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Consider a graph on the non-singular matrices over a finite field, in which two distinct non-singular matrices are joined by an edge whenever their sum is singular. We prove an upper bound for the independence number of this graph. As a consequence, we obtain a lower bound for its chromatic number that significantly improves a previous result of Tomon.

Let $R$ be a commutative ring and $M_n(R)$ be the ring of $n \times n$ matrices with entries from $R$. For each $S \subseteq M_n(R)$, we consider its (generalized) null ideal $N(S)$, which is the set of all polynomials $f$ with coefficients from $M_n(R)$ with the property that $f(A) = 0$ for all $A \in S$. The set $S$ is said to be core if $N(S)$ is a two-sided ideal of $M_n(R)[x]$. It is not known how common core sets are among all subsets of $M_n(R)$. We study this problem for $2 \times 2$ matrices over $\mathbb{F}_q$, where $\mathbb{F}_q$ is the finite field with $q$ elements. We provide exact counts for the number of core subsets of each similarity class of $M_2(\mathbb{F}_q)$. While not every subset of $M_2(\mathbb{F}_q)$ is core, we prove that as $q \to \infty$, the probability that a subset of $M_2(\mathbb{F}_q)$ is core approaches 1. Thus, asymptotically in~$q$, almost all subsets of $M_2(\mathbb{F}_q)$ are core.

Let $R$ be a ring and let $n\ge 2$. We discuss the question of whether every element in the matrix ring $M_n(R)$ is a product of (additive) commutators $[x,y]=xy-yx$, for $x,y\in M_n(R)$. An example showing that this does not always hold, even when $R$ is commutative, is provided. If, however, $R$ has Bass stable rank one, then under various additional conditions every element in $M_n(R)$ is a product of three commutators. Further, if $R$ is a division ring with infinite center, then every element in $M_n(R)$ is a product of two commutators. If $R$ is a field and $a\in M_n(R)$, then every element in $M_n(R)$ is a sum of elements of the form $[a,x][a,y]$ with $x,y\in M_n(R)$ if and only if the degree of the minimal polynomial of $a$ is greater than $2$., Comment: 15 pages

The unitary Cayley graph $C_R$ of a finite unital ring $R$ is the simple graph with vertex set $R$ in which two elements $x$ and $y$ are connected by an edge if and only if $x-y$ is a unit of $R$. We characterize the unitary Cayley graph $C_{T_n (\mathbb{F})}$ of the ring of all upper triangular matrices $T_n(\mathbb{F})$ over a finite field $\mathbb{F}$. We show that $C_{T_n (\mathbb{F})}$ is isomorphic to the semistrong product of the complete graph $K_m$ and the antipodal graph of the Hamming graph $A(H(n,p^k))$, where $m=p^{\frac{kn(n-1)}{2}}$ and $|\mathbb{F}|=p^k$. In particular, if $|\mathbb{F}|=2$, then the graph $C_{T_n (\mathbb{F})}$ has $2^{n-1}$ connected components, each component is isomorphic to the complete bipartite graph $K_{m,m}$, where $m=2^{\frac{n(n-1)}{2}}$. We also compute the diameter, triameter, and clique number of the graph $C_{T_n (\mathbb{F})}$.

Triangular matrix rings are example of trivial extensions. In this article we describe the Jordan superderivations of the trivial extensions and upper triangular matrix rings. We deduce then that any Jordan superderivation of an upper triangular matrix ring, under some conditions, is a derivation, and any Jordan super-biderivation of a trivial extension, and hence an upper triangular matrix ring, is a Jordan biderivation.

Suppose that $F$ is a finite field and $R=M_n(F)$ is the ring of $n$-square matrices over $F$. Here we characterize when the Cayley graph of the additive group of $R$ with respect to the set of invertible elements of $R$, called the unitary Cayley graph of $R$, is well-covered. Then we apply this to characterize all finite rings with identity whose unitary Cayley graph is well-covered or Cohen-Macaulay.

