135 results
Search Results
2. War on Paper?
- Author
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Maciej Górny
- Subjects
Service (business) ,Political science ,Conscientious objector ,Biological anthropology ,Social science - Published
- 2014
3. Análisis tafonómicos de restos óseos humanos contemporáneos en contexto de cementerios (Córdoba, Argentina): Aportes aplicados a la antropología forense.
- Author
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Benedetti, Florencia, Tavarone, Aldana, and González, Claudina
- Subjects
PRECIPITATION (Chemistry) ,ANTHROPOMETRY ,COFFINS ,PHYSICAL anthropology ,CEMETERIES - Abstract
Copyright of Revista del Museo de Antropología is the property of Museo de Antropologia - IDACOR and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Residual energy dispersal fracturing: A newly proposed term for fractures propagating from sharp‐force trauma.
- Author
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Tamminen, Heather M., Ford, Andrew L. J., Welham, Kate, Loe, Louise, Webb, Helen, Boyle, Angela, and Smith, Martin J.
- Subjects
DIGITAL technology ,FORENSIC anthropology ,MASS burials ,SCREWS ,ARCHAEOLOGICAL human remains ,PHYSICAL anthropology - Abstract
Objectives: The identification and interpretation of skeletal trauma is an important topic in osteoarchaeology, forensic anthropology and palaeosciences. Trauma analysis is a fast‐moving sub‐discipline with constantly evolving methodological approaches. This paper describes the process of a particular form of fracturing that propagates specifically from the floor of cut marks and proposes new terminology for this subset of fractures. Materials and Methods: This terminological gap was identified during the re‐examination of remains from a minimum of 52 decapitated individuals (52 post‐cranial and 47 cranial remains) found in a mass grave from the 10th–11th century CE on Ridgeway Hill near Weymouth in Dorset (UK) in 2009. Originally analyzed by Oxford Archaeology Ltd., all individuals in this collection were re‐appraised using digital technology to test new techniques for this study. Results: During this investigation, it has become apparent that the length of chop marks can be overestimated during some conventional analysis because the chop transitions into a fracture propagating from the floor of the chop mark. Discussion: To increase awareness of these fractures, the term residual energy dispersal (RED) fractures is proposed as these are distinct from other radiating fractures arising from sharp‐blunt‐force trauma. The ability to distinguish RED fractures from others has the potential to contribute to the identification of previously unidentified chop marks and to the interpretation of events surrounding an injury. Research Highlights: The term "Residual Energy Dispersal" (RED) fracturing is proposed for fractures propagating from the base of a cut mark in sharp‐force or sharp‐blunt‐force trauma analysis.These fractures can make chop marks look longer than they truly are and therefore they can impact the interpretation of the events that caused the trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. The Visible Ape Project: A free, comprehensive, web‐based anatomical atlas for scientists and veterinarians designed to raise public awareness about apes.
- Author
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Barger, Nicole, Martín, José Saúl, Boyle, Eve K., Richmond, Marli, and Diogo, Rui
- Abstract
The Visible Ape Project (VAP) is a free online platform providing unprecedented access to a suite of resources designed to comprehensively illustrate and educate about the anatomy of our closest relatives, the apes. It contains photographs, magnetic resonance images, and computed tomography scans, as well as three‐dimensional models that can be manipulated to explore homologies and variations in soft and hard tissues in hylobatids, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos. Based at Howard University, a historically black university, it aims to reach communities underrepresented in anthropology and evolutionary biology, providing educational materials appropriate for K‐12 and college classrooms in both English and Spanish. Accordingly, VAP incorporates outreach activities to disseminate science and promote awareness of apes, forming partnerships with veterinarians and conservationists in Africa and Asia. In this paper, we present an introduction to the website to illustrate how this accessible, evolving resource can support evolutionary anthropology and related disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Results of the analysis of intra-observer and inter-observer discrepancies in the assessment of some non-metric dental traits
- Author
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Leybova N.A. and Chirkova A.Kh.
- Subjects
biological anthropology ,anthropological variability ,dental anthropology ,connection ,intra-observes comparisons ,inter-observes comparisons ,Archaeology ,CC1-960 - Abstract
For the first time in Russian odontology, this paper presents the results of the analysis of intra-observer and inter-observer discrepancies in the determination of non-metric dental traits. The basis for the work was the materials collected in 2022 in the western regions of the Republic of Tuva during the Tuva ethnographic and anthropological expedition of TuvSU-CPI under the direction of E.V. Ayizhy (Candidate of Historical Sciences, TuvSU). The aim of the expedition was comprehensive biological and anthropological investigation of the local population. The programme included collecting the data on somatometry, cephalometry, cephaloscopy, odontology, dermatoglyphics, panoptic anthropological portrait photography, and social survey. Due to the fact that two experts in odontology worked in the expedition, it was possible to conduct a comparative analysis of their independent determinations. An important factor appeared to be that in the Tuva expedition, for the first time in the practice of mass population-anthropological investigations, an intraoral 3D scanner was employed, which provided a rare opportunity to test the field determinations made by the researcher. This paper is concerned with the results of intra- and inter-observer correlations in the determination of non-metric dental traits by different recording techniques. Following the programme adopted in Russian odontology, during the expedition, there were 504 people examined and 331 wax impressions of teeth obtained. The complete programme of the odontological examination included visual inspection and description of the traits with the aid of a dental mirror. Using the intraoral 3D scanner Medit I500, in total 202 scans were obtained. The analysis consisted of several levels of intra- and inter-observer correlations and included three stages of connexive experiments aimed at the assessment of the nonmetric dental traits observed in the expedition and on the 3D models. The study is based upon the use of the empirical and statistical methods. At all stages of the analysis, there were no intra- and inter-observer discrepancies recorded in the assessment of the diastema, crowding, and reduction of lateral incisors. The most difficult feature for recording appeared to be the prominence of the shovelling of upper incisors. In its assessment, statistically significant differences were revealed during the intraobserver correlations. The results of the observation of the odontological traits obtained by different recording techniques, showed some systematic deviations at the individual researcher level, manifested in an overestimation of frequencies of the shovelling when determining by scans and underestimation of frequencies of the shovelling determined with the aid of the dental mirror.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Differential skeletal preservation between sexes: a diachronic study in Milan over 2000 years.
- Author
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Biehler-Gomez, Lucie, Mattia, Mirko, Mondellini, Marta, Palazzolo, Luca, and Cattaneo, Cristina
- Abstract
A recurring observation in the literature is that females tend to be less represented than males in osteological collections. How can we explain such observations? Do female skeletons preserve less well than their male counterparts? In this study, 200 skeletons from the Collezione Antropologica LABANOF (CAL), equally divided between sexes, were selected from four archaeological sites of Milan, representing a continuum of about 2000 years. The state of preservation was analyzed according to three criteria: quantity, quality, and integrity. Linear model and ANOVA statistical analyses were performed using R software. As a result, females tend to be less complete than males, regardless of age-at-death or post-mortem interval (PMI). Preservation also showed lower values as PMI increased, except for the medieval sample, which may be explained by soil taphonomy and/or general poor bone health. This is one of the few studies to demonstrate a differential skeletal preservation between sexes, supporting bone mineral density as a major factor of bone survival. Further studies may strengthen our results and confirm the trends observed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Correcting misconceptions about evolution: an innovative, inquiry-based introductory biological anthropology laboratory course improves understanding of evolution compared to instructor-centered courses.
