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As the majority of experimental studies suggest cadmium being metalloestrogen, we examined cadmium/breast cancer (BC) association by histological and tumor receptor subtype in 509 invasive BC patients and 1170 controls. Urinary cadmium was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, and categorized using tertiles of its distribution in the controls: &lt, 0.18, 0.18&ndash, 0.33, &gt, 0.33 kg &times, 10&minus, 9/kg &times, 3 creatinine. Relative to the lowest category of urinary cadmium adjusted odds ratio (OR) of ductal BC was 1.18 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.89&ndash, 1.58) in the intermediate and 1.53 (95% CI: 1.15&ndash, 2.04) in the highest category. There was a significant association for hormone receptor-positive ductal BC: ORs per category increase were 1.34 (95% CI: 1.14&ndash, 1.59) for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+), 1.33 (95% CI: 1.09&ndash, 1.61) for progesterone receptor-positive (PR+) and 1.35 (95% CI: 1.11&ndash, 1.65) for ER+/PR+ BC. We found a significant association between cadmium and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2&minus, ) ductal BC. The strongest association with cadmium was for ER+/PR+/HER2&minus, ductal BC. The associations between cadmium and lobular BC with hormone receptor-positive and HER2&minus, were positive but insignificant. There was no evidence that the associations with cadmium differed for cancers with different tumor histology (p-heterogeneity &gt, 0.05). This study provides evidence that urinary cadmium is associated with the risk of hormone receptor-positive and HER2&minus, breast cancer independent of tumor histology.

Darbo tikslas. Įvertinti krūties vėžio morfologinių, kinetinių ir neoangiogenezinių požymių magnetinio rezonanso tomografijos vaizduose sąsajas su prognoziniais veiksniais. Tyrimo medžiaga ir metodai. Atlikta retrospektyvi 74 pacienčių, kurioms 2014 m. atlikus stulpelinę biopsiją buvo patvirtintas krūties vėžys ir prieš operacinį gydymą atliktas krūtų magnetinio rezonanso tomografijos tyrimas, duomenų analizė. Magnetinio rezonanso tomografijos vaizduose vertinti naviko dydis ir forma, kontrastinės medžiagos kaupimo pobūdis bei patologinė kraujotaka krūtyje. Radiologiniai požymiai sieti su naviko diferenciacijos laipsniu, receptorių ekspresija ir metastazavimu į pažastų limfmazgius. Rezultatai. Tiriamųjų amžius svyravo nuo 26 iki 56 metų (vidurkis – 52,91 m.). Naviko dydis varijavo nuo 5 iki 92 mm (vidutinis dydis – 29,91 ± 2,13 mm). 26 atvejais navikas buvo 2 cm ar mažesnis, 39 atvejais – 2,1–5 cm, 9 atvejais – didesnis nei 5 cm. Patologinės kraujagyslės buvimas buvo reikšmingai susijęs su naviko dydžiu (p < 0,05). Platesnės nei 3 mm skersmens kraujagyslės buvimas ir padidėjusi pažeistos krūties kraujotaka reikšmingai koreliavo su naviko dydžiu ir metastazavimu į limfmazgius (p < 0,05). Nustatytas patikimas ryšys tarp kontrastinės medžiagos kaupimo kreivės tipo ir metastazių limfmazgiuose buvimo (p < 0,05). Ryšio tarp kitų morfologinių ir kinetinių požymių bei prognozinių veiksnių nebuvo nustatyta. Išvados. Patologinės kraujotakos atsiradimas daugiausia priklauso nuo naviko dydžio. Neoangiogeneziniai požymiai turi reikšmingą ryšį su naviko metastazavimu į limfmazgius.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains the most common cause of cancer related death worldwide. Tumor-infiltrating macrophages are believed to play an important role in growth, progression, and metastasis of tumors. In NSCLC, the role of macrophages remains controversial; therefore, we aimed to evaluate the distribution of macrophages (M1 and M2) in tumor islets and stroma and to analyze their relations to patients’ survival. Lung tissue specimens from 80 NSCLC patients who underwent surgical resection for NSCLC (pathological stage I-III) and 16 control group subjects who underwent surgery because of recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax were analyzed. Immunohistochemical double staining of CD68/iNOS (markers for M1 macrophages) and CD68/CD163 (markers for M2 macrophages) was performed and evaluated in a blinded manner. The numbers of M1 and M2 macrophages in tumor islets and stroma were counted manually. Predominant infiltration of M1 and M2 macrophages was observed in the tumor stroma compared with the tumor islets. M2 macrophages predominated over M1 macrophages in the tumor tissue. Tumor islets-infiltrating M1 macrophages and the number of total tumor-infiltrating M2 macrophages were independent predictors of patients survival: high infiltration of M1 macrophages in tumor islets was associated with increased overall survival in NSCLC (P

