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We analyzed the characteristics of main karstic/non-karst reaches of the Lijiang River to uncover the causes behind different flood behaviors by providing a better understanding of the flood formation. Having 63 years of rainfall-runoff data and applying the HEC-HMS model, geo/hydrological features were investigated. The available reservoir capacity of karts (ARCK) was included through soil moisture accounting loss data to assess its impact. In particular, the expected instantaneous peak discharge rates/times were found largely imbalanced with generated unit hydrographs. Moreover, significant gaps among the floods’ features for different subbasins in terms of required peak modifications (2–4 times larger for mid-upstream, respectively) were mainly associated with the unique karst structure and initial condition due to various ARCK in rainy/dry seasons. Besides, notable dissimilarities between the wedge/prism storage volumes and the hydrograph’s wave traveling/receding time were observed owing to the geomorphological conditions. Although the contribution rates of drivers in karst flood formation cannot be quantitively modeled, based on our results the ARCK emerged to play a substantial role on the forecasted results, comparatively. Our results suggest that since ARCK varies, taking it into account (as initial abstraction) results in a more reliable estimation. This was underpinned by the results in which the unmodified simulations had a qualified rate of 52% accuracy on average and increased to 67.5% after the ARCK inclusion. This work adds to the body of evidence illustrating that in karst hydrology, ignoring the situational circumstances in modeling might lead to inaccuracies in flood forecasting for such dynamic watersheds. HIGHLIGHTS Hydrological models inaccurately forecast flood features in karst basins.; The seasonality of available karst reservoir capacity drives flood peaks.; Initial conditions must be considered in model calibration for karstic areas.;

As the single sensor is not competent for the variation of the total amount and components of DOM in a large range, according to the cross-sensitivity between fiber SPR sensors with different structures, a measuring method of DOM components is proposed by combining the deep learning algorithm with the fiber SPR sensors based on the regulation of metal film thickness. We exploit an improved cooperative particle swarm optimization algorithm (ICPSO) aiming at the problem of particle diversity loss caused by premature convergence of particles which not only considers the optimization information of single particles, the global particles and particles in the groups, but also considers the proportion of shared information. Then, the ICPSO is used to optimize the weights and thresholds of back propagation neural network (BPNN) to establish ICPSO-BP network, so as to construct three classifiers consists of ICPSO-BP (wave length), ICPSO-BP (spectral width), ICPSO-BP (light intensity). By comprehensive training of the resonance wavelength, spectrum width and light intensity of SPR effect for the measured water, five DOM components (tyrosine protein, tryptophan protein, fulvic acid, dissolved microbial metabolites and humic acid) and their concentrations in four water samples, namely, Inner canal (A), Hongze lake (B), Park lake (C) and Campus lake (D), have been effectively predicted. The prediction accuracy is more than 80%, among them, the highest prediction rate of tryptophan protein and its concentration in Hongze lake (B) which can reach 86%. Therefore, the dynamic range of SPR measurement is effectively expanded and better measurement accuracy and sensitivity are maintained, which verifies the feasibility of the proposed method in DOM measuring and provide a new idea for DOM component testing.