In this paper we introduce compressed commuting graph of rings. It can be seen as a compression of the standard commuting graph (with the central elements added) where we identify the vertices that generate the same subring. The compression is chosen in such a way that it induces a functor from the category of rings to the category of graphs, which means that our graph takes into account not only the commutativity relation in the ring, but also the commutativity relation in all of its homomorphic images. Furthermore, we show that this compression is best possible for matrix algebras over finite fields. We compute the compressed commuting graphs of finite fields and rings of $2 \times 2$ matrices over finite fields., Comment: 17 pages

Let $n\geq 3$ be an integer. Let $\mathcal{D}$ be a division ring with char$(\mathcal{D})>n$ or char$(\mathcal{D})=0$. Let $\mathcal{R}=M_m(\mathcal{D})$ be a ring of $n\times n$ matrices over $D$, $m\geq 2$. The main theorem in the paper states that the only additive maps $f$ and $g$ satisfying that $f(X)+X^ng(X^{-1})=0$ for all invertible $X\in \mathcal{R}$, are zero maps, which generalizes both a result proved by Dar and Jing and a result proved by Catalano and Merch$\acute{a}$n., Comment: 14 pages

Let $n$ be a positive integer and $R=(M_{ij})_{1\leq i,j\leq n}$ be a generalized matrix ring. For each $1\leq i,j\leq n$, let $I_i$ be an ideal of the ring $R_i:=M_{ii}$ and denote $I_{ij}=I_iM_{ij}+M_{ij}I_j$. We give sufficient conditions for the subset $I=(I_{ij})_{1\leq i,j\leq n}$ of $R$ to be an ideal of $R$. Also, suppose that $\alpha^{(i)}$ is a partial action of a group $\mathtt{G}$ on $R_i$, for all $1\leq i\leq n$. We construct, under certain conditions, a partial action $\gamma$ of $\mathtt{G}$ on $R$ such that $\gamma$ restricted to $R_i$ coincides with $\alpha^{(i)}$. We study the relation between this construction and the notion of Morita equivalent partial group action given in [1]. Moreover, we investigate properties related to Galois theory for the extension $R^{\gamma}\subset R$. Some examples to illustrate the results are considered in the last part of the paper.

We investigate properties of group gradings on matrix rings $M_n(R)$, where $R$ is an associative unital ring and $n$ is a positive integer. More precisely, we introduce very good gradings and show that any very good grading on $M_n(R)$ is necessarily epsilon-strong. We also identify a condition that is sufficient to guarantee that $M_n(R)$ is an epsilon-crossed product, i.e. isomorphic to a crossed product associated with a unital twisted partial action. In the case where $R$ has IBN, we are able to provide a characterization of when $M_n(R)$ is an epsilon-crossed product. Our results are illustrated by several examples., Comment: 9 pages

We consider the isomorphism problem for formal matrix rings over a given ring. Principal factor matrices of such rings play an important role in this case. The work is supported by Russian Scientific Foundation, project 23-21-00375 (P.A. Krylov) and project 22-11-00052 (A.A. Tuganbaev)., Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2211.02957

We consider realization and isomorphism problems for formal matrix rings over a given ring. Principal multiplier matrices of such rings play an important role in this case.\\ The work of A.A.Tuganbaev is supported by Russian Scientific Foundation, project 22-11-00052.

Let $\mathfrak{R}$ and $\mathfrak{R}'$ be two associative rings (not necessarily with the identity elements). A bijective map $\varphi$ of $\mathfrak{R}$ onto $\mathfrak{R}'$ is called a \textit{$m$-multiplicative isomorphism} if {$\varphi (x_{1} \cdots x_{m}) = \varphi(x_{1}) \cdots \varphi(x_{m})$} for all $x_{1}, \cdots ,x_{m}\in \mathfrak{R}.$ In this article, we establish a condition on generalized $n$-matrix rings, that assures that multiplicative maps are additive on generalized $n$-matrix rings under certain restrictions. And then, we apply our result for study of $m$-multiplicative isomorphism and $m$-multiplicative derivation on generalized $n$-matrix rings., Comment: 14 pages

We study automorphism groups of formal matrix algebras. We also consider automorphisms of ordinary matrix algebras (in particular, triangular matrix algebras).

