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This paper was presented at the Australian Federation of Travel Agents Industry Leaders & Educators Engagement Symposium held in Sydney on February 12, 2015. With industry sustainability becoming a strong concern, even within growth sectors, this paper identifies issues to be considered in ensuring that the education and training system can respond to emerging skills demand in the travel, tourism and hospitality industry. There are a number of means by which this can be achieved, the most vital possibly being improving young people's perceptions of the industry's career options. For this industry to be viewed as a career of choice, one that holds diverse and rewarding career pathways, particular attention needs to be paid to the promotion of these aspects. Skill development that pays attention to current and future industry requirements is also essential, including upskilling existing workers and developing the information and communication technology skills the industry needs. Stronger partnerships between training providers, business and industry peak bodies are highlighted as essential catalysts for the realisation of these next steps. Appended is: A statistical profile of the travel, tourism and hospitality industry.

These proceedings contain the papers and posters of the 5th International Conference on Educational Technologies 2017 (ICEduTech 2017), which has been organised by the International Association for Development of the Information Society and co-organised by the Western Sydney University, held in Sydney, Australia, 11-13 December 2017. ICEduTech is the scientific conference addressing the real topics as seen by teachers, students, parents and school leaders. Scientists, professionals and institutional leaders are invited to be informed by experts, sharpen the understanding what education needs and how to achieve it. Full papers presented in these proceedings include: (1) Bibliometric Science Mapping as a Popular Trend: Chosen Examples of Visualisation of International Research Network Results (Eugenia Smyrnova-Trybulska, Nataliia Morze, Olena Kuzminska and Piet Kommers); (2) Optimize Knowledge Sharing, Team Effectiveness, and Individual Learning within the Flipped Team-Based Classroom (Chung-Kai Huang, Chun-Yu Lin, Zih-Cin Lin, Cui Wang and Chia-Jung Lin); (3) Design and Development of an Interactive Multimedia Simulation for Augmenting the Teaching and Learning of Programming Concepts (Leonah L. Baloyi, Sunday O. Ojo and Etienne A. Van Wyk); (4) Introducing Tablets in a Portuguese School: A Micool Project Case Study Analysis (Miriam Judge); (5) College Communicative Teaching and e-Learning: A Training Scheme (Charito G. Ong; (6) Tested Strategies for Recruiting and Retention of STEM Majors (Sadegh Davari, Sharon Perkins-Hall and Krishani Abeysekera); (7) Redesigning Learning Spaces: What do Teachers Want for Future Classrooms? (Neuza Pedro); (8) Peer Instructions and Use of Technological Tools. An Innovative Methodology for the Development of Meaningful Learning (Oriel A. Herrera and Patricia Mejías); (9) It Doesn't Matter What is in Their Hands: Understanding How Students Use Technology to Support, Enhance and Expand Their Learning in a Complex World (Peter Bryant); (10) A Comparative Study on Social Media Addiction of High School and University Students (Ali Simsek, Kemal Elciyar and Taner Kizilhan); (11) Computer Literacy Teaching Using Peer Learning and under the Confucian Heritage Cultural Settings of Macao, China (Kelvin Wong, Ana Neves and Joao Negreiros); (12) Applying Sensors to Investigate Gender Differences in Beginning Tennis Players (Chih-Hung Yu, Jye-Shyan Wang and Cheng-Chih Wu); (13) Using Arduino to Teach Programming to First-Year Computer Science Students (Wee Lum Tan, Sven Venema and Ruben Gonzalez); (14) Dimensions of Self-Perceived Employability in First Year IT Students (Amy Antonio and David Tuffley); (15) Challenges for a New Generation of STEM Students (Krishani Abeysekera, Sharon Perkins-Hall, Sadegh Davari and Amanda Smith Hackler); (16) Developing a Gesture-Based Game for Mentally Disabled People to Teach Basic Life Skills (Mohammad Javad Nazirzadeh, Kürsat Cagiltay and Necdet Karasu); (17) Learning Group Formation for Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) (Sankalp Prabhakar and Osmar R. Zaiane) and (18) ICE: An Automated Tool for Teaching Advanced C Programming (Ruben Gonzalez). Short papers presented include: (1) MOOC as a Laboratory of Culture Shock: Helping Non-U.S. Students Integrate into All-American Virtual Environment (Valeri Chukhlomin and Anant Deshpande); (2) The Use of Mobile Devices Outside of the Classroom for Self-Directed Learning among Female EFL Students in Saudi Arabia (Fatimah Albedah and Chwee Beng Lee); (3) Communication Scaffolds for Project Management in PBL (Shigeru Sasaki, Masayuki Arai, Kumiko Takai, Mitsuhiro Ogawa and Hiroyoshi Watanabe); (4) Digital Pedagogies for Teachers' CPD (Matthew Montebello); (5) Sensing Locally in the Global Environment: Using Sensors in Teachers' Education (Maria João Silva, António Almeida, Bianor Valente, Margarida Rodrigues and Vítor Manteigas); (6) The Use of a Digital Badge as an Indicator and a Motivator (Jun Iwata, John Telloyan, Lynne Murphy, Shudong Wang and John Clayton; (7) Exploring the Education Potential of Minecraft: The Case of 118 Elementary-School Students (Thierry Karsenti and Julien Bugmann); (8) Digital Story Creation: Its Impact towards Academic Performance (Charito G. Ong); and (9) Collaborative Peer Feedback (David A. Smith). Posters include: (1) A System for Class Reflection Using iPads for Real-Time Bookmarking of Feedbacks into Simultaneously Recorded Videos (Taira Nakajima); (2) Roles, Strategies, and Impact of MOOCs on Flipping Business Education (Chung-Kai Huang, Chun-Yu Lin, Zih-Cin Lin and Cui Wang); and (3) Gamifying Outdoor Social Inquiry Learning with Context-Aware Technology (Morris Siu-Yung Jong, Tom Chan, Vincent Tam and Ming-Tak Hue). Individual papers include references, and an Author Index is included.

