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Tiller number and effective panicle number are important factors affecting rice yield. In this study, the sequencing data of 331 rice varieties were used to carry out genome‐wide association study (GWAS) of these two factors. A total of 58 candidate genes related to tiller number were identified, and their functions involved energy metabolism and cytoplasmic membrane metabolism pathways. There were 19 candidate genes related to effective panicle number, whose functions involved energy metabolism, cytoplasmic membrane metabolism and signal transduction pathways. A new QTL 'qTNP12', which controls both tiller number and effective panicle number, was identified on chromosome 12. There was specific variation in the 275th amino acid in the coding frame of the candidate gene. Indica rice with multiple tillers had histidine variation, while japonica rice with few tillers and Oryza rufipogon had arginine variation. Evolutionary analysis showed that the multi‐tiller trait of indica rice was developed through artificial selection and domestication. The results of this study provide a foundation for further clarifying the molecular mechanism of qTPN12 regulating tiller and effective panicle, as well as improving rice architecture through molecular marker‐assisted selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the ongoing arms race between rice and Magnaporthe oryzae, the pathogen employs effectors to evade the immune response, while the host develops resistance genes to recognise these effectors and confer resistance. In this study, we identified a novel Pik allele, Pik‐W25, from wild rice WR25 through bulked‐segregant analysis, creating the Pik‐W25 NIL (Near‐isogenic Lines) named G9. Pik‐W25 conferred resistance to isolates expressing AvrPik‐C/D/E alleles. CRISPR‐Cas9 editing was used to generate transgenic lines with a loss of function in Pik‐W25‐1 and Pik‐W25‐2, resulting in loss of resistance in G9 to isolates expressing the three alleles, confirming that Pik‐W25‐induced immunity required both Pik‐W25‐1 and Pik‐W25‐2. Yeast two‐hybrid (Y2H) and split luciferase complementation assays showed interactions between Pik‐W25‐1 and the three alleles, while Pik‐W25‐2 could not interact with AvrPik‐C, ‐D, and ‐E alleles with Y2H assay, indicating Pik‐W25‐1 acts as an adaptor and Pik‐W25‐2 transduces the signal to trigger resistance. The Pik‐W25 NIL exhibited enhanced field resistance to leaf and panicle blast without significant changes in morphology or development compared to the parent variety CO39, suggesting its potential for resistance breeding. These findings advance our knowledge of rice blast resistance mechanisms and offer valuable resources for effective and sustainable control strategies. Summary statement: We employed BSA‐seq to identify a novel Pik allele, Pik‐W25, from the wild rice WR25. Pik‐W25 can recognise AvrPik‐C, ‐D, or ‐E alleles and trigger resistance. Notably, the Pik‐W25 NIL showed enhanced field resistance to leaf and panicle blast without significant morphological or developmental differences. These findings advance our knowledge of rice blast resistance mechanisms and offer valuable resources for effective and sustainable rice blast control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: : Statins are effective in reducing high cholesterol levels; however, due to associated side effects, many patients actively seek alternative medications. This review evaluates the efficacy, side effects, patient adherence, cost-effectiveness, and accessibility of dietary supplements (DS) as a treatment option for hypercholesterolemia. Methods: This narrative review compares red yeast rice (RYR), flaxseed, artichokes, bergamot, Ayurvedic mixtures (with garlic as a prominent ingredient), and statins for treating hypercholesterolemia. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases for studies published between 2012 and 2024 using "hypercholesterolemia" in combination with a dietary supplement (red yeast rice, flaxseed, artichokes, garlic, or bergamot). The selected articles were published until 28th January 2024 with no language restrictions. Results: Study results suggest that alternative treatments using dietary supplements such as flaxseed, bergamot, or red yeast rice may effectively reduce cholesterol levels, with the specific value varying based on the study. Conclusion: The following natural ingredients - red yeast rice, artichoke extract, bergamot, garlic, and flaxseed - have been specifically selected for their cholesterol-lowering properties. Based on consistent usage, except for aged garlic extract, these ingredients appear to have a beneficial impact on cholesterol levels. (1) It is advisable to conduct a comprehensive cohort study to assess the efficacy of relevant dietary supplements, particularly red yeast rice, bergamot, and flaxseed, in treating hypercholesterolemia. This is important due to the varying effectiveness of alternative treatments. However, there are lingering concerns regarding the lack of supervision and quality control that require attention. (2) Further research into the specific molecular composition and the underlying mechanisms by which it reduces