In the present paper we prove that every 2-local inner derivation on the Lie ring of skew-adjoint matrices over a commutative $*$-ring is an inner derivation. We also apply our technique to various Lie algebras of infinite-dimensional skew-adjoint matrix-valued maps on a set and prove that every 2-local spatial derivation on such algebras is a spatial derivation. We also show that every local spatial derivation on the above Lie algebras is a derivation., Comment: 21 pages. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2108.03993, arXiv:1803.06281

Let $A$, $B$ be two rings and $T=\left(\begin{smallmatrix} A & M \\ 0 & B \\\end{smallmatrix}\right)$ with $M$ an $A$-$B$-bimodule. We first construct a semi-complete duality pair $\mathcal{D}_{T}$ of $T$-modules using duality pairs in $A$-Mod and $B$-Mod respectively. Then we characterize when a left $T$-module is Gorenstein $D_{T}$-projective, Gorenstein $D_{T}$-injective or Gorenstein $D_{T}$-flat. These three class of $T$-modules will induce model structures on $T$-Mod. Finally we show that the homotopy category of each of model structures above admits a recollement relative to corresponding stable categories. Our results give new characterizations to earlier results in this direction.

The classical Frobenius problem is to find the largest integer that cannot be written as a linear combination of a given set of positive, coprime integers using nonnegative integer coefficients. Prior work has generalized the classical Frobenius problem from integers to Frobenius problems in other rings. This paper explores Frobenius problems in various rings of (upper) triangular $2 \times 2$ matrices with constant diagonal.

We study some sum-product problems over matrix rings. Firstly, for $A, B, C\subseteq M_n(\mathbb{F}_q)$, we have $$ |A+BC|\gtrsim q^{n^2}, $$ whenever $|A||B||C|\gtrsim q^{3n^2-\frac{n+1}{2}}$. Secondly, if a set $A$ in $M_n(\mathbb{F}_q)$ satisfies $|A|\geq C(n)q^{n^2-1}$ for some sufficiently large $C(n)$, then we have $$ \max\{|A+A|, |AA|\}\gtrsim \min\left\{\frac{|A|^2}{q^{n^2-\frac{n+1}{4}}}, q^{n^2/3}|A|^{2/3}\right\}. $$ These improve the results due to The and Vinh (2020), and generalize the results due to Mohammadi, Pham, and Wang (2021). We also give a new proof for a recent result due to The and Vinh (2020). Our method is based on spectral graph theory and linear algebra., Comment: 18 pages

In this paper, we study a point-hyper plane incidence theorem in matrix rings, which generalizes all previous works in literature of this direction., Comment: 9 pages, update for general cases

In this paper, a new search technique based on the virus optimisation algorithm is proposed for calculating the neighbours of binary self-dual codes. The aim of this new technique is to calculate neighbours of self-dual codes without reducing the search field in the search process (this is a known in the literature approach due to the computational time constraint) but still obtaining results in a reasonable time (significantly faster when compared to the standard linear computational search). We employ this new search algorithm to the well-known neighbour method and its extension, the $k^{th}$-range neighbours and search for binary $[72,36,12]$ self-dual codes. In particular, we present six generator matrices of the form $[I_{36} \ | \ \tau_6(v)],$ where $I_{36}$ is the $36 \times 36$ identity matrix, $v$ is an element in the group matrix ring $M_6(\mathbb{F}_2)G$ and $G$ is a finite group of order 6, which we then employ to the proposed algorithm and search for binary $[72,36,12]$ self-dual codes directly over the finite field $\mathbb{F}_2$. We construct 1471 new Type I binary $[72, 36, 12]$ self-dual codes with the rare parameters $\gamma=11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32$ in their weight enumerators., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2103.07739, arXiv:2102.12863

