Search

Led by the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, we have built a brand‐new modular active digital phased array, with all solid‐state transmission and digital receiving incoherent scatter radar (ISR) in Sanya (18.3°N, 109.6°E), a station in low latitude China called Sanya ISR (SYISR) since 2015. The development of SYISR involved the indoor design and development of key components, an outdoor prototype test, and the production and debugging of the entire array. The unique features of SYISR include a single‐channel directly connected T/R unit and antenna, a radar array monitoring and calibration network, environmental adaptability design and open architecture. The entire radar has 4,096 channels and 5,930 modules in total. All the technical indices, mainly including a >2 MW peak power, a 43 dBi antenna gain and a <120 K noise temperature, either meet or are superior to the designed value through an independent evaluation. Waveforms of single pulse, linear frequency modulation, Barker code, long pulse and alternating code have been implemented to meet multiple purposes. Four observational modes for ionospheric experiments, including zenith stare, perpendicular to geomagnetic field, meridian scan, and all sky scan, have been developed. We have implemented time domain decoding, frequency domain decoding, and statistical inversion methods in calculating the autocorrelation function and power spectra in signal processing. The preliminary experimental results on ionospheric parameters, plasma lines, irregularities and hard targets are reasonable and encouraging, which greatly enhances our confidence in achieving our scientific goals in the future. Plain Language Summary: The Earth's ionosphere (∼60–1,000 km above the sea level) is composed of dense plasma, which shows complicated variations versus altitude, geographic location, and solar activity level. When a ground‐based radio wave is transmitted onto these plasmas, it will generate stimulated radiation, with a small portion of them radiating back to the ground. If this backscattered radiation is collected by a ground‐based radar, a variety of ionospheric parameters, including plasma density, temperature, and movement speed, can be derived through a complicated signal processing algorithm. An ionospheric monitoring method called incoherent scatter radar (ISR) was therefore developed. However, since this backscattered radiation is very weak, the ISR should be built with sufficiently large power (usually megawatts) and apertures (usually hundreds of square meters). This leads to the high cost of building an ISR, with only a few having been built in the world thus far. In this paper, we describe a newly built ISR, called Sanya ISR (SYISR), in low latitude China by applying modern radar technologies, such as modular active digital phased arrays, all solid‐state transmitting and digital receiving. The development of SYISR followed the principle of a gradual and orderly progress, including indoor design, outdoor prototype testing and the entire radar construction and debugging. The radar technical indices have been evaluated, and all meet the designed value. We also developed a signal processing algorithm and a variety of observational modes. Finally, preliminary experimental results are shown, which are reasonable and encouraging. In the future, we will gradually achieve our scientific goals via effective data accumulation and analysis. Key Points: Sanya incoherent scatter radar (SYISR) is a newly built incoherent scatter radar in low latitude China with modular active electronic scanning, digital phased array, solid‐state transmitting, and digital receivingThis paper details the hardware, key parameters, data processing and preliminary experimental results of SYISRThe key parameters meet or are superior to the original design, and the preliminary observations are encouraging [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal pollution in rivers and lakes arising due to rapid economic development has been extensively studied by various countries due to its direct impact on ecological health and human well-being. However, there is a lack of comprehensive and systematic reviews addressing the current research status of this subject. In this study, we conducted a visual metrological analysis of the literature from 2001 to 2021 using the Web of Science (WoS) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) citation databases. The results show that studies conducted in other countries initially outnumbered those in China; after 2010, China emerged as the foremost contributor. Furthermore, both the WoS and CNKI databases indicate active engagement of Chinese researchers through a significant proportion of published papers on metal research, with prominent contributions coming from institutions such as the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and University CAS. Nevertheless, Chinese research institutions still have relatively low total paper citation numbers and have yet to establish themselves as key players in international scientific research efforts. Additionally, core authors from different countries share substantial similarities in their research directions and focuses. Consistent research hotspots regarding heavy metals in rivers and lakes were identified across both databases, including heavy metal pollution, adsorption, human activities, water quality, and sediment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lung cancer, characterized by its high morbidity and lethality, necessitates thorough research to enhance our understanding of its pathogenesis and discover novel therapeutic approaches. Recent studies increasingly demonstrate that lung cancer cells can modulate the tumor microenvironment, promoting tumor growth, and metastasis through the release of exosomes. Exosomes are small vesicles secreted by cells and contain a variety of bioactive molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites. This paper presents a comprehensive review of exosome research in lung cancer and its progress through bibliometric analysis. Methods: Publications related to exosomes in lung cancer patients were systematically searched on the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database. Bibliometric analysis was performed using VOSviwers, CiteSpace, and the R package "Bibliometrics". Publications were quantitatively analyzed using Microsoft Office Excel 2019. The language of publication was restricted to "English" and the search strategy employed TS=(exosomes or exosomes or exosomes) and TS=(lung cancer). The search period commenced on January 1, 2004, and concluded on November 12, 2023, at noon. The selected literature types included Articles and Reviews. Results: The study encompassed 1699 papers from 521 journals across 71 countries and 2105 institutions. Analysis revealed a consistent upward trend in lung cancer exosome research over the years, with a notable surge in recent times. This surge indicates a growing interest and depth of inquiry into lung cancer exosomes. Major research institutions in China and the United States, including Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Chinese Academy Of Sciences, and Utmd Anderson Cancer Center, emerged as crucial research hubs. The annual publication count in this field witnessed a continuous rise, particularly in recent years. Key terms such as lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), microvesicles, intercellular communication, exosomal miRNAs, and oncology dominated the research landscape. Fields like cell biology, biochemistry, biotechnology, and oncology exhibited close relation with this research. Clotilde The'ry emerged as the most cited author in the field, underlining her significant contributions. These results demonstrate the broad impact of exosome research in lung cancer, with key terms covering not only disease-specific aspects such as lung cancer and NSCLC but also basic biological concepts like microvesicles and intercellular communication. Explorations into exosomal microRNAs and oncology have opened new avenues for lung cancer exosome research. In summary, lung cancer exosome research is poised to continue receiving attention, potentially leading to breakthroughs in treatment and prevention. Conclusion: Publications on lung cancer exosomes show a rising trend year by year, with China and the United States ranking first and second in terms of the number of publications. However, there is insufficient academic learning cooperation and exchanges between the two sides, and Chinese universities account for a large proportion of research institutions in this field. Jing Li is the most productive author, Clotilde The'ry is the most co-cited author, and Cancers is the journal with the highest number of publications. The current focus in the field of lung cancer exosomes is on biomarkers, liquid biopsies, immunotherapy, and tumor microenvironment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the massive use of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles and energy storage, the environmental and resource problems faced by used lithium-ion batteries are becoming more and more prominent. In order to better resource utilization and environmental protection, this paper employs bibliometric and data analysis methods to explore publications related to waste lithium-ion battery recycling from 1984 to 2021. The Web of Science core set from the SCIE online database was used for this article. These findings demonstrate a considerable increase trend in the number of publications published in the subject of recycling used lithium-ion batteries, with a natural-sciences-centric focus. Argonne National Lab, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and China Academic and Scientific Research Center are the top three institutions in terms of quantity of papers published. The affiliated journals corresponding to these three institutions also have high impact factors, which are 106.47, 44.85, and 58.69, respectively. In comparison to comparable institutes in other nations, the American Argonne National Laboratory supports 223 research articles in this area. China and the US make up the majority of the research's funding. The two key aspects of current lithium-ion battery recycling research are material structure research and environmentally friendly recycling. Nevertheless, high-capacity lithium-ion batteries, waste lithium-ion integrated structures, and gentle recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries will be the major aspects of study in the future. It is hoped that the above analysis can bring new ideas and methods to the field of waste lithium-ion battery recycling and provide a basis for the subsequent research and application of waste lithium-ion battery recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 31st December 2020, The National Science Library of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) released a list of 65 international scientific journals, all of them indexed by the Web of Science, that were said to be potentially in conflict with academic rigour. The list immediately influenced the publication patterns of Chinese researchers. A year later, on 31st December 2021, CAS released a revised and reduced list of 35 questionable journals and said the publishers in the meantime had reacted constructively and improved the procedures of their journals. This study aims to provide an understanding of the motivations and criteria behind the list, partly by reviewing Chinese policy documents and public debates, partly with a quantitative analysis to detect the relative importance of the criteria used to select the journals for the list. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "Yangtze River Economic Belt Development Strategy" is one of China's three major national development strategies. Enhancing the protection and quality of arable land in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YEB) is pivotal for fostering regional growth. In this study, land use data spanning the years 1980 to 2020 in the YEB were extracted from the national land use database maintained by the Resource and Environment Data Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Employing Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial analysis techniques and arable land change metrics, the study delineated the spatiotemporal characteristics of arable land alterations across the YEB for the period. Additionally, using grain output data at the prefecture level from 2011 to 2020, the paper calculated provincial grain output to analyze the impact of arable land changes over the last four decades on grain output. The findings revealed that: (1) From 1980 to 2020, the total arable land area in the YEB decreased by approximately 41,775 square kilometers, with the most significant decrease occurring in the downstream region. (2) From 1980 to 1990, the primary factor contributing to the decrease in arable land area was the expansion of water bodies, while from 1990 to 2020, the principal reason for the reduction in arable land area was the expansion of construction land. (3) From 1980 to 2020, the decrease in arable land area resulted in a net reduction of approximately 25.12 million tons in total grain output, with the largest decline observed in the downstream regions and the smallest decline in the upstream regions. (4) Consistent with the trends in arable land area reduction, the main reason for the decline in grain output from 1980 to 1990 was the expansion of water bodies encroaching upon arable land, whereas from 2000 to 2010, the primary cause of arable land reduction was the expansion of construction land areas. In conclusion, the research suggested that over the past four decades, the primary driver behind the reduction in arable land within the YEB has been the expansion of construction land areas. Particularly noteworthy was the period from 2000 to 2010, during which the impact of arable land reduction on grain output was most pronounced. This period coincided with the rapid economic development and accelerated urbanization process within the YEB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of energy, food, water, and other utensils by fossil fuels generates pollution that causes constant climate change. To minimize and avoid this phenomenon, opting for less polluting energy production sources is increasingly necessary. Green hydrogen (H 2), a renewable and clean fuel, is analyzed in bibliometric terms in the present work, emphasizing photosynthetic H 2. The data were obtained through the journal database list in Web of Science, in which a total of 1507 was published between January 2010 to September 2022, dealing with the production of photosynthetic green hydrogen. The country with the most significant publication is China, with respectively 24.50% of the publications, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences has 60 co-authored papers, the largest in co-authorship—most papers published in the international journal of hydrogen energy, with 19.49% of the publications. The raw materials identified as emerging are cyanobacteria and microalgae, Rhodobacter capsulatus , synechocystis sp pcc6803 and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii pointed out as the microalgae of most significant interest. However, it is necessary to improve them, given the decrease in inactivity provided by the Calvin-Benson cycle. Life cycle assessment studies are needed, as well as H 2 storage. There is a need to reduce the levelized cost of H 2 production, which is around 9.65–25.22 USD/gallon. Studies also point to using cyanobacteria and microalgae to produce other biofuels (bioethanol biodiesel) and materials (supercapacitors, batteries, and polymers). [Display omitted] • Evaluation of the photosynthetic production of green hydrogen. • Analysis of 1507 papers from the Web of Science with CiteSpace, Vosviwer and Exell. • Advanced bibliometric analysis of future trends in the production of green hydrogen. • Using photosynthetic methods to produce biofuels. • Polymer production uses carbon dioxide and green hydrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this paper is to show that international peer review can work in China's context with satisfactory outcomes. Moreover, this paper also provides a reference for the practice of science and technology management. This paper starts with a discussion of two critical questions about the significance and design of international peer review. A case study of international peer review of CAS Centers for Excellence is further analyzed. International peer review may provide a solution to address the problem of quantitative oriented research evaluation in China. The case study of research evaluation of CAS Centers for Excellence shows that it is possible and feasible to conduct an international peer review in China's context. When applying this approach to other scenarios, there are still many issues to consider including individualized design of international peer review combined with practical demands, and further improvement of theories and methods of international peer review. 1) Only the case of international peer review of CAS Centers for Excellence is analyzed; 2) A relatively small number of respondents were surveyed in the questionnaire. The work presented in this study can be used as a reference for future studies. Currently, there are no similarly detailed studies exploring the significance and methodology of international peer review in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landslide susceptibility assessment (LSA) is a significant part of landslide research, which plays an important role in preventing landslide disasters. It has gained an increasing attention in both the academic and practice fields for the past two decades. However, there have been few bibliometric analyses on this topic, although bibliometric analysis can inspire future researchers by exploring the overall characteristics of the published literature. This article aims at collecting and analyzing the information of the abstracts, authors, institutions, countries, journals, funds, and keywords of the recent 4,732 papers published from 1999 to 2021 in Web of Science (www.webofscience.com). In particular, latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA), a machine learning and text analysis method, is utilized to analyze the abstract of each article to identify the hottest research topics related to LSA. The results revealed that: (1) The amount of annual publications related to LSA generally shows an increasing trend, which accounts for about 22% of the total landslide publications in 2021; (2) The author of Pradhan B, the institution of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the country of China, the journal of Natural Hazards and the funding agency of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, are the productive performers in each aspect of LSA; and (3) Machine learning methods have gained a rapid increase in LSA in recent five years, which have become the most popular research topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The factors influencing precipitation in western China are quite complex, which increases the difficulty in determining accurate predictors. Hence, this paper models the monthly measured precipitation data from 240 meteorological stations in mainland China and the precipitation data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts and the National Climate Centre and employs 88 atmospheric circulation indices to develop a precipitation prediction scheme. Specifically, a high-quality grid-point field is created by fusing and revising the precipitation data from multiple sources. This field is combined with the Empirical Orthogonal Function decomposition and the causal information flow. Next, the best predictors are screened through Empirical Orthogonal Function decomposition and causal information flow, and a data-driven precipitation prediction model is established using a Back Propagation Neural Network and a Random Forest algorithm to conduct the 1-month, 3-month, and 6-month precipitation predictions. The results show that: The machine learning-based precipitation prediction model has high accuracy and is generally able to predict the precipitation trend in the western region better. The Random Forest algorithm significantly outperforms the Back Propagation Neural Network algorithm in the prediction of the three starting times, and the prediction ability of both models gradually decreases as the starting time increases. Compared with the 2022 flood season prediction scores of the Institute of Atmospheric Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the model improves the prediction of 1-month and 3-month precipitation in the western region and provides a new idea for the short-term climate prediction of precipitation in western China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the most serious health issues facing trees, the occurrence of decay and hollowing not only reduces the stability and quality of living trees but also leads to the deterioration of their eco-physiological functions, which creates great challenges to the conservation and sustainable management of forest resources. In recent years, the study of tree decay and hollow rot have attracted more and more attention from scholars at home and abroad. The relevant research results have a great significance for the prevention and control of affected living trees and the conservation and sustainable management of endangered species. However, there is a lack of systematic literature review and an insufficient understanding of research hotspots and trends in this field. This paper selects literature retrieved from the CNKI and Web of Science core databases as data sources, the number of publications, research topics, research status, hot spots, and trends, as well as the main research countries, institutions, and co-cited authors in the field of tree decay are visualized by using bibliometrics software CiteSpace (V.5.8.R3), and the current international research hotspots and development trends in this field were systematically summarized. The results showed that the number of papers in this field at home and abroad showed rapid growth in general, and the number of Chinese papers showed a slow growth after 2009. The number of papers published in English by Chinese authors was more than the number of papers published in Chinese in the field. From 2002 to 2021, the research hotspots