Agricultural activities contribute significantly to the pollution of groundwater through the incomplete absorption of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Understanding the vertical migration patterns of N and P in soil solution is crucial for controlling groundwater quality. This study is based on monitoring data of soil solution nitrogen and phosphorus at different depths (30 cm, 60 cm, 100 cm) in the Huixian Wetland Experimental Area in the Li River Basin from March to December 2021. The vertical distribution patterns of nitrogen and phosphorus in soil solution in the study area are elucidated from three aspects: seasonal variations, karst types, and land use. The results indicate that the following: (1) NO3−-N is the predominant form of nitrogen, generally decreasing with increasing soil depth, while NH4+-N concentrations show slight increases and TP concentrations remain relatively stable. Overall, NO3−-N and TN concentrations tend to accumulate at 30 cm and 60 cm depths during both irrigation and non-irrigation seasons, with no distinct distribution patterns observed for NH4+-N and TP. (2) During the irrigation season, the migration distance of NO3−-N in non-karst landforms is mainly at 60 cm, while in peak forest plains, it is mainly at 100 cm, with no clear trend observed in NO3−-N concentrations in peak cluster depressions. In non-irrigation seasons, the distribution of NO3−-N content in non-karst landforms and peak cluster depressions is mainly 30 cm > 60 cm > 100 cm. The downward migration distance of NH4+-N generally follows the order of peak cluster depressions > peak forest plains > non-karst landforms. (3) During the irrigation season, NO3−-N concentrations in paddy fields remain relatively high at 100 cm, while in drylands, NO3−-N concentrations generally follow the pattern of 30 cm > 60 cm > 100 cm but may exhibit anomalous increases or decreases at 60 cm and 100 cm depths during heavy rainfall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textile reinforced concrete (TRC) was prepared from high-alumina cement mixed with short-cut basalt fiber or steel fiber for the objective to analyze the mechanical performance and deterioration mechanism at high temperature. The results show that the high-temperature resistance of TRC matrix concrete can be improved by adding steel fibers and basalt fibers, but the compressive strength of concrete decreases with the increase of temperature in a quadratic parabolic law, while the flexural strength decreases in a linear law. The addition of basalt fiber significantly improves the bending bearing capacity of the TRC plates. In comparison, the addition of steel fiber significantly improves the flexural strength of TRC thin-plates above 600°C. The scanning electron microscopy indicates that when the temperature surpasses 600°C, the addition of basalt fiber and the steel fiber surface are significantly damaged by high-temperature deterioration. The deterioration of the mechanical performance of TRC thin-plates at high temperatures is caused mainly by changes in the chemical composition of the concrete matrix, deterioration of the fiber and damage of the bonding surface. The results obtained in this study can provide the theoretical support for the design and application of TRC in a high-temperature environment.

The Lijiang River Basin is a humid, subtropical, karst landform in China and is listed as a World Heritage Site. However, with the rapid development of urbanization and tourism activities in recent years, it faces increasingly severe non-point source pollution. To understand the temporal and spatial variations in nitrogen and phosphorus pollution discharge and the changes in river water quality, the Jingui Small Basin, in the upper reaches of the Lijiang River, was chosen as a representative system. Changes in nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were continuously monitored in the main river channel and the river water quality was evaluated using the comprehensive water quality identification index method. The results indicated that there were obvious seasonal changes in nitrogen and phosphorus discharge loads in the basin. Both nitrogen and phosphorus discharge loads were higher in the crop-growing season than in the non-growing season. No significant difference in nitrogen and phosphorus discharge load between different scales was found, and the scale was not the key factor affecting the nitrogen and phosphorus discharge load of Jingui River. As the river flowed from the initial water source to the outlet of the basin, water quality was characterized by the spatial pattern of the upper reaches > the middle reaches > the lower reaches. Except for the water quality at the outlet of the basin in November and December, which reached Class V, the comprehensive water quality of each sub-basin reached the target water quality of the water function zoning from May to December. The elucidation of the nitrogen and phosphorus pollution discharge patterns in the Jingui River and the changes in water quality provide a reference for the control and management of agricultural non-point source pollution in the Lijiang River Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adequate thermal management to remove and dissipate the heat produced by the LED is one of the main challenges in designing LED applications. In view of the above problems, this paper analyzed a heat sink as a heat exchanger for the LED array via the experiment combined with the numerical simulation. The results show that the heat sink is necessary for the LED array to guarantee reliable and safe operation. Moreover, the influence of the height of heat sink on the heat transfer of the LED array is also analyzed, and the optimized height of the heat sink for the 20W LED array is 20 mm. Considering the heat transfer and the manufacturing cost, increasing the heat sink area blindly is not the best way to reduce the LED junction temperature, and more specific work should be considered.

