous organisations (DAOs) and similar arrangements that will help shape future legislative action. In April 2023, the project held an international conference on DAO regulation that gathered top-tier scholars, industry players and practitioners from all over the world to discuss how any prospective legislative intervention, recognition or regulation of DAOs should be crafted. This volume is the result of the knowledge shared and gained during this ground-breaking conference and includes discussions on the future form of regulation (direct legislative intervention, self-regulation or no regulation) as well as on major topics such as mandatory decentralisation, legal personality, governance structures, limited liability, plus crucial sectorial issues, including dispute resolution, civil liability, tax law and conflict of laws.

Ist das Patentrecht wirklich "wertneutral" oder gar "ethisch blind"? Die Praxis des Patentrechts wird von einem ungebrochenen Fortschrittsoptimismus getragen. Das hohe Maß an Technik- und Innovationsgläubigkeit lässt traditionell wenig Raum für eine tiefergehende Reflexion außerrechtlicher Wirkdimensionen des Patentsystems. Es stellt sich jedoch die Frage, ob Innovationsförderung ohne ein Mindestmaß an gesellschaftlicher Innovationsverantwortung überhaupt ein sinnvolles Ziel sein kann. Ein so facettenreiches Forschungsthema wie "Human Enhancements" eignet sich hervorragend dazu, um die Funktionen und Wirkungen des Patentschutzes zu veranschaulichen. An die Stelle eines allgemeinen Verweises auf "ethisch umstrittene Forschungsfelder" treten konkrete Beispiele. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse können wiederum in den interdisziplinären Gesamtdiskurs einfließen, der die biotechnische Selbstgestaltung des Menschen als Teil und Folge der modernen Gesellschaft und ihrer Charakteristika betrachtet. Die Arbeit wurde mit dem Innovationspreis 2023 der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin und als beste Dissertation im Zivilrecht mit dem Promotionspreis 2023 der Juristischen Fakultät der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin ausgezeichnet.

Kapitalmarkthaftung ist ein stetig wachsendes Rechtsgebiet. Es besteht aus einer Vielzahl einzelner Tatbestände, die teilweise in Spezialgesetzen niedergelegt, teilweise dem allgemeinen Deliktsrechts entnommen sind und bisher eher unsystematisch nebeneinander stehen. Alexander Hellgardt unternimmt es, das Gesamtgebiet der außervertraglichen Haftung am Kapitalmarkt systematisch zu ordnen und zu einem einheitlichen System zusammenzufassen. Er bezieht sowohl die spezialgesetzlichen Tatbestände der Prospekthaftung, der Haftung für fehlerhafte Ad-hoc-Mitteilungen und die übernahmerechtlichen Haftungstatbestände als auch das allgemeine Deliktsrecht, vorrangig § 823 Abs. 2 BGB, ein. Bei der Entwicklung eines 'Sonderdeliktsrechts des Kapitalmarkts' spielen rechtsvergleichende und ökonomische Aspekte eine zentrale Rolle. Zugleich wird die Kapitalmarkthaftung an das allgemeine Deliktsrecht zurückgebunden. Dabei arbeitet der Autor heraus, dass ein zentrales Regelungsziel des Kapitalmarktdeliktsrechts neben dem Anleger- und Funktionenschutz in der Gewährleistung guter externer Corporate Governance der Emittenten besteht. Anschließend entfaltet der Autor die Konsequenzen dieses Ansatzes für die Einzelfragen der Kapitalmarkthaftungstatbestände. Beginnend mit einer Untersuchung der haftungsrelevanten Pflichten am Primär- und Sekundärmarkt sowie im Rahmen öffentlicher Übernahmen, entwickelt er entlang des Tatbestandsaufbaus und unter Einbeziehung prozessrechtlicher Aspekte das Kapitalmarktdeliktsrecht als eigenständiges Teilrechtsgebiet. Die Arbeit wurde 2009 mit dem Deutschen Studienpreis der Körber-Stiftung ausgezeichnet.

Spitzentechnologien wie künstliche Intelligenzen oder Blockchains bringen Max Webers These von der Herrschaft kraft Wissen ins Wanken. Wir können diese modernen Regulierungsobjekte nicht mehr abschließend verstehen und sind als Juristen und Juristinnen dennoch verpflichtet, diese Erscheinungen durch Rechtsetzung und Rechtsanwendung zu regulieren. In der Soziologie herrscht insoweit Einigkeit. Staatliche Regulierung wird nicht mehr durch das Wissen, sondern primär durch das Nichtwissen der staatlichen Akteure bedingt. Die soziologische Theorie hat weiter erkannt, dass wir durch Vertrauen das eigene Nichtwissen überwinden können. Indem wir etwa ein Medikament einnehmen, vertrauen wir instinktiv darauf, dass andere Menschen mit einschlägigem Wissen die Sicherheit des Medikaments gewährleisten. Johannes Robert Blöcher importiert diesen soziologischen Gedanken vom Vertrauen als Wissensäquivalent in den rechtlichen Diskurs und zeigt anhand der Blockchain-basierten Wertpapierabwicklung, wie moderne Regulierungspraxis längst auf Vertrauen beruht und welchen praktischen Nutzen diese Einsicht hat.

