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Accurate prediction of the rate of penetration (ROP) is a difficult issue in the drilling process, especially under complex formation conditions. Many methods, such as mechanism and machine learning, were introduced to investigate it. However, most of them are offline prediction methods which may not be capable of capturing the online trend of ROP. In this paper, a novel dynamic model for ROP prediction is proposed considering the process characteristics, which consists of three stages. In the first stage, the correlations between ROP and eight drilling parameters are analyzed, and the rotational speed, weight on bit, depth are selected as the model inputs. In the second stage, the drilling data are pre-processed by using the filtering and re-sampling techniques. In the last stage, the moving window strategy, extreme learning machine, and 10-fold cross validation are used to establish the ROP model. Our main idea of online prediction of ROP lies in this last stage. Specifically, two steps (modeling and prediction) are executed alternately in the moving drilling depth windows so as to predict the ROP more accurately. Finally, the proposed ROP prediction model is applied to the drilling well ZK3 in Xiangyang area, Central China. The prediction accuracy is improved by at least 7% compared with seven well-known ROP prediction methods, two online and five offline, which validates the effectiveness of the proposed method. It is believed that the proposed model provides a basis for intelligent optimization control in drilling process. • A novel intelligent dynamic model is proposed for the online prediction of drilling ROP. • The influence of the length of moving window and distance between two windows are investigated thoroughly. • The proposed model can learn autonomously in the drilling process and has a fast computation speed. • The proposed method has a higher prediction accuracy than two online and five offline well-known conventional methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Carbon sink induced by GFGP and its contribution in the past and future. • Coupling of the LULCC and the CASA model. • Consideration of the temporal-spatial heterogeneity of carbon effect on GFGP. • Calculating the carbon potential of GFGP in county scales. Afforestation and reforestation are deemed promising strategies for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. Here, we estimated the impact of China's Grain for Green Program (GFGP) on carbon storage and carbon sink capacity over the past 20 years. We then projected the carbon potential of the GFGP under expansion and management scenarios for 2030 and 2060. Our results showed that the GFGP contributed to 1482.62 Tg of a carbon sink from 2000 to 2020. By 2030 and 2060, the carbon sink induced by the GFGP reached 47.59–75.85 Tg per year, and 38.67–73.67 Tg per year, respectively. This sink offset 0.74–1.19 % and 0.98–1.87 % of the CO 2 emissions from all of China in 2030 and 2060, respectively. Our results indicate that national ecological restoration programs can mitigate China's extensive carbon emissions in China, and highlight new solutions for removing CO 2 from the atmosphere in other countries. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dependence of county industry on high CO 2 emission industries makes it difficult to balance the development of county economy and CO 2 emission reduction. Therefore, this article attempts to study on the spatial-temporal evolution and influencing factor on land use-related CO 2 emissions at region-county level to promote county economy from CO 2 source to CO 2 sink. 9 regions and 38 counties in Chongqing of China were thus selected as study objects. Based on land use data, land use-related CO 2 emissions were estimated using direct and indirect CO 2 emission models for the period 1997–2015. On this basis, the space-time patterns were revealed from two scales of region and county. And the main factors influencing CO 2 emissions according to land use were revealed based on Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) and geographic detector analysis (GDA), respectively. The results show that: 1) at regional scale, CO 2 emissions of different regions all greatly improve in which southeastern ecological protection and development area showed the largest increase. Increases in per capita CO 2 emissions in two-wing (suburban) areas are higher than those in downtown and surrounding-downtown areas. 2) at regional scale, the influences of various decomposed factors on the change of CO 2 emissions fluctuate. The effect of population shows an insignificant influence on CO 2 emissions. Economic development greatly influences CO 2 emissions. Additionally, energy consumption shows a significant inhibitory effect on CO 2 emissions while energy mix exhibits significant hysteresis. 3) at county scale, heavy CO 2 emissions are concentrated in core urban areas; moderate and mild emissions occur mainly in the main urban expansion area, the region around the main urban areas, and in regional hub cities; low emissions are mainly concentrated in the Wuling mountainous area in southeast Chongqing and the Three Gorges Reservoir area in northeast Chongqing. 4) at county scale, the main influences on land use-related CO 2 emissions are total energy consumption, per capita GDP, and urbanization rate. Minor influences include population size, proportion of secondary and tertiary industries, and proportion of land used for construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to describe frequency and quantity of total dairy consumption of Chinese children and adolescents and explore the associations between dairy consumption and nutrition status, including stunting, wasting, overweight, and obesity. Participants included 28,250 children and adolescents aged 6-17 years old. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) including 100 kinds of food was used to collect information about frequency and quantity of dairy consumption. Determination of stunting was with a height cutoff value for age and gender, and determination for wasting, overweight, and obesity was with BMI for age and gender. Of the total sample, 36.1% of children aged 6-17 reported consuming dairy food more than once per day (≥ 1/day). The average total dairy intake of all the participants was 126.7 g/day. For boys, dairy consumption had an inverse correlation with stunting and wasting after controlling for confounders. For girls, dairy consumption was negatively associated with stunting and obesity after controlling for confounders as above. Dairy consumption in Chinese children and adolescents was relatively lower than that in developed countries, and was negatively associated with stunting and wasting for boys and with stunting and obesity for girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background PM 1 might be more hazardous than PM 2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 1 μm and ≤2.5 μm, respectively). However, studies on PM 1 concentrations and its health effects are limited due to a lack of PM 1 monitoring data. Objectives To estimate spatial and temporal variations of PM 1 concentrations in China during 2005–2014 using satellite remote sensing, meteorology, and land use