- Author
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Johnston, Susan L., Knabb, Maureen, Auld, Josh R., and Rieser-Danner, Loretta
- Subjects
PHYSICAL anthropology ,ACTIVE learning ,PROBLEM-based learning ,BIOLOGICAL laboratories ,LIFE sciences ,RATING of students ,INSTRUCTIONAL materials centers ,LEARNING strategies ,LABORATORIES - Abstract
Comprehensive understanding of evolution is essential to full and meaningful engagement with issues facing societies today. Yet this understanding is challenged by lack of acceptance of evolution as well as misconceptions about how evolution works that persist even after student completion of college-level life science courses. Recent research has suggested that active learning strategies, a focus on science as process, and directly addressing misconceptions can improve students' understanding of evolution. This paper describes an innovative, inquiry-based laboratory curriculum for introductory biological anthropology employing these strategies that was implemented at West Chester University (WCU) in 2013–2016. The key objectives were to help students understand how biological anthropologists think about and explore problems using scientific approaches and to improve student understanding of evolution. Lab activities centered on scenarios that challenged students to solve problems using the scientific method in a process of guided inquiry. Some of these activities involved application of DNA techniques. Formative and summative learning assessments were implemented to measure progress toward the objectives. One of these, a pre- and post-course evolution concepts survey, was administered at WCU (both before and after the implementation of the new curriculum) and at three other universities with more standard introductory biological anthropology curricula. Evolution survey results showed greater improvement in understanding from pre- to post-course scores for WCU students compared with students at the comparison universities (p <.001). WCU students who took the inquiry-based curriculum also had better understanding of evolution at the post-course period than WCU students who took the course prior to implementation of the new curriculum (p <.05). In-class clicker assessments demonstrated improved understanding of evolution concepts (p <.001) and scientific method (p <.05) over the course of individual labs. Two labs that involved applying DNA methods received the highest percentage ratings by students as 'very useful' to understanding important concepts of evolution and human variation. WCU student ratings of their confidence in using the scientific method showed greater improvement pre- to post-course during the study period as compared with the earlier, pre-implementation period (p <.05). The student-centered biological anthropology laboratory curriculum developed at WCU is more effective at helping students to understand general and specific concepts about evolution than are more traditional curricula. This appears to be directly related to the inquiry-based approach used in the labs, the emphasis on knowledge and practice of scientific method, directly addressing misconceptions about evolution, and a structure that involves continual reinforcement of correct concepts about evolution and human variation over the semester. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Engaging Undergraduate Students in Forensic Anthropology Research During Times of Restricted Lab Access: The Efficacy and Importance of Student-Led Surveys
- Author
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Michael, Amy, Blatt, Samantha, Schofield, Tori, and Effingham, Joseph
- Subjects
forensic anthropology ,survey methods ,human osteology ,biological anthropology - Abstract
The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on experiential learning have been felt by students interested in forensic anthropology casework and lab training. Without access to labs and with cancellations of courses related to hands-on learning like human osteology and forensic anthropology, students may not receive critical training necessary in their fields of interest. In this paper, we explore one potential option for engaged forensic anthropology research: the creation of skeletal research surveys that students can design and disseminate to law enforcement to better understand the nature of forensic casework in their own states. Students reported a high satisfaction rate with these survey projects and were able to build networks that helped them refine their post-graduation education and career goals. By formulating questions, creating surveys, submitting to the review board, and synthesizing data, students were able to explore forensic topics without entering a traditional lab setting during times of university lockdowns. The data from this research can be used by forensic anthropology students and professors in the future to better assist law enforcement with the identification of skeletal remains. The surveys described in this paper are easily replicated by other professors seeking to provide students with low-cost, remote forensic research opportunities.
- Published
- 2022
10. Intragroup variation in the Pre-Columbian Cuba population: A perspective from cranial morphology.
- Author
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Syutkina, Taisiya, Pérez, Mario Juan Gordillo, Godoy, Silvia Teresita Hernández, Antúnez, Carlos Arredondo, and Rivero, Armando Rangel
- Subjects
CULTURAL pluralism ,OCCIPITAL bone ,FRONTAL bone ,SKULL base ,PRINCIPAL components analysis ,SKULL - Abstract
The paper aims to study intragroup variation inside the two pre-Columbian Cuban populations: the aceramic Archaic and the ceramic Taino groups, based on their cranial morphology. The latter applied artificial cranial deformation to all its members, so the groups are referred to as "non-deformed" and "deformed" samples here. Studies across different disciplines suggest evidence of cultural and biological diversity inside the non-deformed group, while local variations of applying the deforming device can be responsible for shape variation across the deformed group. Cranial metrics and non-metric cranial traits of the 92 crania of Cuban origin were analyzed, although the sample size varied between the analyses due to the incompleteness of the crania. Geometric morphometrics was applied to the deformed crania to study the shape variation across the sample. Three deformed crania from the Dominican Republic were analyzed together with the deformed Cuban sample to test the variability of the practice between the islands. Principal component analysis and the Mantel test did not reveal any geographic differences in the cranial metric traits. No morphological differences associated with the antiquity of materials could be seen either based on the available data. The principal component analysis of the Procrustes coordinates of the cranial vault outline in the lateral norm revealed continuous variability of cranial shapes from the ones with more flattened frontal and occipital bones to the more curved outlines, which is probably explained by individual variation. Non-metric traits variation revealed bilateral asymmetry in the expression of the occipito-mastoidal ossicles among the deformed crania. In conclusion, the study did not support assumptions about morphological diversity inside the studied samples or proved the impossibility of available craniological data to reflect possible intragroup differentiation at the moment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. 'Ye must have faith' how anthropology can contribute to religious heritage: The osteobiography of Italian martyr Saint Nazarius.
- Author
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Biehler‐Gomez, Lucie, Porta, Davide, Mattia, Mirko, De Angelis, Danilo, Poppa, Pasquale, and Cattaneo, Cristina
- Subjects
ANTHROPOLOGY ,FACIAL bones ,FORENSIC anthropology ,ANTHROPOMETRY ,SAINTS ,RADIOCARBON dating ,MARTYRS ,RELICS - Abstract
The skeletal remains of the alleged Italian Saint Nazarius (1st or 3rd century AD) were examined by a team of anthropologists of the University of Milan upon request from ecclesiastical authorities who sought scientific verification of their authenticity and to add tangible information on the life of the saint. Anthropological analyses were performed for the construction of the biological profile as well as pathological and traumatic analysis and were later compared with historical and hagiographic documentation. In addition, biological sampling of one bone sample was performed for radiocarbon dating. As a result, the osteobiography of the skeletal remains showed a concordance with the available historical data, thus supporting their authenticity and permitted the implementation of further information on the lives of the alleged saint. Furthermore, interesting anatomical 'mistakes' in the postmortem assemblage of the facial bones by the fossores, a guild of gravediggers, morticians and keepers of the Christian catacombs, were noted. This paper discusses the relation between science and religious heritage by demonstrating through a concrete case study the contribution of anthropology in a mutually beneficial collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Human races are not like dog breeds: refuting a racist analogy
- Author
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Norton, Heather L., Quillen, Ellen E., Bigham, Abigail W., Pearson, Laurel N., and Dunsworth, Holly
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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13. Reaching new heights: Testing the performance of metric approaches to estimate stature from burned skeletal remains.