Nitride perovskite LaWN3 has been predicted to be a promising ferroelectric material with unique properties for diverse applications. However, due to the challenging sample preparation at ambient pressure, the crystal structure of this nitride remains unsolved, which results in many ambiguities in its properties. Here, the authors report a comprehensive study of LaWN3 based on high‐quality samples synthesized by a high‐pressure method, leading to a definitive resolution of its crystal structure involving nitrogen deficiency. Combined with theoretical calculations, these results show that LaWN3 adopts an orthorhombic Pna21 structure with a polar symmetry, possessing a unique atomic polarization along the c‐axis. The associated atomic polar distortions in LaWN3 are driven by covalent hybridization of W: 5d and N: 2p orbitals, opening a direct bandgap that explains its semiconducting behaviors. The structural stability and electronic properties of this nitride are also revealed to be closely associated with its nitrogen deficiency. The success in unraveling the structural and electronic ambiguities of LaWN3 would provide important insights into the structures and properties of the family of nitride perovskites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyzed the characteristics of main karstic/non-karst reaches of the Lijiang River to uncover the causes behind different flood behaviors by providing a better understanding of the flood formation. Having 63 years of rainfall-runoff data and applying the HEC-HMS model, geo/hydrological features were investigated. The available reservoir capacity of karts (ARCK) was included through soil moisture accounting loss data to assess its impact. In particular, the expected instantaneous peak discharge rates/times were found largely imbalanced with generated unit hydrographs. Moreover, significant gaps among the floods' features for different subbasins in terms of required peak modifications (2-4 times larger for mid-upstream, respectively) were mainly associated with the unique karst structure and initial condition due to various ARCK in rainy/dry seasons. Besides, notable dissimilarities between the wedge/prism storage volumes and the hydrograph's wave traveling/receding time were observed owing to the geomorphological conditions. Although the contribution rates of drivers in karst flood formation cannot be quantitively modeled, based on our results the ARCK emerged to play a substantial role on the forecasted results, comparatively. Our results suggest that since ARCK varies, taking it into account (as initial abstraction) results in a more reliable estimation. This was underpinned by the results in which the unmodified simulations had a qualified rate of 52% accuracy on average and increased to 67.5% after the ARCK inclusion. This work adds to the body of evidence illustrating that in karst hydrology, ignoring the situational circumstances in modeling might lead to inaccuracies in flood forecasting for such dynamic watersheds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal halide perovskites have gained huge research interest within few decades due to their optoelectronic applications. Recently, inorganic metal halide perovskites CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) has shown the improved stability with promising optical and electrical properties. We report the enhancement of PL intensity and the extension of carrier lifetime from strained CsPbBr3 microwires in air environment. PL intensity is enhanced more than fivefold for all the studied microwires under strain than the original. Maximum enhancement in PL intensity of more than 25-fold has been observed from a wire with lateral width of 630 nm. Based on the experiment and simulation results, we conclude that tensile strain can improve the oxygen adsorption by the defects on the surface of CsPbBr3 microwires, which will suppress the non-radiative transitions and enhance the light emission efficiency. These findings demonstrate that the strain engineering is an effective way to improve the performance of CsPbBr3 microstructures for optoelectronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitride perovskite LaWN 3 has been predicted to be a promising ferroelectric material with unique properties for diverse applications. However, due to the challenging sample preparation at ambient pressure, the crystal structure of this nitride remains unsolved, which results in many ambiguities in its properties. Here, the authors report a comprehensive study of LaWN 3 based on high-quality samples synthesized by a high-pressure method, leading to a definitive resolution of its crystal structure involving nitrogen deficiency. Combined with theoretical calculations, these results show that LaWN 3 adopts an orthorhombic Pna2 1 structure with a polar symmetry, possessing a unique atomic polarization along the c-axis. The associated atomic polar distortions in LaWN 3 are driven by covalent hybridization of W: 5d and N: 2p orbitals, opening a direct bandgap that explains its semiconducting behaviors. The structural stability and electronic properties of this nitride are also revealed to be closely associated with its nitrogen deficiency. The success in unraveling the structural and electronic ambiguities of LaWN 3 would provide important insights into the structures and properties of the family of nitride perovskites., (© 2023 The Authors. Advanced Science published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)