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The purpose of this research was to study the interviewees’ experience of their reconciliation process and the influence of the Amataba Workshops on their healing process. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with five pairs ( N = 10) of Tutsi survivors of the Rwandan genocide and their perpetrators, members of the Hutu majority; they had all participated in an intervention to promote reconciliation. The Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) method was chosen to study the transcripts. Analysis resulted in nine main relevant categories that should be taken into account while designing a reconciliation-oriented intervention, including truth, listening to each other, justice, repairing the damage, and collaboration on joint projects. The results of this research show how these processes can occur when reconciliation-oriented interventions are facilitated. For some interviewees, these workshops have become a crucial turning point and helped them set aside the hatred and pain.

espanolCon este trabajo se pretende realizar una revision exhaustiva de los posibles efectos derivados de sufrir una experiencia de abuso sexual y las variables influyentes. El principal objetivo de este estudio es identificar las claves que debe tener una entrevista de evaluacion para estas victimas, revisando los principales protocolos existentes y tratando de extraer las caracteristicas esenciales para lograr una tecnica que permita obtener la maxima informacion posible causando el menor dano a la victima, ya que la maxima de toda intervencion con victimas debe ser siempre evitar la revictimizacion. EnglishThe aim of this work is to carry out an exhaustive review of the effects that an experience of sexual abuse can have on victims and the variables that influence them. The main objective of this study is to identify the keys that an assessment interview with these victims should have, reviewing the main existing protocols and trying to extract the essential characteristics to achieve a technique that allows the maximum information possible to be obtained causing the least harm to the victim, since the maxim of any intervention with victims should always be to avoid re-victimization.

AIMS Develop and psychometrically assess the Palliative Nursing Care Quality Scale (PNCQS, escala de Calidad del Cuidado Enfermero Paliativo, CCEP, in Spanish). An interview-based qualitative study (1) was conducted to verify construct validity evidence, with psychometric properties of reliability and validity verified by two quantitative studies (2 & 3). DESIGN Quantitative instrumental, correlational, and cross-sectional study. METHODS Study 1 was carried out with 10 key informants. For Study 2, a sample of 103 nursing professionals was obtained and 176 nurses from palliative care resources in Spain participated in Study 3. Data were collected between May 2017 - May 2018. RESULTS Evidence of adequate reliability (internal consistency) and validity was found. The confirmatory factor model yielded a single latent factor for the 20 items, with adequate goodness-of-fit indices. The convergent validity data showed that the highest correlations were with the Dedication subscale of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale and the Personal Growth subscale of Psychological Well-being, with values of 0.35 and 0.34, respectively (p

Momentos históricos, ya lo sabemos; estamos viviendo momentos históricos. Estamos viviendo momentos confusos, acelerados, con novedades importantes cada día. Pero además de lo excepcional, esta experiencia tiene características que la hacen especialmente traumática.

BackgroundThere is increasing concern regarding the quality of palliative nursing care. However, despite the growing number of studies identifying related variables, there is still a paucity of studies analyzing models of how these variables interrelate.ObjectiveThe study aimed to identify the role played in the quality of palliative care of nursing professionals by the variables meaning and death anxiety and to investigate the mediating role of psychological well-being and engagement.Method176 palliative nursing professionals participated, selected by non-probabilistic convenience sampling using the snowball method. A simple mediation analysis and a multiple mediator model were performed in parallel, and data were collected using a paper and online questionnaire between January and May 2018.ResultsWell-being mediated the impact of meaning (indirect effect = 0.096, SE = 0.044, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.028, 0.213) and death anxiety (indirect effect = −0.032, SE = 0.013, 95% CI: −0.064, −0.010) on the quality of care. Engagement, on the other hand, only mediated the impact of meaning (indirect effect = 0.185, SE = 0.085, 95% CI: 0.035, 0.372), while the indirect effect of death anxiety with the quality of care through engagement was not statistically significant (indirect effect = 0.008, SE = 0.009, 95% CI: −0.004, 0.032).Significance of resultsDeath anxiety is not directly related to the quality of care, but rather has an effect through psychological well-being, a variable acting as a mediator between the two. The effect of meaning on the quality of care is explained by the mediation of both engagement and psychological well-being, and its impact on the quality of care is thereby mediated by more variables than death anxiety.