- Author
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Wolska, Bogumiła, Vassalo, Ana Rita, Marques, Maria Paula M., Esteves Batista de Carvalho, Luís, and Gonçalves, David
- Subjects
ANTHROPOMETRY ,STATURE ,MEASUREMENT errors ,HUMAN skeleton ,ARCHAEOLOGICAL human remains ,CEPHALOMETRY - Abstract
Bone heat‐induced changes complicate osteometric stature estimation of human remains from forensic settings. The validity of current methods has not been tested to a great extent. Our aim was to determine how precise are stature estimations obtained from three different approaches, namely by using (i) Rösing's method (Rösing 1977), (ii) a 10% shrinkage correction factor (Strzałko et al. 1972) and (iii) chemosteometry (Gonçalves et al. 2020). For this purpose, pre‐ and post‐burned head measurements from the humerus, radius and femur were used. The sample comprised 46 human skeletons of known sex and age‐at‐death. These were experimentally burnt to maximum temperatures ranging from 700 to 1100°C (attained after 90–188 min) for other research purposes. Stature estimations were performed through measurements in both pre‐burned and burned bones using the three approaches and based on the method of Olivier and Tissier (1975). Mean absolute differences and the relative technical errors of measurements (TEM%) between the pre‐burned and the estimations were calculated. Absolute mean differences indicated that the chemosteometric approach allowed for potentially more precise stature estimations than the other two procedures. However, the TEM% was very low for all approaches (smaller or close to 1%), and stature estimations were thus well within the error margin reported by Olivier and Tissier (1975). Results suggest that the chemosteometric approach enables more accurate predictions of the actual heat‐induced shrinkage of each bone thus rendering more precise stature estimations. Nonetheless, the other procedures also provided quite reliable estimations although they require confirmation that the bone is calcined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. HISTORY OF MEDICINE AND BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY INTERCONNECTED IN A POSTGRADUATE PROGRAMME: THE FIRST YEAR OF OPERATION.
- Author
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Papavramidou, Niki, Kalogeridou, Rania, and Papageorgopoulou, Christina
- Subjects
PHYSICAL anthropology ,HISTORY of medicine ,CONTINUING medical education ,MASTER'S degree ,MEDICAL humanities - Abstract
Copyright of Vesalius: Acta Internationales Historiae Medicinae is the property of Societe Internationale d Histoire de la Medecine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
15. Pedagogical access and ethical considerations in forensic anthropology and bioarchaeology.
- Author
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Spiros, Micayla C., Plemons, Amber M., and Biggs, Jack A.
- Subjects
FORENSIC anthropology ,PHYSICAL anthropology ,DIGITAL technology ,ARCHAEOLOGICAL human remains ,CODES of ethics ,BACK to basics (Education) ,COMMUNITIES - Abstract
• Defining a three-prong approach in digital teaching— ethics, access, pedagogy. • Examples of current forensic anthropological tools through the three-prong approach. • Utility of creating accessible tools including increasing equity among students. • Considerations to open-access, ethical pedagogical tools pertaining to human osteology. Traditional education in biological anthropology relies primarily on hands-on, highly visual experiences. Forensic anthropologists, bioarchaeologists, and osteologists in general should aim to collaborate in developing widespread digital pedagogy suitable for our discipline, increasing digital technologies used for education and training. Considerations and suggested pathways toward a biological anthropology digital pedagogy include accommodating for varying levels of digital fluency, understanding global perspectives and cultural beliefs, equity in accessibility, ethical strategies, prioritization levels of content that should be made publicly available, appropriate platforms and forms of media for disseminating different types of content, and the necessity of multiple modalities. Using three online resources as case studies, this paper focuses on the discussion of pedagogy, access, and ethics surrounding digital osteology. These three digital tools, 3D MMS, MapMorph, and J-Skel, can be used to teach students topics ranging from human variation methods and theory to juvenile age estimation. Developing a pathway forward, we encourage the anthropology community to think critically about the desired outcome of pedagogical tools in order to properly align the framework with the intended pedagogy, level of accessibility, and ethical codes. The ideal model would aim for equitable access to training materials on a global scale. Implementing these practices can foster a more adaptable and encompassing learning experience for students and researchers in biological anthropology who may have dissimilar access to resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Human Skeletal Remains Newly Excavated at Karanayevsky Kurgan Cemetery of the Srubnaya Culture
- Author
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Marina K. Karapetian, Vladimir V. Kufterin, and Mikhail S. Chaplygin
- Subjects
bronze age ,southern pre-urals ,biological anthropology ,craniometrics ,dental anthropology ,osteometrics ,paleopathology ,History of Civilization ,CB3-482 ,Archaeology ,CC1-960 ,Anthropology ,GN1-890 - Abstract
Introduction. This paper presents results of an anthropological and paleopathological studies of newly excavated materials from the Karanayevsky cemetery located in the Southwestern Bashkortostan and attributed to Srubnaya culture. The goal of this study was to introduce new data from kurgan 2, as well as to compare this sample with the samples from other Karanayevsky kurgans, and with synchronous population characteristics of the region. Discussion involves skeletal material from 12 individual burials (nine children and three adults). Methods. Sex, age and the state of preservation/completeness of the remains were assessed. We performed a morphometric study, an analysis of dental morphology, description of pathologies and individual characteristics, taking into consideration the recommendations in the specific literature. The Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used to test for the relationship between skeletal preservation, sex, age, and grave construction. A single cranium from the kurgan was compared with the pooled samples from the region using Heincke’s method. The Fisher’s exact test was used to assess the possible statistical differences in frequencies of dental non-metric traits between the Karanayevsky kurgan 2 sample and the pooled Srubnaya samples of the Pre-Urals. Analysis. The skeleton preservation appears to be related to the age of the buried, but to a greater extent varies depending on the depth of the grave. The female skull from kurgan 2 shows characteristics of European ancestry and has mesomorphic morphology with a medium or slightly weakened horizontal and vertical profiling. It shows similarity to the pooled Srubnaya craniological series from the forest-steppe subareas. The dental morphology observed in the sample corresponds to the archaic gracile variant of European ancestry. Osteometric data characterize adult individuals as representatives of the mesomorphic, moderately massive group with reduced or medium limb length. Like in other groups of the region, the sample is defined by the predominance of dental calculus and dental chips, some markers of physiological and mechanical stress and the absence of indicators of specific infections. Results. In general, the Karanayevsky kurgan 2 skeletal sample corresponds to the characteristics of other Karanaevsky cemetery samples, and is consistent with the results on the synchronous sites of the Pre-Urals and Trans-Urals.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Cremation under fire: a review of bioarchaeological approaches from 1995 to 2015.
- Author
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Gonçalves, David and Pires, Ana
- Subjects
CREMATION ,FUNERALS ,PHYSICAL anthropology ,ARCHAEOLOGICAL human remains ,ANTHROPOLOGISTS - Abstract
The study of bioarchaeological evidence associated with burials is essential for achieving a global perspective on cremation as a funerary practice, its chronological and geographical distribution, as well as its inner socio-cultural and technological diversity. However, for that purpose, similar and consistent analyses must be adopted by bioarchaeologists to enable intra- and inter-sites comparisons. The 1995-2015 literature encompassing 84 geographically representative articles concerning bioarchaeological studies of burned human skeletal remains is reviewed herein. The objective was to assess methodological variability. Information concerning colour, fragmentation, skeleton completeness, 'skeletal region' representation, non-human funerary assemblage, pre-burning condition of the remains, minimum number of individuals, biological profile, trauma and pathologies was considered. The results demonstrate that certain methods were used by almost all researchers. That was the case for colour description (91 %), skeleton completeness (91 %), minimum number of individuals (96 %), age-at-death (100 %) and sex of the individuals (95 %). Researchers are much more divided about the implementation of the remaining methods. Methodological choices also vary. The asymmetries in the selection of the analyses that are undertaken can lead to different interpretations and conclusions of the contexts under study. This may prevent consistent comparisons within the same site and between different sites. We emphasize the need for bioarchaeologists to discuss and standardize analytical procedures for studying cremated remains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Rather yield than break: assessing the influence of human bone collagen content on heat-induced warping through vibrational spectroscopy.
