Search

Photovoltaic power generation prediction constitutes a significant research area within the realm of power system artificial intelligence. Accurate prediction of future photovoltaic output is imperative for the optimal dispatchment and secure operation of the power grid. This study introduces a photovoltaic prediction model, termed ICEEMDAN-Bagging-XGBoost, aimed at enhancing the accuracy of photovoltaic power generation predictions. In this paper, the original photovoltaic power data initially undergo decomposition utilizing the Improved Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise (ICEEMDAN) algorithm, with each intrinsic mode function (IMF) derived from this decomposition subsequently reconstructed into high-frequency, medium-frequency, and low-frequency components. Targeting the high-frequency and medium-frequency components of photovoltaic power, a limiting gradient boosting tree (XGBoost) is employed as the foundational learner in the Bagging parallel ensemble learning method, with the incorporation of a sparrow search algorithm (SSA) to refine the hyperparameters of XGBoost, thereby facilitating more nuanced tracking of the changes in the photovoltaic power's high-frequency and medium-frequency components. Regarding the low-frequency components, XGBoost-Linear is utilized to enable rapid and precise prediction. In contrast with the conventional superposition reconstruction approach, this study employs XGBoost for the reconstruction of the prediction output's high-frequency, intermediate-frequency, and low-frequency components. Ultimately, the efficacy of the proposed methodology is substantiated by the empirical operation data from a photovoltaic power station in Hebei Province, China. Relative to integrated and traditional single models, this paper's model exhibits a markedly enhanced prediction accuracy, thereby offering greater applicational value in scenarios involving short-term photovoltaic power prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical parameterizations have important influence on model performance in precipitation simulation and prediction; however, previous investigations are seldom conducted at very high resolution over Hebei Province, which is often influenced by extreme events such as droughts and floods. In this paper, the influence of parameterization schemes and analysis nudging on precipitation simulation is investigated using the WRF (weather research and forecasting) model with many sensitivity experiments at the cumulus "gray-zone" resolution (5 km). The model performance of different sensitivity simulations is determined by a comparison with the local high-quality observational data. The results indicate that the WRF model generally reproduces the distribution of precipitation well, and the model tends to underestimate precipitation compared with the station observations. The sensitivity simulation with the Tiedtke cumulus parameterization scheme combined with the Thompson microphysics scheme shows the best model performance, with the highest temporal correlation coefficient (0.45) and lowest root mean square error (0.34 mm/day). At the same time, analysis nudging, which incorporates observational information into simulation, can improve the model performance in precipitation simulation. Further analysis indicates that the negative bias in precipitation may be associated with the negative bias in relative humidity, which in turn is associated with the positive bias in temperature and wind speed. This study highlights the role of parameterization schemes and analysis nudging in precipitation simulation and provides a valuable reference for further investigations on precipitation forecasting applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A PDE‐constrained model predictive control (MPC) algorithm for open‐channel systems based on the Saint‐Vevant(S‐V) equations is investigated in this paper. The S‐V equations, which precisely model the dynamics of open‐channel systems, are quasi‐linear hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDEs) without analytical solutions. Directly applying the S‐V equations to an MPC controller design becomes sophisticated. In this work, the calculus of variation is used to obtain the adjoint equations and the adjoint analysis method is utilized to deduce the gradients of the MPC optimization problem. Particularly, the physical constraints involving both the state and control variables are also considered. A gradient‐based optimization algorithm in combination with the numerical computation of Preissmann implicit scheme is proposed to solve the constrained MPC optimization problem. The control performances of the developed PDE‐constrained MPC algorithm with respect to the controlled water levels and gate openings are compared with those of the MPC controller designed for the linearized model. All the simulation tests are carried out on an aqueduct reach in Yehe Irrigation District in Hebei Province, China. The results show that the proposed PDE‐constrained MPC algorithm is a promising method in dealing with the constraints in terms of hyperbolic PDEs, control variables and state variables simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important archaeological finds excavated from the Tianhui Laoguanshan Han tombs in 2012–13 was a manuscript on horse medicine, dated around the third century BCE. Prior to the discovery of this highly specialized veterinary text, only a handful of horse recipes from the Qin and Han periods had been found, and a sixth-century CE agricultural treatise, Essential Techniques for the Common People , was generally regarded as the earliest surviving source of extensive veterinary material, including various medical treatments for horses. Although the Laoguanshan manuscript – given the modern title Book of Treating Horses by the Team for Collating the Medical Bamboo Slips Excavated from the Han Tombs in Tianhui Town, Chengdu – has suffered significant damage, it nevertheless gives us an insight into the knowledge and treatments for horses during the Qin and early Han periods. A variety of ways of treating horses are recorded in Treating Horses , including herbal remedies, piercing, cauterization, hot packs, bandages, massage, and bathing. The use of gold needles is also mentioned in this text, echoing the gold and silver sewing needles excavated from Liu Sheng's (d. 113 BCE) tomb in Mancheng, Hebei Province. This paper offers a short introduction to this valuable text on horse medicine by examining the content of its fragments, including names of ailments, symptoms of certain diseases, etiologies, and treatment methods. The discovery of Treating Horses challenges the established view that horse treatment methods in ancient China were predominantly herbal and that techniques of bleeding and cauterization recorded in Essential Techniques were brought to China from elsewhere, together with the introduction of Buddhism. The paper argues that the "foreign influence" had already occurred at a much earlier date, in the form of interactions with nomadic tribes such as the Scythians, the horsemen par excellence of classical antiquity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By taking 31 provinces (municipalities/autonomous regions) in Mainland China as the object of research, and using the data on urban population and built-up area of each region from 2005 to 2019, this paper measures the dispersion coefficient of population urbanization and land urbanization in each region through models and visually expresses the level and type of imbalance between them to reveal the temporal and spatial characteristics of imbalance. The results of the research show that since China's state-owned land was sold through bidding, auction, and listing, the overall urbanization of the population and land development have become unbalanced. There is obvious regional and category difference in imbalance between population urbanization and land urbanization. The degree of imbalance increases from the central, eastern, northeastern to western regions. The remaining 29 regions are generally lagging in population urbanization except for Beijing and Hebei province. This imbalance is mainly caused by China's dual household registration system, dual land system and the asymmetrical tax distribution system between financial rights and administrative rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distributed photovoltaic power generation can efficiently utilize idle resources and reduce carbon emissions. In order to reduce the impact of grid-connected distributed photovoltaic power fluctuations on grid operation, this paper simultaneously exploits the temporal dependence of power series and the spatial correlation of meteorological data to propose a combined prediction model with temporal characteristics and spatial relationships fused for distributed photovoltaic power plants with spatiotemporal information. First, in the study of time-dependent prediction, we propose a long and short-term memory neural network ensemble prediction model based on genetic algorithm-natural gradient boosting, which efficiently fits multiple sets of temporal characteristics of distributed photovoltaic. In the study of spatial correlation prediction, the meteorological data affecting photovoltaic power generation are selected by κ correlation coefficients, the target power plant and spatial reference power plant meteorological data are reconstructed into a two-dimensional matrix, and a two-dimensional convolutional neural network spatial feature extraction power prediction model is designed. Finally, the advantages of the two prediction models of temporal information and spatial features are fused by multiple error evaluation criteria improved information entropy, and a distributed photovoltaic power plant is constructed and implements highly accurate spatiotemporal information combination prediction model. The effect of the forecasting model in this study is validated using the photovoltaic cluster dataset in Hebei Province, China. Compared with other models, the results of this study show that the five prediction performance evaluation metrics of the proposed combined spatiotemporal information model are better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the years, transit-oriented development (TOD) has provided many countries with valuable theoretical methods and experience to deal with urban traffic congestion, environmental pollution, energy consumption and other problems. After decades of rapid urbanization, many cities in China are facing more complex challenges in transportation than ever before. This paper introduces and critically analyzes the practical application of TOD under different backgrounds and modes. Taking Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China as the main case, this paper discusses and evaluates the intervention role of TOD in China’s urban transportation planning, and critically reflects on the deficiency of TOD’s transformation from theory to practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether the implementation of the water resources tax policy can stimulate the water-saving behavior of social water