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Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the differences in quality of life (QOL) following complete or partial thyroidectomy and with regard to thyroid hormone replacement (LT4) therapy., Study Design: Patients who underwent thyroidectomy were asked to complete the validated thyroid-specific ThyPRO QOL questionnaire at least 6 months following surgery., Setting: Tertiary medical center., Methods: Thyroid specific QOL questionnaire analysis., Results: A total of 190 patients completed the ThyPRO questionnaire. Of them 89 patients had complete thyroidectomy and 101 patients had unilateral thyroid lobectomy. The total thyroidectomy group had significantly worse overall QOL self-assessment score than the lobectomy patients (p < 0.0001). Patients receiving LT4 therapy regardless of the extent of surgery, reported worse QOL compared to patients not receiving LT4., Conclusions: Quality of life following thyroid surgery is significantly related to hypothyroidism and the requirement for LT4 therapy, rather to the extent of surgery. The best QOL was reported in patients treated with lobectomy who did not require LT4 therapy., (© 2022 The Authors. Journal of Surgical Oncology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Current guidelines consider all cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) smaller than 4 cm and without extrathyroidal extension (ETE) and/or lymph node metastases as belonging to the same prognostic group, and therefore the recommendation is for uniform treatment. Xing draws our attention to a small subgroup with Duet Mutations (BRAF E600 and TERT 3636 genes) that are aggressive biologically and should be treated differently. Thus the aim of the present study is to test the validity of this recommendation., Methods: A Markovian Model is used to evaluate the above hypothesis., Results: A Monte Carlo sensitivity test shows a 5.6 year survival advantage for patients with low-grade PTC, who have the Duet Mutations, and were treated by total thyroidectomy rather than hemithyroidectomy., Conclusions: We conclude that there is a place for routine molecular tests in low-risk patients with PTC., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with a significantly increased risk of motor vehicle accidents in addition to such cognitive impairments as attention and memory deficits. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of upper airway surgery for OSA on driving and cognitive function., Methods: Adult patients who underwent surgery for OSA at a tertiary medical center in 2016-2019 were prospectively recruited. Patients were assessed before and 3-6 months after surgery with a self-report and neurocognitive battery and a driving simulation platform., Results: The cohort included 32 patients of average age 46.9 ± 11.6 years. During the 3 years before treatment, 9 patients had been involved in road accidents and 18 were detained by police for traffic violations. After surgery, there was a significant decrease in the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (13.7 vs. 8.1, p 0.043) and a significant reduction in time to completion of the Color Trail Test (part 1: 21.4 vs 18.7 s, p = 0.049; part 2: 46.8 vs 40.5 s, p = 0.038). Improvements in divided attention and selective attention response times were noted on the advanced stages of the Useful Field of Vision Scale (p = 0.013, p = 0.054). Before surgery, patients showed a high tendency to drive over the speed limit and to cross the dividing line to the opposite lane on the simulation test. Nevertheless, all considered themselves good drivers. These tendencies decreased after treatment., Conclusions: Surgery for OSA can significantly improve driving performance and cognitive function., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG part of Springer Nature.)