information. Methods Two types of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Collection 6 aerosol optical depth (AOD) data, Dark Target (DT) and Deep Blue (DB), were combined. Generalised additive model (GAM) was developed to link ground-monitored PM 1 data with AOD data and other spatial and temporal predictors (e.g., urban cover, forest cover and calendar month). A 10-fold cross-validation was performed to assess the predictive ability. Results The results of 10-fold cross-validation showed R 2 and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) for monthly prediction were 71% and 13.0 μg/m 3 , respectively. For seasonal prediction, the R 2 and RMSE were 77% and 11.4 μg/m 3 , respectively. The predicted annual mean concentration of PM 1 across China was 26.9 μg/m 3 . The PM 1 level was highest in winter while lowest in summer. Generally, the PM 1 levels in entire China did not substantially change during the past decade. Regarding local heavy polluted regions, PM 1 levels increased substantially in the South-Western Hebei and Beijing-Tianjin region. Conclusions GAM with satellite-retrieved AOD, meteorology, and land use information has high predictive ability to estimate ground-level PM 1 . Ambient PM 1 reached high levels in China during the past decade. The estimated results can be applied to evaluate the health effects of PM 1 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural soils account for more than 50% of nitrogen leaching (L N ) to groundwater in China. When excess levels of nitrogen accumulate in groundwater, it poses a risk of adverse health effects. Despite this recognition, estimation of L N from cropland soils in a broad spatial scale is still quite uncertain in China. The uncertainty of L N primarily stems from the shape of nitrogen leaching response to fertilizer additions (N rate ) and the role of environmental conditions. On the basis of 453 site-years at 51 sites across China, we explored the nonlinearity and variability of the response of L N to N rate and developed an empirical statistical model to determine how environmental factors regulate the rate of N leaching (LR). The result shows that L N -N rate relationship is convex for most crop types, and varies by local hydro-climates and soil organic carbon. Variability of air temperature explains a half (∼52%) of the spatial variation of LR. The results of model calibration and validation indicate that incorporating this empirical knowledge into a predictive model could accurately capture the variation in leaching and produce a reasonable upscaling from site to country. The fertilizer-induced L N in 2008 for China's cropland were 0.88 ± 0.23 TgN (1 σ ), significantly lower than the linear or uniform model, as assumed by Food and Agriculture Organization and MITERRA-EUROPE models. These results also imply that future policy to reduce N leaching from cropland needs to consider environmental variability rather than solely attempt to reduce N rate . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method based on sample preparation by accelerated solvent extraction and analysis by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was validated and used for determination of seven typical lipophilic marine toxins (LMTs) in marine sediment samples collected from three typical coastal bays in China. Satisfactory specificity, reproducibility (RSDs ≤ 14.76%), stability (RSDs ≤ 17.37%), recovery (78.0%–109.0%), and detection limit (3.440 pg/g–61.85 pg/g) of the developed method were achieved. The results obtained from the analysis of samples from Hangzhou Bay revealed okadaic acid as the predominant LMT with concentrations ranging from 186.0 to 280.7 pg/g. Pecenotoxin-2 was quantified in sediment samples from Laizhou Bay at the concentrations from 256.4 to 944.9 pg/g. These results suggested that the proposed method was reliable for determining the typical LMTs in marine sediments and that the sediments obtained from Hangzhou Bay, Laizhou Bay and Jiaozhou Bay were all contaminated by certain amounts of LMTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Eco-efficiency of cultivated land use (EECLU) is evaluated. • Both carbon sequestration and carbon emissions are considered for measuring EECLU. • Super-efficiency SBM-DEA with undesirable output & panel data analysis are used. • Size has positive impact on the EECLU. • Shape complexity and patch fragmentation have negative impacts on the EECLU. With China's rapid urbanization and socioeconomic development, cultivated land has been experiencing continuous reduction, spatial shift, and ecological degradation in the past few decades, coupled with the decreasing and aging agricultural labor force, thus improving cultivated land utilization efficiency while minimizing associated environmental impacts is one of the major challenges facing China. This study first establishes an index system to access the eco-efficiency of cultivated land use (EECLU) considering both carbon sequestration and carbon emissions, next, employs the Super-SBM model to evaluate the spatial–temporal characteristics of EECLU, then, uses landscape metrics to describe landscape pattern dynamics of cultivated land, and finally conducts panel data analysis to investigate the relationship between landscape pattern changes and the EECLU variations. This framework was applied to Jiangsu Province, a major grain-producing area with a developed economy. The results showed that the average EECLU of the counties in rural Jiangsu from 2000 to 2020 slightly decreased, most counties were in the medium–low efficiency range (0.6–0.8), and Southern Jiangsu generally has the lowest EECLU values while Central Jiangsu has the highest. The total area and the average patch sizes of cultivated land have significantly positive impacts on EECLU, while the shape complexity and patch fragmentation have significantly negative impacts on EECLU. Therefore, comprehensive low-carbon strategies and better management and technology in the agricultural sector are needed to further improve EECLU. On the premise of protecting the total area of cultivated land, larger and more aggregated land patches should be promoted in the land consolidation process, and the cultivated land targeted for occupation or compensation should be able to simplify the overall shape of cultivated land patches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence, spatiotemporal variations, influence factors and environmental risks of eight common neonicotinoids (NEOs), fipronil, and three fipronil metabolites (fipronil and its metabolites are collectively referred to as FIPs) in different seasons from the estuary to the inner area of Jiaozhou Bay, China were comprehensively investigated. First- and second-generation NEOs were found to be the predominant pesticides in this area. The average contents of ∑NEOs and ∑FIPs from the estuary to the inner bay decreased from 12.99 ng/L to 0.82 ng/L and from 1.10 ng/L to 0.17 ng/L, respectively. NEO and FIP concentrations were higher in summer and autumn. High ∑NEO content is distributed in main inflow rivers, such as Dagu River and Licun River, which are influenced by pesticide application. NEO concentrations in all rivers were high upstream and low downstream because of the influence of heavy rainfall and seawater dilution in summer. NEO