users is one of the important criteria for evaluating the implementation effect of the tax reform policy. Taking Hebei Province, the first tax reform pilot in China, as an example. A dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model (DSGE) with embedded water resources tax is constructed to simulate the persistent impact of water resources tax on water-saving objectives. The research shows that: (1) Water resources tax can effectively achieve the goal of water-saving and improve the utilization efficiency of water resources. (2) Levying water resources tax helps to improve the water-saving awareness of enterprises and residents. It can also encourage enterprises to optimize production structures. (3) Rational and efficient use of special water resources protection funds is the basis for ensuring the effective implementation of water resources tax. It can also improve the recycling capacity of water resources. The results show that the government should speed up formulating a reasonable water resources tax rate and accelerate the construction of water resources tax protection measures. To ensure the relatively steady state of water resources utilization and protection, and achieve the dual goals of sustainable economic development and sustainable use of water resources. The research results of this paper reveal the internal logic of the comprehensive impact of water resources tax on the economy and society and provide an important basis for the national promotion of tax reform policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has committed to peak carbon emissions by 2030 and become carbon neutral by 2060. Hebei, as a major energy province in China, has more challenging carbon peaking and carbon neutrality targets. Based on the extended STIRPAT model, this paper evaluates the time to peak carbon and post-peak carbon trend changes in Hebei province under different scenarios from 2020 to 2060. Based on the support vector machine model with particle swarm optimization, this paper evaluates the carbon neutral pathways under different scenarios in Hebei province from 2020 to 2060 in terms of forests, croplands, wetlands, grasslands and Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS). The results show that a monotonically flat trend without inflection point, a single-inflection-point plateau-period trend and a multi-inflection-point inverted U-wave trend occur after carbon peaks. Hebei Province can achieve carbon neutrality by 2060 under the policy scenario and the enhanced scenario, and the enhanced scenario is better. Comparing with existing studies, the innovation of this paper is to design different trends of changes after carbon peak, combining carbon absorption and carbon emission, and providing more diversified development paths for carbon neutral strategies through a more integrated perspective and multi-scenario comprehensive analysis. Therefore, In the future, Hebei Province should establish a platform for carbon emissions monitoring and carbon footprint assessment, and set up an early warning and assessment mechanism for carbon peaking, so as to prevent a rebound trend in carbon emissions after peaking. At the same time, it should introduce and develop carbon capture and conversion technologies and promote the low-carbon transformation of the industrial and energy sectors, thereby forcing the early realization of peak carbon. Pay attention to the role of forestry resources in carbon neutrality, increase carbon sink resources such as forests and wetlands, promote the development of CCUS, and enhance the implementation of the policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the top emitter of carbon dioxide worldwide, China faces a considerable challenge in reducing carbon emissions to combat global warming. Carbon emissions from coal consumption is the primary source of carbon dioxide emissions in China. The decomposition of the driving factors and the quantification of regions and industries needs further research. Thus, this paper decomposed five driving factors affecting carbon emissions from coal consumption in China, namely, carbon emission intensity, energy structure, energy intensity, economic output, and population scale, by constructing a Kaya-Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (Kaya-LMDI) decomposition model with data on coal consumption in China from 1997 to 2019. It was revealed that the economic output and energy intensity effects are major drivers and inhibitors of carbon emissions from coal consumption in China, respectively. The contribution and impact of these driving factors on carbon emissions from coal consumption were analyzed for different regions and industrial sectors. The results showed that carbon emissions from coal consumption increased by 3211.92 million tons from 1997 to 2019. From a regional perspective, Hebei Province has the most significant impact on carbon emissions from coal consumption due to the effect of economic output. Additionally, the industrial sector had the most pronounced influence on carbon emissions from coal consumption due to the economic output effect. Finally, a series of measures to reduce carbon emissions including controlling the total coal consumption, improving the utilization rate of clean energy, and optimizing the energy structure is proposed based on China's actual development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluating the water resources carrying capacity (WRCC) is the prerequisite and foundation for the planning and management of water resources. In this paper, according to risk theory, a framework for the risk assessment of WRCC was proposed based on the fragility of damage‐affected bodies and the damage posed by disaster‐inducing factors. Then, based on water quantity, water quality, water area, and water flow, a fragility index system was constructed from the water resources, economy, and society category. Additionally, the damage was analyzed in terms of climate change, urbanization, and industrialization. Finally, a model for the risk assessment of the WRCC was established by combining the fragility of the water resources carrying system with the compound damage posed by climate change, urbanization, and industrialization. The developed model was then applied to assess the risk of the WRCC in North China in 2017. The results indicate that the fragility of the WRCC was the highest in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, and the compound damage showed an increasing trend from the southeast to the northwest in North China. Meanwhile, the risk of the WRCC decreased from the southeast to the northwest, the highest risk was observed in Hebei Province, and the lowest risk was observed in Inner Mongolia. This research provides an important technical guideline for the sustainable utilization of water resources and the coordinated development of the economy and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to propose a new method to state the credit risk characteristics of the regional listed companies in China and makes the listed companies avoid involving in credit crisis. The paper selects fifty-four listed companies of Hebei Province as the research sample and establishes the index system of listed company's credit risk evaluation from four financial index categories which included profitability, operating capacity, solvency, and growth capability. The paper first filtrates fifteen indexes by using the gray clustering method from the four financial categories and finds out the effective variables of the prediction model. Then the paper predicates the credit risk probability of the listed companies by using the logistic regression model. Finally, by analyzing the financial data of annual reports of fifty-four listed companies in Hebei Province from 2012 to 2017 as sample data, the simulation experiment empirical test is carried out by using SPSS software. The results show that the logistic regression model with gray clustering analysis has high predictive accuracy and has a strong predictive ability to evaluate the credit risk of listed companies. The gray logistics evaluation plays a very good role in financial early warning for regional listed companies in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Fluid overpressure plays a key important role in the formation of skarn iron deposit. Skarn iron deposits are important resources for iron-rich ores and their genesis has been a topic of debate. The Nanminghe iron deposit is a typical skarn iron deposit in Wu'an, Hebei Province, China which provides a good example to investigate the metallogenic mechanism. In this paper, we present a detailed study of the geology, petrography, and geochemical characteristics of magnetite in the Nanminghe iron deposit. Two types of magnetite can be identified in the massive ores: Mag1 is euhedral with radial cracks developed in the margin. It is a low-Si magnetite, with SiO 2 content ranging from 0.07% to 0.92%, with an average value of 0.49%. The SiO 2 content of Mag2 is from 0.90% to 3.29%, and an average value of 2.03%. The Mag2 is associated with quartz, goethite, and apatite. Geochemical characteristics of Mag1, together with the ore textures suggest its crystallization from an iron magma. There are significant differences in the geochemical characteristics between Mag1 and Mag2. Mag2 is rich in Nb, Ta, high field strength elements, large ion lithophile elements and has higher silica content. The Nb/Ta of Mag2 is higher than that of the original mantle. These characteristics as well as La/Ta vs Th/La, Th/U vs Sm/Nd and Nb/Ta vs Nb features show that Mag2 is formed in the environment of supercritical fluids. The δ56Fe of Mag1 is 0.157‰-0.172‰, with an average value of 0.166‰, and the δ56Fe of Mag2 is 0.119‰-0.160‰, with an average value of 0.139‰. The Fe isotope of Mag2 is lighter than Mag1. There is a negative correlation between δ56Fe and SiO 2 of Mag1 and Mag2, suggesting that the lighter δ56Fe of Mag2 was caused by injection of Si-rich fluids. We propose a genetic model where we envisage that the iron-rich melt formed in the deep magma chamber by reaction of dioritic rocks and carbonates. Mag1 formed by cooling of the iron-rich magma, following which Si-rich supercritical fluid were injected into the deep chamber resulting in fluid overpressure. The iron-bearing melt-fluid migrated upward along the magmatic conduit, when Mag2 formed. Our study provides insights into the formation mechanism of skarn iron deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we discuss the decision optimization of tourism projects in Hebei Province, China. To improve the process of analyzing tourism projects, we introduce a model that includes multiple decision makers as subjects based on a standard four-dimensional evaluation system. In order to improve the effectiveness of decision-making results, we will increase the number of decision makers to 40. A novel large-scale group decision-making (LSGDM) algorithm that incorporates the trust–distrust asymmetric relationships between decision makers is proposed. This model contains three main innovations: firstly, in the evaluation of decision makers' social network relations, the