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Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) is a very promising and sustainable hydrogen production technology. Currently, there is a growing interest in achieving ordered structures within membrane electrode assembly (MEA) for PEMWE. However, both ordered electron conductor and ordered proton conductor structures are single component structure, which still have many shortcomings. In this work, a hybrid ordered membrane electrodes assembly based on cone‐shaped is constructed Nafion array with rough surface by introducing TiO2 nanoparticles to Nafion emulsion. As a result, this hybrid ordered MEA achieves a high surface roughness of 3.39 nm that is 2.64 times higher than that of ordered MEA without TiO2 nanoparticles doped and current density up to 2.48 A cm−2 at 2 V with 14.4 µg cm−2 (Ir) catalyst loading. This work provides a new hybrid ordered structure for MEA and exhibits the great potential of enhancing the interfacial contact between the catalyst layer and Nafion membrane to improve PEMWE performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to prepare YAlO3 fibers doped with 2 mol% Er3+ using electrospinning and a carbon‐free sol system as the precursor. X‐ray diffraction, thermal gravimetry and differential thermal analysis, and Fourier transform infrared were employed to characterize the thermal behavior and crystallization process of the precursor fibers. Scanning electron microscope analysis showed that the Er3+:YAlO3 fibers had a uniform diameter of 1 μm, a dense and crack‐free surface, and a non‐porous cross‐section. Upon excitation at 450 and 488 nm, upconverted luminescence spectra were obtained from the Er3+:YAlO3 fibers. This observation indicates their potential as upconversion luminescent agents capable of converting visible light into ultraviolet light. These properties make the Er3+:YAlO3 fibers promising candidates for various upconversion luminescence applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crystallographic phase is one of the most important parameters in determining the physicochemical properties of an electrocatalyst. However, existing understanding of phase‐performance relationship is still very limited, especially for unconventional phases. Herein, the experimental discovery of the hexagonal close‐packed (hcp) phase of Co9S8 is presented. This is the first demonstration of the hexagonal phase of Co9S8, and through correlated experimental and computational data, the first to elucidate the origin of enhanced catalytic performance from this new phase. The synthesized Fe doped Co9S8‐hcp (Fe@Co9S8‐hcp) catalyst, compared to its face‐centered cubic (fcc) phase, exhibits small overpotentials of 44.1 and 298 mV at 10 mA and 500 mA cm−2 for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), respectively. Mass activity is enhanced by 64.9 folds compared to the conventional Co9S8‐fcc at 300 mV, which is the best among all Co9S8‐based catalysts ever reported. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the enhanced HER of Fe@Co9S8‐hcp mainly occurs at the Co sites, which synergizes with the doped Fe playing the role of coordination to strengthen H2O adsorption and dissociation. This study opens a new avenue for designing high‐performance electrocatalysts with unconventional phases for energy and environmental applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The development of CRISPR‐based editors recognizing distinct protospacer‐adjacent motifs (PAMs), or having different spacer length/structure requirements broadens the range of possible genomic applications. We evaluated the natural and engineered variants of Cas12a (FnCas12a and LbCas12a) and Cas9 for their ability to induce mutations in endogenous genes controlling important agronomic traits in wheat. Unlike FnCas12a, LbCas12a‐induced mutations in the wheat genome, even though with a lower rate than that reported for SpCas9. The eight‐fold improvement in the gene editing efficiency was achieved for LbCas12a by using the guides flanked by ribozymes and driven by the RNA polymerase II promoter from switchgrass. The efficiency of multiplexed genome editing (MGE) using LbCas12a was mostly similar to that obtained using the simplex RNA guides and showed substantial increase after subjecting transgenic plants to high‐temperature treatment. We successfully applied LbCas12a‐MGE for generating heritable mutations in a gene controlling grain size and weight in wheat. We showed that the range of editable loci in the wheat genome could be further expanded by using the engineered variants of Cas12a (LbCas12a‐RVR) and Cas9 (Cas9‐NG and xCas9) that recognize the TATV and NG PAMs, respectively, with the Cas9‐NG showing higher editing efficiency on the targets with atypical PAMs compared to xCas9. In conclusion, our study reports a set of validated natural and engineered variants of Cas12a and Cas9 editors for targeting loci in the wheat genome not amenable to modification using the original SpCas9 nuclease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing a library of stable phosphors with unconventional fluorescence (FL) and room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) color combination is an effective approach to enhance anti‐counterfeiting strength, but remains a challenge. Herein, a one‐step strategy is proposed to fabricate ultra‐stable CsPbX3/carbon dots (CDs) @NH4AlP2O7 (X = Cl, Br, and I) nanocomposites (PCPNs) with full‐spectrum FL emission and constant short‐wavelength blue RTP emission, breaking the conventional luminescent properties that RTP generally exhibit obvious wavelength red‐shifts compared with FL. The enhanced full‐color (457–612 nm) FL emissions are implemented by adjusting halogen compositions, which is attributed to CsPbX3 as the dominant FL center. Owing to the RTP emission of CDs, constant long‐lived blue RTP emission lasting 12 s is observed from PCPNs. Additionally, the PCPNs exhibit remarkable tolerance to prolonged ultraviolet irradiation and erosion by solutions with various pH and solvents, supported by NH4AlP2O7 inert shell stabilizing the perovskite structure and triplet state. When the anti‐counterfeiting ink based on PCPNs is printed on various substrates, fine anti‐counterfeiting labels with unconventional emission combinations of FL and RTP are formed and show excellent solvent resistance and mechanical stability. This study provides fresh perspectives on the development of anti‐counterfeiting labels with enhanced security strength and long‐term effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Printed flexible heaters (FHs) with excellent heating performance and thermal stability are quite desirable for the development of portable thermotherapy platform. Herein, the facile screen‐printing technology is used to fabricate the highly oxidation‐resistant Cu @ Ni rose‐stem nanowires (RSNWs) ‐ based low‐cost scalable FHs. The Cu @ Ni RSNWs possess low sheet resistance of 1.9 Ω sq−1 after low temperature sintering (90 °C). The FHs not only