cholesterol levels is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Advent of changing climatic conditions along with nutrient deficient soils adversely affects the environment for the rice production. Wild introgression lines derived from KMR3 and Oryza rufipogon population were evaluated in six environments, including optimum and low phosphorus stress condition. Significant differences among the introgression lines were observed for plant height, tiller number, biomass, grain yield per plant, days to 50% flowering and harvest index across the environments. Based on grain yield observed under optimum phosphorus and limited phosphorus (P stress condition), eight stress tolerance indices were calculated and found STI and GMP are the better indices to discriminate among tolerant and susceptible genotypes, and correlation studies also confirmed the significant association between STI and GMP. Cluster analysis based on stress tolerance indices revealed three different clusters distinguishing genotypes based on their stable performance on yield related traits. AMMI and GGE biplot analysis to identify the stable performance across environments revealed NSR60, NSR101, NSR105, NSR85 and NSR86 as high grain yielders, whereas NSR135, NSR5 and NSR88 as stable performers. WAASBY‐based stability analysis on multiple traits (MTSI) showed NSR135, NSR79 and NSR18 with lowest MTSI, indicating their high stability and high mean performance compared with parent KMR3. Further genotyping for low P tolerance gene (PSTOL1) and grain yield genes (Gn1a, SPIKE, TGW6, DEP1 and OsSPL14) using allele specific markers showed that the desirable alleles of SPIKE, Gn1a and TGW6 were derived from wild parent O. rufipogon. Low P tolerance allele PSTOL1 was absent in recurrent parent KMR3; however, the introgression lines harboured desirable alleles, which were derived from O. rufipogon. Further mapping studies will help to identify a significant potential QTLs/gene for low P tolerance from O. rufipogon. Wild introgression lines, NSR85, NSR124, NSR80, NSR54, NSR86 and NSR88, were found as the high yielding and nutrient stress tolerant genotypes, which can be used as potential donors in future breeding programmes for low P stress tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT One new monacolin analog, monacolin V (1), together with two new monacolin‐like natural products, 6‐hydroxyl monacolin P (2) and 3‐keto monacolin S (3), were isolated from the ethyl acetate portion of red yeast rice ethanol extract. Their structures were identified by HRESIMS and NMR experiments, and the complete assignments of 1H and 13C NMR data for three compounds were obtained by the aid of HSQC, HMBC, 1H‐1H COSY, and NOESY data. This is the first time that the NMR data of compounds 2 and 3 have been fully assigned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Soil salinity has negative impacts on food security and sustainable agriculture. Ion homeostasis, osmotic adjustment and reactive oxygen species scavenging are the main approaches utilized by rice to resist salt stress. Breeding rice cultivars with high salt tolerance (ST) and yield is a significant challenge due to the lack of elite alleles conferring ST. Here, we report that the elite allele LEA12OR, which encodes a late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) protein from the wild rice Oryza rufipogon Griff., improves osmotic adjustment and increases yield under salt stress. Mechanistically, LEA12OR, as the early regulator of the LEA12OR‐OsSAPK10‐OsbZIP86‐OsNCED3 functional module, maintains the kinase stability of OsSAPK10 under salt stress, thereby conferring ST by promoting abscisic acid biosynthesis and accumulation in rice. The superior allele LEA12OR provides a new avenue for improving ST and yield via the application of LEA12OR in current rice through molecular breeding and genome editing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Carbohydrate digestive enzymes like α-amylase and α-glucosidase can be used to treat and manage diabetes. By inhibiting these enzymes, carbohydrate digestion slowed down, lowering the level of glucose entry into the bloodstream and preventing postprandial hyperglycemia. However, the effectiveness of current antidiabetic agents is limited due to their adverse effects. Therefore, the current study explored natural inhibitors from the methanol extract of rice to combat this issue. Through an integrated approach, four different rice cultivars were analysed and found that red rice methanol extract compounds stigmasterol and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid interacted with α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Additionally, further research on stigmasterol directs the structure-activity relationship studies that aid in managing diabetic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in regulating salt tolerance in Dongxiang wild rice (DXWR, Oryza rufipogon Griff.). The development of salt-responsive miRNA-simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers will significantly bolster research on DXWR, providing novel tools for exploring salt-tolerant genetic resources and advancing the development of salt-tolerant rice varieties. In the