trust–distrust value is introduced as a new carrier, and a weighted directed network and data integration operator are constructed based on the evaluation between decision makers; secondly, an extended Girvan-Newman (GN) algorithm is constructed to cluster the decision makers from this weighted network; thirdly, the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy number (IVIFN) is used to evaluate the alternatives, studying the IVIFN's geometric significance by placing in a rectangular coordinate system. Finally, a new LSGDM model is proposed. Using the development of a cultural tourism project in a township as an example, the effectiveness of the proposed model is illustrated. By comparing the results of our method to those of a LSGDM algorithm that does not incorporate trust relationships, we assess the performance of the new model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the characteristics and variations of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) plays an important role in understanding the effects of aerosol–cloud interactions. This paper selected observation data in a city region of Shijiazhuang in North China from 2005 to 2007, along with the corresponding MERRA-2 and ERA5 data, to analyze the characteristics of CCN, sort the factors affecting the diurnal variation of CCN number concentration ( N CCN ) according to their importance, and build the relationship between N CCN and supersaturation ( SS ) in the heavily polluted region. The results show that there was a bimodal distribution of a daily time series for N CCN in Shijiazhuang, China. By calculating the correlation between CCN and pollutants observed in winter 2007, we identified that the dominant factor for peaks of N CCN is SO 2 in the morning but NO 2 in the evening. We also ranked the factors affecting the diurnal variation of N CCN by using observation and reanalysis data and found that the concentration of pollutants is the greatest impact factor in summer, but the atmospheric stability is the greatest factor in winter. Finally, we determined the relationship between N CCN and SS according to the Twomey formula ( N CCN = cSS k ) and found there was a reasonable value range (i.e., 0.5~0.7) for the parameter k in East and North China. Specifically, it is more reasonable for k to be 0.5 in summer and 0.7 in winter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, many colleges attach more and more importance to the cultivation of scientific research ability of college students. However, there is no unified standard to effectively measure the cultivation effect. The current performance inference method cannot comprehensively evaluate the scientific research ability of college students. Few scholars have directly analyzed the college students' scientific research ability from the internal and external influencing factors. Therefore, this paper tries to design and implement a neural network analysis system for scientific research ability evaluation of college students. After surveying the status quo of scientific research ability evaluation of college students in northern China's Hebei Province, a hierarchical evaluation index system was constructed for college students' scientific research ability, referring to the existing evaluation index systems, and the weights were designed for the evaluation indices. Next, the backpropagation (BP) neural network was optimized by chaotic sine-cosine grasshopper optimization algorithm (CSCGOA) and used to establish a neural network analysis system for scientific research ability evaluation of college students. The proposed system was proved effective through experiments. The relevant results effectively enhance the scientific level and accuracy of the evaluation of college students' scientific research ability, improve the cultivation of college students, and provide a scientific basis for colleges to understand the scientific research ability of their students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

North China is known as a region where cultural traditions do not change throughout the Pleistocene, while it is a region of interest for its association with several demographic events in Paleolithic age. In order to clarify the reason why the lithic industry mainly composed of quartz continued over a long period of time, it is necessary to accumulate information on lithic assemblage and human behavior. This paper adds an example of culture and behavior around 40 ka and discusses the adaptability of quartz small flake-tool industry. As reported here, three lithic assemblages of the Shuilian Cave Site in Hebei Province were dated to 43 ka cal BP, 34 ka cal BP, and the intermediate age based on the result of our radiocarbon dating. Except for small number of artifacts made of siliceous rock, the majority in all three assemblages are corresponds to the traditional small flake-tool industry in northern China. In the upper assemblage of the site, it was restored that vein quartz procured around the site was consumed systematically using bipolar percussion in combination with direct percussion. The technology employed at the site is adapted to the vein quartz as resources in the vicinity, giving a hint as to why less variable lithic industry continued throughout some demographic epoch in northern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the analysis of the problems of the relationship between the life cycle of energy industry development and the regional ecological environment, the paper quantitatively studies the interests of all parties and key policy variables of the reform process of the energy industry system based on the microeconomic theory of carbon tax and carbon trading cost. At the same time, the paper regards the mechanism of the development in the new energy industry as the object of empirical study in Hebei province, China, and establishes the model of profit distribution in the regional energy industrial cluster. The research will provide a strong theoretical support for the development of new energy industry cluster in some region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region (BTH) as a national strategic highland attracts attention with its haze problem. In particular, Hebei is a major emitter of carbon emissions in BTH. The establishment of the Xiong'an New District in Hebei, known as the "Millennium plan," faces complex and diverse development in the future, so the carbon emission prediction and influence mechanism are of great significance. This paper has made two improvements to the particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO), then the improved algorithm is used to optimize parameters of the traditional support vector machine (SVM). Therefore, a new model, IPSO-SVM, is established. This paper uses the STIRPAT model to determine the impact factors, through 64 predict scenarios of 2017-2020 to reveal that economic growth is the most important factor of carbon emissions in Hebei, followed by resident population, industrial structure, urbanization level, energy structure, and technical level. In the case of positive economic development, the contribution of technology to carbon reduction will increase. Based on the "new normal," Hebei ought to develop sustainable urbanization and emphasis on the role of technology in low-carbon development to control carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiscale brings great benefits for people to observe objects or problems from different perspectives. Multiscale clustering has been widely studied in various disciplines. However, most of the research studies are only for the numerical dataset, which is a lack of research on the clustering of nominal dataset, especially the data are nonindependent and identically distributed (Non-IID). Aiming at the current research situation, this paper proposes a multiscale clustering framework based on Non-IID nominal data. Firstly, the benchmark-scale dataset is clustered based on coupled metric similarity measure. Secondly, it is proposed to transform the clustering results from benchmark scale to target scale that the two algorithms are named upscaling based on single chain and downscaling based on Lanczos kernel, respectively. Finally, experiments are performed using five public datasets and one real dataset of the Hebei province of China. The results showed that the method can provide us not only competitive performance but also reduce computational cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing number of emerging countries have begun implementing central environmental protection inspection (CEPI) to make up for the lack of environmental decentralization. Extant literature has shown that CEPI improves local environmental enforcement and performance. However, it is unclear whether CEPI, which is regarded as a non‐routine environmental enforcement and independent of the system of environmental decentralization, has an increasing effect on firms' environmental disclosure. This paper selects the listed firms located in Hebei Province, the pilot province inspected by the CEPI, as the treatment group and uses the listed firms of the third and fourth rounds of inspected provinces as the control group. The difference‐in‐difference results show that the environmental information level and quality of listed firms in Hebei Province is improved compared with those of firms in other provinces, and the increasing effect is more significant in state‐owned firms, in developed regions and in regions where local officials have more promotion incentives. The results of this study suggest that the central government should establish a regular environmental inspection mechanism and coordinate it with the system of environmental decentralization in emerging countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper builds an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) multiple logistic regression model to analyze how socio-economic development impacts mainland China's coastal waters environment. China's coastal provinces have significantly different seawater quality at different stages of the seawater's EKC. Jiangsu and Hebei are still at the early stage of the seawater's EKC because of the large quantity of pollution-intensive industry, whereas the coastal provinces at the late stage of the seawater's EKC have presented obviously improved seawater quality based on adjustments in the industrial structure since 2001. Urbanization has a severe impact on the seawater quality of Shanghai and Zhejiang at the middle stage of the seawater's EKC. Furthermore, this paper proposes an overall strategy and several "tailored" strategies to address coastal waters environment improvement for current poorly targeted policies at different stages of the seawater's EKC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farmland classification and gradation is to scientifically quantify the quantity, quality and distribution of farmland through quantitative indicators, and to comprehensively assess and classify the quality of farmland. It is an effective measure to realize the balance of cultivated land occupation and compensation and to ensure the dynamic balance of total cultivated