in this field are constantly changing. Cluster analysis shows that the main themes of the relevant research are as follows: "Eastern Canada" tree species, "hydraulic vulnerability segmentation", "dead wood management", and "hydraulic safety". The advantages and disadvantages of hollow/dead wood on forest ecosystems were explored from different perspectives, providing a theoretical basis and scientific support for the forest health and sustainable management. The United States dominates the research in this field, while China is a relatively late comer but is catching up fast, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences is the most prolific publisher on this topic in China. The influence of Chinese research in this field on relevant international publications is gradually increasing. In short, the research in this field is still in the phase of rapid development, and both the breadth and depth of quantitative research are increasing. How to accurately diagnose and quantify the internal decay of tree trunks and its relationship with tree death and forest decline under the interference and pressure of climate change and human activities is still a hot and difficult issue in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Permafrost is strongly associated with human well‐being and has become a frontier of cryospheric science. Professor Guodong Cheng is one of the most outstanding geocryologists in China. He was elected as an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1993 and served as the president of the International Permafrost Association from 1993–1998. In the early 1980s, Professor Cheng proposed the hypothesis of the repeated‐segregation mechanism for the formation of thick‐layered ground ice near the permafrost table. Subsequently, in the early 2000s, he proposed the "proactive roadbed cooling" concept and led the successful development of a series of specific engineering measures that were fully applied in the Qinghai–Tibet Railway Project. Furthermore, he developed a conceptual model to describe the influences of changing permafrost on the groundwater system and discovered the "sink‐holing effect" (channeling with improved hydraulic conductivity of warming permafrost). Professor Cheng has also developed theories on the three‐dimensional zonation and proposed a classification system and an altitude model for high‐altitude permafrost distribution. On this special occasion of Professor Cheng's 80th birthday, this paper summarizes his outstanding achievements on permafrost science, hoping the permafrost research community will carry forward the momentum to further advance permafrost science worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the perspective of the social history of science and transnational history, this paper reviewed the development of the Institute of Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IGCAS), rather than focusing on its scientific achievements. Before the 1950s, the discipline of geophysics in China, except for the branch of meteorology, had a very weak foundation, and few researchers were engaged in it. The systematic development of geophysics began with the establishment of IGCAS. In this paper, the early development of IGCAS was researched thoroughly. At first, we briefly reviewed the establishment process for IGCAS. After being promoted by the desire of scientists to develop big geophysics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) integrated scattered academic forces, which included geomagnetism and geophysical exploration, to establish the IGCAS. The IGCAS was based on the Institute of Meteorology of Academia Sinica in the Republic of China era. After that, we summarized work done by IGCAS in the development of geophysics from the 1950s to 1966, the year in which the Cultural Revolution began. We focused on policy support, adjustment of organizational structure, and scientific capacity building, when China was facing an isolated international diplomatic environment, continuous domestic political movements, and an austere social economy. Then, to bolster the development of geophysics in China, the slogan of "Missions Drive Disciplines", which was instilled and implemented by the Chinese scientific community, was introduced briefly. The scientific development of the IGCAS and typical examples in several branches of geophysics, which included atmospheric science, seismology, space physics, and other fields, were systematically summarized and benchmarked to the international academic level. We then summarized the basic research on geophysics carried out by the institute in economic construction and national defense. Finally, the experience and lessons in the development of this institute and its effect on geophysics in China were explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For an unbalanced cooperative game, its grand coalition can be stabilized by some instruments, such as subsidization and penalization, that impose new cost terms to certain coalitions. In this paper, we study an alternative instrument, referred to as cost adjustment, that does not need to impose any new coalition-specific cost terms. Specifically, our approach is to adjust existing cost coefficients of the game under which (i) the game becomes balanced so that the grand coalition becomes stable, (ii) a desired way of cooperation is optimal for the grand coalition to adopt, and (iii) the total cost to be shared by the grand coalition is within a prescribed range. Focusing on a broad class of cooperative games, known as integer minimization games, we formulate the problem on how to optimize the cost adjustment as a constrained inverse optimization problem. We prove NP -hardness and derive easy-to-check feasibility conditions for the problem. Based on two linear programming reformulations, we develop two solution algorithms. One is a cutting-plane algorithm, which runs in polynomial time when the corresponding separation problem is polynomial time solvable. The other needs to explicitly derive all the inequalities of a linear program, which runs in polynomial time when the linear program contains only a polynomial number of inequalities. We apply our models and solution algorithms to two typical unbalanced games, including a weighted matching game and an uncapacitated facility location game, showing that their optimal cost adjustments can be obtained in polynomial time. History: Accepted by Area Editor Andrea Lodi for Design & Analysis of Algorithms—Discrete. Funding: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grants 72022018 and 72091210]; the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong SAR, China [Grant 16210020]; Hong Kong Polytechnic University [Grant P0032007]; and the Youth Innovation Promotion Association, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Grant 2021454]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/ijoc.2022.0268. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-hosted by Tsinghua University, ICOMOS China, Tsinghua Heritage Institute for Digitization, and Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, the CIPA2021 symposium (28th biennial symposium of the international scientific committee for documentation of cultural heritage) was held online successfully at Tsinghua University during August 28th to September 1st, 2021. This is the first time CIPA held a biennial symposium in mainland of China and in online format since its establishment in 1968. The theme of the symposium is "Great Learning & Digital Emotion". During the 5-day online symposium, opening ceremony & keynote-speech session-1, education session, outstanding youth forum, 12 sub-theme forums, and keynote-speech session-2 & closing ceremony were organized, which included 130 more presentations and attracted more than 1,000 online participants from more than 30 countries on five continents to conduct academic exchanges and seminars.Among all the presentations, four of them are keynote speeches. These include: 1) "deep learning for cultural heritage" by Professor Christian Heipke (President of ISPRS), 2) "space technology in support of world heritage" by Professor Huadong Guo (Academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences), 3) "digital culture heritage and territorial spatial planning — China's practice and perspective" by Professor Jun Chen (Academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering), and 4) "documentation — foundation of any heritage policy" by Professor Teresa Patrício (President of ICOMOS). Besides these keynotes, all other 120 more presentations are selected from the publication papers of ISPRS Annals and Archives.The progress and prospects of research and practice of digital cultural heritage all over the world can be summarized as theory, technology, and method of CHIM that will be described as follows. Basically, CHIM refers of Cultural Heritage Information Modelling. However, based on CIPA2021 symposium and the paper publications, CHIM is not just Modelling and Model, but the current progress and future prospects of digital cultural heritage research and practice, such as "C" represents Collection, Collaboration, Coordination, and Conference; "H" represents High-Speed, High-Quality, High-Tech. and High-Education; "I" represents Integration, Interpret, International, and Intelligent; and "M" represents Multi-Classes, Methodology, Multidisciplinary, and Management. And all of the aspects are included into the following table (see Table 1) and it is clear that CHIM is not only a Model for documentation but also a platform for future intelligent conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Question: Do distinct subpopulations of decidual stromal cells (DSCs) exist and if so, are given subpopulations enriched in recurrent miscarriage (RM)?Summary Answer: Three subpopulations of DSCs were identified from which inflammatory DSCs (iDSCs) and glycolytic DSCs (glyDSCs) are significantly enriched in RM, with implicated roles in driving decidual inflammation and immune dysregulation.What Is Known Already: DSCs play crucial roles in establishing and maintaining a successful pregnancy; dysfunction of DSCs has been considered as one of the key reasons for the development of RM.Study Design, Size, Duration: We collected 15 early decidual samples from five healthy donors (HDs) and ten RM patients to perform single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). A total of 43 RM patients and 37 HDs were enrolled in the validation cohort.Participants/materials, Setting, Methods: Non-immune cells and immune cells of decidual tissues were sorted by flow cytometry to perform scRNA-seq. We used tissue microarrays (TMA) to validate three distinct subpopulations of DSCs. The expression of inflammatory and glycolytic proteins by DSCs was validated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC). Different subsets of decidual NK (dNK) cells and macrophages were also validated by multicolor flow cytometry and mIHC. Cell ligand-receptor and spatial analyses between DSCs and immune cells were analyzed by mIHC.Main Results and the Role Of Chance: We classify the DSCs into three subtypes based on scRNA-seq data: myofibroblastic (myDSCs), inflammatory (iDSCs) and glycolytic (glyDSCs), with the latter two being significantly