- Author
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Vassalo, Ana, Cunha, Eugénia, Gonçalves, David, and Carvalho, Luís
- Subjects
PHYSICAL anthropology ,FORENSIC anthropology ,FOURIER transform infrared spectroscopy ,BONES ,COLLAGEN - Abstract
Warping has been used to determine the pre-burning condition of human skeletal remains. In the literature, this modification has been associated more often with the burning of fleshed and green bones, but it also arises during the burning of dry bones. The objective of this paper was to assess if bone collagen content has a significant effect on the occurrence of warping in a sample of experimentally burned human bones. The presence of collagen was analyzed in two different samples through a vibrational spectroscopy technology-FTIR. One of them was composed of 40 archeological bones from the seventeenth to twentieth centuries ad. The other one was composed of bones from 14 skeletons belonging to the 21st century identified skeletal collection. The results confirmed that the amide I band assigned to the collagen was much more intense in bones presenting heat-induced warping. Nonetheless, although significant ( p = 0.040), the collagen content was not as useful as other variables to the regression model we proposed for explaining warping. Factors such as the maximum temperature ( p < 0.001) and burning time ( p = 0.001) contributed more significantly. Results demonstrated that the mere preservation of collagen is not enough to explain warping. Burning dynamics seem to have an important role as well although we failed to clearly document its specificities. Other factors such as the asymmetric distribution of collagen and other components within bone, the gravity force, the shape of the bone, and the position in which it is burned may also play an important role on heat-induced changes and require further analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. A craniometric study of the Medieval sample from Deraheib (Northern Sudan)
- Author
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Fedorchuk O.A., Chirkova A.Kh., Ladynin I.A., and Berezina N.Ya.
- Subjects
biological anthropology ,paleoanthropology ,craniology ,africa ,north sudan ,middle ages. ,Archaeology ,CC1-960 - Abstract
The history of North Africa has been always tightly connected to events occurring in Eurasia. Human migrations in both directions are well-documented in written sources and archaeological records. To gain a comprehensive understanding of historical processes, it is essential to study the remains of individuals who inhabited this region during various time periods. A lack of cranial metric data on the Medieval population of North Africa impedes thorough investigation of the population history of the region. This paper presents a craniometric study of the sample from the Southern necropolis at Deraheib. This study contributes to filling the existing void in the understanding of the Medieval population of North Africa. According to written sources, the site was a center of gold mining, known as the city of al-Allaki, dated to the 9th to 15th centuries AD. The city attracted a diverse population seeking economic opportunities. Besides this, Al-Allaki served as an important point on the caravan route which was utilized by merchants and pilgrims traversing the Nubian Desert on their way to Jeddah. The study analyzes cranial metrics of a total of 23 individuals (14 male and 9 female) skulls recovered from the southern necropolis Deraheib sample and employs 55 linear dimensions, following Martin's/Howells craniometric protocol as well as some additional measurements. Statistical analyses were performed using the R language packages and the Multican software. Our results revealed heterogeneity of the sample in male and female parts of the sample at the intragroup level: an observation aligning with existing archaeological and historical evidence. The limited size of the sample warns against any firm conclusions regarding affinities of the Deraheib population. Our intergroup comparison has shown that the cranial sample from the Southern Necropolis of the Deraheib site displays morphological features that are more similar to neighboring Caucasoid populations rather than equatorial groups from East Africa.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. La tesis bio-antropología del innatismo Falacias descubiertas desde la reflexión filosófica acerca de la experiencia moral.
- Author
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FERNÁNDEZ, ÓSCAR BARROSO
- Abstract
Copyright of Contrastes: Revista Internacional de Filosofia is the property of Contrastes: Revista Internacional de Filosofia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2014
21. Science Unseen: Inclusive Practices in Introductory Biological Anthropology Laboratory Courses for Blind and Low-Vision Students
- Author
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Blatt, Samantha Heidi
- Subjects
biological anthropology ,lab courses ,blind and low vision ,assistive technology - Abstract
Science education relies heavily on observable phenomena or imagery, making it by and large inaccessible to blind and low vision (BLV) students. As laboratory science courses are frequently necessary to complete general education requirements in higher education, teaching practices that are not inclusive to BLV students inhibit their retention and scientific literacy. While many disciplines and some anthropological subdisciplines has resources for BLV students, no resources exist for biological anthropology. As introductory courses to biological anthropology fulfill laboratory science requirements at many institutions, it is fundamental that educators consider accommodations for BLV students. This paper describes laboratory activities, adapted for BLV and their sighted peers, satisfying three commonly included conceptual modules (genetics, primatology, and skeletal anatomy) of an introductory biological anthropology course with a lab component. Best practices and student and instructor reflections are also presented to emphasize peer-learning focused on auditory and kinesthetic strategies for learning.
- Published
- 2022
22. 'What’s in a Name?' The Taxonomy & Phylogeny of Early Homo
- Author
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Galway-Witham, Julia Katrina Reitz
- Subjects
Biological anthropology ,Palaeoanthropology ,lcsh:Archaeology ,lcsh:CC1-960 - Abstract
Hominin systematics, encompassing both taxonomy and phylogeny (Strait, 2013), has significant implications for how the evolution of species and traits are understood and communicated. Following a recent influx of fossils (e.g., Brown 'et al.', 2004; Lordkipanidze 'et al.', 2013; Villmoare 'et al.', 2015a; Berger 'et al.', 2015) the amount of diversity in fossil morphology has increased correspondingly. As researchers do not yet approach diversity in a uniform manner, the literature has been flooded with conflicting theories and methodologies (Strait, 2013). Particularly volatile has been the study of the origin of the genus 'Homo' and the extent of variation therein: much controversy arises from conflicting views of the number of valid species subsumed within ‘early Homo’ given unspecified definitions of species and genera. Additionally, there is still a lack of understanding of the extent of and mechanism behind variation, especially within Hominina. The first section of the following paper addresses ‘how can species be identified?’ and ‘how should species be classified into higher taxa?’ The second section reviews the prevalent arguments used to systematise fossils frequently classified as ‘early 'Homo'.’ It considers: the validity of 'Homo rudolfensis'; the morphological, spatial & temporal overlap of earlier 'Homo' with 'Homo ergaster'; the systematic significance of the recently discovered LD 350-1; and finally, the appropriateness of ‘early 'Homo'’ as an adaptive grade.
- Published
- 2016
23. SPINNE: An app for human vertebral height estimation based on artificial neural networks.
- Author
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Vilas-Boas, D., Wasterlain, S.N., d'Oliveira Coelho, J., Navega, D., and Gonçalves, D.
- Subjects
- *
ARTIFICIAL neural networks , *STANDARD deviations , *FORENSIC anthropology , *BONES , *SPINE - Abstract
The absence or poor preservation of vertebrae often prevent the application of the anatomical method for stature estimation. The main objective of this paper was to develop a web app based on artificial neural network (ANN) models to estimate the vertebral height of absent or poorly preserved vertebrae from other vertebrae and thus enable the application of anatomical methods. Artificial neural models were developed based on the vertebral height of vertebrae C2 to S1 of a sample composed of 56 adult male and 69 adult female individuals. The skeletons belong to the Identified Skeletal Collection of the University of Coimbra and the ages at death of these individuals ranged from 22 to 58 years old. Statistical analysis and algorithmic development were performed with the R language, R Core Team (2018). Intra- and inter-observer errors regarding the vertebral height were small for all vertebrae (<0.45 mm). Significant models to estimate vertebral height were obtained for both sexes and for the sex-pooled group, although none with an R2 higher than 0.48 and 0.34 for the C2 and the S1, respectively. The root mean square error (RMSE) regarding the predicted vertebral height and the observed vertebral height was almost always smaller than 1.0 mm while most R2 values were higher than 0.6 although models with worse performances were obtained for some vertebrae located at the ends of the vertebral column (C3, L4, and L5). The ANN models have clear potential to predict vertebral height. This mathematical approach may be used to enable the application of the anatomical method for stature estimation when some vertebrae are absent or poorly preserved. The application of the ANN models can be carried out by using the new web based app SPINNE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Preliminary results of an investigation on postmortem variations in human skeletal mass of buried bones.