concentrations were high along the coast and low at the mouth and center of Jiaozhou Bay in summer and autumn and evenly distributed in winter and spring. Temperature has a great influence on most NEOs and FIPs owing to its effect on their degradation. Nitrogen-containing nutrients have an important influence on the distribution of fipronil and acetamiprid, which may be due to the activity of nitrogen-containing functional groups in their structure. Only Licun River, Dagu River and Haibo river sewage treatment plant in summer posed a certain risk of chronic toxicity for NEOs using the new threshold established by the species sensitive distribution (SSD) method for Chinese native aquatic lives. These findings should arouse people's attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than 50% of China's CBM is contained in the fractured soft and low-permeability coal. This medium has characteristics of low strength, ductile failure, multiple fractures and low permeability, which could lead to HFs were short if direct fracturing technology was adopted. Indirect fracturing is one of the new technologies to realize the high CBM production. The core scientific problem is to study the constitutive relationship of plastic damage and fracture-seepage coupling of the coal, then HFs area under the influence of multiple factors was analyzed. In this paper, the coal discontinuities are the main channel for the HFs propagation by hydraulic fracturing and acoustic emission experiments. 3D network model of coal discontinuities was established based on CT data. The fluid-solid coupling constitutive equations were established to reflect characteristics of mixed mode ductile fracture of discontinuities and plastic damage-seepage of coal matrix. On these bases, parameters of indirect fracturing were optimized through numerical simulation in order to maximize the HFs area in the coal. The results show that, compared with the brittle continuum, the ductile failure and the mixed mode fracture process consume lots of the hydraulic energy, which is the root cause of the small HFs area. In addition, the area decreases in the form of power or exponential function with the increase of coal permeability and the distance between well and interface, but increases in the form of power function with the increase of injection rate, elastic modulus ratio of roof to coal, interface strength, and difference between maximum and minimum stress. By controlling the above factors in the sensitivity critical intervals, the target of large HFs area in the coal can be realized. The above conclusions have been applied to the fractured soft and low-permeability coal region, which makes the CBM production increase by 20 times. • 2%–30% of the hydraulic energy is used for the propagation of HFs in the coal. • Coal discontinuities induce HFs to form an energy-consuming mixed fracture mode. • Plastic damage of coal matrix will aggravate hydraulic energy dissipation. • Distance between well and interface, injection rate are main controlling factors. • Stress, elastic modulus, and mixing ratio also affect the HFs area in the coal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industrial development of Xinjiang is facing serious carbon emissions and water shortage problems in this region. It is urgent to find a sustainable development way. CO 2 geological storage combined with enhanced water recovery (CO 2 -EWR) is a win-win technology that can increase CO 2 geological storage potential and obtain abundant groundwater resources meanwhile. A 3D heterogeneous geologic model was built to estimate the potential of field-scale CO 2 geological storage combined with enhanced water recovery according to the seismic, well logging data and well testing data of the Cretaceous Donggou Formation in the eastern Junggar Basin of China. Twelve injection-production scenarios were designed. The results show that CO 2 -EWR technology can greatly reduce the pressure buildup with the minimum pressure increase of 1.3 MPa and thus increase CO 2 injection with a maximum cumulative amount of 100 Mt, three times more than that for sole CO 2 injection. Also, it can enhance total production of deep saline water by a factor of ~100 compared to that for sole water production. Formation parameters such as permeability, porosity and slope of the reservoir primarily control the migration and dissolution of CO 2. The heterogeneity of the reservoir plays an important role in the CO 2 spatial distribution and even saline water production. One injection well with constant rate injection of CO 2 and one production well with constant pressure production of saline water scenario is the preferred option in engineering practice of eastern Junggar Basin, which can obtain the maximum amount of CO 2 injection and saline water resources. This study provides a technical reference for implementation of CO 2 -EWR at the field-scale or industrial-scale to solve CO 2 emission reduction and water shortage problems. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physics-driven dynamics simulation (DS) and data-driven machine learning (ML) are two general approaches to predict complex systems whose complexity is a hardship impediment to prediction. Based on the 3D geological modeling (GD), we embedded the DS into ML to predict high potential targets and to evaluate ore-controlling and ore-indicating factors in the Tongguangshan (TGS) skarn orefield that has undergone intensive exploration and 4 Cu and Au deposits discovered. The 3D geological models show that the heterogeneous distribution of orebodies around intrusions is associated with the wall rock lithology and contact zone (CZ) characteristics of intrusions, and the resistivity can only provide some ambiguous clues for interpretation of underground geological architectures rather than a direct ore-indicator. The DS results show heterogeneous distribution of temperature, pore pressure, differential stress, volume strain and shear strain, among which the volume strain is closest associated with ore formation. Based on the prediction of Random Forest (FR) model of which the feature variables are combination of DS and 3D modeling results, the SHAP valuing results show a descending importance rank of ore-controlling factors and ore-indicators as lithology, volume strain, distance to CZ, distance to Devonian-Carboniferous interface, curvature of CZ, pressure, temperature, CZ azimuth, resistivity, differential stress, shear strain and CZ dip. The DS results are more important than the resistivity. We have run 6 RF models, consisting of different feature variables which were assigned by DS and 3D modeling, to predict ore-formation favor spaces. The prediction performances on test data sets suggest that, integrating of geological features with dynamics features can enhance performance of RF prediction, the RF model consisting of pure dynamics features can predict mineralization different from the training samples. All RF models' predictions support that there are no significant high potentials at the depth of the orefield, except one small target at its eastern south corner. [Display omitted] • Dynamics simulation (DS) and machine learning (ML) are different prediction ways. • Integrating DS into ML can facilitate targeting in maturely explored orefield. • ML processing