exhibit great oxidation resistance (almost no change at 180 °C for 30 min), but also maintain the great conductivity (ΔR/R0 < 0.3) even after being exposed to ambient atmosphere for 60 days. Furthermore, the FHs exhibit great heating performance with the saturation temperature of 172.8 °C under 6 V, and can keep stable heating cycles for 5500 s under both parameters of the stepwise‐rising voltage from 2 to 6 V and consistent load‐on voltage of 6 V. In addition, the heaters array can greatly shorten the time of raising the temperature of the blood bag from 5 to 20 °C. The outstanding heating performance of the FHs provides great chances for portable variable‐area flexible heating platform in the field of multiduty thermal management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The well‐known vicariance and dispersal models dominate in understanding the allopatric pattern for related species and presume the simultaneous occurrence of speciation and biogeographic events. However, the formation of allopatry could postdate the species divergence. We examined this hypothesis using DNA sequence data from three chloroplast fragments and five nuclear loci of Dipelta floribunda Maxim. and D. yunnanensis Franch, two shrub species with the circum Sichuan Basin distribution, combining the climatic niche modeling approach. The best‐fit model supported by the approximate Bayesian computation analysis indicated that D. floribunda and D. yunnanensis diverged during the mid‐Pleistocene period, consistent with the largest glacial period in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. The historically interspecific gene flow was identified, but seemed to have ceased after the last interglacial period, when the range of D. floribunda moved northward from the south of the Sichuan Basin. Furthermore, populations of D. floribunda had expanded obviously in the north of the Sichuan Basin after the last glacial maximum (LGM). Relatively, the range of D. yunnanensis expanded before the LGM, and reduced during the post‐LGM especially in the north of the Sichuan Basin, reflecting the asynchronous responses of related species to contemporary climate changes. Our results suggested that complex topography should be considered in understanding distributional patterns, even for closely related species and their demographic responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, a simple active materials synthesis method is presented that boosts electrode performance and utilizes a facile screen‐printing technique to prepare scalable patterned flexible supercapacitors based on manganese hexacyanoferrate‐manganese oxide and electrochemically reduced graphene oxide electrode materials (MnHCF‐MnOx/ErGO). A very simple in situ self‐reaction method is developed to introduce MnOx pseudocapacitor material into the MnHCF system by using NH4F. This MnHCF‐MnOx electrode materials can deliver excellent capacitance of 467 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1, which is a 2.4 times capacitance increase compared to MnHCF. In addition a printed, patterned, flexible MnHCF‐MnOx/ErGO supercapacitor is fabricated, showing a remarkable areal capacitance of 16.8 mF cm−2 and considerable energy and power density of 0.5 mWh cm−2 and 0.0023 mW cm−2, respectively. Furthermore, the printed patterned flexible supercapacitors also exhibit exceptional flexibility, and the capacitance remains stable, even while bending to various angles (60°, 90°, and 180°) and for 100 cycles. The flexible supercapacitor arrays integrated by multiple prepared single supercapacitors can power various LEDs even in the bent states. This approach offers promising opportunities for the development of printable energy storage materials and devices with high energy density, large scalability, and excellent flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: In Taiwan island, recent land‐bridge and oversea dispersal after the appearance of proto‐Taiwan (<6.5 Ma) is responsible for its biodiversity assembly. Radiations have also been widely reported in mountain systems. The tempo‐spatial route to the floral hotspot was determined through a meta‐analysis of the evolution of endemic plants. Location: Taiwan island and its adjacent regions. Taxon: Seed plants. Methods: Published dated phylogenies were compiled to infer the origin times represented by the stem ages. To determine the speciation mode, either in situ origin or dispersal origin, the ancestral range shift pattern and/or current distribution range of the sister taxa were used with 10 different biogeographical regions classified. Histograms quantifying the numbers of different origin modes within bins of 0.5 Ma were constructed. Probabilities of long‐distance dispersal (LDD) were evaluated. Results: The 125 sampled species originate between the late Eocene and late Pleistocene, of which 14 (11.2%) and 111 (88.8%) were derived before and after the emergence of proto‐Taiwan, respectively. Spatially, in situ speciation would have a bigger contribution to the formation of endemism than dispersal events (56.8% vs. 43.2%). The species with in situ origin (mean = 1.83 Ma) were significantly younger than those with dispersal origin (mean = 6.34 Ma). The main regions where dispersal occurred were South‐Central China (n = 29) and Southeast China (n = 28), followed by Japan (n = 14). High probabilities (60.8%) of LDD were found. Main Conclusions: Spatially, recent land‐bridge and oversea dispersal from the adjacent Asian flora is supported and the southern part of China was found to be the most important source. In situ speciation that may have correlated with mountain uplift, monsoon intensification and Pleistocene climatic fluctuations exerted greater contributions to the biodiversity there. Temporally, floral endemism predominantly occurred after the emergence of proto‐Taiwan. Additional investigations with more sophisticated sampling and genetic data are needed in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last 10 years, the prevalence, significance, and regulatory mechanisms of vascular calcification (VC) have gained increasing recognition. The aim of this study is to explore the action of WNT8b in the development of phosphate‐induced VC through its effect on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in vitro by inactivating the Wnt–β‐catenin signaling pathway. To explore the effect of WNT8b on the Wnt–β‐catenin signaling pathway and VC in vitro, β‐glycerophosphate (GP)‐induced T/G HA‐VSMCs were treated with small interfering RNA against WNT8b (Si‐WNT8b), Wnt‐β‐catenin signaling pathway activator (LiCl) and both, respectively. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were used to determine the messenger RNA and protein levels of WNT8b, α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), calcification‐associated molecules, and molecules related to the Wnt signaling pathway. The TOP/FOP‐Flash reporter assay was performed to detect the transcription activity mediated by β‐catenin. Si‐WNT8b reduced calcium deposition and the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), increased the α‐SMA level, and decreased bone morphogenetic protein 2, Pit1, MSX2, and Runt‐related transcription factor 2 levels, whereas stimulation of LiCl worsened β‐GP‐induced calcium deposition, increased the activity of ALP, and reduced the α‐SMA expression level. Si‐WNT8b reduced the levels of WNT8b, frizzled‐4, β‐catenin, phospho‐GSK‐3β (p‐GSK‐3β), and cyclin‐D, whereas it increased the levels of p‐β‐catenin and GSK‐3β, indicating that si‐WNT8b could alter the Wnt–β‐catenin signaling pathway and thus hamper the VC in T/G HA‐VSMC, which was further demonstrated by the TOP/FOP‐Flash assay and detection of the β‐catenin expression level in the nucleus. Altogether, we conclude that WNT8b knockdown terminates phosphate‐induced VC in VSMCs by inhibiting the Wnt–β‐catenin signaling pathway. WNT8b knockdown terminates phosphate‐induced vascular calcification in vascular smooth muscle cells by inhibiting the Wnt–β‐catenin signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spontaneously harvesting electricity through a water evaporation process is renewable and environmentally friendly, and provides a promising way for self‐powered electronics. However, most of evaporation‐driven generators are suffering from a limited power supply for practical use. Herein, a high‐performance textile‐based evaporation‐driven electricity generator based on continuous gradient chemical reduced graphene oxide (CG‐rGO@TEEG) is obtained by a continuous gradient chemical reduction strategy. The continuous gradient structure not only greatly enhances the ion concentration difference between the positive and negative electrodes but also significantly optimizes the electrical conductivity of the generator. As a result, the as‐prepared CG‐rGO@TEEG can generate a voltage of 0.44 V and a considerable current of 590.1 µA with an optimized power density of 0.55 mW cm−3 when 50 µL of NaCl solution is applied. Such scale‐up CG‐rGO@TEEGs can supply sufficient power to directly drive a commercial clock for more than 2 h in ambient conditions. This work offers a novel approach for efficient clean energy harvesting based on water evaporation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT In the free state, Rayleigh waves are assumed to travel in the form of planar wavefronts. Under such an assumption, the propagation behaviour of the modes of Rayleigh waves in layered half-spaces is only frequency dependent. The frequency behaviour, which is often termed as dispersion, is determined by the shear wave velocity profile of layered soils within the depth related to wavelength (or frequency). According to this characteristic, the shear wave velocity profile can be back-analysed from the dispersion. The technique is widely used in the surface wave testing. However, the wavefronts of Rayleigh waves activated by the surface sources are non-planar. The geometric discrepancy could result in Rayleigh waves manifesting distance-dependent behaviour, which is referred to as spatial behaviour in this paper. Conventional analysis ignoring this spatial behaviour could introduce unexpected errors. In order to take the effects of sources on the propagation behaviour into account, a new mathematical model is established for Rayleigh waves in layered elastic media under vertical disc-like surface sources using the thin-layer method. The spatial behaviour of the activated modes and the apparent phase velocity, which is the propagation velocity of Rayleigh waves superposed by the multiple modes, are then analysed. Aspects of the spatial behaviour investigated in this paper include the equilibrium path, the particle orbit, and the geometric attenuation of the activated Rayleigh waves. The results presented in this paper can provide some guidelines for developing new inverse mathematical models and algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A gold-catalyzed cascade annulation of propargylic silyl ethers with anthranils proceeds through a sequential ring opening/1,2-H-shift/protodeauration/Mukaiyama aldol cyclization. This method offers a regiospecific and modular access to 2-aminoquinolines and other quinoline derivatives under mild conditions and with a broad functional-group tolerance. The conversion is possible on a gram scale, which underlines the synthetic practicability of this methodology. The versatility of the obtained scaffold has been demonstrated by useful postfunctionalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Die Gold ‐ katalysierte Kaskaden ‐ Anellierung propargylischer Silylether mit Anthranilen verläuft sequenziell über eine Ringöffnung/1,2 ‐ H ‐ Verschiebung/Protodesaurierung/Mukaiyama ‐ Aldol ‐ Cyclisierung. Dieses Protokoll bietet einen regiospezifischen und modularen Zugang zu 2 ‐ Aminochinolinen und anderen Chinolinderivaten unter milden Bedingungen bei guter Kompatibilität mit funktionellen Gruppen. Die Reaktionen gelingen im Gramm ‐ Maßstab, was den präparativen Nutzen der Methode unterstreicht. Die Vielseitigkeit der erhaltenen Molekülgerüste wurde anhand nützlicher Folgereaktionen demonstriert. Ein hoch konvergenter Zugang: Die Gold ‐ katalysierte Anellierung von propargylischen Silylethern mit Anthranilen verläuft über eine Reaktionskaskade aus Ringöffnung, 1,2 ‐ H ‐ Verschiebung, Protodesaurierung und Mukaiyama ‐ Aldol ‐ Cyclisierung. Das milde Protokoll bietet einen regiospezifischen Zugang zu 2 ‐ Aminochinolinen und ist gut kompatibel mit diversen funktionellen Gruppen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel aluminium silicate hydroxide additive has shown excellent anti-wear effect in practical applications and has been mainly studied on steels in laboratory conditions. In this paper, the pin-on-disk sliding wear tests were carried out to investigate the wear and worn surfaces of grey cast iron with additives in different concentration. It was found that the silicate additive showed an obvious anti-wear effect and a reliable duration, reduced the number of pits and cracks on the worn surfaces and improved the nanohardness of the worn surfaces of grey cast iron disks by 72%. Furthermore, Raman spectroscopy displayed that the carbon structure of the worn surface of grey cast iron disks with the additive had an obvious transformation from nanocrystalline graphite to amorphous carbon. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simultaneous production of imine and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) via photocatalytic aerobic amine oxidation is a bright way to obtain value added products, however, rapid recombination of photogenerated charge leads to low conversion efficiency and selectivity. Herein, a metal‐free amino acid modified hyper‐cross‐linked polymer (H3LP‐HCPs) photocatalyst was synthesized for photocatalytic amines oxidation by regulating the ratio of L‐phenylalanine (L‐Phe) and hexaphenylbenzene (Hex). The results showed that the H3LP‐HCPs photocatalyst with 1 : 3 molar ratio of L‐Phe and Hex achieves close to 100 % conversion efficiency and 100 % selectivity toward benzylamine oxidation under 455 nm blue LED lamp irradiation. Furthermore, a high yield of H2O2 (9.2 mmol ⋅ gcat−1 ⋅ h−1) was synchronously obtained in benzylamine oxidation. Experiments and time‐dependent density functional theory calculation results revealed that the N‐functional groups in H3LP‐HCPs photocatalyst not only remarkably broadens light‐response range, but also facilitates electrons transfer from L‐Phe to the Hex, thus accelerating photogenerated charge separation efficiency and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanozymes have demonstrated significant potential in combating malignant tumor proliferation through catalytic therapy. However, the therapeutic effect is often limited by insufficient catalytic performance. In this study, we propose the utilization of strain engineering in metallenes to fully expose the active regions due to their ultrathin nature. Here, we present the first report on a novel tensile strain‐mediated local amorphous RhRu (la‐RhRu) bimetallene with exceptional intrinsic photothermal effect and photo‐enhanced multiple enzyme‐like activities. Through geometric phase analysis, electron diffraction profile, and X‐ray diffraction, it is revealed that crystalline‐amorphous heterophase boundaries can generate approximately 2 % tensile strain in the bimetallene. The ultrathin structure and in‐plane strain of the bimetallene induce an amplified strain effect. Both experimental and theoretical evidence support the notion that tensile strain promotes multiple enzyme‐like activities. Functioning as a tumor microenvironment (TME)‐responsive nanozyme, la‐RhRu exhibits remarkable therapeutic efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. This work highlights the tremendous potential of atomic‐scale tensile strain engineering strategy in enhancing tumor catalytic therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanozymes have demonstrated significant potential in combating malignant tumor proliferation through catalytic therapy. However, the therapeutic effect is often limited by insufficient catalytic performance. In this study, we propose the utilization of strain engineering in metallenes to fully expose the active regions due to their ultrathin nature. Here, we present the first report on a novel tensile strain‐mediated local amorphous RhRu (la‐RhRu) bimetallene with exceptional intrinsic photothermal effect and photo‐enhanced multiple enzyme‐like activities. Through geometric phase analysis, electron diffraction profile, and X‐ray diffraction, it is revealed that crystalline‐amorphous heterophase boundaries can generate approximately 2 % tensile strain in the bimetallene. The ultrathin structure and in‐plane strain of the bimetallene induce an amplified strain effect. Both experimental and theoretical evidence support the notion that tensile strain promotes multiple enzyme‐like activities. Functioning as a tumor microenvironment (TME)‐responsive nanozyme, la‐RhRu exhibits remarkable therapeutic efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. This work highlights the tremendous potential of atomic‐scale tensile strain engineering strategy in enhancing tumor catalytic therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dipelta Maxim. (Caprifoliaceae) is a Tertiary relic genus endemic to China, which includes three extant species, Dipelta floribunda, Dipelta yunnanensis, and Dipelta elegans. Recent progress in the systematics and phylogeographics of Dipelta has greatly broadened our knowledge about its origin and evolution, however, conflicted phylogenetic relationships and divergence times have been reported and warrant further investigation. Here, we utilized chloroplast genomes and population‐level genomic data restriction site‐associated DNA‐single nucleotide polymorphisms (RAD‐SNPs) to evaluate the interspecific relationships, population genetic structure and demographic histories of this genus. Our results confirmed the sister relationship between D. elegans and the D. yunnanensis–D. floribunda group, but with cyto‐nuclear phylogenetic discordance observed in the latter. Coalescent simulations suggested that this discordance might be attributed to asymmetric “chloroplast capture” through introgressive hybridization between the two parapatric species. Our fossil‐calibrated plastid chronogram of Dipsacales and the coalescent modeling based on nuclear RAD‐SNPs simultaneously suggested that the three species of Dipelta diversified at the late Miocene, which may be related to the uplift of the eastern part of Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) and adjacent southwest China, and increasing Asian interior aridification since the late Miocene; while in the mid‐Pleistocene, the climatic transition and continuous uplift of the QTP, triggered allopatric speciation via geographical isolation for D. floribunda and D. yunnanensis regardless of bidirectional gene flow. Based on both plastid and nuclear genome‐scale data, our findings provide the most comprehensive and reliable phylogeny and evolutionary histories for Dipelta and enable further understanding of the origin and evolution of floristic endemisms of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional flow fields and gas diffusion layers (GDL) suffer from water flooding at the rib contact surface, resulting in mass transfer obstruction. Herein, an integrated component (i‐component) with tri‐part of the flow field, gas diffusion backing, and the microporous layer is prepared using the filter molding method to prevent flooding at the rib. The i‐component with micro‐tunnels is more compact than traditional fuel cells and has no distinct interface, significantly enhancing fuel cell performance, reducing mass transfer resistance, and improving water management. Remarkably, the mass transfer resistance of the i‐components is reduced by six times, accompanied by a 50% increase in power density (1.63 W cm−2) and a 146% surge in volume‐specific power (24 500 W L−1). Additionally, it exhibits excellent humidity tolerance in the relative humidity range of 30–100%. This method achieves large‐area i‐component (388 cm2) preparation in 0.5 h at 350 °C, which reduces time by dozens and energy consumption by over 100 times compared to the traditional method for preparing commercial GDL. The i‐component significantly enhances the mass transfer and water management capabilities of fuel cells. Hence, the i‐component provides new strategies for next‐generation fuel cells, water electrolysis, flow battery, carbon dioxide reduction, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wearable strain sensors have attracted a lot of interests due to their unlimited prospects in applications such as human motion detections, electronic skin, and human–computer interactions. However, the complex manufacturing methods are generally used to fabricate the strain sensors with wide sensing ranges and high sensitivity. Herein, a high‐performance textile‐based strain sensor (TSS) is fabricated by one‐step screen‐printing method via