land. The core of farmland classification is the nationally comparable index calculating and hierarchical system establishing. Productive ratio coefficient is the important parameter that directly affects the results of farmland classification and national comparability in the process of calculating grading index. The function of productive ratio coefficient is to convert grain into standard grain to achieve national comparability. However, the basis of determining the productive ratio coefficient in different regions is different, and the grading results cannot reach the national comparability. Nutrition equivalent unit, calculated by the mean of nutrient density in food, can reflect the overall condition of the nutrients contained in the food. It is an evaluation index to measure the total content of different nutrients in food according to the types and contents of nutrients in food, and to evaluate the comprehensive nutrients supply ability of food needed by the body. By comparing the nutrition equivalent unit of different foods, we can make a comprehensive evaluation and judgment on the nutritional value of different foods. Considering that though base crops and designated crops are different in different regions, they can be uniformly and comparable at the level of nutrients required by crops to supply energy and nutrients to human body. Based on this, 20 nutrient indices, such as protein, fat, carbohydrate, mineral and vitamin, and nine crops regulated by standard tillage system were selected to construct a nutrient equivalent correction method. Productive ratio coefficient was revised by calculating the "nutrition equivalent unit" of different crops to improve the national comparability of farmland classification results. Taking land consolidation project area in Quzhou county of Hebei Province with wheat as the base crop in northern China and Dingshu town, Yixing City, Jiangsu Province, with rice as the base crop in southern China as examples to carry out research, the productive ratio coefficient was calculated by the nutrient equivalent correction method and the max yield ratio method, and in this paper, we compared the differences of farmland nature grade obtained by two methods. The results showed that the natural quality index range of Quzhou County's land consolidation project area increased from 2 060-2 896 to 2 516-3 580, and the nature grade increased from 11-15 to 13-18. The natural quality index range of Dingshu town decreased from 2 460-2 918 to 2 033-2 393, and the nature grade decreased from 13-15 to 11-12. The natural grade difference of farmland between two research areas expanded. By revising the existing productive ratio coefficient and establishing a more standardized grading system, this paper provides a scientific basis for ascertaining the quality of resources and for the balance of cultivated land in different places. It is an important way and means for deepening both the quantity of farmland resources and the quality of the management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract With the wide application of big data technology and the continuous innovation of the financial industry, the development of Internet finance has become irreversible. The new financial model has improved the efficiency of financial services and formed new ways of payment and transaction. The traditional credit information system has been unable to meet the needs of the development of the financial industry. The research methods adopted in this paper mainly include literature research, case analysis and comparative analysis. The development process, current situation and characteristics of China's personal credit system, as well as the development process and current situation of China's personal credit system under Internet finance are analyzed. It also points out the main problems faced by China's personal credit reporting system under the Internet finance. Then, aiming at the specific problems faced by China's personal credit reporting system under Internet finance, this paper makes case studies of representative market-oriented credit reporting institutions such as Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, and uses convolutional neural network to analyze the specific practices of these individual credit reporting institutions and achieves results. At the same time, it compares how different credit agencies make up for the shortcomings of personal credit reporting system. Finally, it draws the conclusion of perfecting the personal credit system of our country under the Internet finance, points out the new problems that may be brought by the superposition of various solutions, and puts forward the countermeasures and suggestions of perfecting the personal credit system of our country under the Internet finance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil desertification affects the service functions of the ecosystem. In severe cases, it even causes a decline in agricultural productivity and shrinkage of animal husbandry, posing a threat to regional eco-environment and economic sustainability. The previous research on soil remediation research mainly concentrates on heavy metal degradation, saline soil improvement, and eroded and degraded soil improvement. There is little report on the biomass improvement and restoration of sandy soil. Therefore, this paper explores the remediation effect of biomass amendment on the physical-chemical performance and sustainable utilization of sandy soil in Huangyangtan, the largest sandy land in northern China's Hebei Province. Specifically, the authors detailed the strategies to measure the physical-chemical indices and microbial diversity of Huangyangtan sandy soil, and introduced the materials and mode of the biomass amendment test on Huangyangtan sandy soil, followed by an elaboration on the test results. The influence of different test fertilizers on the soil was analyzed in four dimensions, namely, physical performance, chemical performance, biological performance, and crop yield. The results show that biomass amendment can effectively remediate sandy soil, and promote its sustainable utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Igneous intrusions into coal affect the safety, productivity, and economic viability of many coal mines. Also, the alterations in coal caused by igneous intrusions encompass a deterioration in coal quality, a decrease in permeability, an enhancement of coal rank, and geochemical and mineralogical compositions. Although there have been some studies related to the effects of igneous intrusions on the inorganic constituents in the coal, the mechanism of newly formed chemical and mineralogical associations caused by igneous intrusions has not been fully understood. This paper investigates the mineralogical and geochemical responses of coal to thermal alteration by igneous intrusion into an Early Permian coal seam in Hebei Province, North China. The Fengfeng coalfield is structurally complex, experiencing variable rates of burial and uplift, with abundant intrusions during the upper Jurassic and maximum burial in the Cretaceous resulting in an increase in rank to the north. In the search for critical minerals and elements, intrusions and hydrothermal alteration are often cited as the source for elevated concentrations. Towards the intrusion, the coal rank indicators increase from semi-anthracite to anthracite over a 500-cm distance, as does the mineral matter. The clay minerals present in coals include NH 4 -illite, kaolinite, paragonite, and chlorite (chamosite and cookeite), which were all resulted from igneous intrusions. The epigenetic minerals mainly include quartz, ankerite, calcite, pyrite, and apatite, which were derived from fluids permeating into the coal seam and chemically interacting with the original minerals or precipitating directly to form new minerals. Geochemical indicators in this coal indicate hydrothermal solutions derived from igneous intrusion. The enrichment of Li and Hg is linked to the igneous activity, potentially influencing the utilization of the coal adjacent to the intrusions. However, the concentrations of the remaining elements in the coal closest to the intrusion show no significant changes, thereby supporting the notion of a "non-universal effect" of igneous intrusions on the elemental composition and concentrations. • Towards the intrusion, the coal rank indicators increase, as does mineral matter. • Various clay minerals in coal are associated with hydrothermal fluids. • Epigenetic minerals show at least three stages of hydrothermal fluids. • Geochemical indicators are used to characterize hydrothermal fluids from intrusion. • The enrichment of Li and Hg in coal nearby intrusion is linked to igneous activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a series of statistical and regression approaches to investigate city-cluster transport connectivity patterns. Three major city clusters in China are selected for this study, namely, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and the Pearl River Delta (PRD) economic zones. Our analyses examine three aspects of city-cluster connectivity patterns: (i) connectivity distribution among cities within the city cluster; (ii) dependence of the non-center city on the center city; and (iii) the impact of improved intra-city-cluster rail connectivity on air-connectivity distribution. First, it is found that the BTH has the most concentrated connectivity among the three city clusters, with Beijing clearly dominating the other cities in every kind of connectivity. The connectivity distributions are more balanced in the YRD and PRD. Second, the calculated "survival connectivity" and regression analyses suggest that non-center cities heavily rely on the center city as the hub to develop their network connectivity. Such a "hub-and-spoke system" helps a non-center city improve total connectivity but reduces its direct connectivity to other cities outside the city cluster. Finally, our regression analysis shows that improved intra-city-cluster rail connectivity further deteriorates the air-connectivity disparity within the city cluster, which occurs because the center city benefits more from the upgraded air-HSR (high speed rail) intermodal connectivity because it can attract air passengers from neighboring non-center cities. Relevant policy implications and suggestions are also discussed in the paper. We believe the proposed statistical and regression approaches can be easily applied to examine city-cluster connectivity in other contexts and countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore the impact of African swine fever epidemic on the decision-making behavior of pig farmers, and thereby to provide decision-making reference for the stable production and supply of live pigs. The survey data are come from 786 pig farmers in Hebei Province, China. Three procedures can be performed in the study. Firstly, a multiple disorder logistic model was established to find the factors affecting the decision-making behavior of pig farmers. Secondly, the cross-listing and logistic grouping regression were used to analyze some differences in decision-making behaviors of pig farmers from different farm sizes. Finally, the corresponding analysis methods were used to investigate the biosecurity behavior and preferences of pig farmers against African swine fever epidemic. The results show that: 1) There are positive and negative influence factors related to the production decision-making behavior of pig farmers in African swine fever. The positive factors are the breeding scale, biosecurity prevention and control measures, assessment of the prevention and control effect in the biosecurity system, and other financial funding. The negative factors are the loss from diseases and the cost of biosafety systems. Specifically, the pig farmers from a high breeding scale, better evaluation of the prevention and control effect in various available biosecurity system, tended to adopt the positive decision-making behavior of expanding the breeding scale based on the current state. The principal component method was used to calculate three indicators, including relatives’ help, government funding and other financial investing. If the index values of three comprehensive external support were high, pig farmers can be possible to promote the breeding scale. But if the great loss was suffered by the African swine fever epidemic, particularly on financial lacking in the construction and usage of biosafety systems, pig farmers were likely to reduce the scale of breeding, and even withdraw from the market. 