- Author
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Amarante, Ana, Ferreira, Maria Teresa, Makhoul, Calil, Vassalo, Ana Rita, Cunha, Eugénia, and Gonçalves, David
- Subjects
TAPHONOMY ,PHYSICAL anthropology ,FORENSIC anthropology ,ANTHROPOMETRY ,COMPACT bone - Abstract
Copyright of Science & Justice is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Does shape matter? A comparative study of the usage of calibrated sieves in the study of burned human bone from archeological and forensic contexts.
- Author
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Budziszewski, Adam
- Abstract
In recent years, the use of a set of sieves became a crucial part of the methodology in studies of burned human bone from archeological and forensic contexts. A set of three sieves (10 mm, 5 mm, 2 mm) is widely used in studies of burned human remains, particularly those from the British Isles, in order to determine bone fragmentation, following methodology proposed by Jacqueline McKinley (1993). Usually, mesh opening sizes are reported in methods; however, their shape is rarely mentioned. This study aims to analyze the potential impact of the sieve mesh opening shape on the results achieved. It was tested by sieving the human burned bones from ten cremation burials from two Polish archeological sites by using two sets of sieves (10 mm, 5 mm, 2 mm). The first had round openings, while these of the second were square. Furthermore, the intra-observer and inter-observer errors were computed to assess the significance of differences between the tested sets of sieves. The analysis of values obtained by using a distinct set of sieves revealed noticeable differences. Specifically, when comparing the results of sieving through square versus round mesh openings, the paired t-test yielded lower p-values than intra-observer error measurement. This finding suggests that the observed differentiation between two sets of sieves is less likely to be a result of random chance. However, it is important to note that the inter-observer error also showed statistically significant differences. This indicates that the sieving techniques may vary between observers, potentially impacting the results obtained. The diagonal of square mesh openings is proposed as the most probable factor causing differentiation. However, it should also be considered that the differences in the distribution of mesh openings and total sieving surfaces between square and round openings might also alter the results. In addition, the sieving surface has higher values for sieves with square mesh openings, which follows the pattern of a higher diagonal of mesh openings for square sieves. In conclusion, the shape of the mesh openings and their distribution on the surface of the sieves might have a significant impact on the results concerning burned bone fragmentation. Consequently, information about the shape of mesh openings should be included in the “Materials and methods” section, along with the specifications of the apparatus and the dimensions, as well as the diameter of the mesh openings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Human Skeletons, Grave Goods and Textual Sources: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Southwestern Switzerland’s Late Iron Age Communities through the Study of their Funerary Rites
- Author
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François Mariéthoz, Jocelyne Desideri, Marie Besse, and Tobias Hofstetter
- Subjects
Archeology ,Grave goods ,Celtic languages ,Cultural history ,Geography ,Multidisciplinary approach ,Biological anthropology ,ddc:550 ,Multidisciplinary study ,Ethnology ,Integrated approach ,Late iron age - Abstract
This paper’s primary focus is the investigation of Late Iron Age funeral practices. This is carried out by means of a multidisciplinary study of two necropolises, Randogne – Bluche and Sion – Parking des Remparts, which are located in southwestern Switzerland. The overall purpose of this paper is to enhance the socio-cultural understanding of this period through an integrated approach that combines the fields of bioanthropology, archaeology and ancient cultural history. Consequently, sex, age, pathologies and biological proximity first were assessed for the individuals found in the two studied necropolises. Next, data from these necropolises was contrasted with the archaeological and cultural environment from the surrounding regions. Finally, a combined perspective was developed in order to consider and combine the data collected through these different approaches. The obtained results appear to point to a regional particularism present in southwestern Switzerland’s funerary practices during the Late Iron Age. However, cultural influences from both northern and southern neighbouring regions can be identified in southwestern Switzerland’s funerary rites and material productions, which sheds light on the innerworkings of the Celtic communities populating this region.
- Published
- 2021
27. Technical note: Application and potentiality of quantitative ultrasonometry for the evaluation of bone mineral density status.
- Author
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Pasini, Alba, Rinaldo, Natascia, Bramanti, Barbara, and Gualdi‐Russo, Emanuela
- Subjects
BONE density ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,ANTHROPOMETRY ,ARCHAEOLOGICAL human remains ,PALEOPATHOLOGY - Abstract
The evaluation of bone mineral density (BMD) is an important task in paleopathology. Techniques commonly applied in bone quantity assessment, such as DXA or radiogrammetry (XR), suffer from several limitations when applied to skeletal remains. In recently published research, we developed a new methodology and new reference curves for the evaluation of BMD on human skeletal remains, applying for the first time Quantitative Ultrasonometry (QUS), a user‐friendly, portable, and reliable clinical technique. This study aims to apply this new methodology to an archeological sample and to compare the results with those obtained through XR. We apply QUS and XR to a sample of 104 adults from Medieval Italian cemeteries. Fragility fractures were recorded. Descriptive statistics and comparisons between sexes, age‐at‐death cohorts, and individuals with and without fragility fractures were performed. Moreover, univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to define the parameters most predictive of fracture risk in past populations. The comparison between sexes showed no significant results concerning BMD parameters, whereas a decrease in BMD with increasing age is confirmed. The comparison between fracture and non‐fracture individuals and the logit model demonstrated that QUS parameters, especially UBPI, are more reliable predictors of fracture risk in comparison to XR. Our results confirmed that QUS is a valuable technique that can be efficiently applied to archeological remains, also considering its portability. We also propose a modification of the previously published QUS standard curves, to easily assess osteopenia and osteoporosis in archeological material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. The Syndemics and Structural Violence of the COVID Pandemic: Anthropological Insights on a Crisis
- Author
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Merrill Singer and Barbara Rylko-Bauer
- Subjects
030505 public health ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,Cultural anthropology ,Anthropology ,Biological anthropology ,Social anthropology ,General Medicine ,Structural violence ,Linguistic anthropology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Pandemic ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Sociology ,0305 other medical science - Abstract
This paper examines the COVID-19 pandemic in light of two key concepts in medical anthropology: syndemics and structural violence. Following a discussion of the nature of these two concepts, the paper addresses the direct and associated literatures on the syndemic and structural violence features of the COVID pandemic, with a specific focus on: 1) the importance of local socioenvironmental conditions/demographics and disease configurations in creating varying local syndemic expressions; 2) the ways that the pandemic has exposed the grave weaknesses in global health care investment; and 3) how the syndemic nature of the pandemic reveals the rising rate of noncommunicable diseases and their potential for interaction with current and future infectious disease. The paper concludes with a discussion on the role of anthropology in responding to COVID-19 from a syndemics perspective.
- Published
- 2020
29. Intragroup analysis of new craniometric data from the ancient Panjakent nauses
- Author
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Kufterin V.V., Dubova N.A., and Syutkina T.A.
- Subjects
biological anthropology ,craniometry ,early medieval period ,central asia ,tajikistan ,Archaeology ,CC1-960 - Abstract
The article discusses new cranial materials excavated at the ancient Panjakent necropolis in 2003–2004. The crania were found in ossuary burials in nauses (small separate crypts) dating from the late VII to the early VIII centuries AD. The materials of the study include 19 crania of various preservation statuses (7 males, 11 females and one non-adult individual). The present study aims to compare the newly obtained cranial data with the already published samples to see whether they are consistent with the current knowledge about the specifics of the crania from ancient Panjakent nauses. Furthermore, the new materials increase the sample size, which allows for an intragroup statistical analysis to be applied — the maximum overall number of observations in the pooled sample has increased to 42 (data published by Ginzburg in 1950-s included). Besides from the craniometric part, we also recorded non-metric traits and visible pathological conditions, which are not discussed separately in the paper. The intragroup analysis of variability included both univariate (standard deviations, the F-test of equality of variances, correlation analysis) and multivariate statistical methods (Principal component analysis). In general, the increase in the sample size has not changed its anthropological characteristics described almost 70 years ago. This was a sub-brachycranial Caucasoid population with average-sized neuro- and facial cranium, moderate horizontal profiling, and moderate nasal bones protrusion. Statistical analyses seem to support the previous typology-based assumptions about the presence of at least two morphological variants within the sample that differ mainly in the cranial index. The Principal component analysis results reveal that the crania from particular nauses cluster closely to each other, which is consistent with the hypothesis of these nauses possibly being family burials.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Osteoporosis and vertebral trabecular bone health: an historico-anthropological perspective.