transferring the silver nanowires ink onto a stretchable textile. Through designing the screen plate with various patterns, the optimized TSSs with different sensing ranges and sensitivity can be achieved simultaneously. Among them, a straight line‐structural TSS (with a width of 2 mm) exhibits a wide workable strain range of 120%, high gauge factor of 216, and superior durability (more than 2000 stretching/releasing cycles). As flexible wearable devices, these TSSs are used to monitor human joint motion, prefiguring the various applications in human health detection, soft robots, intelligent devices, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development and optimization of a Barley stripe mosaic virus-mediated gene editing system to improve Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat The multiplex gene editing system effectively delivered gRNA and precisely edited the target wheat gene although the mutation efficiency was slightly lower (41% for I TaPDS i and 47% for I TaHRC i ) than those for singleplex gene editing (Figure 1c, d, e). Keywords: wheat; Fusarium head blight; Fhb1; CRISPR/Cas9; BSMV-mediated genome editing EN wheat Fusarium head blight Fhb1 CRISPR/Cas9 BSMV-mediated genome editing 1018 1020 3 05/26/22 20220601 NES 220601 Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by I Fusarium graminearum i is a destructive wheat ( I Triticum aestivum i ) disease worldwide (Bai I et al i ., 2018). [Extracted from the article]

Achieving all‐printed, low‐cost, and large area electronic devices poses challenging requirements in employing printing technologies and conductive materials for flexible and wearable heaters. In this work, fully printed, scalable, and patterned flexible heaters based on Ag fractal dendrites (FDs) are fabricated through straightforward screen printing technology. The Ag FDs possess low sheet resistance with ≈0.83 Ω sq−1 when sintered at low temperature of 60 °C. The Ag FDs are directly printed on thin polyethylene terephthalate substrate to manufacture flexible heaters, exhibiting excellent heating performance with the saturation temperature up to ≈135 °C and rapid response time within 35 s under 4 V DC voltage. In addition, the Ag FDs heaters present lower power consumption (≈209.67 °C cm2 W−1), which is significantly better than traditional indium tin oxides (ITO) heaters (≈88 °C cm2 W−1). The sheet resistance of the devices remains stable after 2000 bending cycles with a radius of 10 mm, indicating that the outstanding mechanize stability of the heaters. Moreover, a large area (12 cm × 5 cm) heater with designable pattern is developed and attached to human body, indicating a bright future in next‐generation fully printed and wearable heating electronics application. Fully printed, scalable, and patterned flexible heaters based on Ag fractal dendrites are fabricated through straightforward screen printing technology, exhibiting excellent heating performance with the saturation temperature up to ≈135 °C and rapid response time within 35 s under 4 V DC voltage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have garnered significant attention due to their high efficiency and low emissions. However, PEMFC always suffers mass transfer and water management in performance improvement. Herein, an integrated gas diffusion layer (GDL) with wavy channel and micro‐tunneled rib is designed and prepared to achieve faster and gentler mass transfer and excellent water management capability by laser engraving. Outstandingly, the new integrated GDL can use the back pressure of air as low as 0 and 50 kPa to respectively achieve 80% and 90% of fuel cell performance realized under pure oxygen. Such high performance is mainly due to the turbulent flow caused by wavy channel and express removing pathway of liquid water provided by micro‐tunneled rib. Moreover, the new integrated GDL also shows wide humidity tolerance from 40% to 100% and a very high specific volume power density of 16,300 W L−1 due to the thin thickness of new integrated GDL. This new integrated GDL is expected to be widely used in PEMFC and other energy conversion devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Polymeric phenolic material (PPM) was separated from monomeric anthocyanins by removing the latter using isoamyl alcohol in 22 Pinot Noir wines of different vintages and grades. The colour and tannin concentrations of PPM were determined using a modified Somers assay and methylcellulose precipitation (MCP) tannin assay, respectively. With wine age increasing, the ratio of absorbance at 520 nm at pH 1.0 to that at 3.4 decreased from 2.6 to 1.1. This decreasing trend with wine age is reported for the first time in Pinot Noir wines. The presence of bleachable polymeric pigments was also observed in PPM, and the degree of ionisation of these bleachable pigments increased along with wine age. Statistical analysis demonstrated the dominant effect of age on colour properties of PPM, regardless of vintage and grade. In contrast, total phenolics and tannin concentration mainly related to vintage, rather than age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Link to the Virtual Special Issue [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Grain size and weight are important components of a suite of yield‐related traits in crops. Here, we showed that the CRISPR‐Cas9 gene editing of TaGW7, a homolog of rice OsGW7 encoding a TONNEAU1‐recruiting motif (TRM) protein, affects grain shape and weight in allohexaploid wheat. By editing the TaGW7 homoeologs in the B and D genomes, we showed that mutations in either of the two or both genomes increased the grain width and weight but reduced the grain length. The effect sizes of mutations in the TaGW7 gene homoeologs coincided with the relative levels of their expression in the B and D genomes. The effects of gene editing on grain morphology and weight traits were dosage dependent with the double‐copy mutant showing larger effect than the respective single copy mutants. The TaGW7‐centered gene co‐expression network indicated that this gene is involved in the pathways regulating cell division and organ growth, also confirmed by the cellular co‐localization of TaGW7 with α‐ and β‐tubulin proteins, the building blocks of microtubule arrays. The analyses of exome capture data in tetraploid domesticated and wild emmer, and hexaploid wheat revealed the loss of diversity around TaGW7‐associated with domestication selection, suggesting that TaGW7 is likely to play an important role in the evolution of yield component traits in wheat. Our study showed how integrating CRISPR‐Cas9 system with cross‐species comparison can help to uncover the function of a gene fixed in wheat for allelic variants targeted by domestication selection and select targets for engineering new gene variants for crop improvement. Significance Statement: Grain size and weight are important components of a suite of yield‐related traits in crops. We used CRISPR‐Cas9 gene editing, gene expression network and diversity analyses to demonstrate