Purpose: The value of parotidectomy in older patients is unclear. This study presents a decision model to help resolve this question., Materials & Methods: A Markov model with Monte Carlo simulation was used to compare outcomes in patients of different ages with pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland treated by surgery or surveillance., Results: In 30-year-old patients, surgery conferred a 3.5-year gain in life expectancy whereas in 75-year-olds, it was only 0.74 months. The expected rate of malignant transformation at age 30 years was 6.5% after surgery and 26.5% after surveillance; at age 65, corresponding rates were 0.8% and 10.7%. Sensitivity analysis showed that age was the only parameter that significantly contributed to life expectancy. The benefit of surgery was restricted in older patients., Conclusion: Our Markov decision-analysis model suggests that patients older than 65 years with pleomorphic adenoma have a limited survival advantage with surgery compared to surveillance., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Background: Nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSC) are the most common malignancies in solid organ recipients. We investigated the incidence, clinical features, and outcome of solid organ recipients with NMSC of the head and neck., Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted for solid organ recipients who were treated from 1992 to 2015 and who developed NMSC of the head and neck., Results: Of 3339 organ recipients, 259 patients developed 697 head and neck NMSC. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common malignancy (55%). The overall 5-year and 10-year survival was 68% and 45%. Kidney recipients had better survival outcome than other organ recipients (10 vs 7 years). Advanced-stage cancers (10%), aggressive patterns of tumors (21%), and treatment with Prograf and Cellcept were associated with increased disease-specific mortality., Conclusion: Solid organ transplant increases the risk of NMSC of the head and neck. Aggressive tumors decrease patient survival and warrant more decisive and multidisciplinary approach., (© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Acinic cell carcinoma of the parotid gland is a rare low-grade malignant neoplasm. Data on children are sparse. For the present study, the database of a tertiary pediatric medical center was reviewed for all patients with parotid gland acinic cell carcinoma diagnosed and treated between 2004 and 2013. Clinical, histologic, treatment, and outcome parameters were collected from the medical files. Four patients were identified, 3 female and 1 male, aged 13.5 to 18 years (median 15.7) at diagnosis. One patient had a family history of parotid tumor and 1 of hypothyroidism/hyperthyroidism. Two patients had L-thyroxin-treated Hashimoto thyroiditis, and 1 had a thyroid nodule. All presented with a localized parotid mass and negative lymph nodes. Treatment consisted of partial parotidectomy, with no damage to the facial nerve. Histology confirmed the diagnosis of acinic cell carcinoma with low proliferation rate (Ki67 immunostaining 1% to 8%). No evidence of disease was found on any patient with a median follow-up at 83 months (range, 32 to 93 mo) from presentation. In our experience, the prognosis of pediatric parotid gland acinic cell carcinoma is good, and surgery alone is sufficient for treatment of early stage tumors. This is the first report of findings of a family history of thyroid disease and/or thyroid abnormalities in patients with parotid gland acinic cell carcinoma.

Aims: To review the experience of a single-center with RATS and to assess its outcome, feasibility and safety., Background: With the advent of minimally invasive techniquesin thyroid surgery, robot-assisted transaxillary thyroid surgery (RATS) has become one of the most popular approaches. Its main advantages are improved cosmetic outcome, thereby increasing patient satisfaction, improved visualization and range of motion. Several large-scale studies, have demonstrated its safety and feasibility., Methods: A retrospective review of all RATS consecutive cases at Rabin Medical Center., Results: A total of 38 RATS procedures were performed between July 2012 and May 2015. The mean age of patients was 39 years (22-74); all patients were females; the average BMI was 25 (18-32). Thirty-seven patients underwent partial thyroidectomy and one - total thyroidectomy. The average maximal diameter of nodules pre-operatively was 2.5 cm (0.5- 5). Seventeen patients (44%) had papillary carcinoma; 13 (33%) - hyperplastic nodules and 8 (20%) - benign thyroid adenomas or goiters. The average total operative time was 166 minutes. One case was converted to open due to a large tumor; there were 6 (15.7%) cases of vocal cord paresis, of which 1 (2.6%) was permanent; there were 8 (21%) cases of hypoesthesia - all resolved within 4-12 weeks. There were no cases of permanent brachial plexus injury., Conclusions: In skilled hands, RATS is a safe alternative to conservative thyroidectomy, and should be presented to patients with aesthetic concerns. As with any new emerging technique, careful patient selection is crucial and further evidence must be sought to confirm its indications over time.