The abrupt change from face-to-face to Online Learning (OL) in the emergency COVID-19 semester surprised and forced students to alter their study habits. Then came the second online period, and students were expected to be happier and more successful since now they were familiar with OL. Was this the case? Had the ways students learned, their perceptions of human interactions among teachers and students in OL, their opinions on the learning environment and their computer literacy changed? Our paper aims to answer those questions using comparative analyses of data sets from the first and second OL periods and attempts to uncover the positive and negative shifts and the topics that remained unchanged. The study's findings show that COVID-19 related educational changes had multidirectional influences on students' learning, ingroup interactions, and views about education and OL. Hopefully, the empirical data collected in this study will provide valuable information about OL's immediate and prolonged effects. [For the complete volume, "Intelligent CALL, Granular Systems and Learner Data: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2022 (30th, Reykjavik, Iceland, August 17-19, 2022)," see ED624779.]

This paper will detail the introduction of the open-source content creation tool H5P in a first year university French language module with 115 students in autumn 2019 and its evaluation in early spring 2020. The aim of this project is to analyse what happens when students are given access to an authoring tool traditionally intended for and used by educators and how it impacts their language learning and their digital skills. The background to this initiative will be documented and findings from the post-project student survey and focus group will be shared. The researchers will also detail plans for a second iteration of this initiative, which will be refined based on the findings. [For the complete volume, "CALL for Widening Participation: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2020 (28th, Online, August 20-21, 2020)," see ED610330.]

With the COVID-19 outbreak at the beginning of 2020, many language teachers worldwide who were successfully implementing face-to-face teaching had to abruptly switch to online education, which was not something they were trained for or had experience with. Were they successful? The present study asked students from Turkey (TUR), Poland (POL), the Republic of North Macedonia (RNM), and Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) to evaluate their teachers' professional adaptation and success during the first emergency online teaching semester. The results of the study showed that there were important similarities in the ways students in the examined four countries approached and evaluated the level of professionalism of their teachers in the first COVID-19 period regarding their teachers' computer literacy, online teaching skills, creation of materials appropriate for online teaching. [For the complete volume, "CALL and Professionalisation: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2021 (29th, Online, August 26-27, 2021)," see ED616972.]

Assessing students' performance in online learning could be executed not only by the traditional forms of summative assessments such as using essays, assignments, and a final exam, etc. but also by more formative assessment approaches such as interaction activities, forum posts, etc. However, it is difficult for teachers to monitor and assess students' learning activities using the log data. To provide teachers with a more comprehensive view of students' distinct learning behaviour patterns, and to supply personalized interventions and support to meet the specific needs of each learning group, this study focuses on how to automatically acquire learning logs from Manaba, a Japanese commercial LMS, and how to cluster students' learning activities using the k-means algorithm. Firstly, we developed a program using Python to scrape students' learning activity log information from the Manaba web pages. We collected 56446 lines of clickstreams log data from 121 students in two computer literacy hybrid classes in the fall semester of 2022 (2022/9-2023/1). Secondly, we convert the raw logs into a structured dataset with 33 features which represent each student's learning activities. Then we extract and select 15 features representing three perspectives: raw activity, time on task, and learning frequency. Thirdly, we grouped students' learning activity patterns with the three perspectives into 5 clusters by the k-means clustering algorithm. As a result, this study identified five distinct learning activity patterns depending on how much, how long and how often the students learned online. For example, cluster 1 seldom learned but spent time on learning whom we considered the disengaged or struggling students, and cluster 5 had more learning activities with little time on each activity whom we considered the well-self-regulated students. The results of this study contribute to how to monitor students' learning activity in online learning and how to assess and support student's learning by their learning activity patterns. [For the full proceedings, see ED636095.]