present study, a total of 137 miRNA-SSR markers were successfully developed, specifically derived from miRNAs responsive to salt stress in DXWR. Subsequently, a subset of 20 markers was randomly selected for validation across three distinct DXWR populations, along with 35 modern rice varieties. Notably, 13 of these markers exhibited remarkable polymorphism. The polymorphic markers collectively amplified 52 SSR loci, averaging four alleles per locus. The polymorphism information content values associated with these loci spanned from 0.23 to 0.70, with a mean value of 0.49. Particularly noteworthy is the miR162a-SSR marker, which demonstrated distinct allelic patterns and holds potential as a diagnostic marker for discriminating the salt-tolerant rice varieties from the non-tolerant varieties. This study provides a valuable tool for genetic analysis and precision breeding, facilitating the identification and utilization of valuable salt-tolerant genetic resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the antioxidant effect of red sticky rice bran extract (RRBE; a pigmented strain of Oryza sativa L.) in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Methods: Human hepatocellular carcinoma HuH-7 cells were treated with the ethanol extract of RRBE in the presence or absence of EX-537 (Sirtuin 1 inhibitor), dexamethasone (NF-κB inhibitor), brusatol (Nrf-2 inhibitor), or HO-1 inh (HO-1 inhibitor) before exposure to hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Intracellular ROS and glutathione levels were assessed using CellROX™ green reagent and GSH-Glo™ glutathione assay, respectively. Levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were determined using immunofluorescent assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively. Results: None of the tested inhibitors affected the ability of RRBE to reduce the level of ROS. Treatment with RRBE significantly decreased intracellular ROS and glutathione levels in HuH-7 cells undergoing oxidative stress (in the presence of BST and HO-1 inh; p < 0.05). Furthermore, Nrf-2 expression and HO-1 gene were significantly enhanced and upregulated respectively in HuH-7 cells pre-treated with RRBE (p < 0.05). Conversely, these effects were attenuated in the presence of brusatol. Conclusion: Antioxidant property of RRBE is mediated through the activation of Nrf-2 and HO-1 pathways. These insights pave way for the development of functional foods or supplementary medicines aimed at preventing and treating NCDs in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study blended five types of beans—florid kidney bean, red adzuki bean, chickpea, black bean, and white kidney bean—with glutinous rice flour (GRF) to create a synergistic heat–moisture treatment (HMT). We investigated the effects of this combination on the digestibility of the glutinous rice mixture and the quality of sweet dumplings. The inclusion of beans, along with HMT, altered the granular morphology, adhesive qualities, thermal characteristics, crystallinity, and protein secondary structure of the blended powders compared to GRF. Notably, the starch granules in the glutinous rice flour with red adzuki bean (R‐GRF) were more complete in morphology, compact in structure, and exhibited higher heat stabilization and crystallinity, with significant changes in protein secondary structure. These modifications resulted in a low expected glycemic index (eGI) value of 52.01. Additionally, the quality assessment of the fast‐frozen sweet dumplings showed that those made with red adzuki bean mixed with glutinous rice flour (R‐SD) had superior texture, reduced cracking, and less water loss compared to those made with GRF (G‐SD), while maintaining similar color and odor to G‐SD. The eGI value of 52.21 for R‐SD also fell within the low eGI range, indicating its potential for developing low‐eGI foods for patients with T2DM and other special populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efforts to maintain rice production in the future face many challenges, including the availability of increasingly narrow land, attacks by plant pest organisms, and declining land fertility due to improper cultivation systems. More than 70% of rice fields are in a disturbed ecological status due to cultivation technology that could be more environmentally friendly, which can interfere with the sustainability of rice self-sufficiency. An environmentally friendly rice cultivation system needs to be developed. This study aims to measure the agronomic and physiological responses of 3 rice genotypes in sustainable cultivation systems. The experiment used a Group Random Design on 3 rice genotypes (black, red, and white) in both conventional and sustainable cultivation systems. The research was carried out in the experimental garden of Polinela Organic Farm, Lampung State Polytechnic, from September 2020 to September 2021. The results showed that the plant, leaf greenery, number of tillers, number of panicles, grain weight per panicle, and biomass weight were not significantly different between conventional and sustainable cultivation. At the same time, the harvest and production indices per hectare were significantly different. The physiological responses