that TaGW7: (i) affects grain shape and weight in wheat through pathways regulating cell division and organ growth; (ii) was the target of domestication and improvement selection; and (iii) can be used as a target for CRISPR‐Cas9‐based mutagenesis to expand diversity available for crop improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The properties of potato flour film‐forming dispersions treated with ultrasound and their resultant films are studied. The microscopic images show that ultrasonic treatment destroys the particles and improves the uniformity of film‐forming dispersions. The resultant potato flour film with ultrasonic treatment has a smoother surface and better transparency. As the ultrasonic power and treatment time increase, elongation at break reduces from 18.85% to 12.87%, while tensile strength increases at first and then decreases. Ultrasound decreases the water vapor transmission rate from 13.68 × 10−11 to 4.92 × 10−11 g−1 s−1 Pa−1 and increases the hydrophobicity of the films. Films with 15 min treatment show a lower water solubility index, while ultrasonic treatment for 45 min increases the solubility of films. The moisture content of treated films is higher than that of the untreated sample. Results show that ultrasonic treatment improves the properties of potato flour films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Pinot noir wines were made with inclusion of different amount of whole bunches or grape stems: destemmed grapes only (DS), 30% whole bunch (WB30), 60% whole bunch (WB60), 100% whole bunch (WB100), and destemmed grapes with 100% stems added back (DS100). Wines were analysed using modified Somers assay and CIELab method at the end of fermentation and after a 2 years bottle ageing. CIELab analysis showed that DS100 was significantly different from all other treatments at both sampling points, and whole bunch addition treatments (except of WB30) only showed significant colour difference compared to DS treatment after bottle ageing. Total anthocyanins were significantly reduced in stem inclusion treatments at the end of alcoholic fermentation, but after the 2 years bottle ageing, only DS100 treatment showed significantly lower anthocyanins than DS treatment. Stem inclusion treatments significantly increased tannin concentration. Total anthocyanins and tannins in wines reduced by 69%–71% and 24%–31% respectively after bottle ageing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To expand the mutation spectrum of patients with familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) disease. Participants: 74 probands (53 families and 21 sporadic probands) with familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) disease and their available family members (n = 188) were recruited for sequencing. Methods: Panel‐based targeted screening was performed on all subjects. Before sanger sequencing, variants of LRP5, NDP, FZD4, TSPAN12, ZNF408, KIF11, RCBTB1, JAG1, and CTNNA1 genes were verified by a series of bioinformatics tools and genotype–phenotype co‐segregation analysis. Results: 40.54% (30/74) of the probands were sighted to possess at least one etiological mutation of the nine FEVR‐causative genes. The etiological mutation detection rate was 37.74% (20/53) in family‐attainable probands while 47.62% (10/21) in sporadic cases. The diagnosis rate of patients in the early‐onset subgroup (≤5 years old, 45.4%) is higher than that of the children or adolescence‐onset subgroup (6–16 years old, 42.1%) and the late‐onset subgroup (≥17 years old, 39.4%). A total of 36 etiological mutations were identified in this study, comprising 26 novel mutations and 10 reported mutations. LRP5 was the most prevalent mutant gene among the 36 mutation types with a percentage of 41.67% (15/36). Followed by FZD4 (10/36, 27.78%), TSPAN12 (5/36, 13.89%), NDP (4/36, 11.11%), KIF11 (1/36, 2.78%), and RCBTB1 (1/36, 2.78%). Among these mutations, 63.89% (23/36) were missense mutations, 25.00% (9/36) were frameshift mutations, 5.56% (2/36) were splicing mutations, 5.56% (2/36) were nonsense mutations. Moreover, the clinical pathogenicity of these variants was defined according to American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) and genomics guidelines: 41.67% (15/36) were likely pathogenic variants, 27.78% (10/36) pathogenic variants, 30.55% (11/36) variants of uncertain significance. No etiological mutations discovered in the ZNF408, JAG1, and CTNNA1 genes in this FEVR cohort. Conclusions: We systematically screened nine FEVR disease‐associated genes in a cohort of 74 Chinese probands with FEVR disease. With a detection rate of 40.54%, 36 etiological mutations of six genes were authenticated in 30 probands, including 26 novel mutations and 10 reported mutations. The most prevalent mutated gene is LRP5, followed by FZD4, TSPAN12, NDP, KIF11, and RCBTB1. In total, a de novo mutation was confirmed. Our study significantly clarified the mutation spectrum of variants bounded up to FEVR disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we describe the evaluation of the stability and pharmacokinetics of cabazitaxel-loaded lipid microspheres (CTX-LM) prepared by high-pressure homogenization. Investigation of the physicochemical stability under different homogenization cycles and diverse sterilization times confirmed that 8 cycles at 800 bar and 121°C for 8 min were the optimal technological parameters. The beneficial effect of cholesterol on the physical stability of CTX-LM was confirmed and its mechanism of action was identified. The stability of CTX-LM using an aqueous isotonic glucose solution as a diluting agent was greater compared with using 0.9% NaCl solution as a result of an electric charge effect. CTX-LM are stable under freeze-thaw conditions and should not be exposed to high temperatures and protected from light during storage. Furthermore, all the changes in parameters were within an acceptable range at 4°C within 9 months, which supported the good long-term stability of CTX-LM. Finally, to compare the pharmacokinetics of CTX-LM with cabazitaxel-solution in vivo, a rapid, accurate UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and used to determine cabazitaxel in rat plasma after a single intravenous administration of 4 mg/kg. An obviously larger area under the curve (AUC) of CTX-LM was observed than that of CTX-solution, which will improve the antitumor efficacy of cabazitaxel. Practical applications: As a novel semisynthetic taxane, cabazitaxel has shown antitumour activity in a broad range of cell-lines and tumor models and has been approved in combination with prednisone for the treatment of patients with castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer. However, serious undesirable effects in humans, such as anaphylactoid hypersensitivity reactions and peripheral neuropathy were produced by the addition of polysorbate 80 to commercial products. In this paper, CTX-LM was prepared by high-pressure homogenization in order to overcome the above drawbacks. The good stability and markedly