2) There were significant differences in the decision-making behaviors of pig farmers from different farming sizes. Three aspects related to the differences are risk perception of pig farmers, prevention and control abilities of biological safety system, and external financial support. The pig households from small scale usually faced much more various restrictive factors. 3) There were some differences in biosecurity prevention and control measures adopted by pig farmers from different sizes. The specific performance was as followed: large- and medium-scale pig farmers prefer to adopt point-based feeding method, all-out all-entry feeding mode, Site selection and layout of pig farms, epidemic prevention of objects entering and leaving pig farms, prevention and control of mosquitoes, rats, birds, introduction and isolation management, and other prevention and control measures based on hardware contributions. Small scale and free-range households mostly adopted total disinfection management, feed and drinking water management and epidemic prevention, vehicle management to enter and exit the pig farm and epidemic prevention, vaccine, drug use management and epidemic prevention, entry to and from pig farm personnel management and epidemic prevention, environmental management and epidemic prevention in and out of pig farms, and other prevention and control measures that favor the software attribute. The paper proposed to take two measures for state, 1) to support the development of large-scale pig farms and build a social biosafety prevention and control system, for pig farmers 2) to strengthen prevention and control measures for high biological safety, and to improve management level in a collective development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theory of landsenses ecology is closely connected with Chinese philosophy and ecological wisdom. Many ancient settlements contain the ideas of landsenses ecology in the process of site determination, planning and development. From the perspective of landsenses ecology, this paper takes ancient house, fortress-village, town and city in Yu County, Hebei Province, China, as typical cases, and summarizes the characteristics and changes of the influencing factors in the process of these site determination, planning and development over history through literature search and field investigation. The main factors of site determination, planning and development would have different focuses and changes in different historical stages (from the Stone Age to Qing Dynasty) and on different scales (from house to city). The main factors ranged from macro factors, including natural factors, political economy, military defense and landscape structure, to specific factors, including road traffic, microclimate characteristics, human physical and psychological perception, financial situation, etc. It can be seen that there is a correspondence between the process of Chinese ancient site determination, planning and development and the theory of landsenses ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to optimize the vent design for additional sunspace of passive houses in rural areas. First, a typical rural house in northern China's Hebei was selected as the research object. Then, a total of twelve models with different vent length and vent number were designed to allow the warm air move from the sunspace to the house. All the vents are assumed to be square in shape and manually controllable according to the sunspace temperature. Through Fluent simulation, the twelve models were compared based on different variables, and the models with the best and worst results were determined. The results show that the addition of vents facilitates the exchange between the warm air in the sunspace and the cool indoor air, improving the warming speed and efficiency indoor; the highest indoor temperature was achieved at the vent length of 0.3m, using three inlet vents and two outlet vents. On this basis, the best and worst performing models were further compared to identify the influencing factors of sunspace and optimize the vent design. The energy-saving, emission reduction, and environmental impacts of the vent design were also discussed. The research results lay a theoretical basis for reducing the energy consumption of winter heating in rural houses, and promoting the sunspace design of passive houses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, North China faces serious groundwater overmining problem. In the action plan of comprehensive control of groundwater overmining in North China, it is clearly proposed to strengthen agricultural water saving, and adjust the structure of agricultural planting. Farmers' cognition of water saving irrigation technology is closely related to water saving effect. This paper takes the survey of 269 farmers in Guyuan county, Zhangjiakou city, Hebei province as a sample, uses structural equation model to explore intrinsic mechanism of farmers' cognition of water saving irrigation technology. Results show that, the path of personal characteristics of farmers, characteristics of household production, characteristics of policy advocacy, farmer cognition of water resources scarcity are 0.186, 0.157, 0.469 and 0.200. respectively. It is indicated that water saving irrigation technology subsidy, technical training and visiting high efficiency water saving demonstration area are effective in improving farmers' cognition of water saving irrigation technology. Therefore, on the basis of reliance on government technical financial support, we should find out the farmers' cognition differences in water saving irrigation techniques, and perfect the publicity system of water saving irrigation technology so as to enhance farmers' enthusiasm to use water saving irrigation technology in North China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We calculated carbon sequestration/emissions in agroecosystems in Hebei, China. • We measured agricultural production efficiency considering an undesirable output. • The annual average low-carbon agriculture production efficiency increased by 3.03%. • There were disparities of efficiency among cities owing to increased carbon emission. • Climate change had complex effects on low-carbon agricultural production. With the increase of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the atmosphere, global greenhouse effects have intensified, thereby contributing to climate change. Agriculture contributes to climate change by increasing GHG emissions, and climate change in turn affects agricultural production. In this paper, we calculated carbon emissions and sequestration of agriculture in the 142 counties of Hebei Province, China, and analyzed their spatiotemporal distributions during 2000–2010. Considering net carbon emissions as an undesirable output, we then measured low-carbon agricultural production efficiency using a stochastic directional distance function. We further explored the impacts of climate change on low-carbon agricultural production. We found that carbon emissions in agriculture increased by 15.85% (650 million tons) during 2000–2010, while carbon sequestration in agroecosystems increased by 33.82% (13.8 million tons). The annual average low-carbon agricultural production efficiency increased by 3.03%. There were distinct disparities of efficiency among cities, with the highest efficiency in Chengde and Shijiazhuang. The efficiency in southeastern areas was lower than that in the northwest, owing to the increased carbon emissions. Temperature and precipitation had a positive effect on efficiency in Hebei, whereas extreme weather events caused lower efficiency. The results provide valuable references for developing sustainable, climate-resilient and adaptive agriculture under changing climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From 1990 to 2017, the number of vehicles in China increased sharply from 5 million to 310 million, and vehicle emissions became one of the major sources of air pollution. Among the main sources of PM 2.5 in Beijing, the contributions from vehicle sources increased from 5.6% (2000) to 31.1% (2012) to 45% (2017). In 2010, the CO, hydrocarbon (HC), NO x , and particulate matter (PM) emissions of yellow-label vehicles (YLVs) accounted for 46.1%, 47.9%, 63.1% and 86.1% of the total emissions from on-road vehicles. In recent years, China has been implementing a YLV scrappage subsidy policy to control air pollution, and this policy has cost several hundred billion yuan nationwide. However, China has not evaluated the costs and benefits of the policy. Many people question whether the YLV scrappage subsidy policy is worthwhile, but all the stakeholders involved complicate the process of accurately evaluating the true value of the policy. In this study, we evaluated and compared the costs and benefits of the policy in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region based on 1.362 million YLVs from 2008 to 2015. Because of the implementation of the policy, the PM 2.5 , PM 10 , NO x , CO and HC emissions in the BTH region decreased by 16.46, 18.12, 174.44, 669.11, and 91.64 kt, respectively, in 2008–2015. The results show that the policy played an important role in reducing pollutant emissions and improving environmental quality in the BTH region. The costs, benefits, and net benefits of the policy were 13.69, 34.03, and 20.34 billion yuan , respectively. The cost-benefit ratio in the BTH region was 1:2.49; at the city scale, Beijing ranked first (1:7.27), and the cost-benefit ratios of Tianjin and Hebei Province were 1:2.06 and 1:1.14, respectively. Of the 13 cities in the BTH region, Beijing had the highest net benefits, amounting to 16.43 billion yuan , while Handan City has the lowest net