Computational thinking (CT) is a fundamental ability for learners in today's society. Although CT assessments and interventions have been studied widely, little is known about CT predictions. This study predicted students' CT achievement in the ICILS 2018 using five machine learning models. These models were trained on the data from five European countries and then tested on the Korean and the Danish sample, respectively. Results indicate that the models trained on the individualistic-European data were generalizable to the individualistic European country, Denmark, but not to the collectivistic Asian country, Korea. This study fills a void in the CT literature and highlights the importance of considering the contextual relevance of data sources when making algorithmic predictions.

The purpose of this paper is to report on how the concepts of autonomy and ideology are perceived by scholars, educators and researchers. The project is a preliminarily study to investigate the connections between the language and computer literacies, that would lead to further influences the implications on the development of traditional language learning. The study will be covering 180 secondary students in two private schools (one is only girls, referred to as G school and the other is co-educational, referred to as BG school). This paper will mainly focus on comparing the students' performance and use of the electronic medium at school and at home. The G school students do not bring nor use any of the electronic medium at school, except when the library computers are booked by their teachers for research. They handwrite their notes and assignments in their workbooks. Their education is focused on mastering the autonomous dimensions of a given literacy, the ideological dimensions can present much more compelling and in depth challenges. The literature reviews differentiate between language literacy and computer literacy acquisitions, the two literacies require different skills from each other. Even though, the BG students are using their electronic devices at school as well as in their domestic environment for homework. They are using the devices more than seven to nine hours a day. They access their textbooks as eBooks on their devices and they compose their notes and school work electronically. However, the G students are also practising on their personal computers and are familiar in operating the software and hardware as much as the BG students who spend a substantial amount of time each day on their electronic devices. [For the complete proceedings, see ED600498.]

Although subsequent research suggests a more nuanced reality, Prensky's (2001) concept of the digital native remains a compelling and influential metaphor, continuing to shape thinking in education and beyond. This paper addresses self-reported digital literacy of 54 teachers and 477 learners in Japanese tertiary education. An online survey was administered to measure how often both groups use particular types of tools and perform certain tasks, and how comfortable they feel using technology. For initial analysis, some items were grouped into constructs labeled work, creative, and social. The researchers found that teachers appear to be both more comfortable and more frequent users of technology. This is particularly apparent with "work" applications. According to the data, students report lower levels of comfort even for those tools which they use as frequently as teachers. In this paper, the authors speculate on why this might be and discuss implications for classroom practice. [For the complete volume, see ED578177.]

Adaptive learning technologies hold great promise for improving the reading skills of adults with low literacy, but adults with low literacy skills typically have low computer literacy skills. In order to determine whether adults with low literacy skills would be able to use an intelligent tutoring system for reading comprehension, we adapted a 44 task computer literacy assessment and delivered it to 114 adults with reading skills between 3rd and 8th grade levels. This paper presents four analyses on these data. First, we report the pass/fail data natively exported by the assessment for particular computer-based tasks. Second, we undertook a GOMS [Goals, Operators, Methods, & Selection rules] analysis of each computer-based task, to predict the task completion time for a skilled user, and found that it negatively correlated with proportion correct for each item, r(42) = -0.4, p = 0.01. Third, we used the GOMS task decomposition to develop a Q-matrix of component computer skills for each task, and using logistic mixed effects models on this matrix identified five component skills highly predictive of the success or failure of an individual on a computer task: function keys, typing, using icons, right clicking, and mouse dragging. And finally, we assessed the predictive value of all component skills using logistic lasso. [This paper was published in: "Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Educational Data Mining" (p128-134).]

Digital storytelling is an educational practice which has attracted the attention of many experts. However, there has been little research on the disadvantages of digital storytelling assignments from the students' perspectives in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) education. Addressing difficulties or problems which are likely to occur in integrating digital storytelling in language learning would provide better insights for education in the future. Thus, this study aims to examine not only the advantages but also the disadvantages of introducing digital storytelling assignments in EFL education by focusing on learners' motivation. To achieve the aim of this study, data was obtained from questionnaire surveys in six courses entitled 'Information English' for students in Japan. Though most students were motivated for learning with digital storytelling assignments, there were also some students who were less motivated. The findings from students' comments revealed that it would be effective to provide specific instruction based on (1) proper guidance of effective narration, (2) the condition of having sufficient time to accomplish the assignment, (3) technical support, and (4) information ethics. [For the complete volume of short papers, see ED590612.]