El perdón a uno mismo es un proceso compuesto por los siguientes elementos: aceptación de la responsabilidad, sentimientos negativos (culpa, vergüenza) y conductas reparatorias. El objetivo fue estudiar la relación entre culpa y perdón a uno mismo mientras se comprobó si dicha relación estaba mediada por la aceptación de la responsabilidad y las conductas reparatorias. Participaron 235 personas (169 mujeres y 66 hombres) a las cuales se le pidió que pensasen en una ofensa que habían cometido y completasen un cuestionario que medía aceptación de la responsabilidad, culpa, conductas reparatorias y perdón a uno mismo. Los resultados mostraron que la culpa predecía negativamente el perdón a uno mismo, que la aceptación de la responsabilidad no mediaba la relación entre culpa y perdón, y que la culpa no predecía realizar conductas reparatorias, pero las conductas reparatorias sí que predecían mayores niveles de perdón a uno mismo.

Despite increasing attention to the study of forgiveness, the links between forgiving real-life interpersonal hurts and psychological well-being have been overlooked. With a sample of 456 Spanish adults (aged 18–80 years), the aims of this study were to examine: (1) whether variables related with the victims’ appraisal of a specific offense (time elapsed, frequency, perceived severity, perceived intention) and their own beliefs about the nature of forgiveness (as either conditional or unconditional) are associated to their interpersonal forgiveness; (2) whether forgiveness plays a mediating role between the way in which victims appraise an offense and their levels of psychological well-being (PWB), and between their beliefs about the nature of forgiveness, and their levels of PWB; (3) the role that two different components of forgiveness (Absence of Negative and Presence of Positive feelings and thoughts about the hurt—“negF” and “posF”, respectively) might play on these relationships. We found that adults who forgive others tend to enjoy a greater sense of PWB than those who are less willing to forgive offenses. Frequency of the offense, its perceived severity and its perceived intention were associated with less forgiveness. Forgiveness mediated the relationship between the victims’ appraisal of the offense and their levels of PWB, specifically through negF (i.e., the victims’ ability to leave behind the negative thoughts and feelings associated with the transgression). Finally, the belief that forgiveness is unconditional or conditional has different relationships not only with forgiveness, but also with the victims’ PWB.

Several studies have shown differences in the motivational processes that lead to excessive alcohol consumption among adolescents. The paper focuses on the analysis of the reasons for alcohol consumption among minors, and compare the differences according to sex, age, and level of consumption.A representative sample (N = 2,865) of adolescents aged 12 to 18 years (mean age 14.24, dt = 1.33) was collected. The variables abuse, binge drinking and drinking motives were evaluated using a questionnaire designed ad hoc, which identified the Cooper's four categories of motives.The analyses (ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and logistic regression) showed that there were no differences between young men and women regarding consumption or binge drinking. Minors who abused alcohol experience consumption as pleasurable in itself, as an important source of intrinsic reinforcement. Conformity predicted the problematic consumption of alcohol among boys and a decrease in the frequency of binge drinking among girls. In addition, the larger group showed more presence of enhancement and social motives.This study suggests that it would not be of interest to focus prevention on the negative consequences of consumption, but rather on the training of specific skills.

Among the beliefs and concepts people hold about the nature of forgiveness, their notions of conditionality and unconditionality have not received sufficient study. The concept of conditional forgi...