Background: The optimal treatment for locally advanced laryngeal cancer remains controversial. The purpose of this trial was to determine if the response to induction chemotherapy could select patients for organ preservation protocols, and improve larynx-preservation rates without compromising overall survival (OS)., Methods: The cohort comprised 12 patients with T3 disease and 14 with T4. Induction chemotherapy consisted of docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil (TPF). Response to the first cycle was determined by examination and positron emission tomography (PET)-CT. Responders (>50% tumor reduction) underwent chemoradiation, whereas nonresponders underwent laryngectomy., Results: Eighty-three percent of the patients had a response and 17% had stable or progressive disease. At 2 years, the median OS was 80%, the larynx-preservation rate was 83%, and the disease-specific survival rate was 86%. Response to a single TPF cycle was associated with 2-year OS (92% vs 50%; p = .02). The T classification was not predictive of survival., Conclusion: Response to a single TPF-based cycle may identify patients with advanced laryngeal cancer who are amenable to organ preservation treatment. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 227-233, 2017., (© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Background: Medullary thyroid carcinoma management consists mainly of surgical resection and is largely chemoresistant. There is ongoing effort to discover novel therapies for medullary thyroid carcinoma. Increased levels of heat shock proteins have been associated with multiple cancers and are being studied as potential therapeutic targets. The purpose of this study was to determine the expression levels of heat shock proteins 90 and 70 and of glucose related protein 78 in medullary thyroid carcinoma tissues compared with normal thyroid tissues., Methods: 20 tissue specimens of medullary thyroid carcinoma and 10 specimens of thyroids without malignancy were analyzed by immunohistochemistry., Results: Medullary thyroid carcinoma specimens showed 27% higher expression level of heat shock protein 90 immunostaining, and a 43% higher expression level of heat shock protein 70 immunostaining versus normal controls. These differences, however, were not statistically significant. A significantly higher expression level was noted for glucose related protein 78 in the medullary thyroid carcinoma specimens than in the controls., Conclusion: This study indicates increased expression levels of heat shock proteins 90 and 70 and glucose related protein 78 levels in medullary thyroid carcinoma. These findings, though preliminary imply that these proteins may have a role in medullary thyroid carcinoma's tumor biology and may have and future therapeutic options. Larger cohorts are needed to corroborate these results., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Recurrent pleomorphic adenoma (PA) of the parotid gland is a challenging surgical issue with controversy regarding management and long term outcome., Methods: All patients who were operated for recurrent PA of the parotid gland between the years 1991 and 2013 were reviewed. Patient demographics, clinicopathologic variables, and operative details were collected retrospectively., Results: A total of 22 patients were operated for recurrent PA of the parotid gland. Mean interval between recurrences was 7 and 6 years for first recurrence and second recurrence, accordingly. Second recurrence was significantly influenced by younger age at initial treatment (P = 0.009). Only two patients (9%) with a recurrence developed facial nerve paralysis following surgery. Adjuvant radiotherapy was given to nine patients with no evidence of disease progression or recurrence. There were no cases of malignant transformation., Conclusions: Recurrent PA of the parotid gland tends to occur in long intervals in a multifocal pattern. Adjuvant radiotherapy could be suggested as an alternative for surgery. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:714-718. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., (© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Objectives/hypothesis: During robot-assisted transaxillary thyroidectomy, the patient's arm is maintained in an overhead flexed position for a prolonged time, which poses a risk of postoperative brachial plexopathy. The aim of the study was to identify the causes of brachial plexopathy and to assess the benefit of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) in preventing positional brachial plexopathy in this setting., Study Design: Retrospective case series., Methods: The computerized database of a tertiary medical center was searched for all consecutive patients who underwent robot-assisted transaxillary thyroidectomy between 2012 and 2014. Clinical, operative, and outcome parameters were collected from the medical files. Findings were compared between patients operated with and without IONM., Results: The cohort included 30 patients, 14 operated with IONM and 16 without. Three events of impending brachial plexopathy were detected in the monitored group. The monitored group had significantly better shoulder movement (P = .003), a lower rate of hypoesthesia (P = .011), less pain (P = .001) in the early postoperative period than the nonmonitored group and higher quality of life in the early postoperative period (P = .012). The monitored group was significantly younger than the nonmonitored one (P = .02) and had a significantly larger diameter of thyroid nodule than the nonmonitored group (P = .043)., Conclusions: IONM during robot-assisted transaxillary thyroidectomy may improve short-term postoperative pain and shoulder movement and longer-term quality of life., Level of Evidence: 4 Laryngoscope, 126:2187-2193, 2016., (© 2016 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.)