higher AUC of CTX-LM may hasten their passage from a pre-clinical phase to a clinical trial phase and allow their production on a large scale. In this paper, cabazitaxel lipid microspheres exhibited a great stability and had a higher AUC than cabazitaxel solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The printed electronic technology, a simple, low‐cost, and high‐throughput method, exhibits great potential applications in various fields, particularly in intelligent and tamper‐evident packaging. In this study, an all‐printed flexible sensor is prepared for sensing tamper‐evident packaging by screen printing the water‐based silver nanowires (Ag NWs) conductive ink onto a polyethylene terephthalate substrate. This bendable sensor shows a corresponding variation relationship between the resistance of the Ag NWs layer and bending angles. In addition, it presents a stable resistance sensitivity at the bending angles of 45°, 90°, and 135°. The mechanisms of different printed structures on the sensitivity of the sensor have been discussed. The results show that the straight‐line sensor with a linewidth of 2.0 mm has the best sensitive performance (the gauge factors at bending angles of 45°, 90°, and 135° are 37.1, 39.3, and 39, respectively). Moreover, the sensor exhibits a long‐term mechanical cyclic stability (no apparent decay after 1000 bending cycles) and excellent adhesion performance (no distinct increase in resistance after 20 times). Because of the excellent sensing performance, the Ag NWs‐based flexible sensor can accurately detect the opening status of the packaging, showing promising potential for practical tamper‐evident applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathological calcification represents an event that consequently leads to a distinct elevation in the morbidity and mortality of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in addition to strengthening its correlation with hyperphosphatemia. Epigenomic regulation by specific microRNAs (miRNAs) is reported to be involved in ectopic calcification. However, the finer molecular mechanisms governing this event remain unclear. Hence, this study aimed to identify the potential miRNAs involved in vascular calcification (VC) development and progression. Initially, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), autophagy‐specific markers (LC3II/LC3I and Beclin1) and phenotype‐specific markers of osteoblasts (runt‐related transcription factor 2 and Msx2) were measured to evaluate autophagy and VC in β‐glycerophosphate‐induced vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) with either miR‐30b restoration or miR‐30b knockdown performed in vitro. The VC in vivo was represented by calcified nodule formation in the aorta of the rats undergoing 5/6 nephrectomy followed by a 1.2% phosphorus diet using Alizarin Red staining. SOX9 was verified as the target of miR‐30b according to luciferase activity determination. Restoration of miR‐30b was revealed to markedly diminish the expression of SOX9 while acting to inhibit activation of the mTOR signaling pathway. Knockdown of miR‐30b reduced MMP and autophagy, elevated VC, and suppressed the presence of rapamycin (an inhibitor of the mTOR signaling pathway). In addition, upregulated expression of miR‐30b attenuated VC in vivo. Taken together, the key findings of this study identified the inhibitory role of miR‐30b in VC, presenting an enhanced understanding of miRNA as a therapeutic target to curtail progressive VC in hyperphosphatemia of CKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND To evaluate their fat reduction effect, common carp fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) were made using four methods: the conventional enzymatic process, a microwave‐intensified enzymatic process, the conventional alkaline hydrolysis process, and a microwave‐intensified alkaline hydrolysis process. RESULTS: The efficiency of protein extraction was significantly enhanced by microwave intensification. The oil‐holding capacities of FPH produced by these four processes were all lower than that of raw fish protein. The water‐holding capacities of FPH produced by these four processes were all higher than that of raw fish protein. The FPH from the four processes and raw fish protein were used in the preparation of deep‐fried kamaboko. The fat content of deep‐fried kamaboko was drastically reduced from approximately 160 g kg−1 to about 50 g kg−1 by replacing 20 g kg−1 fish mince with FPH, regardless of the process. Texture profile analysis (TPA) of deep‐fried kamaboko found no significant difference in hardness and brittleness among all the deep‐fried kamaboko samples. The similar interior protein cross‐linking micro‐structure of all these samples further explained the TPA finding. CONCLUSION: With the involvement of FPH in the formulation, the fat content of deep‐fried kamaboko can be significantly reduced from approximately 160 to 50 g kg−1, without a change in its texture. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Complex coacervation of gelatin (GE) with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and the microencapsulation of shiitake essential oil (SEO) using the GE‐CMC coacervate were investigated. The ζ‐potential and coacervate yield data showed that the optimal complexation pH and CMC/GE ratio were 4.0 and 0.15 g g−1, respectively. At this condition, the coacervate yield was 85.35 ± 4.89% and ζ‐potential was almost zero. The SEO contained microcapsules fabricated by the GE‐CMC coacervate were also electrostatic inducted formation, and the highest encapsulation efficiency was shown to be 85.75 ± 2.89%. The rheological measurement indicated that the GE‐CMC coacervated microcapsules had a viscoelastic solid behaviour (G’ > G”) which was resulted mainly from the interactions between GE molecules and CMC chains. The improved oxidative stability and odour attenuation effect of the GE‐CMC coacervated microcapsules were believed to be attributed to the increased protection against oxidation and flavour release by providing a physical barrier after complex coacervation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Southwest China is an important biodiversity hotspot. The interactions among the complex topography, climate change, and ecological factors in the dry‐hot valley areas in southwest China may have profoundly affected the genetic structure of plant species in this region. In this study, we determined the effects of the Tanaka Line on genetic variation in the wild Bombax ceiba tree in southwest China. We sampled 224 individuals from 17 populations throughout the dry‐hot valley regions. Six polymorphic expressed sequence tag–simple sequence repeat primers were employed to sequence the PCR products using the first‐generation Sanger technique. The analysis based on population genetics suggested that B. ceiba exhibited a high level of gene diversity (HE: 0.2377–0.4775; I: 0.3997–0.7848). The 17 populations were divided into two groups by cluster analysis, which corresponded to geographic characters