En este artículo se revisan los dos ámbitos fundamentales de aprendizaje del perdón: la familia y la escuela. Se profundiza en la comprensión del concepto de perdón, sus facilitadores y el papel de la religiosidad/espiritualidad en él. Se subrayan los beneficios del perdón. Finalmente se proponen programas que ayudan en la consecución del perdón.

espanolIntroduccion. El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar la identidad vocacional especifica de los estudiantes de 2o de Bachillerato que tienen como opcion de estudios preferente el Grado de Psicologia. En concreto, analiza el momento de inicio de su interes hacia los estudios de Psicologia, la rama de Bachillerato cursada y su perfil de intereses y valores vocacionales. Metodo. La muestra fue de 4715 sujetos de 2o de Bachillerato de centros publicos y privados de la Comunidad de Madrid (Espana), el 43,9% de ellos varones, con una edad media de 17.38 anos (DT= .64) que completaron la bateria de cuestionarios de orientacion del Proyecto Orion. De la submuestra de 509 estudiantes que quieren estudiar Psicologia, con una edad media de 17.38 anos (DT= .69), el 76.2% eran mujeres. Resultados. Los resultados indicaron diferencias significativas en los perfiles de intereses y valores vocacionales de los estudiantes que desean estudiar Psicologia en relacion con el resto. Especificamente, los alumnos que tienen como opcion Psicologia presentan mayor interes por el area de Sanidad, seguido del interes hacia el area vocacional de Ensenanza y Orientacion. Ademas, los valores vocacionales que caracterizan a los alumnos que quieren estudiar Psicologia son: Ayudar a las Personas, Realizar algo Util e Importante y Desarrollar Valores Trascendentes. La orientacion que han recibido por parte de tutores u orientadores de centro en cuanto a la modalidad de Bachillerato que han de cursar ha sido adecuada. Discusion y conclusiones. La estabilidad de este interes, surgido en el transcurso de la adolescencia muestra a la Psicologia como una carrera eminente “vocacional”. El presente trabajo pone de manifiesto la importancia de las actividades de orientacion durante 1o de Bachillerato, y contribuye a mejorar los procesos de orientacion de los estudiantes de Secundaria y Bachillerato y a proporcionar un mejor conocimiento de la identidad de esta profesion en la sociedad actual. EnglishIntroduction. The aim of this study is to explore the specific vocational identity of secondary school students whose first choice is the degree on Psychology. In particular, this study analyzes the start of their interest towards Psychology studies, the specialization taken in high school and their profile of interests and vocational values. Method. The sample was comprised of 4.715 students from last year of secondary school, from private and public centers of the Madrid region. 43.9% were men, with an average age of 17.38 years (SD= .64) that completed a battery of vocational orientation questionnaires from the Orion Project. From de subsample of 509 students who choose to study Psychology, with an average age of 17.28 (SD=.69), 76.2% were women. Results. Results showed significant differences within the profile of interests and vocational values by students willing to study Psychology according to the rest of students. In particular, students who choose studying Psychology present a higher interest in the Health area, followed by an interest in the vocational education of Teaching and Guidance. Furthermore, vocational values characterizing students willing to study Psychology are: Helping people, Doing something useful and important and developing transcendental values. Guidance received by tutors and school counselors regarding specialization field they must study in high school is appropriate. Discussion and conclusions. The stability of this interest emerged during adolescence, proves Psychology studies to be a “vocational” degree. The present paper brings to light the relevance of the guidance activities carried out during the first year of penultimate year of high school, and helps to improve the guidance process for secondary and high school students and to provide a better knowledge of the identity of this profession within the current society.

La familia constituye el mejor ámbito en el que los adolescentes se pueden desarrollar y el más adecuado para prevenir y protegerlos frente a las conductas de riesgo. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la relación que existe entre la estructura familiar y el afecto y cariño familiar con el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes. El estudio es de tipo descriptivo inferencial. Se realizó un cuestionario ad hoc para la recogida de datos. Se obtuvo una muestra representativa de 2890 adolescentes madrileños de 12 a 18 años de centros de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria de Madrid. La estructura familiar no influye en el hecho de que los adolescentes consuman alcohol, aunque sí en el desarrollo de un tipo de consumo abusivo de alcohol. El afecto y cariño familiares son más determinantes e influyen tanto en el consumo como en el abuso. Las relaciones familiares afectivas actúan como factor de protección frente al consumo de alcohol, al mismo tiempo que ejercen un efecto preventivo de la presión que puede ejercer el grupo de iguales para dicho consumo. Los adolescentes de familias de un solo progenitor son los que presentan mayores consumos de riesgo.