Der Begriff einer Korrespondenz wird im Steuerrecht an zahlreichen Stellen verwendet, um einen rechtlichen Zusammenhang zu beschreiben. Eine rechtstheoretische Aufarbeitung, insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund, zwischen welchen Rechtsakten ein derartiger Zusammenhang besteht, fehlt. Sebastian Plesdonat zeigt auf, warum sich eine Korrespondenz sinnvoll als Gesetzgebungstechnik beschreiben lässt und welche Ausgestaltungsmöglichkeiten dabei bestehen. Unter Berücksichtigung ökonomischer Grundlagen untersucht er, ob eine mittels einer Korrespondenz erzeugte rechtliche Abhängigkeit im Rahmen der Besteuerung von Kapitalgesellschaften und deren Anteilseignern der bestehenden Systematik zu- oder abträglich ist und wie - steuertheoretisch - eine solche Abhängigkeit ausgestaltet werden kann und sollte.

In den Jahren 2020 bis 2023 wurde am Institut für das Recht der Digitalisierung an der Philipps-Universität Marburg das BMJ-Forschungsprojekt "Blockchain und Recht" durchgeführt. Dieser Sammelband dient zum einen dazu, einen gestrafften Überblick über die wesentlichen Forschungsergebnisse der am BMJ-Projekt beteiligten Nachwuchswissenschaftlerinnen und -wissenschaftler zu bieten. Zum anderen soll der rechtswissenschaftliche wie rechtspolitische Diskurs nachhaltig befruchtet und die Gesetzgebungstätigkeit auf nationaler, supranationaler wie internationaler Ebene sichtbar unterstützt werden. Abgedeckt werden sowohl Grundlagen- als auch Spezialfragen aus dem allgemeinen Privatrecht, privatrechtlichen Sondergebieten (Verbraucher-, Register- und Grundbuchrecht), dem Kollisionsrecht, dem Bank- und Kapitalmarktrecht sowie dem Wertpapierrecht.

Der Sammelband enthält die Schriftfassung der Vorträge zur Tagung "Elektronische Aktien", die am 15. Mai 2023 in der Hessischen Landesvertretung in Berlin stattfand. Die Tagung wurde gemeinsam von der Projektgruppe "Tokenisierung und Finanzmarkt (ToFi)" des Zentrums verantwortungsbewusste Digitalisierung (ZEVEDI) und dem Institut für das Recht der Digitalisierung (IRDi) der Philipps-Universität Marburg anlässlich des Gesetzgebungsverfahrens zum Zukunftsfinanzierungsgesetz veranstaltet. Behandelt werden namentlich die gesetzgeberische Konzeption, der europäische und der techniksoziologische Kontext sowie das Gesellschafts-, Kapitalmarkt- und Wertpapierrecht der elektronischen Aktien.

Sports law is a cross-sectional subject, which is connected to all areas of law. As a result, issues of sports law often give rise to multi-layered and complex, but also extremely interesting fields of conflict. Sports law itself is a continually important, dynamic matter, aswell as it is also subject to a variety of social and political trends. To exemplify this, a selection of current topics in sports law is presented in this volume, which can be traced back to three interrelationships: sports law and constitutional law - sports law and international law - sports law and commercial law.

This volume presents the proceedings of the bidt "Vectors of Data Disclosure" conference held in Munich 2022. The contributions give interdisciplinary and comparative insights into various factors of data disclosure decisions – combining perspectives of law, cultural studies, and business information systems. The volume also condenses results of the corresponding bidt research project on "Vectors of Data Disclosure".

Debt finance raised from corporate insiders has attracted the attention of legal scholars over the past several years. Such an interest comes as no surprise. The variety of legal treatments reserved for insider loans across Europe, the United States and in other jurisdictions attests to an intriguing absence of any regulatory uniformity despite similar financing patterns. After reviewing the literature on the benefits and costs of inside debt financing and illustrating the diverse regulatory approaches adopted by prominent jurisdictions, the book reassesses the risk of opportunistic insider lending based on the state of a company’s finances. In doing so, the book sheds light on the net costs associated with financially sound firms issuing senior debt, whether secured or unsecured, to their insiders and, by contrast, the net benefits of allowing insiders to make senior unsecured loans to firms that are in or near insolvency. Following the reexamination of the benefits and costs of insider lending, novel requirements are recommended for an efficient and fair legal response to inside debt as a source of funding for both solvent firms and financially-distressed ones.