on each side of the Tanaka Line. In addition, a Mantel test indicated that the phylogeographic structure among the populations could be fitted to the isolation‐by‐distance model (r2 = .2553, p < .001). A barrier test indicated that there were obstacles among populations and between the two groups due to complex terrain isolation and geographic heterogeneity. We inferred that the Tanaka Line might have promoted the intraspecific phylogeographic subdivision and divergence of B. ceiba. These results provide new insights into the effects of the Tanaka Line on genetic isolation and population differentiation of plant species in southwest China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon does not emit light efficiently, therefore the integration of other light-emitting materials is highly demanded for silicon photonic integrated circuits. A number of integration approaches have been extensively explored in the past decade. Here, the most recent progress in this field is reviewed, covering the integration approaches of III-V-to-silicon bonding, transfer printing, epitaxial growth and the use of colloidal quantum dots. The basic approaches to create waveguide-coupled on-chip light sources for different application scenarios are discussed, both for silicon and silicon nitride based waveguides. A selection of recent representative device demonstrations is presented, including high speed DFB lasers, ultra-dense comb lasers, short (850nm) and long (2.3μm) wavelength lasers, wide-band LEDs, monolithic O-band lasers and micro-disk lasers operating in the visible. The challenges and opportunities of these approaches are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise of the study: The first set of expressed sequence tag–simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers were developed and characterized for Speranskia tuberculata (Euphorbiaceae), a traditional medicinal plant endemic to northern China, to explore the effects of recent habitat fragmentation on the genetic diversity and structure of this species. Methods and Results: In this study, a total of 18 novel polymorphic microsatellite (EST-SSR) markers were developed for S. tuberculata using high-throughput transcriptome sequencing. Analysis of 24 individuals of S. tuberculata from four natural populations revealed their robust polymorphic reliability. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 11, while the expected and observed heterozygosity per marker varied from 0.187 to 0.827 and 0.042 to 0.917, respectively. Of these markers, 13 showed good amplification results in the closely related species S. cantonensis. Conclusions: These newly generated SSR markers are expected to provide novel tools for genetic studies of S. tuberculata, which will contribute to the conservation and sustainable use of the species’ wild genetic resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

* Premise of the study: Bombax ceiba (Malvaceae), commonly known as silk cotton tree, is a multipurpose tree species of tropical forests. Novel expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers were developed and characterized for the species using transcriptome analysis. * Methods and Results: A total of 33 new EST-SSR markers were developed for B. ceiba, of which 13 showed polymorphisms across the 24 individuals from four distant populations tested in the study. The results showed that the number of alleles per polymorphic locus ranged from two to four, and the expected heterozygosity and observed heterozygosity per locus varied from 0.043 to 0.654 and from 0 to 0.609, respectively. * Conclusions: These newly developed EST-SSR markers can be used in phylogeographic and population genetic studies to investigate the origin of B. ceiba populations. Furthermore, these EST-SSR markers could also greatly promote the development of molecular breeding studies pertaining to silk cotton tree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The RNA‐binding protein ALYREF plays key roles in nuclear export and also 3′‐end processing of polyadenylated mRNAs, but whether such regulation also extends to non‐polyadenylated RNAs is unknown. Replication‐dependent (RD)‐histone mRNAs are not polyadenylated, but instead end in a stem‐loop (SL) structure. Here, we demonstrate that ALYREF prevalently binds a region next to the SL on RD‐histone mRNAs. SL‐binding protein (SLBP) directly interacts with ALYREF and promotes its recruitment. ALYREF promotes histone pre‐mRNA 3′‐end processing by facilitating U7‐snRNP recruitment through physical interaction with the U7‐snRNP‐specific component Lsm11. Furthermore, ALYREF, together with other components of the TREX complex, enhances histone mRNA export. Moreover, we show that 3′‐end processing promotes ALYREF recruitment and histone mRNA export. Together, our results point to an important role of ALYREF in coordinating 3′‐end processing and nuclear export of non‐polyadenylated mRNAs. Synopsis: The RNA‐binding protein ALYREF functions in coupling nuclear export and 3′‐end processing of polyadenylated mRNAs. New data identify a parallel mechanism for ALYREF also linking 3′‐end processing to nuclear export of non‐polyadenylated, replication‐dependent histone mRNAs. ALYREF prevalently binds to a 3′ region of histone mRNAs in an SLBP‐dependent manner.ALYREF promotes histone pre‐mRNA processing by ensuring U7‐snRNP recruitment.The TREX complex facilitates histone mRNA export by recruiting NXF1.3′‐end processing promotes ALYREF recruitment and histone mRNA export. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All‐inorganic perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) have drawn great attention recently, which are newcomer materials for banknotes protection. Herein, CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) PQDs are synthesized via one‐step hot‐injection method. It is interesting to find that the fluorescent colors can be tuned over wide visible spectra region of 506 and 636 nm by changing the ratio of halide ions. Then, the PQDs with strong fluorescence intensity, narrow full width at half maximum of 15–35 nm, and high quantum yields of 86.6% are formulated as fluorescent anticounterfeiting inks. Finally, the designable patterns are successfully printed on paper, polyethylene terephthalate, and banknotes by multiple printing techniques, including screen printing, inkjet printing, and roll‐to‐roll printing. The desired printed patterns are colorless under visible light but exhibit bright red, green, and cyan color outputs when exposed to 365 and 254 nm light. Moreover, the polydimethylsiloxane film of PQDs still emits bright color outputs even after 60 days. The excellent dual‐modal fluorescent properties make PQDs potential candidates in the field of banknotes protection. All‐inorganic printable perovskite quantum dots are synthesized by one‐step method and used in banknotes protection by multiple printing techniques, including screen printing, inkjet printing, and roll‐to‐roll printing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]