The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between the institutionalization of a dependent elderly relative and the family caregiver’s mental health, quality of life and caregiving ...

El artículo se centra en la experiencia del perdón desde la perspectiva del individuo que ha agredido violenta e injustamente a otro, a partir del modelo de desconexión moral y el proceso de perdón a sí mismo después cometer la agresión. Además, se detallan los pasos imprescindibles para iniciar y completar este proceso, y los puntos más difíciles o los peligros que pueden llevar a un “falso” perdón a uno mismo. Se ofrece un análisis cualitativo de entrevistas en profundidad llevadas a cabo en Ruanda con agresores que participaron activamente en el genocidio de Ruanda y con sus víctimas. Se confirma la aplicabilidad de los conceptos básicos del marco teórico en este caso concreto, tanto los referidos a la presencia de mecanismos de desconexión moral como los referidos a los pasos necesarios, según la psicología del perdón, para llegar a encontrarse con las víctimas, pedir perdón y empezar un camino de reconciliación. This article focuses on the aggressor’s experience of forgiveness from the perspective of an individual who has violently and unjustly assaulted another, considering the Moral Disengagement Model and the self-forgiveness process that follows the aggression and describing the essential steps to start and complete this process, as well as the most difficult threats or challenges that can lead to a “false” self-forgiveness. We present a qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews with aggressors who were actively involved in the Rwandan genocide, and their victims. The suitability of the basic concepts of the theoretical framework is confirmed in this particular case, both the concepts relating to the presence of moral disengagement mechanisms and those relating to the necessary steps, according to the psychology of forgiveness, to encounter the victims, ask for forgiveness, and open a path for reconciliation.

El objetivo de este trabajo es, en primer lugar, definir los conceptos que desde la psicología se mantienen de perdón y reconciliación y revisar las principales diferencias entre ambos, para pasar más adelante a revisar los aspectos psicológicos implicados en la reconciliación. Para ello, se revisan las propuestas de procesos psicológicos de reconciliación en distintos contextos (en conflictos de identidad, en problemas pareja, en problemas en el lugar de trabajo y en parejas divorciadas) y se analizan los factores comunes en todos ellos. Se identifican como comunes a todas las intervenciones los procesos cognitivos y conductuales, quedando abierta la cuestión sobre el papel que juegan los procesos emocionales en la reconciliación.

Given the scarcity of instruments in Spanish to measure forgiveness, two studies were conducted in this population to obtain validity evidence of the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS), an instrument that measures dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations. In the first study, 203 students (65% women) participated. After ensuring the linguistic adequacy and clarity of the wording of the items, a lack of congruence was found between the factors obtained in the exploratory factor analysis and the original theoretical structure of the HFS. A sample of 512 participants (63.9% women) attended the second study. This study aimed to analyze the construct validity of the HFS using confirmatory factor analysis through structural equation modelling and to explore convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity. Of the different factorial configurations tested (including the original), only a scale reduction to eight items, grouped into three factors, showed an appropriate fit. The HFS eight-item version also showed acceptable internal consistency, adequate convergent and discriminant validity, and criterion validity with respect to related variables. These findings suggest that the eight-item version of the HFS may be a valid and reliable tool for assessing forgiveness for self, others, and situations in Spanish adults. post-print 927 KB

Previous research recently revealed the presence of positive aspects in caregiving. This study had a double objective: first, to identify positive aspects of family caregiving; second, to analyze the relationship between these caregiving rewards and different variables. A total of 140 family caregivers of dependent elderly participated in the study. Out of these, 79 of the elderly suffered dementia and 63 were institutionalized. Caregivers’ satisfaction and quality of life was above average. Those caregivers who perceived a good quality of relationship with their elder presented more satisfaction than the others. Problems in quality of life showed a positive relationship with the level of dependence of the elder. On the other hand, the more level of dependence of the elder, the greater the level of satisfaction of the caregiver. Those caregivers with a good relationship showed less provisional meaning than those with a normal or a bad relationship. We confirm the relevance of the caregiver-elder relations...