Dieses Open Access Buch adressiert den Regulierungsbedarf im rasant wachsenden Bereich der digitalen Geschäftsmodelle. Der Trend zur Digitalisierung bringt rasche Veränderungen in Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft mit sich. Digitale Geschäftsmodelle bergen neben außerordentlichen Chancen auch nicht vernachlässigbare Risiken. In diesem Spannungsfeld zwischen wirtschaftlichem Nutzen und gesellschaftlicher Verantwortung besteht ein zunehmendes Bedürfnis nach gesetzgeberischer Regulierung der Digitalwirtschaft, die gleichwohl Innovation und Fortschritt im digitalen Sektor nicht unterbinden sollte. In diesem Open Access Band widmen sich ausgewiesene Expertinnen und Experten dem angerissenen Themenkreis aus den verschiedensten Blickwinkeln. Ausgangspunkt für das Buch bildete der vom Internationalen Forum für Wirtschaftsrecht getragene 3. Bozner Wirtschaftsrechtstag, bei dem besonderes Augenmerk auf die Berührung des deutschsprachigen Rechts- und Wirtschaftsraumes mit dem italienischen gelegt wird.

Economic models must evolve to avoid irreversible consequences for our planet in the face of climate change. The question is: How can we provide a growing population with access to affordable, viable energy while preserving our environment? Green finance is a pivotal concept that guides financial actions and operations toward fostering the energy transition and combating global warming. Finance, a key player in resource allocation, now incorporates an environmental dimension alongside the pursuit of economic profitability, setting it apart from'traditional'finance. This book presents methods to provide a framework for financial transactions, support sustainable development, combat global warming, and enhance the transparency of financial product providers.

This book takes a comparative law and economics approach to explore the role of public and private actors in regulating generative artificial intelligence. The book provides an introduction and context for the creation of new generative AI technologies, now understood to be the chief goal of the leading AI companies. As autonomous ‘super-intelligences', these technologies are still an unknown entity which nevertheless have profound implications for liberal democracy, consumer choice mechanisms, mutual trust, and political legitimacy. This book explores the deep challenges posed for lawmakers and how we can achieve an optimal form of regulation and governance of such unreliable technologies. Chapters investigate possible hybrid modes of regulation, such as a co-regulatory approach between private AI companies and public actors in addressing the issue of misinformation spread. It also explores mixed types of regulation toward research on new forms of AI, arguing that different levels of systemic risk posed by different technologies must be accounted for. Different contemporary and historical contexts for the regulation of unprecedented technical innovation are also considered, and new suggestions for policy are presented. This book is a timely resource which will be of interest to researchers and practitioners in economic governance, law and regulation, artificial intelligence, and comparative law.

Wie können Sie sich als Kanzlei auch im KI-Zeitalter noch behaupten? Gute Kanzleien gibt es viele, guten Rat auch – um andere für die eigene Kanzlei zu gewinnen, bedarf es einer systematischen, ganzheitlichen Entwicklung. Nur so heben Sie sich im schriller werdenden Konzert aus 24/7 verfügbarer Software, zunehmend smarten In-house-Juristen und gar berufsfremder Konkurrenz hervor. In diesem essential erfahren Sie, wie Sie sich unverwechselbar machen und Schritt für Schritt ihre höchsteigene Kanzleikultur herausarbeiten – nach innen wie nach außen. Dazu geht Schunder-Hartung in einem strukturierten Verfahren den entscheidenden Fragen auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen nach.

This handbook, edited by Zeller and Andersen, is an indispensable contribution to the field of transnational commercial law. With an introduction by Sir Roy Goode, this book presents perspectives on legal issues of international sales transactions as perceived by world leading experts, exposing pragmatic and modern aspects of everything from drafting, to uniform laws to dispute resolution.The book divides itself between fundamental knowledge of transnational commercial law (e.g. chapters on forum shopping, CISG, Cape Town Convention, etc.) and current and topical developments (e.g. chapters on blockchain, smart contracts, metaverse, digital assets, etc.). International or transnational trade during the past 20 years has become more and more important, outstripping domestic trade as a hallmark of economic success. Model laws developed by the United Nations and other international bodies are now being transplanted or ratified by countries, so a translational element must always be considered as part of any choice of law.Addressing a global audience, as the instruments dealt with herein apply to many states in different regions, this handbook aims not only at an undergraduate and graduate student audience but also will interest professional lawyers.