enriched in RM patients. The distribution patterns of DSC subtypes in the RM and HD groups were validated by mIHC. Single-cell analyses indicate that the differentiation of iDSCs and glyDSCs may be coupled with the degrees of hypoxia. Consequently, we propose a pathological model in which a vicious circle is formed and fueled by hypoxic stress, uncontrolled inflammation and aberrant glycolysis. Furthermore, our results show that the inflammatory SPP1+ macrophages and CD18+ dNK cells are preferentially increased in the decidua of RM patients. Cell ligand-receptor and mIHC spatial analyses uncovered close interactions between pathogenic DSCs and inflammatory SPP1+ macrophages and CD18+ NK cells in RM patients.Large Scale Data: The raw single-cell sequence data reported in this paper were deposited at the National Omics Data Encyclopedia (www.biosino.org), under the accession number OEP002901.Limitations, Reasons For Caution: The number of decidual samples for scRNA-seq was limited and in-depth functional studies on DSCs are warranted in future studies.Wider Implications Of the Findings: Identification of three DSC subpopulations opens new avenues for further investigation of their roles in RM patients.Study Funding/competing Interest(s): This study was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program (No. XDB29030302), Frontier Science Key Research Project (QYZDB-SSW-SMC036), Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFE0200600), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31770960), Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (No. 2019SHZDZX02, HS2021SHZX001), and Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology (17411967800). All authors report no conflict of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider optimization problems over closed embedded submanifolds of Rn , which are defined by the constraints c(x) = 0. We propose a class of constraint-dissolving approaches for these Riemannian optimization problems. In these proposed approaches, solving a Riemannian optimization problem is transferred into the unconstrained minimization of a constraint-dissolving function (CDF). Different from existing exact penalty functions, the exact gradient and Hessian of CDF are easy to compute. We study the theoretical properties of CDF and prove that the original problem and CDF have the same first-order and second-order stationary points, local minimizers, and Łojasiewicz exponents in a neighborhood of the feasible region. Remarkably, the convergence properties of our proposed constraint-dissolving approaches can be directly inherited from the existing rich results in unconstrained optimization. Therefore, the proposed constraint-dissolving approaches build up short cuts from unconstrained optimization to Riemannian optimization. Several illustrative examples further demonstrate the potential of our proposed constraint-dissolving approaches. Funding: The research of N. Xiao and K.-C. Toh is supported by the Ministry of Education of Singapore Academic Research Fund Tier 3 [Grant MOE-2019-T3-1-010]. The research of X. Liu is supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grants 12125108, 11971466, 12288201, 12021001, and 11991021]; the National Key R&D Program of China [Grants 2020YFA0711900 and 2020YFA0711904]; and the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Grant ZDBS-LY-7022]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nuclear physics has been aiming at understanding of the origin, structure, and property of strongly interacting matters, which constitute nearly all visible matter in the universe. Despite tremendous breakthroughs and achievements over the past century, there still exists overarching questions that animate nuclear physics today and incite constructing next-generation heavy-ion accelerator complexes worldwide. In order to promote the national development of heavy-ion science and technology, China government approved the high-intensity heavy-ion accelerator facility (HIAF) in 2015, proposed by the Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. HIAF is composed of a superconducting ion linear accelerator, a high-energy synchrotron booster, a high-energy radioactive isotope beam line, an experimental storage ring, and a few experimental setups. By using HIAF characterized with unprecedented intense ion beams from hydrogen through uranium, we can produce a large variety of exotic nuclear matters not normally found on the Earth, including super-heavy nuclides, short-lived extremely neutron-rich and proton-rich nuclides, finite nuclear matters in the quantum chromodynamics phase diagram, exotic nuclides containing hyperons, meson-nucleus-bound systems, and highly charged ions. Therefore, HIAF will bring researchers to the forefront of promoting the most vigorous and fascinating fields in nuclear physics, such as to explore the limits to the existence of nuclides in terms of proton and neutron numbers, to discover exotic nuclear structure and properties and then to study the physics behind, to understand the origin of heavy elements in the cosmos, to depict the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter, etc. In addition, HIAF will provide an excellent platform to develop heavy-ion applications in life science, space science, and material science. The construction of HIAF started up in December of 2018 and takes 7 years. The civil engineering and infrastructure are being constructed on time schedule and will be completed in July, 2023. R&D on key accelerator techniques are going on successfully, and prototypes of core devices are fabricated in collaboration with home and abroad universities, institutes, and companies. Presently, we come to the stage of invitation for bids and volume production of various apparatuses. We plan to start facility installation in summer of 2023. As a scientific user facility opening to domestic and oversea researchers, HIAF user community plays key roles in defining research programs and raising requirements. We call upon expertise, aspirations, and resources of a host of collaborators. Collaborations, dedicated to specific research subjects, are established and will be established. These collaborations develop new experimental techniques and methods and take responsibility for design and building of measurement systems. We have completed the design of experimental setups. A new gas-filled recoil separator and a novel storage-ring-based isochronous mass spectrometer are already built, and other measurement systems are under construction. The facility commissioning is scheduled at the end in the year of 2025. After into operation of the 2.5 billion Chinese yuan HIAF, this world-class facility will ensure the nation's continued competitiveness in heavy-ion physics and technology through provision of outstanding discovery potential. Based on HIAF, we aim at establishing a world's leading laboratory for research and education in nuclear science, accelerator physics and technology, and applications of energetic heavy ions to meet societal needs. In this paper, progress and status of civil engineering and infrastructure construction of HIAF are introduced, R&D on critical accelerator techniques and prototypes of core devices as well as development of new experimental techniques and methods are presented, and design and construction of experimental setups and the associated physics research programs are briefly depicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Drylands cover 41% of the Earth's surface (6 billion ha), where approximately 2 billion people live. In this study, we performed a bibliometric analysis of the evolution, collaboration, and trends of global soil science research on drylands. Methods: We have used the papers on soil science in global drylands indexed in the Web of Science (WoS) data platform in the last 50 years (1970–2019). Results: According to our results, a total of 31,304 scientific papers on the subject were published worldwide, following an exponential growth (R2 = 0.9413) over time. USA (26.2%), China (19.3%), and Australia (9.2%) were the most productive countries, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (10.0%) and USDA (5.8%) were the institutions with the greatest contributions. Our results indicated a predominance of scientific collaboration between European countries with African and South American countries and an intense scientific collaboration between the most productive countries (USA, China, and Australia). Journal of Arid Environments had the highest number of publications on the subject (3.0%), and soil biology, especially biological crusts, is probably the main research front of soil science studies on drylands. Conclusion: Our results confirm the evolution of global soil science research on drylands over the past 50 years and confirm the multidisciplinary nature of this area of knowledge, with greater participation of studies focused on food production, but with a strong presence of studies related to environmental sciences, ecology, and water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. This study aims to evaluate the changes of development trends and research hotspots of biomaterials research from 2013 to 2017, which can identify the general information of papers and explore the changes of research content, thus providing perspectives for the development of biomaterials in China and other countries. Methods. Data of the paper were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection, and then analyzed by the bibliometric and CiteSpace visualization analysis. Results. It was found that a total of 3,839 related papers had been published from the year 2013 to 2017. The analysis of the articles showed that the annual quantity and quality of the articles in the biomaterials research have been increasing since 2013, and the Wang L / Chinese Academy of Sciences were the most productive author/institution. Meanwhile, the keywords “in vitro”, “scaffold”, “nanoparticle”, “mechanical property”, and “biocompatibility” have the relatively higher frequency, and the keywords “apatite”, “deposition”, and “surface modification” have the strongest burst citation. Conclusions. After statistics and analysis, we found that biomaterials is a promising research field. The study may be helpful in understanding research trends in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Question: Is it possible to evaluate the methylome of individual oocytes to investigate the DNA methylome alterations in metaphase II (MII) oocytes with reduced embryo developmental potential?Summary Answer: The DNA methylome of each human first polar body (PB1) closely mirrored that of its sibling MII oocyte; hypermethylated long interspersed nuclear element (LINE) and long terminal repeats (LTRs) and methylation aberrations in PB1 promoter regions may indicate poor embryo development.What Is Known Already: The developmental potential of an embryo is determined by the oocyte's developmental competence, and the PB1 is a good substitute to examine the chromosomal status of the corresponding oocyte. However, DNA methylation, a key epigenetic modification, also regulates gene expression and embryo development.Study Design, Size, Duration: Twelve pairs of PB1s and sibling MII oocytes were biopsied and sequenced