- Author
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Galassi, Francesco M. and Varotto, Elena
- Subjects
BONE health ,CANCELLOUS bone ,OSTEOPOROSIS ,ANTHROPOLOGY ,PHYSICAL anthropology - Abstract
This brief review article aims to recapitulate the history of osteoporosis from the most ancient observations to the current clinical definition, by offering a perspective on trabecular bone health and degeneration, which has become of paramount important both in clinical, radiological and biological anthropological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Burned and buried: A vibrational spectroscopy analysis of burial‐related diagenetic changes of heat‐altered human bones.
- Author
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Rosa, Joana, Vassalo, Ana R., Amarante, Ana, Batista de Carvalho, Luis A. E., Marques, Maria Paula M., Ferreira, Maria Teresa, and Gonçalves, David
- Subjects
DIAGENESIS ,ATTENUATED total reflectance ,FOURIER transform infrared spectroscopy ,ANTHROPOMETRY ,SPECTROMETRY ,INFRARED spectra - Abstract
Objectives: The analysis of burned human remains can be very challenging due to heat‐induced alterations. Occasionally, human bones present these coupled with diagenetic changes, offering even more of a challenge, since there is a lack of studies regarding interactions between both taphonomic phenomena. With this study, we aimed to assess and document the effects of inhumation on the chemical composition of both unburned and burned human skeletal remains. Materials and Methods: We buried, for 5 years, four groups of human bone samples comprising unburned bones and bones experimentally burned at 500, 900, and 1050 °C. Periodic exhumations were carried out to collect bone samples to be analyzed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance mode, in order to calculate four chemical indexes: (1) crystallinity index (CI); (2) type B carbonates to phosphate index (BPI); (3) total carbonates (A + B) to carbonate B ratio (C/C); and (4) OH to phosphate ratio (OH/P). Results: After inhumation, CI and C/C of unburned bones and bones burned at 500 °C, and BPI of bones burned at 1050 °C did not vary significantly. However, the remaining indexes showed both relevant increments and reductions throughout observations, depending on burning temperature and index. Discussion: Our results suggest that diagenesis can have an effect in bone's molecular composition. However, these effects do not seem to significantly affect the conclusions that can be taken from the analysis of infrared bone spectra, at least in the case of inhumations with a duration of 5 years or less. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Correcting misconceptions about evolution: an innovative, inquiry-based introductory biological anthropology laboratory course improves understanding of evolution compared to instructor-centered courses
- Author
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Susan L. Johnston, Maureen Knabb, Josh R. Auld, and Loretta Rieser-Danner
- Subjects
Evolution education ,Biological anthropology ,Inquiry-based laboratory ,Misconceptions ,College level ,Student-centered learning ,Special aspects of education ,LC8-6691 ,Evolution ,QH359-425 - Abstract
Abstract Comprehensive understanding of evolution is essential to full and meaningful engagement with issues facing societies today. Yet this understanding is challenged by lack of acceptance of evolution as well as misconceptions about how evolution works that persist even after student completion of college-level life science courses. Recent research has suggested that active learning strategies, a focus on science as process, and directly addressing misconceptions can improve students’ understanding of evolution. This paper describes an innovative, inquiry-based laboratory curriculum for introductory biological anthropology employing these strategies that was implemented at West Chester University (WCU) in 2013–2016. The key objectives were to help students understand how biological anthropologists think about and explore problems using scientific approaches and to improve student understanding of evolution. Lab activities centered on scenarios that challenged students to solve problems using the scientific method in a process of guided inquiry. Some of these activities involved application of DNA techniques. Formative and summative learning assessments were implemented to measure progress toward the objectives. One of these, a pre- and post-course evolution concepts survey, was administered at WCU (both before and after the implementation of the new curriculum) and at three other universities with more standard introductory biological anthropology curricula. Evolution survey results showed greater improvement in understanding from pre- to post-course scores for WCU students compared with students at the comparison universities (p
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Parallel evolution in human populations: A biocultural perspective.
- Author
-
Balentine, Christina M. and Bolnick, Deborah A.
- Abstract
Parallel evolution—where different populations evolve similar traits in response to similar environments—has been a topic of growing interest to biologists and biological anthropologists for decades. Parallel evolution occurs in human populations thanks to myriad biological and cultural mechanisms that permit humans to survive and thrive in diverse environments worldwide. Because humans shape and are shaped by their environments, biocultural approaches that emphasize the interconnections between biology and culture are key to understanding parallel evolution in human populations as well as the nuances of human biological variation and adaptation. In this review, we discuss how biocultural theory has been and can be applied to studies of parallel evolution and adaptation more broadly. We illustrate this through four examples of parallel evolution in humans: malaria resistance, lactase persistence, cold tolerance, and high‐altitude adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. El concepto de homología en Evo-Devo y ciencias cognitivas: un enfoque histórico-epistemológico.
- Author
-
Macías Valadez, Bernardo Yáñez
- Abstract
The extrpolation of the Evo-Devo perspective in the cognitive sciences realm is promising but at the same time it can carry some interesting epistemic problems. Such considerations are engaged with the different type of explanation or conceptualization of causality in the hierarchichal systems of Evo-Devo, vis-à-vis the typical explanations of characteristic hierarchichal systems of cognitive sciences. Frans de Waal and Pier F. Ferrari had established a bottom-up hypothesis for explaining the imitative behaviors of primates during affective interactions. From this point of view, they suggest that "deep homology" a concept from Evo-Devo can be used to analyze the most inferior hierarchichal levels that underlie the functioning of mirror neurons. In accordance with my analysis, the model proposed by the authors do not satisfactorily calrify if the mirror neurons of different primate species share a set of common genetic-embriologic determinants, a mandatorily condition for a valid use of the concept of deep homology. Due to the possibility that different regulatory networks could give place to sets of mirror neurons with similar functional properties, it would be frail to establish that behavioral capabilities, which are in fact functional properties, depend on a straightforward anatomical and functional implementation in primates. From a historical and epistemological analysis of the concept of homology I revise the previous hypothesis and propose some relevant aspects for its assessment. I close this paper with a commentary on the broad epistemic landscape in which this interesting hypothesis is framed, the bioanthropological discussions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
35. To Replicate, or Not to Replicate? The Creation, Use, and Dissemination of 3D Models of Human Remains: A Case Study from Portugal.
- Author
-
Alves-Cardoso, Francisca and Campanacho, Vanessa
- Subjects
PHYSICAL anthropology ,HUMAN skeleton ,CULTURAL property ,DIGITAL technology ,PRODUCTION increases ,THEOLOGICAL anthropology ,ARCHAEOLOGICAL human remains - Abstract
Advancements in digital technology have conquered a place in cultural heritage. The widespread use of three-dimensional scanners in bioanthropology have increased the production of 3D digital replicas of human bones that are freely distributed online. However, ethical considerations about such 3D models have not reached Portuguese society, making it impossible to assess their societal impact and people's perception of how these models are created and used. Therefore, Portuguese residents were asked to take part in an online survey. The ratio of male to female participants was 0.5:1 in 312 contributors. The age ranged between 18 and 69 years. The majority had a higher education degree. Only 43% had seen a 3D model, and 43% considered the 3D replicas the same as real bone. Also, 87% would be willing to allow their skeleton and family members to be digitalized after death, and 64% advocated the controlled dissemination of replicas through registration and login and context description association (84%). Overall, the results suggest agreement in disseminating 3D digital replicas of human bones. On a final note, the limited number of participants may be interpreted as a lack of interest in the topic or, more importantly, a low self-assessment of their opinion on the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. La obra de Francisco Raúl Carnese y su aporte a la Antropología Biológica argentina.