Research shows that when accessing and retaining work, and when seeking promotion, disabled people often face discrimination and disadvantage that can be unlawful. Obtaining a remedy is no easy matter as, although access to justice and a fair public hearing are key human rights, disabled claimants often face barriers in Employment Tribunals. Using a unique and bespoke dataset, this book examines the factors that determine the outcome of these cases in British Employment Tribunals. These factors include the impact of case and claimant characteristics, the effect of public sector employment, what happens to disability discrimination claims when they contain claims for other types of discrimination such as race discrimination, and the distinctiveness of a claim for a failure to make a reasonable adjustment. The book concludes by proposing reforms to the legal system, government policy and wider social change, along with suggestions for future research. It will be of great interest to scholars and students of disability discrimination, as well as the broader fields of employment relations, EDI, HRM and labour studies.

In an era where technology is evolving at breakneck speed and populist movements are reshaping political landscapes, the regulation of market participants stands at a critical crossroads. The future of antitrust — once a relatively stable domain of law and policy — is now caught in a fierce battle between traditional doctrines and emerging approaches that seek to address the new realities of our time. This book delves into this struggle, offering a thought-provoking exploration of how antitrust laws have evolved, how they are being challenged, and what is at stake for the future. Through a unique lens that juxtaposes the legacies of Louis Brandeis, Robert Bork, and Joseph Schumpeter, this book offers an insightful analysis of the forces shaping the future of antitrust. By tracing the historical evolution of antitrust law through economic theory and examining the ongoing debates that define today's regulatory environment, the author provides a comprehensive yet accessible guide to the competing schools of thought in this critical field. This is a highly valuable resource for a diverse readership interested in the future of competition law and the broader regulation of innovation, from legal experts to students of law and economics, as well as professionals and policymakers navigating the complexities of market regulation.

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) is increasingly recognized as an attractive alternative to national court proceedings, especially in international business relations. This open access book focuses on ADR mechanisms in one specific geographical region: the Western Balkans. This region comprises Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Kosovo, and Serbia. Although these countries generally have legal frameworks for ADR mechanisms in place, they remain largely underutilised in practice. Promoting ADR mechanisms in the countries of the Western Balkans could make them more attractive to foreign investors, thereby fostering economic growth. Additionally, the effective implementation of ADR mechanisms could have spill-over effects on national judiciaries, thereby increasing domestic rule of law standards. This would be highly beneficial for the Western Balkan countries, most of which are still aspiring to become Member States of the European Union (EU). To achieve this, they are required to promote the use of ADR mechanisms and align their legal frameworks with EU standards. Against this background, this book aims to explore the trends and challenges of ADR in the Western Balkans. The different chapters primarily focus on international commercial arbitration, investment treaty arbitration, and mediation. Some chapters address systemic challenges, such as capacity building and dispute prevention, which extend to the entire region. Others offer country-specific analyses of particular national framework. While some chapters adopt the perspective of international or EU law, others remain at the national level. Collectively, the wide diversity in topics and perspectives provides a comprehensive overview of the trends and challenges of ADR mechanisms in the Western Balkan.

This book aims to analyse the principles and merits of CSR and ESG approaches using a law and economics perspective. The traditional law and economics view of corporate governance emphasises profit-maximisation and a shareholder-oriented approach. This perspective, famously endorsed by Milton Friedman, suggests that a business's sole social responsibility is to maximise profits within legal boundaries. Consequently, mainstream corporate governance scholarship has focused on structuring and regulating business organisations to achieve efficiency and minimise agency costs arising from diverging interests and asymmetric information among managers, shareholders, and creditors. However, recent decades have seen increased attention to the role and interests of other corporate stakeholders, such as employees, consumers, and communities. This shift includes the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR), which addresses ethics-based issues like working conditions, human rights, fair competition, and environmental protection. While CSR has often been a form of self-regulation, regulatory schemes now support and incentivise this practice, promoting'stakeholderism'to enhance corporate reputation and profitability while ensuring social accountability. More recently, the focus on business sustainability has intensified under the banner of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria. ESG considerations are now central in the corporate world, influencing ratings, investment decisions, and corporate strategies. Despite support from some scholars and institutions, critics argue that CSR and ESG may fail to benefit stakeholders and could impose high costs on businesses and the economy. Additionally, there are concerns about whether board members and managers are properly incentivised to protect stakeholder interests, as CSR and ESG can sometimes be used to avoid regulation or advance private interests.