Perspectives from reading and information fields have identified similar skills belong to two different kind of literacy being online reading abilities and ICT skills. It causes a conflict between two research fields and increase difficult of integrating study results. The purpose of this study was to determine which views are suitable for describing the essence of online reading. A path analysis model was proposed to verify different views. 376 children (4th grade to 6th grade) from three primary schools were recruited as participants. The results show that approximately half of the variance related to online reading ability could be explained by ICT and paper-based reading skills. However, online reading depends less on ICT skills. Paper-based reading skills remain the main basis for online reading. [For full proceedings, see ED571332.]

The COVID-19 pandemic induced amplified digitalization measures in the higher education sphere, informed by the need to take quick comprehensive action to achieve the overarching result to transform educational scenarios into interdisciplinary digital, remote, and hybrid frameworks. The consequent functional tasks to meet this challenge are estimated as (1) to activate comprehensive complex skillsets, otherwise latent or underutilized in the educational process; (2) to boost ICT competence and digital literacy of all participants of the educational process, relocated to the computer realm. The study objective is to diagnose and critically review the empirical case of digital skills viral development and application to construe interdisciplinary competencies of students of European and Oriental Languages major programs in Ukraine, employed in the years 2020-2021 due to quarantine measures. The study premise is the identification of various competency principles, derivative of twenty-first-century skills, and projected digital literacy requirements. The survey method and diagnostic analysis of different digital literacy components and e-skills implementation are used to assess the parameters of efficiency of transforming real-life linguistic education practices into the digital and hybrid format. The investigation novelty is in the identification of the interoperability between various groups of applied e-skills and soft skills, instrumental to develop interdisciplinary professional awareness of Foreign Languages students in Ukraine. The study allows detection of challenges for actual and underdeveloped skills (hard, technical, and soft), that participants of the educational process encountered through digital format adaptation in programs of European and Oriental Languages. [For the full proceedings, see ED621892.]

Chess programming is an old and venerable branch of game development. In the modern computing environment, it encompasses the development of chess engines, chess user interfaces (UIs), chess tournament broadcast tools, chess databases, endgame tablebases (EGTBs) and opening books. In this paper, the author shares his multi-year experience of utilizing most of these components of chess programming in teaching undergraduate courses in computer science (CS) and computer and information technology (CIT). The courses at different levels were taught at Edinboro University of Pennsylvania and, most recently, at Purdue Polytechnic Columbus, formerly called Purdue College of Technology Columbus. They involved teaching programming in C, C++ and Java, as well as system administration. We will discuss the courses' structure and learning outcomes, the choices of tools and equipment, how the courses progressed, individual assignments and team projects, the lessons learned, the specifics of getting the students engaged, and the author's plans for the future work aimed at improvement of programming and computer networking skills of Purdue Polytechnic students via their involvement in different aspects of chess programming. [For the full proceedings, see ED592847.]

The content of this paper will focus on both language and computer practices and how school age students develop their literacy skills in the two domains of "language" and "computers." The term literacy is a broad concept that has attracted many interpretations over the years. Some of the concepts raised by the literature apply to both language and computer literacy issues. Hence, this paper is intended to review the literature in areas: such as the definitional and conceptual issues of literacy; the development of language literacy (formally assessed in the areas of reading, vocabulary and comprehension) skills, but which also incorporates handwriting practices; computer literacy which applies to the acquisition and development of computer skills, particularly those associated with spelling and grammar checkers; the evolution of computer literacy to include new technological components emerge and interlock in computer usage to encompass Information and Communication Technology (ICT) literacy and its applications; in conjunction with the revelations of studies relating to computer use of spelling and grammar checkers and educational achievement. [For the full proceedings, see ED562093.]