benefits, amounting to −0.58 billion yuan. The results may provide scientific support for the promotion of older vehicle and diesel vehicle scrappage subsidy policies, the development of cost-benefit analysis (CBA), and effective environmental decision-making in China. • Based on net number of scrappage YLVs, net benefits of the policy are calculated. • This paper estimates costs and benefits of the policy based on 1.27 million YLVs. • The costs, benefits, and net benefits are 13.69, 34.03, and 20.34 billion yuan. • The results help China promote vehicle scrappage subsidy policy on a large scale. • The results promote the development of the cost-benefit analysis in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiregion input–output (MRIO) models have become increasingly important in economic and environmental analysis. However, the current resolution of most MRIO models fails to capture the heterogeneity between subregions, especially in cities. The lack of city‐level MRIO tables has impeded the accomplishment of city‐level studies and hampered the understanding of the relationship between urban growth and consumption, and teleconnections to other regions. In this paper, we propose a partial survey‐based multiple‐layer framework for MRIO table compilation of a Chinese province that distinguishes city‐based regions. This framework can effectively address a large number of data processes and retain consistency between layers. Using the framework, we first compile a nested Hebei‐China city‐level MRIO table and then apply city‐level energy footprint accounting of the North China urban agglomeration. Our results present the critical role of Hebei cities in energy supply in 2012 and quantify energy use embodied in goods for the domestic trade. Tangshan, Shijiazhuang, and Handan are distinctive cities in the energy supply chain of other regions, for both less developed and developed regions. This multiple‐layer framework represents a feasible approach for developing subregional‐level MRIO models and offers the possibility to analyze global trade at the subregional level with limited data. The data and results from the analysis in this article are available for download from China Emission Accounts and Datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes Gaobeidian City of Hebei Province as the research area. Based on the Landsat TM/OLI data from 1999 to 2001, 2007-2009 and 2015-2017, the CART decision tree classification method is used to extract the distribution of abandoned arable land in the study area. Finally, we analyze its spatial pattern change characteristics and influencing factors. The study draws the following conclusions: 1) Using CART decision tree classification method to interpret remote sensing images in Gaobeidian City and verify the accuracy. The result shows that: 1）the classification accuracy of 18-stage images are between 87.5% and 96.4%, which can meet the accuracy requirements of this study; 2) The type of abandoned arable land in Gaobeidian City is mainly seasonal abandonment. The area of abandoned arable land reached 21 888.42 hm2 in the spring of 2001, and the area of seasonal abandoned arable land and perennial abandoned arable land are gradually decreasing; 3) The analysis of landscape indicators including plaque number (NP), average plaque area (MPS), median plaque area (PSMD), plaque area standard deviation (PSSD), and average shape index (MSI) of the abandoned arable land shows that the main form of the abandonment of arable land has changed from large-scale centralized abandonment to small-scale decentralized abandonment; 4) The development of rural industry is the main driving factor leading to the abandonment of arable land. The result of the buffer analysis shows that the closer the industrial center is, the higher the comprehensive abandonment rate; The traffic conditions and farming radius also affect the abandonment of arable land to a certain extent, but in the flat plains region, its impact gradually weakened; 5) The gap in crop yields leads to seasonal differences in the cultivated land reclamation in Gaobeidian City. The long-term low net income per unit area of wheat is the main factor leading to the large-scale spring abandonment of arable land in Gaobeidian City, and the arable land transfer can effectively inhibit the abandonment of arable land. The results of rural survey show that the arable land transfer rate in the six surveyed villages shows a significant negative correlation with the change of the arable land abandonment rate. Due to the low resolution of remote sensing images used in this study, the interpretation accuracy may be affected. In addition, the selection time of remote sensing images is mainly based on the growth of spring wheat and summer maize, which do not take into account the late planting of summer stubble carrot and other crops in different growth periods. Although the sowing area of such crops is small, it may still cause errors in the interpretation of abandoned arable land. In order to solve the above problems, it is necessary to use Google high-resolution image for manual visual interpretation and correction, but this method will cost a lot of manpower and time. In future research, other remote sensing data sources with higher spatial resolution and richer spectral information can be considered for interpretation in order to solve these problems. The research results can provide reference for the study of abandoned arable land in other similar areas in China, and provide basis for the formulation of national food security and regional sustainable development policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Carbon emissions are explored in China's building operations from provincial perspective. • GDIM is employed to factorize ten affecting factors of CO 2 emissions in building sub-sectors. • CO 2 emissions of building sub-sectors are predicted with dynamic simulation. • The contribution of provinces to the change and peak of national emissions are discussed. Carbon emissions from building operations have a critical impact on achieving carbon peaking goal in China. However, the provincial emission performance in building operations are quite different and it is still unidentified how they affect the national emission change and peaking target, making national emission reduction target hard to implement at the provincial level. This paper explores the driving factors leading to emission changes and examines the prospective emission peaks in China and China's provinces by adopting generalized Divisia index method (GDIM) and the combination of scenario analysis and Monte Carlo simulation. Furthermore, the regional emission heterogeneity and the contribution of provinces to the change and peak of national emissions are discussed to identify regions and provinces that should be focused on emission monitoring. Results show that in China and most Chinese provinces, energy consumption of commercial buildings, energy consumption and floor space of urban residential buildings besides income improvement, and the per capita CO 2 emissions of rural residential buildings contributed greatly to emission growth. Under current policies, commercial and urban residential buildings in most provinces would fail to reach their emission peaks ahead of schedule. The urban residential buildings in the northern region, commercial and rural residential buildings in the eastern region caused higher CO 2 emissions. At the provincial level, Shandong, Shanxi and Hebei made the top contribution to total emissions of commercial, urban residential and rural residential buildings, respectively. Shandong and the provinces in north China of urban residential buildings and four provinces including Shandong, Guangdong, Hebei and Zhejiang of commercial and rural residential buildings had the significant impact on the uncertainty of the peaking time of CO 2 emissions. These findings provide a strong decision-making reference for Chinese government to formulate targeted regional emission reduction policies in building operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The genesis of the Fenghuangshan gold deposit is considered to be magmatic-hydrothermal. • The Fenghuangshan gold deposit is related to the Paleo-Pacific plate subduction. • The study area is highly prospective for deep-seated gold mineralization. The Jidong area is a vital gold province in North China, including plenty of metamorphic rock-hosted gold deposits. Whether ore-forming fluids are magmatic or metamorphic remains controversial. The genesis for gold mineralization in this gold province is ambiguous. The Fenghuangshan gold deposit lies on the eastern fragment of the Jidong gold province. In this paper, we present a detailed study on ore geology, fluid inclusions, and stable isotopes for the deposit to illustrate the characteristics of ore-forming fluids and ore genesis. The deposit occurs as gold-bearing quartz vein and disseminated- and veinlet-type mineralization. The main orebody named 7# is hosted in migmatitic granite, controlled by NE trending secondary fracture system. Four hydrothermal mineralization stages were identified, including: (Ⅰ) white quartz, (II) pyrite-quartz, (III) quartz-polymetallic sulfide, and (IV) calcite-chlorite-quartz. The Stage II and III belong to main gold mineralization stage. Fluid inclusions from different stages show that a lowering trend of fluid inclusion homogenization temperature was observed. They ranged from 222 °C to 407 °C (early-stage), 144 °C to 375 °C (main-stage), and 86 °C to 174 °C (late-stage), respectively. The salinities of the ore-forming fluids were typically low, ranging from 0.83 to 15.47 wt% NaCl equivalent. On the basis of Laser Raman analysis and fluid inclusion microthermometry, the ore-forming fluids belonged to a low- to moderate-temperature, low-salinity H 2 O-NaCl-CO 2 system. Fluid immiscibility gave rise to rapid gold deposition. The early-stage δD and δ18O H2O values from quartzs ranged from –96.4‰ to –92.5‰ and from 1.74‰ to 2.44‰, whereas main-stage fluids had δ18O H2O values of –4.10‰ to –3.50‰ and δD values of –91.5‰ to –89.5‰. The early- and main-stage sulfide δ34S values varied from –2.0‰ to + 2.2‰, with average values of + 0.4‰. H-O-S-isotope data indicated that the primary ore-forming fluids were magmatic water mixing meteoric water during mineralization, and ore-forming materials were derived from a homogeneous magmatic source. Ore geology, fluid inclusions, and stable isotopes illustrate that the Fenghuangshan gold deposit is a low- to moderate-temperature magmatic-hydrothermal gold deposit. Future deep-seated and surrounding gold exploration should center on this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • In the case of a small number of known deposits and mineral occurrences, the prospecting prediction model based on the Siamese network can extract effective features without relying on prior knowledge to realize supervised prospecting prediction. • On the basis of sliding window data enhancement, this paper generates paired sample data sets by randomly combining deposit samples and non-deposit samples, which can further enhance the data and improve the