The way we talk matters. Human thought processes are largely metaphorical, but what happens when our metaphors for law, economy, and society are conceptually inconsistent or inadequate? By taking a deep dive into how we use one metaphor – embeddedness – this chapter shows that if our ways of talking and thinking about legal and economic phenomena are inconsistent, mainstream thoughtways are re-entrenched. At the same time, innovative or imaginative responses to the financial crashes, social crises, and environmental catastrophes facing society can be hidden. This chapter explores our mainstream ways of doing, talking, and thinking about the relationships between law, economy, and society, identifying problematic metaphors and the conceptual heavy lifting they are asked to perform. It also introduces the three personas who guide and ground the conceptual discussion throughout the book.

Embeddedness is the core concept of an economic sociology of law (ESL) lens, but is conceptually confused and inconsistent. We have seen how embeddedness can have a tangible impact on our ability to respond to pressing social dilemmas: financial crashes, social crises, and environmental catastrophes. This chapter enquires into the implications of moving ESL beyond embeddedness, asking if we remove the core concept of the lens, what remains? It then turns to how we might move broader discourse beyond embeddedness-talk, and what this could achieve. Finally, zooming out further, the chapter explores the wider ramifications for how we do, talk, and think about law, economy, and society. In looking forward, the chapter identifies an urgent need for research into the development of natural language processing (NLP) in artificial intelligence (AI), where biases, assumptions, and preferences intrinsic to our conceptual and linguistic tools are at risk of being preserved in digital aspic and placed beyond the reach of future interrogation. Our third fictional persona, Lay Lillian, takes centre stage in this chapter, as she wonders how the insights of previous chapters, explained to her by Academic Ann, can be brought to bear on the problems she is facing.

This book provides a comprehensive analysis of jurisdiction and law applicable in cross-border insurance matters. The first book to address cross-border insurance cases from the perspective of European Union regulations, international conventions, and national laws applicable to insurance and insurance-related issues, it explores the concept of cross-border insurance issues and specific institutions related to insurance matters. In the process, it covers both classic private international law matters and specific issues, such as autonomous vehicles in cross-border cases, new technologies, and the Insurance Distribution Directive (IDD). Given its focus, the book offers a valuable asset for academics, judges, legal practitioners and insurance companies, and other institutions frequently dealing with cross-border insurance matters.

This textbook focuses on the interrelationships between economic elements and legal principles with regard to business and company law. Three jurisdictions are taken into consideration: US, UK, and Italian law (the last of which was chosen as a “prototype” of continental European legal systems). The economic elements underlying business and company law are actually common to the three legal systems and, consequently, their legal principles and rules are similar despite one jurisdiction (namely, Italy) being based on civil law and the other two on common law. Their similarities are also due to the historical origins of the legal instruments that are covered by the book: partnership law dates back to the Romans, while company law can be traced back to English law. Roman law and English law have influenced, respectively, partnership law and company law around the globe. The book addresses the following topics: proprietorship law, partnership law and company law. For each topic, it first identifies the economic and legal elements that are shared by the three jurisdictions, then explores each one separately to highlight the differences. The textbook is based on over thirty years of research on business and company law conducted by the author in Italy, the UK and US and more than fifteen years of teaching this subject to international students at Luiss G. Carli University of Rome as part of its Bachelor of Economics and Business program.

Dive into the intricate world of international trade with this original analysis of Regulatory Cooperation Chapters in Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). This book meticulously examines for the first time the content, legal nature, and implications of these chapters within the European Union (EU) legal framework. Narrowing its focus to the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) and the EU-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement ( EU-Japan EPA), chosen for their advanced Regulatory Cooperation provisions, the book proceeds to a rich analysis and comparison of the enshrined provisions. The book delves into the political and legal landscape that necessitated this shift towards bilateral regulatory cooperation. It explains the strategic pivot from the stalled WTO negotiations to bilateralism, highlighting the inadequacies of existing WTO rules on non-tariff barriers. This analysis prompts the question: what has changed? Using the concept of ‘Legalization'as developed in political sciences, this interdisciplinary perspective reveals the increasing legalization and binding nature of these commitments, challenging the initial skepticism about their normative value. The book further tracks the practical implementation of Regulatory Cooperation, using developments from CETA and EU-Japan EPA. It presents the two manifestation mechanisms of the Regulatory Cooperation in the EU legal order and highlights their roles in shaping EU's internal regulations. In that regard, the book challenges the legitimacy of these regulatory practices, assessing them through the lenses of input, output, and throughput legitimacy. With a view to maintain the rule of law and democratic principles, the author makes various proposals in that regard, from updated legal tools and model rules to a framework for EU Commission's decision-making capacity. This book offers invaluable insights for policymakers, legal scholars, and trade professionals, providing a thorough understanding of the complex dynamics of Regulatory Cooperation in modern FTAs and their crucial role in shaping global trade relations.