Objective In vitro fertilization (IVF) is increasingly used for the treatment of infertile couples worldwide. The association between IVF and cancer risk in offspring is conflicting. We present a case of atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) in a girl conceived by IVF and present results of systematic review of literature of primary intracranial neoplasms diagnosed in children conceived by IVF. Methods A systematic review of literature was conducted on April 12, 2017, to identify previously published reports of intracranial brain tumors in patients conceived after IVF. Results A 21-month-old girl born after IVF and uneventful pregnancy presented with progressive nausea, vomiting, irritability, and right-side weakness. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated large heterogeneous contrast enhancing left frontotemporoparietal tumor. The operation was aborted due to asystole after subtotal tumor removal. The patient passed away on postoperative day 3. Histologic examination demonstrated AT/RT. We identified 7 previously published case reports of intracranial neoplasms in children conceived by IVF. Patient age at brain tumor diagnosis ranged from 31st week of gestation to 3 years of age. The most common histological diagnosis was AT/RT (3 cases), followed by glioblastoma multiforme, gliosarcoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, and choroid plexus papilloma. Three of five operated patients died during perioperative period. Outcomes were dismal in 7 patients. Conclusions IVF-associated brain tumors are usually malignant and associated with high mortality. Future studies investigating possible causal relationship between IVF and brain tumor risk are encouraged.

Introduction. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains the most common cause of cancer related death worldwide. Tumor infiltrating macrophages are believed to play essential role in the immune response to cancer cells. Study aim was to evaluate the tumor infiltrating macrophages (M1 and M2) and to analyze their relations to patients9 survival. Methods. We recruited 80 patients with primary NSCLC (stages I-III) with median age 66 years (ranges 45-77). Paraffin-embedded sections of surgically resected tumor were analyzed. Immunohistochemical double staining of CD68/iNOS (markers for M1 macrophages) and CD68/CD163 (markers for M2 macrophages) was performed and evaluated in blinded manner. Quantitative evaluation of these cells was done in 10 most representative high-power fields (HPFs ×400 magnification) per tissue section. Results . Predominant infiltration of M1 and M2 macrophages was observed in tumor stroma compared to tumor islets (P Conclusions. Our study demonstrated that tumor islets infiltrating M1 macrophages are associated with improved NSCLC patients9 survival, while increased total number of tumor infiltrating M2 macrophages is associated with poor survival.

There is evidence that cadmium (Cd) may be a risk factor for breast cancer. We examined the association between Cd and breast cancer subtypes by estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), ...

Background and Objective: Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) is a minimally invasive endobronchial technique, which uses ultrasound along with a bronchoscope to visualize the airway wall and structures that are adjacent to it. Indications for endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) are samplings of mediastinal, hilar lymph nodes, and tumors adjacent to airway walls. EBUS-TBNA has been used in our clinic since 2009. The aim of the study is to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy of cytological and histological specimens, and the safety of EBUS-TBNA in an unselected patient population that has been referred to our hospital. Materials and Methods: We have retrospectively analyzed the medical documentation of 215 patients who had EBUS-TBNA performed in our clinic from April 2009 to February 2014. Results: There were 215 patients who underwent EBUS-TBNA. A total of 296 lymph nodes were sampled. EBUS-TBNA was diagnostic in 176 (81.9%) cases of cytological, 147 (68.4%) cases of histological, and 191 (88.9%) cases of the combined evaluation. In the lung cancer patients, EBUS-TBNA cytology had a sensitivity of 72.9% and histology of 72.9%, and in the sarcoidosis group, it had a cytology of 55.8% and histology of 64.5%. As all positive cytology and histology specimens were assumed to be true positive, specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) were 100%. The sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy was significantly higher when cytology and histology specimens were combined, compared with cytology or histology results evaluated separately (p < 0.05) (for lung cancer 84.1% and for sarcoidosis 78.8%). The sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy of EBUS-TBNA procedures increased significantly over time, with increased experience. There were no complications with EBUS-TBNA in our clinical practice. Conclusions: EBUS-TBNA had a high diagnostic yield and was safe in the diagnosis of lung cancer and sarcoidosis. It was most informative when cytology and histology were combined. The informative value of EBUS-TBNA histology increased with our experience.