espanolCasi 25 anos despues de la extrema crueldad y violencia que hubo en Ruanda durante el genocidio de 1994, agresores y agredidos vuelven a convivir como vecinos. La psicologia tiene un valor extraordinario para explicar tanto el horror como la superacion del mismo. No podemos explicar los procesos de la reconciliacion interpersonal o nacional sin antes entender las dinamicas del conflicto en general, y del conflicto de Ruanda en particular. Tanto antes, como durante, como despues, tienen lugar procesos emocionales, cognitivos y conductuales, que afectan a los implicados y les hacen capaces de lo mejor y de lo peor. Este es el proposito de este articulo: comprender los procesos psicologicos que llevan al conflicto violento y desarrollar las condiciones para la reconstruccion y la reconciliacion personal y social, todo ello ilustrado con el caso de Ruanda, uno de los mas privilegiados escenarios para estudiar la violencia y su superacion. EnglishAlmost 25 years after the extreme cruelty and violence that occurred in Rwanda during the genocide of 1994, the perpetrators and victims live together as neighbors. Psychology is of extraordinary value in explaining both the horror and its overcoming. We cannot explain the processes of interpersonal or national reconciliation without first understanding the dynamics of the conflict in general, and of the Rwandan conflict in particular. Before, during and after any violent conflict, emotional, cognitive and behavioral processes take place, affecting those involved and making them capable of the best and the worst. This is the objective of this article: to understand the psychological processes that lead to violent conflict and to analyze the conditions for reconstruction, and personal and social reconciliation, focused on the case of Rwanda, one of the most fitting scenarios for studying violence and the overcoming of it.

El cuidado es la esencia de la profesión enfermera y cobra todo su sentido en el ámbito de paliativos. La enfermería de paliativos adquiere un papel relevante en la relación con el paciente y/o familia y acompañamiento en el sufrimiento. Analizar si los cuidados enfermeros proporcionados al paciente con enfermedad terminal y familiares, son o no de calidad, supone aspirar a una mejora continua y excelencia profesional. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es realizar una revisión teórica sobre la calidad del cuidado enfermero en el ámbito paliativo. Para ello, se consultó en las bases de datos Academic Search Complet, PsycInfo, CINAHL, CUIDEN y MEDLINE. Los resultados nos indican que la calidad de los cuidados enfermeros parece un campo poco investigado, y que los instrumentos de medida evalúan la calidad percibida desde la satisfacción del paciente, sólo en el ámbito hospitalario. Existe un amplio consenso sobre las dimensiones esenciales para evaluar la calidad de los cuidados paliativos, pero no se han encontrado escalas que midan específicamente la calidad del cuidado enfermero paliativo. La calidad se evalúa, por tanto, a través de las competencias enfermeras avanzadas y valores del profesional enfermero en paliativos. Care is the essence of the nursing profession and takes full meaning in the field of palliative care. Palliative nursing acquires an important role in the relationship with the patient and/or family and accompaniment in suffering. Analysing whether there is quality or not in the nursing care provided to the patient with terminal illness and his family, helps to build continuous improvement and professional excellence. The aim of our study is to carry out a theoretical review on the quality of nursing care in the field of palliative care. For this purpose, we worked with the databases Academic Search Complet, PsycInfo, CINAHL, CUIDEN and MEDLINE. The results indicate that the quality of nursing care seems to be a poorly researched field, and that the instruments of measurement evaluate the perceived quality from patient satisfaction, only in the hospital setting. There is a broad consensus on the essential dimensions for assessing the quality of palliative care, but no scales have been found that specifically measure the quality of nursing palliative care. Quality is therefore evaluated through advanced nursing competencies and nursing professional values in palliative care. O cuidado é a essência da profissão enfermeira e cobra todo o seu sentido na área de paliativos. A enfermeira de paliativos adquire um papel relevante na relação com o paciente e/ou família bem como no acompanhamento no sofrimento. Analisar se os cuidados proporcionados fornecidos ao paciente com doença terminal e familiares, têm ou não qualidade, supõe aspirar a uma melhora continua e à excelência profissional. O objetivo do nosso estudo é realizar uma revisão teórica sobre a qualidade da assistência do enfermeiro no âmbito dos cuidados paliativos. Com esse objetivo, se consultaram as bases de dados da Academic Search Complet, PsycInfo, CINAHL, CUIDEN y MEDLINE. Os resultados nos indicam que a qualidade dos cuidados enfermeiros parece ser um campo pouco investigado, e que os instrumentos de medida que avaliam a qualidade percebida a partir da satisfação do paciente, são apenas no âmbito hospitalário. Existe um amplio consenso sobre as dimensões essenciais para avaliar a qualidade dos cuidados paliativos, mas não se encontrou as escalas para medir especificamente a qualidade do cuidado do enfermeiro paliativo. A qualidade se avalia, por tanto, através das competências enfermeiras avançadas e valores do profissional enfermeiro em paliativos.