to compare their methylomes. To further investigate the methylome of PB1s and the potential epigenetic factors that may affect oocyte quality, MII oocytes (n = 74) were fertilized through ICSI, while PB1s were biopsied and profiled to measure DNA methylation. The corresponding embryos were further cultured to track their development potential. The oocytes and sperm samples used in this study were donated by healthy volunteers with signed informed consent.Participants/materials, Setting, Methods: Single-cell methylome sequencing was applied to obtain the DNA methylation profiles of PB1s and oocytes. The DNA methylome of PB1s was compared between the respective group of oocytes that progressed to blastocysts and the group of oocytes that failed to develop. DNA methylation levels of corresponding regions and differentially methylated regions were calculated using customized Perl and R scripts. RNA-seq data were downloaded from a previously published paper and reanalysed.Main Results and the Role Of Chance: The results from PB1-MII oocyte pair validated that PB1 contains nearly the same methylome (average Pearson correlation is 0.92) with sibling MII oocyte. LINE and LTR expression increased markedly after fertilization. Moreover, the DNA methylation levels in LINE (including LINE1 and LINE2) and LTR were significantly higher in the PB1s of embryos that could not reach the blastocyst stage (Wilcoxon-Matt-Whitney test, P < 0.05). DNA methylation in PB1 promoters correlated negatively with gene expression of MII oocyte. Regarding the methylation status of the promoter regions, 66 genes were hypermethylated in the developmental arrested group, with their related functions (significantly enriched in several Gene Ontology terms) including transcription, positive regulation of adenylate cyclase activity, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and intracellular oestrogen receptor signalling pathway.Large Scale Data: N/A.Limitations, Reasons For Caution: Data analysis performed in this study focused on the competence of human oocytes and compared them with maternal genetic and epigenetic profiles. Therefore, data regarding the potential regulatory roles of paternal genomes in embryo development are lacking.Wider Implications Of the Findings: The results from PB1-oocyte pairs demonstrated that PB1s shared similar methylomes with their sibling oocytes. The selection of the good embryos for transfer should not only rely on morphology but also consider the DNA methylation of the corresponding PB1 and therefore MII oocyte. The application of early-stage analysis of PB1 offers an option for high-quality oocyte and embryo selection, which provides an additional tool for elective single embryo transfer in assisted reproduction.Study Funding/competing Interest(s): This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFC1004003, 2017YFA0103801), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81730038, 3187144, 81521002) and the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA16020703). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) tomography (TomoSAR) technique can eliminate severe overlap in 2D images, and improve target recognition and 3D modeling capabilities, which has become an important trend in SAR development. In recent years, rapid progress has been made and various algorithms were proposed. The Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences produced the first airborne array TomoSAR system in China. In this paper an airborne TomoSAR experiment using this system and the overall processing flow considering the characteristics of this system are introduced. So far, most of the 3D imaging algorithms used in TomoSAR processing are conducted pixel by pixel, which ignore the structural connections among adjacent pixels. The results will be corrupted by outliers and artifacts due to noise or other uncertainties during processing. To solve this problem, the contextual information of SAR images are explored and utilized by means of the Local Gaussian Markov Random Field (LGMRF) in our 3D reconstruction method. Comparisons with traditional methods are presented to verify the effectiveness of proposed method. The overall processing methods are applied to the data acquired in this experiment and a large scale urban 3D point cloud is obtained, which verifies the ability of the entire system in 3D imaging. This paper presents both the algorithms and experimental results of airborne TomoSAR system, which will contribute in several ways to our understanding of SAR 3D imaging and provide a basis for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms like fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and aquatic plants, which has become a crucial source of protein and income. However, bacterial infections pose a significant challenge to the aquaculture industry and traditional treatments, such as antibiotics and chemicals, have limitations and environmental concerns. Disease prevention and control measures, such as the use of probiotics, vaccines, and biosecurity measures, are essential for the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry. Further research is also needed to develop more effective and sustainable strategies for the prevention and control of bacterial fish pathogens in aquaculture, where alternative treatments such as herbal extracts, essential oils, and probiotics require further investigation for efficacy and safety. Microalgae, particularly Chlorella, have potential applications in various industries such as biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and wastewater treatment. However, their large-scale production and commercialization face challenges. Safety of Chlorella to fish is a crucial issue that requires careful evaluation, with hematology being an essential tool to assess its effects on fish health and physiology. Studies show that Chlorella is safe for fish and does not have adverse effects on growth, survival, or immune system function. Chlorella is a safe and sustainable option for aquaculture, free from harmful chemicals and antibiotics. The Green Water System utilizes Chlorella as a natural filter and nutrient recycler, improving water quality and providing a well-balanced diet for aquatic animals. This eco-friendly approach also enhances fish immune systems, growth rates, and survival rates. The scientometric review shows significant research activity, with Chang JS being a prominent author and People's R China and the Chinese Academy of Sciences leading in contributions. The use of Chlorella shows promise as an alternative treatment for bacterial fish pathogens in aquaculture due to its antibacterial properties, safety, and sustainability. However, challenges such as cost-effectiveness and standardization need to be addressed for successful implementation in the aquaculture industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate economic development in the digital economy and uncover trends and insights that might contribute to future research. Furthermore, the study, examining English-language publications from 2000 to 2023 in the Web of Science Core Collection, employs bibliometric and content analysis to statistically evaluate the field of economic development in the digital economy. Co-citation, co-authorship, and bibliographical coupling analyses revealed China, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), and "Sustainability" as the leading influencers in terms of country, institution, and journal, respectively. Five key themes emerged: (1) the interplay between digital technologies and economic growth, (2) leveraging digital tools for businesses, (3) the applications and impacts of diverse digital technologies across sectors, (4) the broader social implications of the digital economy, and (5) government policies for fostering digital economic progress. The study concludes by proposing avenues for further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Engineering Geology / Gongcheng Dizhi Xuebao is the property of Journal of Engineering Geology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Chih-chen Wang is a distinguished biochemist and molecular biologist, and an Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). From 2008 to 2013, she was a vice chairperson of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). As a young researcher, Wang participated in research on insulin. Since the 1990s, she has been focusing on the study of protein folding, and has initiated a new research area of isomerase and molecular chaperones in China. In this interview, Chih-chen Wang elaborates on the social responsibility of scientists by drawing on both her scientific research and CPPCC experience. In Wang's view, what China really needs are intellectuals with independent thinking and strong social responsibility, who are able to provide the government valuable advice and communicate with the public to increase society's scientific literacy. She also hopes that female scientists can be more confident and gain greater attention and support from society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the gradual development and competition among enterprises, the products of motion control system are diversified and the performance difference is bigger. The technology of motion control system is monopolized by a few foreign professional manufacturers. The development of motion controller in China is relatively late, and the number with independent research and development ability is still in the minority. Compared with foreign countries, some developed countries still restrict the export of high-end products to China. This paper will use Loongson 3A3000 processor to realize open motion controller. Loongson series processor is a general domestic processor developed by Institute of computing technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. It uses MIPS instruction system. At present, Loongson is gradually catching up with and surpassing the world advanced level. The communication module of motion controller uses EtherCAT real-time Ethernet, which has the characteristics of high efficiency, flexible topology and short refresh cycle. At present, there are few cases of open motion controller based on domestic CPU Loongson, which provides a typical case for independent innovation in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to clarify the research status, hot spots and development trend in the field of conversion of carbon dioxide, a large amount of literature data set in the scientific network database was analyzed by bibliometrics. Through the statistical analysis of the publication data, it is observed that China's publishing industry has entered a rapid development stage: the comprehensive strength ranks the first in the world, the volume of publications is the largest, and the influence is also greater. The most productive journal and institution are Applied Catalysis B-Environmental and Chinese Academy of Sciences. In addition, the research status and problems of the photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide are briefly introduced. Finally, according to the analysis results and the existing problems, the future development of photocatalytic CO2 conversion is underway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the