to the photosynthesis and transpiration rates differed markedly in conventional and continuous cultivation. In contrast, the conductance of stomata did not differ significantly in both cultivation systems. The red rice genotype is the best, and it has a broader adaptation to conventional and sustainable cultivation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The unpolished red rice (URR) previously has been heat‐moisture treated to significantly improve resistant starch content. Continuously, this study aimed to investigate cooking quality, textural characteristics, and sensory evaluation of the URR, and heat‐moisture‐treated URR (HMT‐URR), cooked with water or 0.5 m acetic acid solution (AAS) at 80 or 100 °C for different cooking time ranging from 30 to 70 min. The degree of gelatinisation (DG), water absorption index (WAI) and cooking loss (CL) of the cooked URR and HMT‐URR significantly increased with the increased cooking temperature or time. The results of DG also showed that whole URR and HMT‐URR were well cooked with water at 80 °C for 70 min or with the AAS at 80 °C for 60 min or at 100 °C for 40 min for both. Although the cooked HMT‐URR was much harder than the cooked URR, the hardness of the HMT‐URR was significantly reduced when cooking with the AAS. The morphological structure also indicated that the URR and HMT‐URR cooked with the AAS were more well gelatinised. As a result, the HMT‐URR cooked with 0.5 m acetic acid solution had high scores in terms of all organoleptic attributes even though their odour and flavour were less preferable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major threat to public health globally. A large proportion of people with dyslipidaemia have poorly controlled lipid levels, emphasizing the need for alternative lipid-lowering treatments that are both effective and safe. Xuezhikang, a red yeast rice (RYR) extract, containing 13 kinds of monacolins and other bioactive components, emerges as one such promising option. Its discovery was built on a long history of RYR use as a functional food supplement and traditional Chinese medicine. Several randomized, controlled clinical trials have substantiated its lipid-lowering effects and its potential to protect against CVDs. Safety concerns with statins did not arise during decades of experience with Xuezhikang treatment in clinical practice. The approval of Xuezhikang in multiple regions of Asia marked a conceptual shift in CVD management, moving from single agents to polypills and from synthetic medicines to natural extracts. This review comprehensively addresses important topics related to this medicinal natural extract, including the ancient utilization of RYR, the development of Xuezhikang, its mechanisms of action, pleiotropic effects, clinical studies, challenges, and future perspectives to enhance our understanding regarding the role of Xuezhikang, a representative, domestic lipid-lowering drug of RYR, in prevention and treatment of CVD. This review article summarizes the potential of Xuezhikang as a safe and effective alternative for cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment, providing a wide spectrum of benefits. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antioxidant properties of rice provide various health benefits due to its ability to inhibit cellular oxidation. Antioxidant content of rice is known to be linked with the pericarp pigmentation. The Rc gene of rice (Os07g0211500) codes for a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein, acting as a transcriptional factor in regulating proanthocyanidin biosynthesis. The current study was carried out to evaluate the variation of antioxidant properties in a selected panel of rice accessions and assess the possibility of using haplotypes defined based on the Rc gene to predict pericarp pigmentation and antioxidant content in rice. Results: Thirty-two rice accessions were evaluated for grain pericarp colour and antioxidant properties; total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC), proanthocyanidins (PAC) and radical scavenging activity (RSA). The parameters TPC, TFC and PAC showed significant positive correlation with RSA (r > 0.69; P < 0.01). The study panel showed a wide variation for antioxidant properties and rice accessions such as Sudu Heenati, Deweraddiri, Madathawalu, Masuran, Ld 368, At 311, Kalu Heenati, Bw 272-6B, Pokkali, At 362 and Wanni Dahanala exhibited profound potential with respect to antioxidant properties. Based on three-target sites previously reported as critical for the function of the coded bHLH protein (an A/C SNP at 1,353-bp, a 1-bp insertion/deletion at 1,388-bp, and a 14-bp insertion/deletion at 1,408-1,421-bp positioned in the mRNA corresponding to the exon 6 of rice Rc gene), three haplotypes were defined (H1-H3). Pigmentation of the rice pericarp could be successfully explained based on the defined haplotypes (H1 (C/G/+): red, and H2 (A/G/+) and H3 (C/G/-): white), and the H1 haplotype corresponded to a significantly (P < 0.05) higher TPC, TFC, PAC and RSA compared to the other haplotypes. Conclusions: The studied rice accessions showed a significant variation with respect to antioxidant properties. Haplotype H1 defined