Our goal for this paper discusses the main research ethical concerns that arise in internet research and reviews existing research ethical guidance in relation to its application for educating digital citizens. In recent years we have witnessed a revolution in Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) that has transformed every field of knowledge. Education has not remained detached from this revolution. Ethical questions in relation to technology encompass a wide range of topics, including privacy, neutrality, the digital divide, cyber crime, and transparency. In a growing digital society, digital citizens recognize and value the rights, responsibilities and opportunities of living, learning and working in an interconnected digital world, and they engage in safe, legal and ethical behaviors. Too often we see technology users misuse and abuse technology because they are unaware of what is appropriate. The true purpose of education in the digital age is to empower, researcher, educators, students, and families to be empathetic, responsible consumers and creators in the digital space and to maintain a community that values and practices positive digital citizenship. Educational and social science researchers should continue to seek better and more responsive guidelines that describe how to deal with ethical issues arising in various online research situations, contexts, and conditions and to educate the community by publishing and sharing their practices, findings, and solutions. Responsible practitioners, researchers and scholars need to become informed of current ethical best practices and make every effort to use appropriate ethical guidelines when designing and conducting research using the internet.

Adaptive learning technologies hold great promise for improving the reading skills of adults with low literacy, but adults with low literacy skills typically have low computer literacy skills. In order to determine whether adults with low literacy skills would be able to use an intelligent tutoring system for reading comprehension, we adapted a 44 task computer literacy assessment and delivered it to 114 adults with reading skills between 3rd and 8th grade levels. This paper presents four analyses on these data. First, we report the pass/fail data natively exported by the assessment for particular computer-based tasks. Second, we undertook a GOMS analysis of each computer-based task, to predict the task completion time for a skilled user, and found that it negatively correlated with proportion correct for each item, r(42) = -0.4, p = 0.01. Third, we used the GOMS task decomposition to develop a Q-matrix of component computer skills for each task, and using logistic mixed effects models on this matrix identified five component skills highly predictive of the success or failure of an individual on a computer task: function keys, typing, using icons, right clicking, and mouse dragging. And finally, we assessed the predictive value of all component skills using logistic lasso. [For the full proceedings, see ED596512. For related grantee submission, see ED596350.]

This paper addresses the concepts of digital natives and digital divide from the perspective of the digital outsiders (part of digital natives). It takes a critical look at the implications of available ICT in both developed and underdeveloped countries in the fight against digital divide. The major contribution to literature is by drawing attention to the inevitability of technology mediated learning and the need to embrace ICT adapted to countries strengths and weaknesses in the fight against digital divide. However, data used for this study significantly reveal how digital natives in the developed countries and digital outsiders in underdeveloped countries could achieve digital diffusion, especially those from underdeveloped countries with highly limited opportunities. As a result, there is no contesting the future of educational pedagogy depends on technology. Hence, people must take advantage of available technology in designing pedagogy. In the end, digital divide is relative and should apply differently in both developed and underdeveloped regions to enable rapid and sustainable digital diffusion despite the odds confronting digital natives globally. [For full proceedings, see ED571332.]

This article covers in its first part the digital educational policies elaborated in Italy as part of the plan known as "Piano Nazionale Scuola Digitale" (PNSD). This plan constitutes in fact the orientation document issued by the "Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca" (MIUR) for the introduction of a comprehensive strategy of innovation for Italian schools, and a new placement of its educational system in the digital age. In the second part of the article, we report the data (extracted by "Osservatorio Tecnologico" of MIUR) concerning the condition of the digital school in Italy, through a survey of the actions undertaken and the criticalities encountered, deepening the theme of digital skills and media education. [For the complete proceedings, see ED601080.]

This project introduces the concept of digital literacy at a practical level to a group of EFL teachers within the context of a single work place; a technologically well-resourced upper secondary school in Sweden. English teachers were provided with a theoretical and practical overview of the digital literacy concept as described by Dudeney, Hockly, and Pegrum (2013) before being given the task of each teaching a lesson. The teachers' reflective experiences of incorporating digital literacy into advanced level English teaching were then evaluated through a focus group interview. The results obtained show the efficacy of incorporating small scale exploratory practice research projects alongside busy teaching schedules and administrative demands as well as developing teachers' perspectives on Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classroom. In addition, the project has promoted synergies and collaboration among a school staff engaged in the long-term goal of continued professional development. [For the complete volume of short papers, see ED572005.]

Study abroad programs provide an opportunity for students to accelerate language learning and acquire cultural capital. Evaluations of returnees from study abroad programs however, have revealed that this is not always guaranteed. To promote a more positive academic and culturally-inclusive study abroad experience, one recommendation is for language teachers to focus on students' digital literacy. Given the reported levels of poor digital literacy among Japanese freshmen students, the researchers in this current study were attempting to determine if this wider trend applied to students at their private university in Tokyo. The authors surveyed first-year College of Tourism and Hospitality (CTH) students and will report on their responses to two sections of a computer literacy questionnaire originally created by Son, Robb, and Charismiadji (2011). The first section focuses on self-assessment of digital skills, while the second section reports on the results of a 10-item digital literacy test. [For the complete volume of short papers, see ED572005.]