generalization ability and prediction accuracy of the model to a certain extent. • Compared with the prediction results of the weight of evidence method and the convolutional neural network, the prediction results of the Siamese network are better, and 7 new gold prospecting areas have been discovered in Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, China. Supervised neural networks constitute an important research area for the intelligent prediction of locations for prospecting mineral deposits. Accurate training of a supervised neural network requires many training samples, something that is often difficult to obtain. This paper reports the use of geological, geochemical, and geophysical data by a Siamese network to overcome the problem of insufficient training samples, and implements a supervised deep learning prospecting prediction method based on the Siamese network. Intelligent prediction for gold deposits prospecting is carried out for the Chongli mineral concentrate area in Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, China, and compared with the weight of evidence method and convolutional neural network model. The results show that:(a) the performance of the Siamese network model is no less than that of the convolutional neural network (CNN) model and better than that of the weight of evidence (WOE) method; (b) the gold prospective areas differentiated by the established models are strongly consistent with geological and metallogenic characteristics in the study area. This study suggests Siamese network model as an effective mineral prospectivity modeling tool. This method is also suitable for prospecting prediction using geoscience data in other areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato scab, a serious soilborne disease caused by Streptomyces spp., occurs in potato-growing areas worldwide and results in severe economic losses. In this paper, the pathogenicity of Streptomyces strain AMCC400023, isolated from potato scabs in Hebei Province, China, was verified systematically by the radish seedling test, the potato tuber slice assay, the potted back experiment, and the detection of phytotoxin thaxtomin A. Morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics were determined, and the 16S ribosomal RNA analyses of Streptomyces sp. AMCC400023 were carried out. To obtain the accurate taxonomic status of the pathogen strain, the whole genome was sequenced, and the phylogenetic tree among 31 Streptomyces genomes was formed. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and in silico DNADNA hybridization (isDDH) were analyzed, and at the same time, the toxicity-related genes between Streptomyces sp. AMCC400023 and Streptomyces scabiei were compared, all based on the whole-genome level. All of the data supported that, instead of a member of S. scabiei, test strain Streptomyces sp. AMCC400023 was a distinct phytopathogen of potato common scab, which had a relatively close relationship with S. scabiei while separating clearly from S. scabiei at least in the species level of taxonomic status. The complete pathogenicity island (PAI) composition of Streptomyces sp. AMCC400023 was identified, which contained a toxin region and a colonization region. It was conjectured that the PAI of Streptomyces sp. AMCC400023 might be directly or indirectly acquired from S. scabiei 87-22 by horizontal gene transfer, or at the very least, there was a very close homologous relationship between the two pathogens as indicated by a series of analyses, such as phylogenetic relationships among 31 Streptomyces species, ANI and isDDH analyses, PAI structure mapping, thaxtomin A synthetic gene cluster tree construction, and most important, the collinearity analysis at the genome level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hebei is a largely agricultural province in northern China, and the crop straw amount was 58.42 million in 2017. Pyrolysis technology is an important way to realize the utilization of crop straw resources. The biochar produced also plays an important role in soil improvement, heavy metal adsorption, and water purification, especially it can regulate soil pH value and effectively alleviate soil acidification and alkalinity and other organic matter content. Pyrolysis gas can be used for heating in the north and alleviating the pollution caused by the use of a large number of inferior loose coal in rural areas. Pyrolysis liquids and wood vinegar can be used as fuels or chemical raw materials. Therefore, the pyrolysis technology has received extensive attention from experts at home and abroad. To investigate the pyrolysis characteristics of corn straw under different temperature conditions and analyze the physical and chemical properties of pyrolysis products, this paper proposed a rotary kiln. The results showed that increasing pyrolysis temperature raised the yields of pyrolysis liquid products and water, but decreased the yield and high heating value (HHV) of biochar. The tar yield increased first and then decreased with the rising of temperature. When the pyrolysis temperature increased from 400 to 700 °C, the tar yield rose from 12.21% to 21.70%, when the temperature increased to 800 °C, the tar yield reduced to 21.70%. The tar HHV escalated from 19 974.0 to 21 710.0 kJ/kg with the increase in pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800 °C. More oxygen-containing heterocyclic structures such as hydroxyl and carbonyl groups gradually decomposed with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, thus raising the tar HHV. However, the excessively high temperature exacerbated the secondary reaction of volatiles, and therefore reduced the tar yield. The pyrolysis gas volume, H2 and CH4 content increased with the rising of temperature, but the biochar yield and HHV decreased, while biochar pH value and C/N ratio presented an increasing trend. The increase of pyrolysis temperature gradually increased the C/N ratio of biochar, and the corresponding biochar H/O decreased, which was mainly due to the escape of a large amount of volatiles during pyrolysis. When the pyrolysis temperature increased from 400 to 800 °C, the C/N ratio of biochar increased from 21.02 to 28.60. When the pyrolysis temperature was 600 °C, the C/N ratio of biochar was 24.85, which was suitable for composting process and production of carbon-based fertilizer. The results of this study provide a reference for biochar application in agricultural production and composting of agricultural wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Analyzed residents' thermal demand characteristics under the global climate change. • A new thermal comfort evaluation model of traditional dwellings was established. • The new thermal neutral temperature and comfort range of residents were proposed. • Different measures to improve the old and new types of dwellings were put forward. Global climate change has led to increased differences in the indoor thermal environment of traditional dwellings and residents' thermal adaptability, but quantitative research in this area needs to be updated and improved. In this paper, taking the old and new types of traditional dwellings of Guangfu Ancient City in Hebei province, China as the example, we first investigated the current situation of indoor thermal environment and thermal comfort characteristics of residents by means of subjective questionnaire survey and objective data measurement. The measured data showed that the average indoor temperature of old-type traditional dwellings in winter was far lower than the thermal comfort range of human body, and it was also higher than the relevant standard in summer. Secondly, we established a new thermal comfort evaluation model of traditional dwellings and proposed a new thermal neutral temperature of residents: old-type traditional dwellings (18.1 °C in winter and 27.1 °C in summer), new-type traditional dwellings (19.8 °C in winter and 25.7 °C in summer). Although the measured data showed that the thermal environment quality of the old-type traditional dwellings was poor, the residents had strong thermal adaptability. Finally, we put forward the different living performance improvement strategies of old and new types of traditional dwellings: The old-type traditional dwellings should focus on strengthening the thermal performance of the envelope structure, while the new-type traditional dwellings should solve the problem of low indoor humidity in winter. This research improves the evaluation system of human thermal comfort of dwellings in cold region of China, and provides a good case reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Metabasic dykes in this study correspond to the ∼1.85 Ga metamorphic zircon age. • Metabasic dykes show clockwise P–T paths with peak conditions were constrained to be 0.6–0.9 GPa/580–650 °C (JN1929), ∼0.95 GPa/757 °C (JN1918) and ∼1.15 GPa/820 °C (JN1932), respectively. • Longgang Block has magmatism of ∼2.2 Ga indicated by protolith crystallization zircons. • A collisional orogeny started at ∼1.85 Ga along the northern margin of the NCC. The distribution and tectonic evolution of the Paleoproterozoic orogenic belts in the North China Craton (NCC) remain controversial. Especially, the extent of the Paleoproterozoic magmatic and metamorphic influences on the Archean Longgang Block needs further demonstration. This paper presents detailed petrographic and mineralogical analyses, phase equilibria modeling and zircon dating for three metabasic dyke samples in the Jiapigou area, South Jilin Province, in order to discuss their metamorphic evolution and tectonic implications. Petrographic observation and phase modeling using THERMOCALC suggest that these metabasic dykes have experienced the metamorphism with clockwise P-T paths under low-amphibolite facies, high-amphibolite facies and high-pressure granulite facies. Their peak P-T conditions were constrained to be 0.6–0.9 GPa/580–650 °C (JN1929), ∼0.95 GPa/757 °C (JN1918) and ∼1.15 GPa / 820 °C (JN1932), according to the stability fields of mineral assemblage and isopleths of Ti content in amphibole, anorthite component (X An) in plagioclase, pyrope content (X Py) and grossular content (X Grs) in garnet. The peak conditions correspond to apparent geothermal gradients of 19–22℃/km, being medium-pressure type. Zircon U-Pb dating shows that the metabasic dykes have a protolith crystallization age of 2199 ± 5 Ma (MSWD = 0.43), and a metamorphic age of 1855 ± 41 Ma (MSWD = 0.21). The protolith ages, metamorphic characteristics and ages of the metabasic dykes in South Jilin can be well compared with those for metabasic dykes in East Hebei and North Liaoning, indicating that the northern part of the Longgang Block was extensively affected by the mid Paleoproterozoic magmatism, and was involved in an orogen to be metamorphically reworked during the late Paleoproterozoic (1.82–1.85 Ga). In addition, this orogeny mainly occurred along the northern margin of the craton, which is different from the ∼1.95 Ga orogeny in the NCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, Huailai County in China's Hebei Provice is considered an example for analyzing the characteristics of landscape patterns