DS results can predict orebodies different from the training samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rate of penetration (ROP) prediction is crucial for the optimization and control in drilling process due to its vital role in maximizing the drilling efficiency. This paper proposes a novel intelligent model to predict the drilling ROP considering the process characteristics. First, the geological background and the drilling process of the case study are described. Based on the mechanism and frequency spectrum analysis, the strong nonlinearity and different low-frequency and high-frequency data noises between the data variables are detected. After that, the intelligent model is established via three stages. In the first stage, a wavelet filtering method is introduced to reduce these noises in the drilling data. In the next stage, the model inputs are determined by the mutual information method, which significantly decreased the model redundancy. In the last stage, a hybrid bat algorithm is proposed to optimize the hyper-parameters of the support vector regression model. Finally, the proposed model is validated by using the data from a drilling site in the Shennongjia area, Central China. The results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms eight well-known methods and another three methods without different data preprocessing procedures in prediction accuracy. • The proposed ROP model considers the effect of strong nonlinearity, different kinds of data noise, and couplings. • A novel hybrid support vector regression method is proposed to predict the drilling ROP. • The proposed method showed an excellent performance in prediction accuracy compared with econventional methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The government service platform, exemplified by the government hotline, has to handle extensive volumes of business documents that contain rich and timely public opinion information and citizens' demands. However, manual processing struggles to process large-scale text data, adversely impacting operating costs and the quality of government services. This study proposes a comprehensive system for business document classification of the government hotline (BDCGHS) in China to address these challenges. BDCGHS leverages information entropy fused with term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) weight to mine new words from business documents of the government hotline, and store them in a new word repository. These new words optimize Chinese word segmentation and text representation for text classification. We introduce a novel data structure called nested balanced binary tree to expedite new word mining, yielding a computational speed of almost five times than the Trie trees. Comparative experiments on the THUNews and government hotline datasets validate our proposed improvement BDCGHS algorithm's superior performance 3 % over text classification algorithms. Compared to the latest bidirectional encoder representations from the transformers (BERT) model, BDCGHS enhances the accuracy of order dispatch based on business documents by almost 3 %. It has also demonstrated stable operations in two Chinese cities for over a year, yielding favorable results. [Display omitted] • An embedded balanced binary tree structure is proposed for new word discovery. • A new word database is constructed for the government hotline. • The effects of mainstream classification algorithms are compared based on a new word database. • An intelligent text classification system for the government hotline is constructed and the results have promising results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humulus scanden, rich in flavonoids, is a traditional Chinese medicine. It is widely used in China to treat tuberculosis, dysentery and chronic colitis. In this study, Humulus scandens (H.S) was extracted in different solvents (water, n-butanol, acetic ether and chloroform) and the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities of extracts were investigated by four assays including DPPH, reducing power, xylene-induced mouse ear edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma methods. And then, the acute oral toxicity of extracts and biochemical parameters such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in blood serum and edematous tissue of rats were also evaluated. Moreover, the active compounds were identified by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS-MS. Results showed that ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts had the stronger antioxidant activities, while water extract appeared to be weakest among them. The anti-inflammatory test showed that the extract of n-butanol and chloroform had significant anti-inflammatory effects and could improve the activity of SOD and CAT in mice. In general, the site of n-butanol has a stronger antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, and 15 compounds were analyzed by LC/Q-TOF-MS/MS technology. The present study confirms the ethnobotanical use of H.S extracts as natural antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and the composition of the active compound was preliminarily identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liuwei Dihuang (LWDH) is a classic prescription that has been used to the treatment of "Kidney-Yin" deficiency syndrome for more than 1000 years in China. Recent studies have confirmed that LWDH can prevent the progression of renal fibrosis. Numerous studies have demonstrated the critical role that TRPC6 plays in the development of renal fibrosis. Due to the complex composition of LWDH and its remarkable therapeutic effect on renal fibrosis, it is possible to discover new active ingredients targeting TRPC6 for the treatment of renal fibrosis. This study aimed to identify selective TRPC6 inhibitors from LWDH and evaluate their therapeutical effects on renal fibrosis. Computer-aided drug design was used to screen the biologically active ingredients of LWDH, and their affinities to human TRPC6 protein were detected by microcalorimetry. TRPC6, TRPC3, and TRPC7 over-expressed HEK293 cells were constructed, and the selective activities of the compounds on TRPC6 were determined by measuring [Ca2+] i in these cells. To establish an in vitro model of renal fibrosis, human renal proximal tubular epithelial HK-2 cells were stimulated with TGF-β1. The therapeutic effects of LWDH compounds on renal fibrosis were then tested by detecting the related proteins. TRPC6 was knocked-down in HK-2 cells to investigate the effects of LWDH active ingredients on TRPC6. Finally, a unilateral ureteral obstruction model of renal fibrosis was established to test the therapeutic effect. From hundreds of LWDH ingredients, 64 active components with oral bioavailability ≥30% and drug-likeness index ≥0.18 were acquired. A total of 10 active components were obtained by molecular docking with TRPC6 protein. Among them, 4 components had an affinity with TRPC6. Piperlonguminine (PLG) had the most potent affinity with TRPC6 and blocking effect on TRPC6-mediated Ca2+ entry. A 100 μM of PLG showed no detectable inhibition on TRPC1, TRPC3, TRPC4, TRPC5, or TRPC7-mediated Ca2+ influx into cells. In vitro results indicated that PLG concentration-dependently inhibited the abnormally high expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen I, vimentin, and TRPC6 in TGF-β1-induced HK-2 cells. Consistently, PLG also could not further inhibit TGF-β1-induced expressions of these protein biomarkers in TRPC6 knocked-down HK-2 cells. In vivo, PLG dose-dependently reduced urinary protein, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen levels in renal fibrosis mice and markedly alleviated fibrosis and the expressions of α-SMA, collagen I, vimentin, and TRPC6 in kidney tissues. Our results showed that PLG had anti-renal fibrosis effects by selectively inhibiting TRPC6. PLG might be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of renal fibrosis. [Display omitted] • PLG is an important anti-renal fibrosis active component in Liuwei Dihuang decoction. • PLG alleviates renal fibrosis in HK-2 cells and mice. • The therapeutic mechanism of PLG is through inhibiting TRPC6 and ultimately mitigating renal fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study evaluated an intervention aiming to improve methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) service providers' interaction with their patients in China.Methods: Sixty-eight MMT clinics were randomized to either an intervention or a control condition. Providers in the intervention group attended three group training sessions to enhance their communication skills. Trained providers were encouraged to practice the taught communication skills through provider-initiated individual sessions with their patients. A total of 418 service providers completed assessments from baseline to 24-month. Linear mixed-effects regression models were used to compare self-reported short-term and sustained improvement in provider-patient interaction between the intervention and the control conditions.Results: The intervention group service providers perceived significantly greater short-term and sustained improvement in provider-patient interaction compared to the control group service providers (estimated difference (±SE): 1.20 (0.24) and 1.35 (0.33), respectively; p-values < 0.0001). Providers' baseline job satisfaction was significantly associated with a greater perceived improvement in provider-patient interaction for both periods (reg. coef. (±SE): 0.02 (0.01) and 0.04 (0.01) for short-term and sustained periods, respectively; p-values < 0.01).Conclusion: Study findings suggest that the intervention could be beneficial for improving perceived provider-patient interaction in MMT programs. Service providers' job satisfaction should be addressed in training programs for the improvement of provider-patient interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Global climate change is likely to increase the geographic range and seasonality of malaria transmission. Areas suitable for distribution of malaria vectors are predicted to increase with climate change but evidence is limited on future distribution of malaria with climate in China. Objective Our aim was to assess a potential effect of climate change on Plasmodium vivax ( P . vivax ) and Plasmodium falciparum ( P . falciparum ) malaria under climate change scenarios. Methods National malaria surveillance data during 2005–2014 were integrated with corresponding climate data to model current weather-malaria relationship. We used the Generalized Additive Model (GAM) with a spatial component, assuming a quasi-Poisson distribution and including an offset for the population while accounting for potential non-linearity and long-term trend. The association was applied to future climate to project county-level malaria distribution using ensembles of Global Climate Models under two climate scenarios - Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Results Climate change could substantially increase P . vivax and P . falciparum malaria, under both climate scenarios, but by larger amount under RCP8.5, compared to the baseline. P . falciparum is projected to increase more than P . vivax . The distributions of P . vivax and P . falciparum malaria are expected to increase in most regions regardless of the climate scenarios. A high percentage (>50%) increases are projected in some counties of the northwest, north, northeast, including northern tip of the northeast China, with a clearer spatial change for P . vivax than P . falciparum under both scenarios, highlighting potential changes in the latitudinal extent of the malaria. Conclusion Our findings suggest that spatial and temporal distribution of P . vivax and P . falciparum malaria in China will change due to future climate change, if there is no policy to mitigate it. These findings are important to guide the malaria elimination goal for China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding spatiotemporal variation of PM 1 (mass concentrations of particles with aerodynamic diameter < 1 μm) is important due to its adverse effects on health, which is potentially more severe for its deeper penetrating capability into human bodies compared with larger particles. This study aimed to quantify the spatial and temporal distribution of PM 1 across China as well as its ratio with PM 2.5 (<2.5 μm) and relationships with meteorological parameters in order to deepen our knowledge of the drivers of air pollution in China. Ground-based monitoring PM 1 and PM 2.5 measurements, along with collocated meteorological data, were obtained from 96 stations in China for the period from November 2013 to December 2014. Generalized additive models were employed to examine the relationships between PM 1 and meteorological parameters. We showed that PM 1 concentrations were the lowest in summer and the highest in winter. Across China, the PM 1 /PM 2.5 ratios ranged from 0.75–0.88, reaching higher levels in January and lower in August. For spatial distribution, higher PM 1 /PM 2.5 ratios (>0.9) were observed in North-Eastern China, North China Plain, coastal areas of Eastern China and Sichuan Basin while lower ratios (<0.7) were present in remote areas in North-Western and Northern China (e.g., Xinjiang, Tibet and Inner Mongolia). Higher PM 1 /PM 2.5 ratios were observed on heavily polluted days and lower ratios on clean days. The high PM 1 /PM 2.5 ratios observed in China suggest that smaller particles, PM 1 fraction, are key drivers of air pollution, and that they effectively account for the majority of PM 2.5 concentrations. This emphasised the role of combustion process and secondary particle formation, the sources of PM 1 , and the significance of controlling them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Weatherability of soil can be effectively improved by CGN. • The strength of solidified samples slightly increased with the dosage and curing time. • Under the appropriate dosage, color difference of solidified samples can meet principle of "repairing the old as the old". • Carbonation is the dominant reaction of CGN during the curing stage. Earthen site is a kind of preciously historic building constructed with soil as the building material. In northwestern China, the earthen sites are threatened because of environmental hazards, such as wind erosion, water erosion, and so on. Rammed reinforcement of the erosion area can improve the overall stability of the site. In addition, region formed by ramming reinforcement can be defined as ramming area. The