The focus of volume 14 of the EYIEL is on “(Public) Procurement and Competition Law in European and International Economic Law”. It is testimony to the fact that areas of law originally perceived as purely economic are permeated by the challenges of society today and adapting to these by embracing innovation, promoting sustainability and social responsibility and including new values in their legal constitutions. Thus, the focus section provides a broad spectrum of contributions considering the interaction between (public) procurement law and WTO law, the role of RTAs, the inclusion of sustainability aspects as well as the influence recent development and challenges such as the Covid-19 pandemic and climate change have on public procurement and competition policy. In its general section the EYIEL considers “Current Challenges, Developments and Events in European and International Economic Law”. It provides a cross-section of recent developments touching upon the Next Generation EU, food commodification, new regulatory approaches to geographical indications, the interaction between investment law and human rights as well as the newest developments with regard to Public-Private Partnership Legislation.

Dieses Buch vermittelt einen umfassenden Überblick über Fragestellungen, mit denen Gründer:innen von Startups regelmäßig konfrontiert werden. Die Geschäftsmodelle von Start-Ups weisen dabei zumeist ein signifikantes Wachstums- und Skalierungspotenzial auf und adressieren häufig digitale Zielmärkte. Der Trade-Off zwischen geringem Startkapital und früher Ausweitung der Geschäftstätigkeit bedarf Venture-Capital oder weiterer Finanzierungsquellen. Neben einer Darstellung der vielfältigen rechtlichen Fragen, die sich – mit der Wahl einer passenden Rechtsform beginnend – bereits ab der Gründung eines Start-Ups stellen und vielfältige Geschäftsvorgänge betreffen, enthält das Buch auch umfassende Hinweise zu Finanzierungsmöglichkeiten für Start-Ups. Daneben sind auch konkrete Vorschläge für eine Geschäftsordnung und andere wichtige Dokumente enthalten. Als umfassender Leitfaden ist das Buch daher ein wertvoller Einblick in rechtliche Fragestellungen, mit denen sich (nicht nur) Gründer:innen von Startups auseinandersetzen sollten.

This book explores the insurance sector's potential role, influence, and impact on society in light of new environmental, social, and governance (ESG) concerns. Furthermore, it looks into how financial and technological innovations help reshape insurance regulation and business models. Unlike their predecessors, 21st century insurers have a growing impact on cross-sector service provision by making available to their clients a wealth of expert knowledge and experience in data analytics. The book delves into insurers'transition from suppliers of products – consisting of risk coverage or investment opportunities – to providers of various services, and ultimately to solution providers by partnering with their clients so as to prevent failure, optimize their clients'operations and help them excel in their economic sector. Insurance regulations and policies can be affected by various factors, such as changes in the economy, technological advances, and shifting consumer preferences, to name a few. Additionally, the insurance industry can have a significant bearing on the wider economy, making it important for the industry to operate within a framework of comprehensive regulations.This book includes a diverse set of theoretical, empirical, and policy-oriented chapters on particular aspects of new trends and wider analyses leading to a more systematic understanding of the industry's socio-economic role. It offers a mixture of chapters from insurance academics and professionals from different countries, cultures, and scientific backgrounds. The methodologies used are diverse, including legal, sociological, historical, economic and financial as well as interdisciplinary analyses. The book has a global scope, including chapters of a more global nature and others addressing particular jurisdictions on different continents, including Europe, Asia and North America.

While previous volumes have examined specific issues and developments such as the coronavirus crisis or digital transformation from a law and economics perspective, the anniversary edition returns to the methodological and philosophical fundament of the discipline of law and economics. The present book aims to examine these foundations in general and, in particular, efficiency, reciprocity and meritocracy, and their relation to law and justice from an interdisciplinary perspective.Efficiency: Traditionally, the economic analysis of law has been guided by the goal of efficiency. Economists usually define efficiency as Pareto or Kaldor–Hicks efficiency. Any change that makes one member of society better off without anyone else being worse off is a Pareto improvement. A change is a Kaldor–Hicks improvement if the gainers value their gains more than the losers value their losses, with only hypothetical compensation required.Reciprocity: Economists have traditionally basedtheir models on the self-interest hypothesis of homo oeconomicus. In this model, an individual maximises his own utility without being altruistic or jealous. Behavioural economics challenges the self-interest hypothesis. In fact, many people deviate from purely self-interested behaviour. There are also signs that considerations of fairness and mutual benefit are important in bilateral negotiations and in the functioning of markets. Meritocracy: The concept of meritocracy refers to a system, organisation, or society in which people are selected and promoted to positions of success, power, and influence on the basis of their abilities and merits. This means that an individual is able to climb the social ladder through hard work. Moreover, meritocracy directs the most talented people into the most functionally important positions, thereby increasing a society's efficiency. However, the equalising function of meritocracy has been criticised. Rather than reducing inequality, meritocracy is seen as the cause of racial, economic and social inequality.