with three remote sensing datasets in 1995, 2005, and 2015. The land use change and landscape pattern of the study area were analyzed and it was found that from 1995 to 2015, the area with the largest change of land use type was cultivated land and construction land. Results show an increasing landscape fragmentation in this area. Meanwhile, the connectivity presents a downward trend. In combination with the distribution of different landscape type patterns on the terrain niche and the functions of ecosystem services, a minimum cumulative resistance model was used to construct the landscape components of ecological sources, ecological corridors, and ecological nodes. The obtained dIIC and dPC show that river confluences and the surrounding area of the reservoirs are most important for landscape connectivity. Based on the above research, maintenance areas, restoration areas, enhancement areas, and protection areas of the landscape are divided, which will be useful for optimizing the ecological landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, heavy metals (i.e., V, Cr, Co, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Sb) in soils from a tannery waste lagoon, Hebei, north China were investigated. Element concentrates were determined by a portable X-ray fluorescence in situ and an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in the lab. Two sets of indexes, including geological accumulation index, contamination factor, and pollution load index, and hazard quotient and total carcinogenic risk were adopted to evaluate the pollution and health-risk of heavy metals. A scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to observe chromium occurrence and speciation. With an average of 6493.11 mg/kg, chromium contents in the lagoon soils reached up to 12971.19 mg/kg, 211-times higher than the threshold of Chinese soils (61.00 mg/kg). Elevated Cr contents resulted in significantly high pollution and noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks in the studied area. Chromium in most soils occurred predominately as Cr3+ (60–74%), and to a lesser extent, Cr6+. The mechanism responsible for decreasing Cr6+ percentages in soils with increasing depth was summarized: Cr6+ favors aqueous environment; soil moisture decreased with increasing depth; in soils especially in the lower portion, Cr6+ was reduced by Fe0 and Fe2, transforming into Cr3+ and Fe3+. In addition, the alkaline condition promoted Cr3+ to precipitate, resulting more Cr3+ absorbing in soils. The intimate association of Cr and Fe in soils (i.e., Cr mainly occurred in Fe oxides and dolomite) further confirmed our assumptions. A combined application of microorganism (e.g., Aeromonas hydrophila) and biochar (prepared from maize stalk or peanut shells) were recommended to alleviate Cr pollution in the soils. [Display omitted] • Chromium contents in lagoon soils are much higher than those of soils from the leather tanning districts worldwide. • The average I geo of Cr from studied soils is 7.59, higher than the threshold (>5) for significant pollution. • The Cr3+ percentages ranged from 60 to 74% in most soils, except for 42% in soils kb2 1–10 and kb3 1–10. • Chromium contents and Cr3+ percentages increased with the increasing depth. • Chromium occurs mainly in dolomite and Fe oxides; while no Cr was found in calcite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By means of the three-scale input-output analysis, this study, taking Hebei Province in China as a case work, analyzes the water use in the provincial district and compares that between regional and urban economies. To the best of our knowledge, this paper pioneers providing a multi-scale perspective in a spectrum from global, national and regional scale, into regional water use allocation and water-saving policy making in Hebei province. The embodied water intensities for Hebei are revealed to be higher than that of the global average, but relatively approximate to that of the national average. The fact that water embodied in Hebei’s final demand is much lower than the direct water withdrawal is unveiled, with large amounts of foreign embodied water exports and domestic imports flowing through the primary and secondary industries. The network outlines detailed supply and demand chains of water resources in Hebei province from global, national, and regional scales, laying a solid foundation for reasonable allocation of water resources in regional economies in context of regional development and urban integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Against the backdrop of increasingly serious global climate change and the development of the low-carbon economy, the coordination between energy consumption carbon emissions (ECCE) and regional population, resources, environment, economy and society has become an important subject. In this paper, the research focuses on the security early warning of ECCE in Hebei Province, China. First, an assessment index system of the security early warning of ECCE is constructed based on the pressure-state-response (P-S-R) model. Then, the variance method and linearity weighted method are used to calculate the security early warning index of ECCE. From the two dimensions of time series and spatial pattern, the security early warning conditions of ECCE are analyzed in depth. Finally, with the assessment analysis of the data from 2000 to 2014, the prediction of the security early warning of carbon emissions from 2015 to 2020 is given, using a back propagation neural network based on a kidney-inspired algorithm (KA-BPNN) model. The results indicate that: (1) from 2000 to 2014, the security comprehensive index of ECCE demonstrates a fluctuating upward trend in general and the trend of the alarm level is "Severe warning"-"Moderate warning"-"Slight warning"; (2) there is a big spatial difference in the security of ECCE, with relatively high-security alarm level in the north while it is relatively low in the other areas; (3) the security index shows the trend of continuing improvement from 2015 to 2020, however the security level will remain in the state of "Semi-secure" for a long time and the corresponding alarm is still in the state of "Slight warning", reflecting that the situation is still not optimistic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the relationship between landscape diversity and crop production using big data techniques. In the case study area of Hebei Province, China, there is a positive ecological effect of landscape diversity on crop production (coefficient of H (Shannon's index) and H 2 on crop production are 7.9665 and −2.2388 respectively), and a negative effect via operating cultivated land change (coefficient of H and H 2 on cultivated land change are −5.4253 and 1.5520 respectively). This negative effect is measured with big data techniques and is explained by variables such as the ratio of cultivated land and other basic local conditions. The net effect of landscape diversity on crop production is negative, all else the same, reflecting the strength of the impact through cultivated land change. Thus, it is important to adhere to a certain level of landscape diversity if crop production is to be sustained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Balancing socioeconomic development with water resources among cities is critical for the sustainable development of urban agglomerations. Despite this urgent need to analyse balanced development, a recognized method to measure and improve the balanced degree in urban agglomerations impacted by water resource constraints is still lacking. This study proposes a framework to evaluate the balanced development degree and simulate the impacts of interactions and management policies of economy-society-water on balanced development in urban agglomerations. This paper establishes a balanced development degree index using the coupling coordinated degree (CCD) model; constructs a system dynamic (SD) model to simulate economy-society-water interactions; and designs future scenarios to evaluate the impacts of industry, population, water, and comprehensive regulation policies on balanced development. The integrated framework that couples the above three methods was validated in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region in China. The results showed that (a) industrial and population regulations slightly increase the level of balanced development by 0.0025 and 0.0024 in the BTH region but will increase water scarcity in Hebei; (b) improving water use efficiency is an effective way to relieve water stress; and (c) the balanced degree increases by 15% under comprehensive regulatory policies. Integrated water-economy-society management makes it possible to achieve co-development without increasing the water crisis in the BTH region. This study provides support for policy-makers and promotes sustainable development of the water-economy-society in urban agglomerations. [Display omitted] • A framework for balancing urban agglomerations under water constraints is developed. • An index of urban agglomerations balanced development is established. • Efficiency of the proposed approach is examined in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. • The water system is key to balanced development in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota in northern China is a terrestrial lagerstätte that contains exceptionally-preserved fossils, including birds, dinosaurs, pterosaurs, mammals, insects, and flowering plants. The biota underwent three developmental phases, with relatively limited biodiversity in an early phase that rapidly diversified in a middle phase; however, the relationship between this biological radiation and climate remains uncertain. In this paper, we study fossils from the early-to-middle phases of the Jehol Biota preserved in the Lower Cretaceous (middle Valanginian-lower Barremian) Dabeigou and Dadianzi formations of Hebei Province to ascertain climatic impact on biotic evolution. The occurrence of a cool to warm climate turnover during the deposition of these strata is inferred based on a synthesis of geochemical and paleontological evidence. Palaeogeographic distribution of the middle phase of the biota is wider and positioned more southerly than that of the early phase, possibly indicating that the biota in the early and middle phases lived in boreal and temperate climate realms, respectively. Biotic diversity shows an increasing trend from the early phase to the middle phase of the Jehol Biota, closely coinciding with the cool to warm turnover of the climate. The body sizes of some taxa in the middle phase were significantly smaller than those in the early phase, which is also interpreted as a climatic effect. This study represents the first attempt to correlate the response of terrestrial evolution of the Jehol Biota to climate change, with a focus on Early Cretaceous paleotemperatures. • The Lower Cretaceous of northern Hebei record early-middle stages of Jehol Biota. • Climate change from cool to warm during early development of Jehol Biota. • Warming climate enabled the diversification of the Jehol Biota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]