In the present paper we prove that every 2-local inner derivation on the Jordan ring of self-adjoint matrices over a commutative involutive ring is a derivation. We also apply our technique to various Jordan algebras of infinite dimensional self-adjoint matrix-valued maps on a set and prove that every 2-local spatial derivation on such algebras is a spatial derivation. It is also proved that every local spatial derivation on the same Jordan algebras is a derivation., Comment: 22 pages

Let $A$ and $B$ be rings, $U$ a $(B,A)$-bimodule and $T=\begin{pmatrix} A&0\\U&B \end{pmatrix}$ the triangular matrix ring. In this paper, several notions in relative Gorenstein algebra over a triangular matrix ring are investigated. We first study how to construct w-tilting (tilting, semidualizing) over $T$ using the corresponding ones over $A$ and $B$. We show that when $U$ is relative (weakly) compatible we are able to describe the structure of $G_C$-projective modules over $T$. As an application, we study when a morphism in $T$-Mod has a special $G_CP(T)$-precover and when the class $G_CP(T)$ is a special precovering class. In addition, we study the relative global dimension of $T$. In some cases, we show that it can be computed from the relative global dimensions of $A$ and $B$. We end the paper with a counterexample to a result that characterizes when a $T$-module has a finite projective dimension., Comment: 39 pages

In this paper, we study the expanding phenomena in the setting of higher dimensional matrix rings. More precisely, we obtain a sum-product estimate for large subsets and show that x+yz, x(y+z) are moderate expanders over the matrix ring, and xy + z + t is strong expander over the matrix rings. These results generalize recent results of Y.D. Karabulut, D. Koh, T. Pham, C-Y. Shen, and the second listed author., Comment: Available Online in Journal of Number Theory, 21 pages

This paper presents a study on Jordan maps over matrix rings with some functional equations related to additive maps on these rings. We first show that every Jordan left (right) centralizer over a matrix ring is a left (right) centralizer. Moreover, every two-sided centralizer over the matrix ring is of a particular form. Further, we prove that any additive map satisfying functional equations over matrix rings becomes a two-sided centralizer. Finally, we conclude our work with some results on the Jordan left $\star$- centralizer over matrix rings and establish some results on functional equations that arise for the $\star$-centralizer., Comment: Accepted in TWMS Journal of Applied and Engineering Mathematics

In this work, we present a number of generator matrices of the form $[I_{2n} \ | \ \tau_k(v)],$ where $I_{kn}$ is the $kn \times kn$ identity matrix, $v$ is an element in the group matrix ring $M_2(R)G$ and where $R$ is a finite commutative Frobenius ring and $G$ is a finite group of order 18. We employ these generator matrices and search for binary $[72,36,12]$ self-dual codes directly over the finite field $\mathbb{F}_2.$ As a result, we find 134 Type I and 1 Type II codes of this length, with parameters in their weight enumerators that were not known in the literature before. We tabulate all of our findings., Comment: 24 pages. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2102.00475; text overlap with arXiv:2102.00474

Let $T=\left( \begin{array}{cc} R & M 0 & S \end{array} \right) $ be a triangular matrix ring with $R$ and $S$ rings and $_RM_S$ an $R$-$S$-bimodule. We describe Gorenstein projective modules over $T$. In particular, we refine a result of Enochs, Cort\'{e}s-Izurdiaga and Torrecillas [Gorenstein conditions over triangular matrix rings, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 218 (2014), no. 8, 1544-1554]. Also, we consider when the recollement of $\mathbb{D}^b(T{\text-} Mod)$ restricts to a recollement of its subcategory $\mathbb{D}^b(T{\text-} Mod)_{fgp}$ consisting of complexes with finite Gorenstein projective dimension. As applications, we obtain recollements of the stable category $\underline{T{\text-} GProj}$ and recollements of the Gorenstein defect category $\mathbb{D}_{def}(T{\text-} Mod)$., Comment: To appear in Comm. Algebra