Although much research has focused on the role of job demands and job resources in teacher well-being, few studies have targeted the function of personal variables.The aim of this study is to develop a comprehensive model of teacher well-being, using burnout and engagement in order to reflect, not only job demands and professional resources, but particularly the personal resources that characterise teacher well-being: self-efficacy, and cognitive and behavioural coping resources (proactive and reactive) related to three specific situational demands. Job resources were: autonomy, social support from colleagues and supervisors, and variety and feedback provision at work. Participants were 413 teachers from 47 elementary, primary and secondary schools in Madrid (Spain). The results show paths between the significant variables of the model in the anticipated direction. A line of influence starts in perceived demands and perceived self-efficacy, and is modulated by coping. This generates some degree of teacher...

RESUMENActualmente no existen antecedentes de herramientas robustas de evaluación del Abuso de Autoridad Docente en el contexto español. El objetivo del estudio es presentar el proceso de desarrollo de la Escala de Abuso de Autoridad Docente Percibido (EAADP) así como plantear un modelo de medida que permita estructurar teóricamente la escala. La escala fue aplicada a una muestra de 306 estudiantes de Madrid capital con edades comprendidas entre los 14 y 18 años. Los resultados muestran que el instrumento obtiene adecuados valores de consistencia interna y el análisis factorial sustenta la estructura multidimensional propuesta para la escala. El modelo final consta de cuatro factores de primer orden, o estilos de abuso (distante, degradante, sancionador y arbitrario), y una variable latente denominada Abuso de Autoridad Docente (AAD). Además, el AAD correlaciona negativamente con el bienestar personal y académico de los alumnos. La EAADP permite medir con validez y fiabilidad el abuso de autoridad docente percibido por los alumnos a lo largo de su escolaridad.ABSTRACTThis study focuses on the unfair treatment some teachers have with their students, abusing their authority and consequences on personal and academic welfare. Currently there is no history of robust assessment tools of Teacher’s Abuse of Authority in the Spanish context. The aim of the study is to present the development process of the Scale of Perceived Teacher Abuse of Authority (EAADP) and propose a model to structure theoretically the scale. The scale was applied to a sample of 306 students in Madrid, aged between 14 and 18 years. The results show that the instrument obtains adequate values of internal consistency and factor analysis supports the proposal for the scale multidimensional structure. The final model consists of four first-order factors or styles of abuse (distant, degrading, punitive and arbitrary), and a latent variable named Teacher Abuse of Authority (AAD). In addition, the AAD negatively correlated with personal and academic wellbeing of students. EAADP measures with validity and reliability the teacher abuse of authority perceived by students throughout their schooling.

Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990) estudio Literatura inglesa y Lenguas romanicas en el Hamilton College, y en 1928 entro en Harvard para estudiar Psicologia. Se doctoro en 1931. Tras trabajar como profesor-investigador en la Universidad de Minneapolis (1936-1945), se traslado a la Universidad de Indiana como director del departamento de Psicologia (1945-1947) y finalmente regreso a Harvard, donde permaneceria hasta su jubilacion, en 1974. Tras sufrir diversos y serios problemas de salud, murio en 1990, a los 86 anos. Tan solo unos dias antes habia pronunciado un discurso en la American Psychological Association (APA) al recibir la primera mencion por contribuciones sobresalientes a la Psicologia durante toda una vida (Lifetime Achievement Award).