material of the genus Ampharete Malmgren, 1866 from China Seas (Annelida: Ampharetidae) deposited in the collections of the Marine Biological Museum of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (MBMCAS) is reviewed and previous identifications reassessed. In total, four species were found among all specimens examined. Material previously attributed to A. acutifrons (Grube, 1860) and A. arctica Malmgren, 1866 had been misidentified and is now confirmed as belonging to A. lindstroemi Hessle, 1917 and A. finmarchica (Sars, 1865), respectively; the presence of A. falcata Eliason, 1955 is also confirmed; A. orientalis (Annenkova, 1929) is recorded for the first time from China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Korean History of Science Society (KHSS), founded in 1960, celebrates the 60th anniversary in 2020. During the past 60 years, the history of science in premodern Korea has achieved great success in various fields. Now it is the time to ponder on the future of the field on the basis of the previous accomplishments. This paper discusses the problems and issues that should be considered in the future study of the history of science in premodern Korea. First task is to establish a system of disciplines in the history of science of Premodern Korea. To achieve this, each scholar in the fields, such as the history of astronomy and calendrical science, the history of mathematics, the history of geography, and the history of medicine, are required to consider the ways of diachronic organization consistent to one's own thesis. Secondly, regarding the "China Problem," it is urgent to analyze the recent trends and works in the history of science in China. A close academic review is especially necessary for A History of Science and Technology in China, which was directed and compiled by the Institute for the History of Natural Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Thirdly, the environmental aspects of human living, including natural disasters and diseases, need more attention for expanding the areas of research. The study of environmental history has grown quantitatively since the late 1990s. The interactions between human history and the environments and people's thoughts and actions on environments should be incorporated into the research of the history of science. The fourth issue is related to survey of the cultural heritages related to science and technology. The KHSS has carried out some projects since the early 1980s and seen remarkable achievements: enhancement of public understanding of the cultural heritages of science and increase in research and restoration works. Now the KHSS needs to pursue critical reevaluations of the previous achievements, as well as the further application of scientific heritage for research and education. Lastly, the systematic assessments of the primary sources of the history of science in premodern Korea is essential. It is required to collect, organize, and annotate, as well as to question the problems of translation of, the bibliographic sources such as historical books, the books on science, and Han-yi-xi-xue-shu(漢譯西學書, the different kinds of books which were written in Chinese characters about western books of Catholicism, science and technology). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Institute of Modern Physics (IMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences is the first domestic institute to widely apply solid-state power amplifier (SSPA) to linear accelerator project from China Accelerator Driven Sub-critical System (C-ADS) project started since 2011. Until now, SSPA design has already been considered for two large-scale scientific facilities in Guangdong Province of southeast China: China initiative Accelerator Driven System (CiADS) and High Intensity Heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF). The SSPA was developed rapidly due to the reliable technologies of LDMOS-based (laterally diffused metal oxide semiconductor) power amplifiers. With the maturation of GaN (Gallium Nitride) technology, GaN-based amplifiers have been studied in the field of accelerators since 2020. Last year, IMP made new progress with GaN SSPA, measuring power modules at three fundamental frequency points of 162.5 MHz, 325 MHz, and 650 MHz. The first 50 kW rack with GaN SSPA was measured at 650 MHz in IMP, and its modules offer huge advantages of 40% output power and 8% efficiency compared to the newest LDMOS at the same frequency, which holds a fascination for our project. Until the beginning of 2023, the prototype power modules on three frequency points were completed and tested. This paper will detail the design development of GaN technology and its technical characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest ecological products are closely related to ecological balance, and an in-depth understanding of the development dynamics of these products is crucial to the realization of sustainable development that integrates ecological, economic, and social benefits. Based on the Web of Science (WOS) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases, this study conducted a comprehensive econometric analysis of the number of articles, journals, research institutions, author collaborations, research hotspots, and research trends of forest ecological products globally during the period of 2003–2023 with the help of CiteSpace software (Philadelphia, PA, USA). The study's results revealed the following insights: (1) The research on forest ecological products in recent years showed a general upward trend, but the research interest in foreign countries was higher than that in China. (2) The literature within the WOS database primarily focused on the field of ecology, whereas the literature in the CNKI database predominantly emphasized the field of forestry. (3) In both databases, the Chinese Academy of Sciences was the organization with the highest number of articles. Globally, Chinese institutions had the largest proportion of articles issued. The high percentage of articles issued by specialized agricultural and forestry schools in China showed clear domain relevance. (4) In both databases, author collaborations were relatively decentralized, and no significant core group of authors had been formed. (5) The research hotspots in foreign countries focused on the ecological regulation of forest ecological products, while the research hotspots in China focused on the realization of the economic value of forest ecological products. (6) "Machine learning", "river basin", and "health" are the future research frontiers in foreign countries, while "ecological function" and "forest ecosystem service" are the future research frontiers in China. The results of both databases indicate that the sustainability of forest ecological products is a research trend for the coming period. Finally, the outlook for future research on forest eco-products is presented in four aspects: promoting the establishment of a unified international standard certification system for forest eco-products, developing diversified products, strengthening the function of policy support and guidance, and establishing national partnerships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese Accelerator Driven Sub-critical system (C-ADS) Injector-I is designed and constructed by the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in Beijing, China. The test cryomodule (TCM), housing two 325 MHz spoke cavities and two solenoids and operating at 2 K, has been designed, assembled and commissioned since the beginning of 2012. The C-ADS Injector-I linac with the TCM successfully accelerated the proton beam to 3.68 MeV with the peak current of 10.1 mA in pulse mode. It is the world's first prototype of spoke cavity cryomodule with beam, and is an important step in the qualification of the cryomodule before series productions. This paper describes the detail of the design, operation and thermal performances of the prototype cryomodule. The analysis takes into account the heat loads of the main components (support posts, multilayer insulation and cavities) at various cryogenic temperature levels. The estimated heat loads of the cryomodule have been compared with the available experimental measurements, and the cryogenic deformations by simulation is verified by the experimental measurements by the wire position monitors (WPMs). The operation experiences including the cool down, alignment and heat load measurement are reported. • The 325 MHz spoke cavity prototype cryomodule has been designed, assembled and commissioned. • The thermal performance of the bottom-supported cryomodule has been proved firstly worldwide. • The cryomodule can be in a stable operation at 2 K and 31 mbar with beam. • The operation experiences including the cool down, alignment and measurement of heat loads are reported. • The linac with cryomodule had been accelerated successfully to 3.68 MeV@10.1 mA in pulse mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese Accelerator Facility for Super-heavy Elements (CAFe) was designed by the Linear Accelerator Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IMP), and is currently in regular operation. As a national science facility, it plays a significant role in the development of accelerator technology in China. This paper presents a detailed description of a new beam automatic recovery control system that was proposed, designed, and implemented by our team for CAFe. The entire project, including hardware and software construction, was completed in January 2021. The hardware consists of a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) based master–slave control board, while the software implementation was carried out using a combination of Python and Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS). The system can effectively and reliably perform required actions based on different beam situations, and also enables automatic machine protection. • The hardware logic of the machine protection system has been redesigned. • Improving the intelligence of the beam experiment process by automatic recovery. • Beam availability has increased by over 90%, while maintaining system reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese Meridian Project (CMP) is devoted to establishing a comprehensive ground-based monitoring network for China's space weather research. CMP is a major national science and technology infrastructure project with the participation of more than 10 research institutions and universities led by the National Space Science Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. CMP is planned to be constructed in two phases: CMP phases I and II. The first phase (CMP-I) started construction in 2008 and completed in 2012, after which it entered the operation stage. The 10-year observation of CMP-I has made significant scientific discoveries and achievements in the research fields of the middle and upper atmospheric fluctuations, metal layers in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, ionospheric disturbances and irregularities, geomagnetic disturbances, and influences of solar activity. The review summarizes the main observations and research achievements, space weather forecast modeling and methods based on CMP-I over the past 