Background Alcohol is a well-established risk factor for breast cancer, but pathways involved in alcohol-related breast carcinogenesis are not clearly defined. We examined the association between low-to-moderate alcohol intake and breast cancer subtypes by tumor hormone receptor status. Materials and Methods A hospital-based case-control study was performed in 585 cases and 1,170 controls. Information on alcohol intake and other risk factors was collected via a questionnaire. Logistic regression was used for analyses. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results The odds ratio of breast cancer was 1.75 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21–2.53) in women who consumed ≤5 drinks/week, and 3.13 (95% CI: 1.81–5.43) in women who consumed >5 drinks/week, both compared with non-drinkers for ≥10 years, after adjustment for age and other confounders. The association of alcohol intake with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer was stronger than with estrogen receptor-negative: the odds ratio per 1 category increase was 2.05 (95% CI: 1.49–2.82) and 1.29 (95% CI: 0.85–1.94) (P-heterogeneity = 0.07). There was no evidence of an interaction between alcohol intake and menopausal status (P = 0.19) in overall group; however, it was significant in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer (P = 0.04). Conclusions Low-to-moderate alcohol intake is associated with the risk of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer with the strongest association in postmenopausal women. Since alcohol intake is a modifiable risk factor of breast cancer, every woman should be informed and advised to control alcohol use.

Introduction. It is believed that patient9s immune cells affect tumor development. Immunosuppressive lymphocytes represented by CD4+Foxp3+T cells participate in immunosurveillance in lung cancer and in the immunological tolerance. Study aim was to investigate tumor infiltrating T cells (CD4+Foxp3+, CD4+ and CD8+) in NSCLC. Methods: We studied 48 NSCLC patients (stages I-III) with median age 65.5 years (ranges 46-77) and 10 control group individuals (patients without NSCLC) with median age 20 years (ranges 20-77). Immunohistochemical analysis of surgical lung biopsy samples was performed. Quantitative evaluation of CD4+Foxp3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in tumor islets and stroma was analyzed in 10 most representative high-power fields (HPFs x 400 magnification) per tissue section. Results. Greater amount of CD4+Foxp3+ T cells was found in NSCLC tumor tissue comparing with control group patients (50[11-92] vs. 9[7-10], P Conclusions. Increased amount of CD4+Foxp3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in non-small cell lung cancer tumor tissue was observed.

Background/Aims: Ampullary carcinoma is a rare tumour with a high resectability rate. There is an increasing body of evidence indicating not only tumour-related factors, but also jaundice influence survival following curative resection. Several modalities for preoperative biliary drainage are available; however, routine preoperative endoscopic biliary drainage (PEBD) is not recommended. There is no sufficient data regarding the impact of PEBD on long-term outcomes. The aim of our study was to identify predictive factors of survival with special regard to PEBD in patients undergoing curative resection for ampullary carcinoma. Patients and Methods: Data from 64 consecutive patients with adenocarcinoma of the papilla of Vater who have been operated on was analysed. Overall survival was defined from the date of surgery to the date of death, or censored at the last patient contact. Survival analysis was determined by means of the Kaplan-Meier method. The significance of the demographic, clinical and histopathologic factors was ascertained by the log-rank test. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to determine independent prognostic factors of survival. Results: Twenty patients (31.2%) underwent PEBD. Univariate analysis revealed tumour-related factors, age over 70, and PEBD to negatively influence survival. Five of them (excluding T stage) were identified as the independent prognosticators, while PEBD appeared to be the most decisive factor. Median survival for patients who underwent PEBD was 25.3 months as compared to 112.9 months for those who did not. In conclusion, PEBD negatively affected long-term outcomes in our patients with resected ampullary carcinoma.

Background and objective: The immune system plays an important role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the infiltration patterns of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in NSCLC and to analyze their relation to COPD, smoking status and other clinicopathologic variables. Materials and methods: Lung tissue specimens from 50 patients who underwent surgery for NSCLC (stages I–III) and 10 control group subjects were analyzed immunohistochemically. Results: NSCLC patients had a greater number of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells infiltrating the lung tissue than the control group (P = 0.001) with predominant infiltration in the tumor stroma. We found a significant association between the number of total and tumor stroma-infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and smoking status (P &lt, 0.05). There were more CD8+ T cells in the tumor stroma and fewer in the tumor islets in NSCLC patients with COPD as compared to NSCLC patients without COPD (P &lt, 0.05). However, there was no such association between CD4+ T cells and COPD status. A high level of CD8+ T cell infiltration in the tumor stroma was independently associated with the coexistence of COPD in multivariate analysis (P &lt, 0.05). Conclusions: According to our data, COPD but not smoking seems to be associated with higher infiltration of CD8+ T cells in the tumor stroma of patients with NSCLC. It allows us to hypothesize that NSCLC patients with coexisting COPD may have a more favorable outcome due to anticancer properties of stromal CD8+ T cells.