In diesem essential wird der typische Ablauf einer M&A-Transaktion unter besondere Berücksichtigung des Kartellrechts dargestellt. Neben den Fragen, inwieweit kartellrechtlich zulässig Information zwischen den beteiligten Unternehmen ausgetauscht werden dürfen und an welchen Stellen des M&A-Kaufvertrags Kartellrecht eine Rolle spielt, wird auch das kartellrechtliche Vollzugsverbot und das daraus resultierende fusionskontrollrechtliche Anmeldeerfordernis dargestellt.

Dieses essential vermittelt auch in der aktualisierten und überarbeiteten 3. Auflage Gründern innovativer Unternehmen sowie Investoren ein Verständnis für die typischen Regelungen des Beteiligungsvertrages zwischen der Gesellschaft und dem Kapitalgeber. Christopher Hahn erläutert die Funktionsweise des Beteiligungsvertrages und der Gesellschaftervereinbarung sowie der dazugehörigen Nebenvereinbarungen. Auf leicht verständliche Weise wird erläutert, wie innovative Unternehmen die Herausforderungen der ersten Finanzierungsrunden mit Risikokapital (Venture Capital) rechtlich erfolgreich meistern können.

This book offers an in-depth analysis of the interrelation between the European Union's ESG regulation (or Sustainable Finance) and international trade law, which to date have only been assessed separately. The inherent similarities and intersections between cross-border provision of financial services and international trade law may result in potential collisions and opportunities for advancing legislation in the field. The potential collisions and opportunities primarily stem from the differing approaches of these regulatory concepts. Whereas the standards derived from the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and the EU's free trade agreements aim at securing an overall balance of rights and obligations between states, Sustainable Finance intends to re-channel private capital into sustainable investments. Against this background, this book primarily intends to answer two interrelated questions: Are the EU's Sustainable Finance provisions legal under, in other words consistent with, international trade law? Which role can international trade law play in the propagation and justification of Sustainable Finance policy? Guided by these questions, this book offers the reader a three-step analytical approach towards the topic: First, this book provides a comprehensive overview of all relevant EU Sustainable Finance regulations and publications. The particular value of this overview results also from its focus on the respective legislative background and interrelation with international policy frameworks, such as UN development and climate protection agreements or bilateral working groups. This overview is followed by an analysis of the potential for collision between the EU's Sustainable Finance legislation and its obligations under GATS and EU free trade agreements. Finally, this book identifies actual and possible channels of propagation and justification of Sustainable Finance policy through the WTO framework and the EU's free trade agreements. This analysis is further supported by an overview on best practices and regulatory proposals on potential future consolidation of Sustainable Finance and international trade law. This book is thus highly relevant both for practitioners in cross-border financial services and international trade law as well as researchers and EU legislators wishing to understand the challenges and opportunities of implementing Sustainable Finance in light of international trade law.

This volume discusses the new trends in law and regulation in Islamic finance. Islamic finance is a particular component of the global financial system and is very different from secular finance. To understand the development of Islamic finance, it is important to place it in the context of financial globalization. Islamic finance is a new force in the contemporary world financial system and is present in more than a hundred countries. The current generation of Muslim economic power is crowding into the world's financial currents with trillions in liquidity and is growing at a high rate of 10-15% per year. Islamic finance is coming into focus and is not confined to Islamic countries but is present in every larger Muslim community, which means that it cannot be isolated from the effects of financial globalization. This edited volume discusses the effects of global financial transactions in Islamic finance and how it impacts its law and regulation.

In this insightful book, Katherine Reece Thomas explores the constantly evolving nature of state immunity, providing a nuanced analysis of the tension between private and public law. The current rules on the commercial activity exception to state immunity are examined, in both international and domestic law settings, using recent case studies from key jurisdictions including the UK and the US.Questioning when a state can be sued in a domestic court if it engages in commercial activities, Reece Thomas reveals how a restrictive rather than an absolute doctrine has been adopted and explores the ways in which states allow commercial activity to override state immunity. The implications of this, and of how commercial activity can therefore be defined, are explored through the contexts not only of corporate law but also of central bank sanctions, human rights, employment, and crime, using recent examples from Afghanistan as well as Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Further questions regarding immunity are posed by a crucial discussion on enforcement against state assets.Comprehensive yet concise, this authoritative work includes consideration of a range of contexts and implications for the commercial activity exception. It provides a valuable resource for students, researchers and practitioners in international commercial law and public international law, as well as in international relations.