formation of the ramming area is a new surface, and new interface between the ramming area and the original site is formed. Therefore, ramming area must meet principle of "repairing the old as the old" and maintain compatibility with the original earthen sites in terms of soil strength, permeability. Calcined ginger nuts is an environment-friendly and inorganic material that is emerging curing agent to reinforce the erosion area of the earthen site, which may make the reinforcement area to meet the above requirements. A series of tests were performed to verify its feasibility and investigate its solidified effects and mechanism. The study demonstrated that, with dosage and curing time increasing, the shear strength and unconfined compressive strength of solidified samples slightly improved and the permeability coefficient decreased with a small extent, the disintegration and shrinkage rate significantly decreased, and the total color difference value of samples increased as the sample became brighter. Furthermore, the mechanism of solidified soil has been studied by performing mercury injection, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron micrograph tests under 25% dosage, which is proposed as the optimum dosage. The pore size decreased with increase of curing time as calcium carbonate content increased. Crystal type of calcium carbonate is mainly calcite—a material with high strength and cohesiveness. Thus, carbonation is the dominant reaction during the curing stage. Moreover, the crystal morphology of calcite changes from needle-stick calcite to flake. In conclusion, calcined ginger nuts can be used as curing agent for reinforcing the erosion area of earthen sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background There is good evidence that air pollution is a risk factor for adverse respiratory and vascular health outcomes. However, data are limited as to whether ambient fine particles contribute to the transmission of influenza and if so, how the association is modified by weather conditions. Objectives We examined the relationship between ambient PM 2.5 and influenza incidence at the national level in China and explored the associations at different temperatures. Methods Daily data on concentrations of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) and influenza incidence counts were collected in 47 Chinese cities. A Poisson regression model was used to estimate the city-specific PM 2.5 -influenza association, after controlling for potential confounders. Then, a random-effect meta-analysis was used to pool the effects at national level. In addition, stratified analyses were performed to examine modification effects of ambient temperature. Results For single lag models, the highest effect of ambient PM 2.5 on influenza incidence appeared at lag day 2, with relative risk (RR) of 1.015 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.004, 1.025) associated with a 10 μg/m 3 increase in PM 2.5 . For moving average lag models, the significant association was found at lag 2–3 days, with RR of 1.020 (95% CI: 1.006, 1.034). The RR of influenza transmission associated with PM 2.5 was higher for cold compared with hot days. Overall, 10.7% of incident influenza cases may result from exposure to ambient PM 2.5 . Conclusions Ambient PM 2.5 may increase the risk of exposure to influenza in China especially on cooler days. Control measures to reduce PM 2.5 concentrations could potentially also be of benefit in lowering the risk of exposure and subsequent transmission of influenza in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Liaoning Province, China, mass mortality among turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) was observed in multiple cultured farms in 2021. Aside from hemorrhages in the fins and infrabranchial muscles, no visible damage in the infected fish was observed upon visual inspection. Histopathological examination revealed swollen branchial lamellae ends and severe necrosis in the liver, kidney, and spleen. On the one hand, chinook salmon bafinivirus (CSBV) was isolated and identified in the affected turbot using cell isolation, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation, and whole-genome sequencing technology. On the other, based on the 16S rRNA sequence and the analysis of the biochemical characteristics, the dominant strains isolated from the diseased fish were identified as Vibrio scophthalmi, Aeromonas salmonicida, and Vibrio splendidus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that CSBV strain in this study (CSBV Bces-Sm22) had a high identity homology with CSBV strain Bces-Po19, isolated from Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in 2019. Furthermore, Vibrio scophthalmi, Vibrio splendidus, and Aeromonas salmonicida were close to China, Spain, and Turkey strains, respectively. In this study, we report the first case of turbot that was naturally co-infected with Chinook salmon bafinivirus (CSBV) and bacteria (Vibrio scophthalmi, Aeromonas salmonicida, and Vibrio splendidus) with high mortality rates. • Describe a case of natural co-infection of CSBV and bacteria (Vibrio scophthalmi , Aeromonas salmonicida , and Vibrio splendidus) in culture turbot. • The isolation of CSBV from marine fish turbot was reported for the first time. • Validated JFB as a CSBV-susceptible cell line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Electrostatic LBL self-assembly strategy is firstly employed to integrate MoS 2 with CMOF. • Superior rejection rates are increased above 27–55% more than that of monomer membranes for FQs. • Synergy of size exclusion, electrostatic repulsion, and hydrophilic interaction is explained. • High stability in harsh environments for 72 h and over 90% rejection against FQs in the real sample. Developing a novel nanofiltration membrane for effectively purifying antibiotic wastewater has been a daunting challenge in recent years. However, a convenient and controllable strategy for constructing membranes with two-dimensional nanomaterials (2DNMs) and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) needs to be further studied. Herein, a loosely hierarchical architecture composite membrane has been fabricated, utilizing an electrostatic layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly method to intercalate chitosan crosslinked UiO-66-NH 2 MOFs (CMOF) into MoS 2 laminates. Through regulating the CMOF content, lower hydraulic-resisted channels and precise separation regions have been formed in the hierarchical architecture. The well-designed MoS 2 /CMOF composite membrane exhibited enhanced water permeance (78.98 ± 1.45 L·m-2h−1 bar−1) and superior antibiotic rejection capability (98.01 ± 1.12% for ciprofloxacin and 94.31 ± 0.68% for ofloxacin), which are increased by 27–55% more than monomer membranes. Detailed analysis results indicate the nanofiltration performance of the MoS 2 /CMOF composite membrane depends heavily on the synergistic mechanism, including the molecular sieving effect (size exclusion), electrostatic repulsion, and hydrophilic-hydrophobic interaction. Besides, the MoS 2 /CMOF composite membrane has emerged with excellent antifouling ability and long-term stability, which could maintain favorable rejection efficiency in continuous nanofiltration for 72 h under an alkaline and acidic