- Author
-
Avena, Sergio
- Subjects
INDIGENOUS peoples of South America ,RACIAL classification ,SCIENCE museums ,INDIGENOUS peoples ,POPULATION genetics - Abstract
Copyright of Runa: Archivo para las Ciencias del Hombre is the property of Runa: Archivo para las Ciencias del Hombre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Us and them: From prejudice to racism. An original analysis of race and racism
- Author
-
Evelyne Heyer, Carole Reynaud-Paligot, Éco-Anthropologie (EAE), and Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
Male ,media_common.quotation_subject ,RaceRacism ,[SHS.ANTHRO-BIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Biological anthropology ,Racism ,Anthropology, Physical ,[SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences ,Exhibition ,03 medical and health sciences ,Race (biology) ,0302 clinical medicine ,human genetic diversity ,Humans ,Sociology ,10. No inequality ,Content (Freudian dream analysis) ,030304 developmental biology ,media_common ,0303 health sciences ,Racial Groups ,Perspective (graphical) ,Biological anthropology ,Genetic Variation ,Foundation (evidence) ,16. Peace & justice ,Aesthetics ,Anthropology ,Exhibitions as Topic ,Female ,France ,Anatomy ,Prejudice ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
International audience; This paper present the content of the Musée de l'Homme exhibition "Us and them: from prejudice to racism" and provides a detailed explanation of how this content has been presented to the public. In a second section of this paper we explain some of the analysis and concepts, from a biological anthropology perspective, that were the foundation of the exhibition and provides some information about the current situation in France.
- Published
- 2020
38. Human Skeletons, Grave Goods and Textual Sources: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Southwestern Switzerland's Late Iron Age Communities through the Study of their Funerary Rites.
- Author
-
Hofstetter, Tobias, Desideri, Jocelyne, Mariéthoz, François, and Besse, Marie
- Subjects
INTERMENT ,IRON Age ,SOCIOCULTURAL factors ,RITES & ceremonies ,ANCIENT cemeteries ,MASS burials - Abstract
Copyright of Praehistorische Zeitschrift is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. The Identified Skeleton Collection of Évora: importance for forensic science and bioarchaeology in the southern inland of Portugal.
- Author
-
Lopes, Célia and Fernandes, Teresa
- Subjects
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL transition ,ARCHAEOLOGICAL human remains ,SKELETON ,FORENSIC sciences ,COLLECTIONS ,FORENSIC anthropology - Abstract
The importance of reference osteological collections is unquestionable. However, the development of methodologies is more reliable the closer the collection is socioeconomically, demographically, and genetically to the population under study. The purpose of this study is to characterize and contextualize a new Portuguese reference collection. The collection of identified skeletons from the University of Évora comprises 201 adults of both sexes and seven non-adults, deceased between 1870 and 1993 and born between 1790 and 1969. It consists almost exclusively of individuals who were born and died in inland Alentejo, being the only Portuguese collection with this characteristic. The collection was built following all current legal and ethical obligations. Due to its characteristics, the collection constitutes a fundamental tool for forensic and bioarchaeological research in the inland regions of Portugal. In addition to the possibility offered to develop and validate methodologies in both sciences, the available complete hospital archives for research make this collection unique for health studies before, during, and after the epidemiological transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Mutations in Soviet public health science: Post-Lysenko medical genetics, 1969–1991.
- Author
-
Bauer, Susanne
- Subjects
- *
HISTORY of science , *PUBLIC health research , *MEDICAL genetics , *HUMAN genetics , *MUTAGENESIS , *HUMAN biology , *COLD War, 1945-1991 , *HISTORY - Abstract
This paper traces the integration of human genetics with Soviet public health science after the Lysenko era. For nearly three decades, USSR biology pursued its own version of anti-bourgeois, Soviet ‘creative Darwinism’, departing from western, post-WWII scientific developments. After Lysenko was suspended, research niches of immunology, biophysics and mutation research formed the basis of new departments at the Institute of Medical Genetics, which was founded in 1969 as part of the Soviet Academy of Medical Sciences. Focussing on early research activities and collaborations at the institute, I show how the concept of mutagenesis, a pivotal issue during the Cold War, became mobilized from Drosophila genetics to human heredity and to society as a whole. This mode of scaling up and down through population studies shaped not only Soviet human biology and genetics; it also brought about changes in clinical practice and public health as well as in the monitoring and regulation of mutagenic agents in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Physical anthropology and bioarchaeology at the Institute of History in the last 20 years
- Author
-
Jana Limbo-Simovart, Raili Allmäe, and Leiu Heapost
- Subjects
History ,Anthropology ,Bioarchaeology ,Biological anthropology - Abstract
Human populations and their history have been studied at the Institute of History since 1952 when the young researcher Karin Mark started her career here. Later, Karin Mark became a leading researcher in palaeoanthro pology and somatology of Finno-Ugric peoples, and her working group grew. At the end of the 1980s, Leiu Heapost took over the position as group leader in anthropological research. In 1988 Raili Allmäe and in 2004 Jana Limbo-Simovart joined the group. Since 1998, Estonian research has been project-based; in the present paper we give a brief overview of our anthropological research at the Institute of History (and its descendants) in the last twenty years.
- Published
- 2020
42. Analyzing asymmetries and praxis in aDNA research: A bioanthropological critique.
- Author
-
Argüelles, Juan Manuel, Fuentes, Agustín, and Yáñez, Bernardo
- Subjects
FOSSIL DNA ,ARCHAEOLOGICAL human remains ,HUMAN evolution ,DEVELOPING countries ,PHYSICAL anthropology ,ARCHAEOLOGISTS - Abstract
Copyright of American Anthropologist is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. An historical overview of the field of study of human remains in South Korean archaeology.
- Subjects
ARCHAEOLOGICAL human remains ,HISTORICAL archaeology ,ARCHAEOLOGICAL excavations ,ANTHROPOMETRY ,ARCHAEOLOGY ,SOCIAL evolution ,HUMAN experimentation - Abstract
The purpose of this study is to present the current status of research into human remains excavated from archaeological sites in South Korea following its liberation from Japanese colonial rule and to examine the improvements potentially needed to conduct adequate archaeological research on human remains in South Korea in the near future. Human remains, as archaeological data, can provide various types of information, such as the biological characteristics of past groups of people. They also provide direct data that can shed light on many aspects of cultural evolution, and discussions regarding how to properly use data from human remains excavated from archaeological sites in Korea are still in their preliminary stages. Continued developments in science and technology are expected to reveal more information than can currently be obtained from ancient human skeletal remains. To gather information on the cultures of ancient people, which is the ultimate goal of archaeology, there has to be a shared understanding that ancient human skeletal remains must be treated ethically before being viewed simply as potential sources of archaeological data. Further, to increase the value of the collected data, there is a need for a higher degree of interdisciplinary research through mutual collaboration with multiple archaeologists as well as other experts in the fields of anthropology, genetics, and biochemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Alone in a cave: Examination of a 5200 BCE skeleton from the Judean Desert, Israel.