Background: The value of routine prophylactic antibiotic treatment in parotid gland surgery remains undetermined., Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted of all patients who underwent parotidectomy at a university-affiliated tertiary care center between 1992 and 2009. Patients with insufficient data, specifically regarding postoperative complications and antibiotic administration were excluded from the study cohort., Results: A total of 593 patients underwent parotidectomy during the study period. After exclusion, 464 patients were eligible for the study. Perioperative antibiotic treatment was given to 206 patients (45%). There was no difference in wound infection rates between patients who received perioperative antibiotic therapy and those who did not (p = .168). Multivariate analysis showed that female sex, neck dissection, and drain output >50 cc/24 hours were predictive of postoperative wound infection., Conclusion: Routine prophylactic antibiotic treatment has no role in parotid gland surgery. Perioperative antibiotic treatment is recommended for patients undergoing extensive parotid gland surgery with neck dissection. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1876-E1880, 2016., (© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Purpose: To evaluate the potential carcinogenic effects of radiofrequency energy (RFE) emitted by cell phones on human thyroid primary cells., Materials and Methods: Primary thyroid cell culture was prepared from normal thyroid tissue obtained from patients who underwent surgery at our department. Subconfluent thyroid cells were irradiated under different conditions inside a cell incubator using a device that simulates cell phone-RFE. Proliferation of control and irradiated cells was assessed by the immunohistochemical staining of antigen Kiel clone-67 (Ki-67) and tumor suppressor p53 (p53) expression. DNA ploidy and the stress biomarkers heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)., Results: Our cells highly expressed thyroglobulin (Tg) and sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) confirming the origin of the tissue. None of the irradiation conditions evaluated here had an effect neither on the proliferation marker Ki-67 nor on p53 expression. DNA ploidy was also not affected by RFE, as well as the expression of the biomarkers HSP70 and ROS., Conclusion: Our conditions of RFE exposure seem to have no potential carcinogenic effect on human thyroid cells. Moreover, common biomarkers usually associated to environmental stress also remained unchanged. We failed to find an association between cell phone-RFE and thyroid cancer. Additional studies are recommended.

Background: Low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma is commonly treated surgically. However, uncertainties exist in regard to the optimal extent of surgery. We approached this question using a decision-analysis model., Methods: A Markov model was used to compare outcome between patients with small (1-2 cm) low-risk PTC treated by hemithyroidectomy or total thyroidectomy. Probabilities and utilities were derived from the literature. The model was evaluated with Monte Carlo simulation. Sensitivity analysis was used to determine which variables most affected the model., Results: Hemithyroidectomy was associated with a minor increase in mortality risk. After incorporation of mortality risk, complications, and quality-of-life measures, hemithyroidectomy was found to be superior to total thyroidectomy, with an increasing benefit over time. Quality-of-life measures, especially disutility of disease recurrence and undergoing surgery, had the greatest effect on the incremental benefit of hemithyroidectomy., Conclusion: Based on our decision-analysis model, hemithyroidectomy is the preferred option in low-risk PTC.

Background: Treatment guidelines for well-differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) are based on retrospective studies and vary among professional thyroid associations., Objectives: To evaluate physician adherence to guidelines, overall and by specialty., Methods: Questionnaires on the approach to low risk PTC were distributed among 51 surgeons and endocrinologists treating patients with PTC in tertiary medical centers., Results: A wide range of answers was recorded among physicians regarding the danger posed by low risk PTC to the patient's life, urgency with which treatment should be administered, type of treatment, and risks associated with this treatment. There was a significant between-group difference in treatment preference: endocrinologists chose total thyroidectomy with radioactive iodine, while surgeons favored hemithyroidectomy alone., Conclusions: There is a wide difference in treatment recommendations between treating physicians and different specialties with regard to low risk PTC. The wide variation within and between soecialties may be explained by biases.