environment. Furthermore, it presents over 90% antibiotic rejection rates for real water samples obtained from the municipal domestic sewage and livestock wastewater along the Xiangjiang River in China, indicating its good availability. In general, this work provides a new vision and a reasonable design strategy to construct 2DNMs/MOFs-based nanofiltration membranes with hierarchical architecture, further expanding their application in wastewater treatment and reclamation, in harmony with the global trend of green and low-carbon development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A challenge for researchers is that vitamin D has many functions in the body, and vitamin D status across the world is not optimistic. There was little data regarding insufficient vitamin D status and its adverse effect on health of elderly Chinese people. So we selected 686 subjects (310 men and 376 women) aged 60–89 years to explore the correlation between vitamin D status and their life quality in a community-based osteoporosis prevention study at Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong University from 2009 to 2010. All subjects were divided into three groups: vitamin D adequacy [serum 25(OH)D ≧ 75 nmol/L], hypovitaminosis D (50–74.9 nmol/L), and vitamin D insufficiency (<50 nmol/L). Participants were requested to complete SF-36 health survey. The regression models were used to evaluate respectively the association between 25(OH)D levels and parameters of SF-36. As a result, serum 25(OH)D levels were 58.60 nmol/L in male [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 56.7–60.5 nmol/L] and 54.17 nmol/L in female (95% CI: 52.8–55.8 nmol/L). Vitamin D adequacy was in 19.4% of male and 14.4% of female. With aging, proportions of insufficient vitamin D increased significantly in male ( P = 0.004), and in female ( P < 0.001). The elderly with hypovitaminosis D got lower scores than that with vitamin D adequacy (almost P < 0.01). Regression analysis showed that vitamin D appeared a positive association with parameters of SF-36 (almost P < 0.001). In conclusion, vitamin D status in the elderly was severely inadequate, which decreased their life quality and cause adverse effect on their health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The model of pavement texture is obtained by CCD camera and 3D reconstruction. • A calibration plate is developed as a portable tool to measure MTD. • The slope of 3D model of pavement texture is eliminated by ICP algorithm. • Create datum reference plane and texture reference plane to analyze the model. • Calculate the texture depth of asphalt pavement with volume algorithm. The depth of an asphalt pavement structure is an important index used to reflect the anti-skid performance of the pavement, which directly affects the driving safety of vehicles. In the current specifications (e.g., China, European and American standards), the mean texture depth (MTD) of an asphalt pavement is generally measured by the sand-patch method (SPM). However, SPM is easily affected by the operator's subjective experience and experimental environment, resulting in low accuracy and high scatter in the data. In view of such shortcomings, a fast and accurate method to obtain the texture depth of asphalt pavement was proposed by designing a new test tool and a computer-aided calculation method. The multiocular vision theory was adopted to reconstruct a three-dimensional (3D) point cloud model of pavement texture. To reflect the concavity and convexity of pavement texture and eliminate the influence of pavement slope, the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm was employed to obtain the datum reference plane (DRP). On this basis, the pentahedral volume calculation method suitable for evaluating the texture depth of an asphalt pavement was proposed. Laboratory experiment results using SPM were inverted by equal volume calculation to obtain the texture reference plane (TRP) and MTD'. Meanwhile, a 3D average maximum elevation (Avg.EL) algorithm was obtained by the evolution of two-dimensional mean profile depth (MPD). Furthermore, three parameters, namely MTD, MTD', and Avg.EL, were used to measure the texture depth of two field pavement sections in service. The experimental results showed that the correlation between MTD' and MTD was better than that between Avg.EL and MTD, and the degree of scatter was smaller. MTD' could be used directly as a reference value for MTD. In the present work, the 3D volume calculation method of asphalt pavement texture depth was proposed, which integrates the technical flow of image acquisition, model reconstruction, and algorithm analysis. The developed method provides a technical reference for the application of computer vision technology in the analysis of pavement texture depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The Dongguashan quartz-diorite stock was built by multiple magma pulses. • Early magma pulse was guided by inherited NE-SW-trending structure in country rock. • Late magma pulse emplacement was assisted by regional extensional regime. • Eastward magma emplace might control location of skarnization in stock eastern sideable 1. We present a study on the Dongguashan quartz diorite stock which is the largest Early Cretaceous intrusion associated with skarn-porphyry polymetallic ore deposit in the Tongling Ore Cluster, Middle-Lower Yangtze Metallogenic Belt in East China. The Dongguashan quartz diorite show massive texture without obvious foliation, and intrusive contact was locally observed inside of the stock. The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) results of the stock show two distinct groups. The Group I (G-I) is dominated by NE-SW-striking magnetic foliation with variably oriented magnetic lineation. The Group II (G-II) that intruded into G-I is characterized by steep NW-SE-striking magnetic foliation and lineation, which are parallel to the vein-like orebody developed in the stock. The 3D geometrical modelling of the stock displays a triangular shape in plan-view with an eastward bulge and irregular stock boundary in the eastern side and the contact surface is steeper in the west than that in the east, denoting that the stock was constructed with an eastward magma accretion trend. Furthermore, the Dongguashan quartz diorite has a wide range of composition and geochronological data, suggesting a multiple magma pulses emplacement model. Accordingly, we propose that the Dongguashan stock was constructed by at least two stages magma pulses. The earlier stage magma pulses intruded along the NE-SW-striking pre-emplacement structures in the country rock and partly intruded into the lithological and mechanical discontinuous interfaces which yielded the stratabound skarn orebody. The eastward magma accretion produced a highly deformed and longer heated country rock on the eastern side of the stock, favoring the orebody development along the eastern stock-country rock contact interface. The late-stage magma pulse and the parallelism among the trend of magnetic foliation of G-II, extensional structure and vein-like orebody suggest that the vein-type orebodies may controlled by both magma emplacement and regional tectonics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Two common methods showed poor identification of