- Author
-
Nagar, Yossi, Milevski, Ianir, Hamer, Hagay, Amichai, Oriya, Klein, Eitan, Boaretto, Elisabetta, Fadida, Atalya, and May, Hila
- Subjects
COPPER Age ,SKULL morphology ,DESERTS ,SKELETON ,CAVES ,CONTINUITY - Abstract
The remains of a >50-years-old male, thus far representing the only complete skeleton dated to the Early Chalcolithic (Wadi Rabah) period in Israel, were recovered in a cave in the Judaean desert (Nahal Mishmar, F1-003). The old male suffered abscesses in the maxilla following tooth caries, and a well-healed trauma in the left tibial midshaft. Skull and mandibular morphology were described using plain measurements, indices and angles, and compared with similarly taken Chalcolithic data. In addition, mandibular morphology was captured using a landmark-based geometric morphometrics method and compared to Natufian hunter-gatherers, Pre-Pottery Neolithic early farmers, and Late Chalcolithic populations. The results, although cautionary, reveal similarity to the succeeding Ghassulian Chalcolithic period populations and suggest population continuity from the Early to the Late (Ghassulian) Chalcolithic period. Future ancient DNA study may clarify this hypothesis and further reveal population affinity in this period in Israel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. On the significance of Karl Ernst von Baer’s doctoral thesis On Estonians’ Endemic Diseases (1814) for Estonian anthropology
- Author
-
Jaan Kasmel and Tiiu Kasmel
- Subjects
History ,Anthropology ,Biological anthropology ,language ,Doctoral dissertation ,History of anthropology ,Endemic diseases ,Medical anthropology ,Estonian ,language.human_language - Abstract
In the second chapter of his first research paper, the doctoral dissertation written in Latin and defended at the University of Tartu (the former Imperial University of Dorpat) in 1814, K.E. von Baer, the future natural scientist of world renown, characterised the body build and mentality of Estonians (men, women and children), in a considerably more detailed way than the previous brief overviews. Therefore, this paper is considered the beginning of research of Estonians from the viewpoint of physical anthropology. The current overview will deal with the role of Juhan Aul, Professor of Zoology at the University of Tartu, in giving an anthropological assessment to Baer’s doctoral thesis. This is followed by a discussion on whether Baer’s thesis belongs to the area of medical topography (geography). Our examination shows that Baer’s medical geographical thesis might be called an anthropological medical geographical paper. Finally, the question is posed whether the material presented in Baer’s doctoral thesis on the relations between Estonians’ health, well-being, culture, society and environment corresponds to the characteristics of the notion “medical anthropology” that has been in use since 1963, so that it could be considered the beginning of Estonian medical anthropology.
- Published
- 2015
46. Dobre i złe w ludzkiej mowie – o wartościowaniu utrwalonym w dawnych przezwiskach
- Author
-
Iza Matusiak-Kempa
- Subjects
Gossip ,Field (Bourdieu) ,Anthroponymy ,Biological anthropology ,Subject (grammar) ,Ethnolinguistics ,Psychology ,Evolutionary psychology ,Linguistics - Abstract
The aim of the present paper is the analysis of old nicknames which relate to the way in which our ancestors communicated. The subject of the analysis are proprial items, which were formed in order to indicate if the speakers were telling the truth, or whether they were gossiping, or saying too much, as well as items which evaluated a person because of articulatory features. The present paper is also an attempt to propose research into axiologically marked appelative anthroponyms within the methodology of cultural linguistics, complemented with biological contexts, especially research from the field of evolutionary psychology and biological anthropology.
- Published
- 2017
47. Reimaging Process in 2016: Deliberations on a Year of Integrative Slow Science in Biological Anthropology
- Author
-
Robin G. Nelson
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,060101 anthropology ,Resource (biology) ,Primatology ,Reproduction (economics) ,Biological anthropology ,Environmental ethics ,06 humanities and the arts ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Anthropocene ,Anthropology ,Human biology ,Paleoanthropology ,0601 history and archaeology ,Meaning (existential) ,Sociology ,Social science - Abstract
The year 2016 in biological anthropology represented a return to the methodical study of classic questions and increased integrative team-based research that utilizes multiple methodological approaches. This review is not comprehensive, but rather highlights several papers that reflect trends in four areas of research within biological anthropology: paleoanthropology, primatology, human biology, and anthropological genetics. Methodological innovation enabled scholars in paleoanthropology to tackle questions once hampered by small sample size. Primatologists approached studies of behavior and reproduction with the rigor characteristic of the subdiscipline, while paying increasing attention to anthropogenic influences on primate habitats. Like their colleagues in paleoanthropology, human biologists also returned to enduring questions regarding reproduction, human adaptation, and behavior, including, notably, a focus on variability in cultural practice and meaning, as well as resource inequity. The publications representing anthropological genetics signify a movement toward an incorporation of multiple lines of evidence in our understanding of human and nonhuman primate ancestry. In total, these papers reveal shifts in biological anthropology toward research that is increasingly aware of the limits of siloed science and attuned to addressing issues salient to the populations and communities in which we work. [comparative morphology, Anthropocene, anthropological genetics, human biology]
- Published
- 2017
48. To document the undocumentable
- Author
-
Ulrika Kjellman
- Subjects
Scientific practice ,05 social sciences ,Biological anthropology ,Photography ,Library science ,Library and Information Sciences ,0506 political science ,Documentation ,050602 political science & public administration ,Engineering ethics ,Sociology ,0509 other social sciences ,050904 information & library sciences ,Information Systems - Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to see how the disciplines of physical anthropology and race biology used photographs as documenting tools when trying to prove the existence of variations among the human species dependent on race. On a more general level the study aims to contribute to the discussions on how images work as documents in scientific practice. Design/methodology/approach The primary methodology of this study is a functional and rhetorical analysis of the photographic material taken by the Swedish State Institute of Racial Biology between 1922 and 1958. Findings How images work as documents in scientific practice depends on what kind of documents they are, and what practices they take part in. Originality/value By showing how images played an important and substantial role in the research practices of physical anthropology and race biology, this paper stresses the importance of taking images as serious influences in scientific practice. The authors stress the need for further investigations into how images work as documents in scientific contexts.
- Published
- 2016
49. Understanding racism in physical (biological) anthropology.
- Author
-
Blakey, Michael L.
- Subjects
SEGREGATION of African Americans ,AFRICAN American social conditions ,RACISM ,PHYSICAL anthropology ,HUMAN biology - Abstract
The mainstream of American physical anthropology began as racist and eugenical science that defended slavery, restricted "non‐Nordic" immigration, and justified Jim Crow segregation. After World War II, the field became more anti‐racial than anti‐racist. It has continued as a study of natural influences on human variation and thus continues to evade the social histories of inequitable biological variation. Also reflecting its occupancy of white space, biological anthropology continues to deny its own racist history and marginalizes the contributions of Blacks. Critical disciplinary history and a shift toward biocultural studies might begin an anti‐racist human biology. Special Issue: Race reconciled II: Interpreting and communicating biological variation and race in 2021 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. A Concept of Death in Genus Pan: Implications for Human Evolution.
- Author
-
McLean, Katherine H.
- Subjects
HUMAN evolution ,CHIMPANZEES ,BONOBO ,CHILD death ,VIDEO recording ,PHYSICAL anthropology ,SPECIES - Abstract
An understanding of what death and dying entail is termed a concept of death (CoD), and the human CoD is often viewed as one of the characteristics that distinguishes our species. In this research, I identified an analogous understanding of death and dying in our closest living relatives—genus Pan. Linguistic frameworks designed for studying the CoD in human children look for evidence of understanding of several facets of death. I adapted these frameworks for the non-verbal Pan species, systematically analysing written and video recordings of chimpanzee and bonobo behaviours surrounding death within these new behavioural frameworks. I identified compelling evidence for the comprehension of several aspects of death, and thus for the presence of a human-like CoD in chimpanzees and bonobos. This has implications for our own evolutionary story and raises questions about what makes humans 'human'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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