This book examines the applicability of the United Nations'Sustainable Development Goals within the framework of International Investment Law, assessing its effectiveness and identifying areas in need for reform. It aims to contribute to a strategic approach for sustainable development in the era of globalization, addressing pressing social concerns. More specifically, this book explores if and how the tools offered by international investment law can be utilized to advance the principles of sustainable development. The study further investigates how the notion of sustainable development affects the arguments regarding the existence of a protected investment, and potential violations of investment treaty clauses concerning, namely, the fair and equitable treatment standard, illegal expropriation and umbrella clauses. It aims to provide suggestions for reform, focusing on the creation of preventive mechanisms, in addition to existing repressive ones. The above-mentioned issues have direct influence on key areas of public interest, such as environmental protection and public health, which ar integral to sustainable development. It is crucial to ensure that investment protection does not come at the expense of the above, and international investment law can rather be used as a tool for positive change at a global scale. It is, therefore, of utmost importance to identify existing conflicts in the field and raise concerns, in order to achieve a balance of interests between States and investors, and take a step closer to the realization of the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the evolving dynamics in modern banking, emphasizing how digitalization and optimization are reshaping operational frameworks, fundamentally altering institutional structures, and introducing new risks and opportunities. These transformative changes are anticipated to significantly impact the competitive landscape of the financial market. By exploring the primary trends and characteristics shaping the future of banking activities and institutions, this book offers crucial insights for bank owners and founders as they formulate strategic guidelines for their operations, as well as for bank managers in their current activities.

This third volume in the Springer Studies in Law and Geoeconomics series continues to advance the interdisciplinary field of investment control. With a primary focus on geoeconomic strategies, this book examines the evolving legal and regulatory frameworks that govern foreign direct investment (FDI). The volume addresses critical issues such as investment screening, foreign subsidies, and the balance between national security and economic interests. By exploring these themes through an international, transnational, and comparative law perspective, the book offers valuable insights into the mechanisms and implications of investment controls in a globalized economy. Contributors provide a detailed analysis of current practices and propose innovative approaches to the challenges posed by FDI in contemporary geopolitical contexts. This book is an essential resource for policymakers, legal scholars, and practitioners involved in the regulation of international investments.

Comprehensive Commercial Law 2024 Statutory Supplement includes the entire Uniform Commercial Code as of May 1, 2024, excluding Article 6, and also includes a selection of other federal statutes and regulations, uniform state laws, and Restatement provisions, aiming to include those items most commonly used in commercial law courses. This leads, among other things, to the inclusion of the Truth in Lending Act, Electronic Funds Transfer Act, the Federal Tax Lien Act, the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act, excerpts from the CISG and from the ICC's uniform rules for letters of credit. The Bankruptcy Code, as of April 1, 2024, is reproduced in full. Unlike the UCC, there are no official comments for the Bankruptcy Code, and the legislative history is spotty at best. As a result, only the Code is offered here. In addition, selections from Title 18 and Title 28 of the United States Code that are relevant to bankruptcy law are included.

This book is a comprehensive guide to the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the Financial Technology (FinTech) industry. It is comprised of ten chapters, each addressing a specific aspect of AI in FinTech. The reader is introduced to AI in FinTech, including its history and current state and the role of chatbots in FinTech and how they are used to improve customer service. Furthermore, the book explores the business framework of AI-based ChatGPT in FinTech, including the technology behind ChatGPT and how it can be applied to various financial sectors. The book examines the use of predictive analytics and machine learning in FinTech, highlighting how these tools are used to predict customer behavior and improve decision-making. The author delves into how ChatGPT is used to determine buying behavior and discusses the use of machine learning to reshape the digital experience in FinTech. Additionally, the book provides best practices for retaining customers in FinTech, including how to use AI to create personalized experiences that keep customers coming back, and explores the different applications of predictive models in FinTech, including how they are used to improve risk management and fraud detection. Lastly, the book discusses the use of ChatGPT for stock price prediction and the detection of financial fraud and examines the role of ChatGPT in the world of cryptocurrency, including how it can be used to make informed investment decisions. Overall, this book provides a comprehensive overview of the different ways AI is being used in FinTech and the potential it holds for improving customer experiences and driving innovation in the financial industry.