honey geographical origin. • Ionomics method was used to identify the geographical origin of Apis cerana honey. • Ionomics method was established using 18 elements in 27 Apis cerana honey samples. The identification of geographical origin is an important factor in evaluating the authenticity of honey. However, at present, there are few studies concerning the honey of Apis cerana Fabricius (A. cerana , Asiatic honeybee). To identify geographical origin, we used two common methods (multi-physicochemical parameters and phenolic chromatographic fingerprints) but achieved only poor identification. To compensate for this shortcoming, we established an ICP-MS-based ionomics method using 18 elements in 27 A. cerana honey samples from three different areas in Shaanxi Province, China. Multivariate analysis showed that significant differences in contents can be used to discriminate the geographical origin of A. cerana honey. The method was further validated using an independent test set of 11 samples with 90.91% accuracy, demonstrating its potential for the identification and prediction of the geographical origin of honey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The VOCs in Qinling Apis cerana honey are more than that in monofloral honeys. • Chlorogenic acid in A. cerana honey coule effectively inhibited S. Typhimurium LT 2. • The Qinling A. cerana honey could effectively inhibited S. Typhimurium LT 2 in vivo. Apis cerana honey collected from the Qinling Mountains in China has been widely used for its antimicrobial property in traditional Chinese medicine. However, its antibacterial mechanism against Salmonella Typhimurium LT 2 is still uncertain. A total of 52 volatile components were identified using headspace-gas-chromatography-ion-mobility, and Qinling A. cerana honey exhibited more abundant aromas than monofloral honeys. The phenolic extracts of honey sample F exhibited the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (5 mg/mL), and chlorogenic acid exhibited the highest (155.91 ± 0.79 mg/kg), followed by caffeic acid, and rutin. After being treated with the extract, cell membranes of S. Typhimurium LT 2 significantly shrunk and further collapsed. The extract treatment on mice caused a significant decrease in S. Typhimurium LT 2 , and a dramatic increase in the potential prebiotic Lactobacillus in both the caecum and colon. The results demonstrate that the Qinling A. cerana honey extract could effectively inhibit S. Typhimurium in vitro and in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The Moho depth in Ordos Block ranges 38 ~ 42 km in the east and deepens to over 44 km in the west. • Paleo-rift structures are revealed by Moho discontinuity and deep gravity gradient fields. • The paleo-rifts should be related to the Meso-Neoproterozoic aulacogens. • Residual Meso-Neoproterozoic strata controlled by the paleo-rifts are distributed from southwest to central Ordos Block. • Five favorable areas are constrained and three types of play are speculated upon the potential Meso-Neoproterozoic petroleum systems. In order to evaluate the potential petroleum system within the Meso-Neoproterozoic strata of the southwest North China Craton (NCC), we explored the deep-buried basal tectonics on the Precambrian basement and the residual sedimentary thickness of the Meso-Neoproterozoic in the Ordos Basin. A combination of geophysical processing methodologies has been conducted. Based on regional seismic exploration, the shallow gravity effects caused by the undulation of the Cenozoic, Jurassic, Carboniferous and Cambrian sedimentary formations were calculated through forward modeling, and eliminated the free-air gravity anomaly by a gravity stripping technique. Subsequently, by using the wavelet multi-scale decomposition method, the deeper gravity effect sourcing from underneath the Meso-Neoproterozoic base was calculated and then eliminated, including the undulation of Paleoproterozoic-Archaean crystalline basement and the lateral density discontinuity of the lower crust. As a result, the residual gravity anomalies caused by the Meso-Neoproterozoic sedimentary formations and the Moho discontinuity of the Ordos Block were both obtained, which was then used for inversion. The inversion results show that the residual Meso-Neoproterozoic strata are mainly distributed in the southwest and northern part of the Ordos Block, and the Moho depth of the Ordos Block averages about 42 km. It ranges from 38 to 42 km in the eastern part and deepens to over 44 km in the west. In addition, there are some detailed deep-structure reflections on the Moho discontinuity. For instance, the parallel-arranged NE-trending anomalous belts in southwest Ordos Block indicate strong crustal extension and mantle uplift. The regional geology indicates that the NE-trending crustal extension is not related to the Cenozoic strike-slip pull-apart process around the Ordos Block, nor the Indosinian Movement in Early Mesozoic, or the cratonic depression in the Paleozoic. However, it highly resembles the NE-oriented paleo-rifts that developed in the Meso-Neoproterozic aulacogens. The residual crustal gravity anomaly eliminates both the shallow disturbance from the sediments and the deep shadow from the mantle. It shows very good consistency with the undulation of the Meso-Neoproterozoic sedimentary basement along a classical interpreted seismic survey line, which validates the correlation between the NE-trending anomalous belts with the basal aulacogen tectonics. According to seismic interpretation, the paleo-rifts within the Precambrian aulacogens occurred during the Mesoproterozoic and continued into the early Neoproterozoic. Huge volumes of sediment filled the rift troughs during the Meso-Neoproterozoic, causing a significant gravity loss on the gravity field, and formed considerable oil–gas exploration potential. Given suitable paleoclimatic conditions, the grabens would have provided a favorable environment for organic-rich shales and source rocks to develop. While the faults controlling the grabens and horsts would have played an important role in the migration and accumulation of hydrocarbons in the potential petroleum system. Combined with paleoclimate and lithofacies paleogeography analysis, five favorable areas are speculated for Meso-Neoproterozoic potential petroleum systems, which are the northwest Yimeng Uplift, the northern Tianhuan Depression, the southern Tianhuan Depression, the southwestern to central Yishaan Slope and the western Weibei Uplift, respectively. Based on lithofacies paleogeography, source rock maturity and organic carbon abundance, it suggests that the favorable petroleum systems within the Proterozoic strata of the Ordos Block were obviously controlled or influenced by the deep paleo-rifts and block faults, which resulted in forming three types of play, called the Weathering Model, the Tilting Model and the Transition Model. In particular, the central to western parts of the Yimeng Uplift and the southern Tianhuan Depression, where the Weathering Model developed, as the Upper Paleozoic coal-bearing source rocks have large hydrocarbon generation potential and good preservation conditions, these two areas should be regarded as important favorable prospecting regions in the Ordos Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]