Let $A_1,\ldots,A_s$ be unitary commutative rings which do not have non-trivial idempotents and let $A=A_1\oplus\cdots\oplus A_s$ be their direct sum. We describe all idempotents in the $2\times 2$ matrix ring $M_2(A[[X]])$ over the ring $A[[X]]$ of formal power series with coefficients in $A$ and in arbitrary set of variables $X$. We apply this result to the matrix ring $M_2({\mathbb Z}_n[[X]])$ over the ring ${\mathbb Z}_n[[X]]$ for an arbitrary positive integer $n$ greater than 1. Our proof is elementary and uses only the Cayley-Hamilton theorem (for $2\times 2$ matrices only) and, in the special case $A={\mathbb Z}_n$, the Chinese reminder theorem and the Euler-Fermat theorem., Comment: 6 pages, LATEX

Let $T=\biggl(\begin{matrix} A&0\\ U&B \end{matrix}\biggr)$ be a formal triangular matrix ring, where $A$ and $B$ are rings and $U$ is a $(B, A)$-bimodule. We prove that: (1) If $U_A$ and $_B U$ have finite flat dimensions, then a left $T$-module $\biggl(\begin{matrix} M_1\\ M_2\end{matrix}\biggr)_{\varphi^M}$ is Ding projective if and only if $M_1$ and $M_2/{\rm im}(\varphi^M)$ are Ding projective and the morphism $\varphi^M$ is a monomorphism. (2) If $T$ is a right coherent ring, $_{B}U$ has finite flat dimension, $U_{A}$ is finitely presented and has finite projective or $FP$-injective dimension, then a right $T$-module $(W_{1}, W_{2})_{\varphi_{W}}$ is Ding injective if and only if $W_{1}$ and $\ker(\widetilde{{\varphi_{W}}})$ are Ding injective and the morphism $\widetilde{{\varphi_{W}}}$ is an epimorphism. As a consequence, we describe Ding projective and Ding injective dimensions of a $T$-module.

We completely determine those natural numbers $n$ for which the full matrix ring $M_n(F_2)$ and the triangular matrix ring $T_n(F_2)$ over the two elements field $F_2$ are either n-torsion clean or are almost n-torsion clean, respectively. These results somewhat address and settle a question, recently posed by Danchev-Matczuk in Contemp. Math. (2019) as well as they supply in a more precise aspect the nil-cleanness property of the full matrix $n\times n$ ring $M_n(F_2)$ for all naturals $n \geq 1$, established in Linear Algebra and Appl. (2013) by Breaz-Calugareanu-Danchev-Micu and again in Linear Algebra & Appl. (2018) by Ster as well as in Indag. Math. (2020) by Shitov., Comment: 15 pages

Let $A$, $B$ be two rings and $T=\left(\begin{smallmatrix} A & M 0 & B \end{smallmatrix}\right)$ with $M$ an $A$-$B$-bimodule. Given two complete hereditary cotorsion pairs $(\mathcal{A}_{A},\mathcal{B}_{A})$ and $(\mathcal{C}_{B},\mathcal{D}_{B})$ in $A$-Mod and $B$-Mod respectively. We define two cotorsion pairs $(\Phi(\mathcal{A}_{A},\mathcal{C}_{B}), \mathrm{Rep}(\mathcal{B}_{A},\mathcal{D}_{B}))$ and $(\mathrm{Rep}(\mathcal{A}_{A},\mathcal{C}_{B}), \Psi(\mathcal{B}_{A},\mathcal{D}_{B}))$ in $T$-Mod and show that both of these cotorsion pairs are complete and hereditary. Given two cofibrantly generated model structures $\mathcal{M}_{A}$ and $\mathcal{M}_{B}$ on $A$-Mod and $B$-Mod respectively. Using the result above, we investigate when there exist a cofibrantly generated model structure $\mathcal{M}_{T}$ on $T$-Mod and a recollement of $\mathrm{Ho}(\mathcal{M}_{T})$ relative to $\mathrm{Ho}(\mathcal{M}_{A})$ and $\mathrm{Ho}(\mathcal{M}_{B})$. Finally, some applications are given in Gorenstein homological algebra.