10 years, and presents a future extension perspective along with the construction of CMP-II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cavity ring-down spectroscopy is reported, which is suitable for cesium feeding on high power RF ion source. • Cavity ring-down spectroscopy gives a comprehensive evolution information of negative ion density. • Density of hydrogen negative ions increased from 6.3E15 m−3 to 1.8E16 m−3, about 2.8 times at the first cesium feeding. • The best density of hydrogen negative ions is up to 3.4 E16 m−3 under the 50 kW RF power discharge, after ten days of condition up. From September 2017, an advance study project of Negative ion-based Neutral Beam Injection (NNBI) prototype for the China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) was supported by the ministry of science and technology of China. The entire test facility will be integrated at Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ASIPP). In order to meet requirement of the development of negative ion based neutral beam injection system for CFETR, a negative ion source test facility with radio frequency source is being built. At the same time, cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) is employed for measurement of negative ion density. CRDS is an ultrasensitive absorption diagnostic technique for density measurement. Based on photo-detachment process of hydrogen negative ions, CRDS can measure integrated line-of-sight density of hydrogen negative ions in high power ion source. In this paper, the principle of CRDS diagnostic system has been introduced. Based on previous tests, the system setup and improvement are mentioned. In this paper, typical ring-down signals and time evolution of density of hydrogen negative ions are reported. With the first time cesium seeding, density of hydrogen negative ions increased obviously. It increased from 6.3E15 m−3 to 1.8E16 m−3, about 2.8 times under the 40 kW RF power discharge. Several days condition up, the density of hydrogen negative ions is up to 3.4 E16 m−3 under the 50 kW RF power discharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) has been one of the most efficient and widely used technologies to remove nitrogen oxides (NOx). SCR research has developed rapidly in recent years, which can be reflected by the dramatic increase of related academic publications. Herein, based on the 10,627 documents from 2001 to 2020 in Web of Science, the global research landscape and hotspots in SCR are investigated based on a comprehensive bibliometric analysis. The results show that SCR research has developed positively; the annul number of articles increase sharply from 246 in 2001 to 1092 in 2020. People's Republic of China and Chinese Academy of Sciences are the most productive country and institution, respectively. The global collaboration is extensive and frequent, while People's Republic of China and USA have the most frequent research cooperation. Applied Catalysis B-Environmental is the leading publication source with 711 records. Five major research areas on SCR are identified and elaborated, including catalyst, reductant, deactivation, mechanism, and others. Zeolite is the most widely studied SCR catalyst, while copper, silver, platinum, and iron are the most popular metal elements in catalyst. Ammonia (NH3) is dominated among various SCR reductants, while hydrocarbon reductant has gained more attention. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and vapor are the two most concerned factors leading to catalyst deactivation, and catalyst regeneration is also an important research topic. Density functional theory (DFT), in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and kinetics are the most widely used methods to conduct mechanism study. The studies on "low temperature," "atomic-scale insight," "elemental mercury," "situ DIRFTS investigation," "arsenic poisoning," "SPOA-34," "Cu-CHA catalyst," "TiO2 catalyst," and "Ce catalyst" have been the hotspots in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Questions: Interannual precipitation changes, both in amount and frequency, are expected to increase due to climate change, and these changes could dramatically affect the structure and function of ecosystems. However, how plant life‐forms and dominant species regulate the plant community structure after precipitation changes remains unclear. Location: Gaolan Experiment Station for Ecology and Agriculture Research of the Northwest Eco‐Environment and Resources Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, located in the desert grassland of the western Loess Plateau, China. Methods: To investigate the effect of precipitation changes on the growth of communities, life‐forms, and species, we used rain shelters and irrigation to create a variety of precipitation gradients (i.e., −40%, −20%, 0% [= CK, i.e., control treatment], +20%, +40% of ambient precipitation) in desert grasslands from 2014 to 2015. Results: The plant community density, coverage, and height were significantly decreased in the −40% treatment compared to CK. In contrast, species richness, Shannon–Wiener index, and Pielous' evenness did not respond significantly to the precipitation treatment. In addition, at the level of life‐forms, the density of perennial herbaceous plants was significantly increased by the +40% treatment in 2015, while the richness and density of annual herb were significantly inhibited by extreme drought. The effect on the shrub growth index of increasing and decreasing precipitation compared to the CK was insignificant. Furthermore, at the level of species, the growth of dominant species was obviously suppressed by the −40% and +40% treatment in 2015. However, the positive effect of the +40% treatment on the growth of rare species reached significant levels in 2015. Also, the change in precipitation did not have a significant effect on the growth of companion species. Dominant species primarily drove the response of community‐level plant growth to precipitation changes over the three‐year study period. Conclusion: The response of plant community composition to changes in precipitation in desert grassland is largely regulated by changes in the composition of the dominant species. This finding could also provide a better prediction of the effects of extreme drought on desert grassland plant communities in the scenarios of future global climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The third generation of China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS-3) began to provide global services on 27 December, 2018. Differential code bias (DCB) is one of the errors in precise BDS positioning and ionospheric modeling, but the impacts on BDS-2 satellites and receiver DCB are unknown after joining BDS-3 observations. In this paper, the BDS-3 DCBs are estimated and analyzed using the Multi-Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Experiment (MGEX) observations during the period of day of year (DOY) 002–031, 2019. The results indicate that the estimated BDS-3 DCBs have a good agreement with the products provided by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and Deutsche Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR). The differences between our results and the other two products are within ±0.2 ns, with Standard Deviations (STDs) of mostly less than 0.2 ns. Furthermore, the effects on satellite and receiver DCB after adding BDS-3 observations are analyzed by BDS-2 + BDS-3 and BDS-2-only solutions. For BDS-2 satellite DCB, the values of effect are close to 0, and the effect on stability of DCB is very small. In terms of receiver DCB, the value of effect on each station is related to the receiver type, but their mean value is also close to 0, and the stability of receiver DCB is better when BDS-3 observations are added. Therefore, there is no evident systematic bias between BDS-2 and BDS-2 + BDS-3 DCB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CAFe is a low- β helium/proton superconducting LINAC. It is as a demo LINAC for China initiative Accelerator-Driven System and constructed at the Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. In this paper, an off-site characterization focusing on the capacitance measurements of cold button BPMs is presented firstly. Furthermore, a signal estimation and analysis of cold button BPMs is performed with regard to two kinds of beam commissioning, helium and proton beams. A good agreement between the calculation and the measurement proves that the developed theoretical model could accurately estimate the output signal of cold button BPMs. It considers the influence of low- β effect and long cable issues. Based on the transformation of the estimated signal from the time domain to the frequency domain, it is found that the amplitude spectra of cold button BPMs expand with the energy increasing and the bunch length shortening. The amplitude at the first harmonic frequency decreases, which causes the summed values from BPM electronics to be declined in the LINAC. However, the decline in summed values is not proportional to the decreasing of beam current. This is the reason why BPMs only give relative intensity and not absolute value for low- β beams when BPMs' electronics using a narrow-band digital signal processing. These developments will be used for the cold BPM system and the fast machine protection system. It is dedicated to the driven LINAC of China initiative Accelerator-Driven System, which will deliver a 500 MeV, 5 mA proton beam in continuous wave operation mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a quantitative and qualitative bibliometric analysis based on 8740 research articles from the Web of Science Core Collection published in the last 20 years (2000–2020) for a better understanding of the research progress and development trend of arsenic pollution in freshwater (FAP). The results showed a significant increase in the number of publications from 2007 to 2020, especially after 2015. Four of the top 10 productive authors are from China. Two of the top three research institutions are from China, and the publications of Chinese Academy of Sciences accounted for 5.40% of the total. China is also the center of the national cooperation network, indicating a greater influence of China in this scientific research field. The top three journals included Science of the Total Environmental, Environmental Science Technology, and Journal of Hazardous Materials. Besides arsenic, the high-frequency keywords in this field included adsorption, contamination, groundwater, removal, detection, and geochemistry. The researchers mainly focused on the groundwater environment, as well as the pollution hazards of arsenic in water bodies, remediation techniques, detection, migration, and transformation. Studies should pay more attention to the application and development of phytoremediation technology in the field of FAP in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diamond Jubilee: This special issue is dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS). It contains four focus reviews and 28 original research articles from ICCAS researchers and collaborators. These articles showcase the broad range of high ‐ quality fundamental research in chemistry carried out at ICCAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on MOD09GA/MYD09GA surface reflectance data, a new MODIS snow-cover-extent (SCE) product from 2000 to 2020 over China has been produced by the Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources (NIEER), Chinese Academy of Sciences. The NIEER MODIS SCE product contains two preliminary clear-sky SCE datasets – Terra-MODIS and Aqua-MODIS SCE datasets and a final daily cloud-gap-filled (CGF) SCE dataset. The first two datasets are generated mainly through optimizing snow-cover discriminating rules over land-cover types, and the latter dataset is produced after a series of gap-filling processes such as aggregating the two preliminary datasets, reducing cloud gaps with adjacent information in space and time, and eliminating all gaps with auxiliary data. The validation against 362 China Meteorological Administration (CMA) stations shows that during snow seasons the overall accuracy (OA) values of the three datasets are larger than 93 %, all of the omission error (OE) values are constrained within 9 %, and all of the commission error (CE) values are constrained within 10 %. Bias values of 0.98, 1.02, and 1.03 demonstrate on a whole that there is no significant overestimation nor a significant underestimation. Based on the same ground reference data, we found that the new product accuracies are obviously higher than standard MODIS snow products, especially for Aqua-MODIS and CGF SCE. For example, compared with the CE of 23.78 % that the MYD10A1 product shows, the CE of the new Aqua-MODIS SCE dataset is 6.78 %; the OA of the new CGF SCE dataset is up to 93.15 % versus 89.54 % of MOD10A1F product and 84.36 % of MYD10A1F product. Besides, as expected, snow discrimination in forest areas is also improved significantly. An isolated validation at four forest CMA stations demonstrates that the OA has increased by 3–10 percentage points, the OE has dropped by 1–8 percentage points, and the CE has dropped by 4–21 percentage points. Therefore, our product has virtually provided more reliable snow knowledge over China; thereby, it can better serve for hydrological, climatic, environmental, and other related studies there. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China continued to gather momentum in space in 2021. With a record-breaking 55 orbital launches, the country made it again to the top of the list, ahead of the USA's 51 and Russia's 25 launches. However, nearly 90% of the Chinese launches were carried out by the state-owned Long March rocket family. In contrast, only about one-third of the US launches were made by government-funded rockets. National Science Review invited Ji Wu (吴季), an expert in space science, former director of the National Space Science Center (NSSC) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and author of The Moon Summit, Lunar Hotel and Space Tourism, to talk about the internal and external driving forces behind the emerging private space sector in China, and government policies supporting its development since 2014. Wu also shared his insights into space tourism as a gateway to space for all, as well as his concerns for the orderly competition in the global market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A synchrotron light source is familiar to many researchers. Biologists use it to determine structures of proteins and other biomacromolecules; material scientists use it to analyze internal structures of different materials; physicists use it to explore the basic matter states; and physicians use it to perform medical imaging. A high-performance synchrotron light source is often the workhorse supporting a prosperous multi-disciplinary research center. In China, that is the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF). Since its opening to users in 2009, SSRF has bred many significant scientific achievements and laid the foundation for the Shanghai Zhangjiang Cluster of Big Science Facilities. On 3 August 2021, National Science Review (NSR) interviewed Professor Zhentang Zhao, Director of the SSRF Science Center and vice president of the Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). Prof. Zhao introduced the construction and development of the synchrotron light source and X-ray free electron laser facilities in Shanghai, as well as how SSRF experiences may be valuable for big science facilities and centers now under construction in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chang'e-5 mission returned new lunar samples after the last sample mission of the Moon 44 years ago, and is also the first mission that China has completed the sampling of extraterrestrial bodies. Recently, independent teams from the Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, and the National Astronomical Observatories and the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences reported the first batch of results of Chang'e-5 lunar samples. The basic physical properties of the Chang'e-5 soil are within the range of the Apollo and Luna samples though the Chang'e-5 soil is finer-grained, better sorted, and has a slightly lower true density than the mare basalt previosuly reported. The Pb-Pb dating of U-rich minerals in the Chang'e-5 basalt clasts indicated that they formed at about 2.0 Ga, 800 million years younger than the youngest lunar sample recovered previously (2.8 Ga), confirming that lunar volcanic activity can last at least until 2 Ga. In-situ Sr-Nd isotope analyses suggested that the Chang'e-5 basalt originated from a depleted mantle source. The contribution of the KREEP component is less than 5%, which excluded the hypothesis that KREEP-rich sources provide an additional heat source for mantle melting. In addition, water contents and H isotopes of apatite and melt inclusions of the Chang'e-5 basalt suggested that the source region is not rich in water which can lower the melting point. Therefore, the reason why lunar volcanic activity can last so long is still unclear, which is a new direction for future lunar exploration and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A long-term Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) snow cover extent (SCE) product from 1981 until 2019 over China has been generated by the snow research team in the Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources (NIEER), Chinese Academy of Sciences. The NIEER AVHRR SCE product has a spatial resolution of 5 km and a daily temporal resolution, and it is a completely gap-free product, which is produced through a series of processes such as the quality control, cloud detection, snow discrimination, and gap-filling (GF). A comprehensive validation with reference to ground snow-depth measurements during snow seasons in China revealed the overall accuracy is 87.4 %, the producer's accuracy was 81.0 %, the user's accuracy was 81.3 %, and the Cohen's kappa (CK) value was 0.717. Another validation with reference to higher-resolution snow maps derived from Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) images demonstrates an overall accuracy of 87.3 %, a producer's accuracy of 86.7 %, a user's accuracy of 95.7 %, and a Cohen's kappa value of 0.695. These accuracies were significantly higher than those of currently existing AVHRR products. For example, compared with the well-known JASMES AVHRR product, the overall accuracy increased approximately 15 %, the omission error dropped from 60.8 % to 19.7 %, the commission error dropped from 31.9 % to 21.3 %, and the CK value increased by more than 114 %. The new AVHRR product is already available at 10.11888/Snow.tpdc.271381 (Hao et al., 2021). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A scientometric analysis based on the Scopus database was conducted to provide insight into research activities on the occurrence of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Zn) in groundwater during 1970–2019. The selection of these PTEs was based on their significance concerning their reference frequency in environmental science and pollution research (ESPR) studies and their toxicity to living organisms. The analysis utilizes data about the quantity, type, journal, geographical, institutional, and funding patterns of publications. The results indicate that the publications' annual output has increased over the years, and especially after 2000, it presents a remarkable growth rate. The most studied PTEs were As and Pb; nevertheless, the research on the rest of PTEs cannot be neglected as it shows continuously increasing trends over time. The evolution of instrumentation and the dissemination of contamination case studies that affect a large part of the world population contributed significantly to the scientific community and relative stakeholders' interest. According to the analysis, the USA and China are the two principal countries with the most considerable contribution, producing the most research regarding the number of publications, research institutions, and funding sponsors. China owns the most influential research institution (i.e., Chinese Academy of Sciences) and largest funding sponsor (i.e., National Natural Science Foundation of China; ≈5% of global funding) on a worldwide scale due to its investment in research and development (R&D) and is expected to become the greatest force in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus has appeared in China by the end of 2019 and later recognized as a global pandemic. This pandemic has evolved as a global public health menace. It has affected every aspect of human life. In line with these concerns, governments and the scientific community react promptly to the outbreak of this pandemic. These efforts are devoted to develop vaccine and curative medicines. Further efforts are dedicated to assessing the impacts of the pandemic in relation to socioeconomic, psychological, and environmental dimensions. In this regard, it is important to follow up developments and research activities on this global issue. The present work intended to tracking the current hotspots and research trends on COVID-19 in environmental fields. Bibliometric analysis and visualization mapping were utilized with the objective of revealing and evaluating the developments in knowledge on COVID-2019 and its impacts based on a collection of environmental sources. A sum of 729 documents were collected from Scopus database limiting to environmental sources only. Of all these publications, 563 (77.2%) were articles, 56 (7.7%) were reviews, and 110 (15.0%) were others. China has the highest share of publications (163; 22.4%). It is followed by the USA (139; 19.15), and Italy (110; 15.1%). Most publications on COVID-19 were in prestigious journals. The most productive institution at global level was Chinese Academy of Sciences, China (24 documents; 3.3%). The most prevalent topics are in relation to impacts of the pandemic on air quality, mental health, psychological, and economic aspects. The development of these topics is based on cross-sectional studies, evidence-based tools, remote sensing, satellite mapping, geographic information systems, market analysis and sampling. The progress of environmental research on COVID-19 will guide the development of global environmental strategies to control future global environmental risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]