based on the three-target sites in the exon 6 of Rc gene can detect rice accessions with red pigmented pericarp and high antioxidant properties effectively. Hence, its use can be recommended as an alternative to biochemical assays for screening during rice breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pigment is one of the most important metabolites in red yeast rice. However, citrinin may accumulate and cause quality security issues. In the present study, the effect of ascorbic acid (EAA) on the pigment and citrinin was studied, and the metabolic mechanism was discussed using comparative transcriptomics. The introduction of EAA increased the pigment by 58.2% and decreased citrinin by 65.4%. The acid protease activity, DPPH scavenging rate, and total reducing ability also increased by 18.7, 9.0, and 26.7%, respectively. Additionally, a total of 791 differentially expressed genes were identified, and 79 metabolic pathways were annotated, among which carbon metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and fatty acid metabolism were closely related to the biosynthesis of pigment and citrinin. Ethanol dehydrogenase (M pigC), oxidoreductase (M pigE), reductase (M pigH), and monooxygenase (M pigN) may be related to the increase of pigment. ctnC and pksCT contributed to the decline of citrinin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present two cases of middle‐aged men who developed Fanconi syndrome and renal dysfunction after consuming "foods with functional claims (FFC)" containing red yeast rice. In the first case, the patient had consumed an FFC for 1 year and another FFC suspected to have contained nephrotoxin for 3 weeks; kidney biopsy performed during the acute phase of renal injury showed severe acute tubular necrosis and tubular cell regeneration. He achieved near‐complete recovery 40 days after the FFC was discontinued. In the second case, the patient had consumed FFC for 4 years and stopped 70 days prior to presentation; kidney biopsy revealed significant tubular recovery, persistent tubular injuries, and interstitial fibrosis. Although the manifestations of Fanconi syndrome subsided, mild renal dysfunction persisted. These cases suggest that FFC with nephrotoxins may induce Fanconi syndrome owing to acute tubular necrosis. Recovery is possible after discontinuing the FFC; while short‐term ingestion of FFC allows for tubular regeneration, its long‐term ingestion may cause irreversible damage and lead to chronic kidney disease. Long‐term follow‐up is crucial for preventing further renal deterioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) offers a sustainable method for enhancing the nutritional quality of agricultural residues such as red rice bran. This study aimed to determine the optimal temperature and duration for SSF of red rice bran, focusing specifically on increasing the crude protein (CP) content and reducing the crude fiber (CF) content. SFF of rice bran with Aspergillus niger (A. niger) USM F4 was conducted over 14 consecutive days at three different temperatures (25°C, 35°C, and 45°C). A total of 63 samples of rice bran were divided into three temperature groups, each containing 21 samples. Three samples per group were collected at 48-hour intervals over the 14-day fermentation period. The fermentation process for the collected samples at 48-hour intervals was halted by oven drying at 60°C for 24 hours. The fermented products were subjected to proximate analysis for crude protein (CP), ash, ether extract (EE), and crude fiber (CF) contents using the methods outlined by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). The results revealed a significant effect of temperature and fermentation duration on CP, ash, EE, and CF content when compared to the unfermented rice bran kept at room temperature (25oC). The peak values of CP and the highest degradation of CF across all temperature levels were observed on day 10 while the maximum increase in ash and EE content occurred on day 8. Among the temperature conditions, the highest CP values and the lowest CF values were recorded at 35°C. Conversely, the lowest improvements in CP and CF degradation were observed at 25°C on day 10. In conclusion, the optimal conditions for SSF of rice bran with A. niger to enhance CP content and degrade CF are a temperature of 35°C and a fermentation duration of 10 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Modern cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) typically experiences limited growth benefits from arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis. This could be due to the long‐term domestication of rice under favorable phosphorus conditions. However, there is limited understanding of whether and how the rice domestication has modified AM properties.This study compared AM properties between a collection of wild (Oryza rufipogon) and domesticated rice genotypes and investigated the mechanisms underlying their differences by analyzing physiological, genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic traits critical for AM symbiosis.The results revealed significantly lower mycorrhizal growth responses and colonization intensity in domesticated rice compared to wild rice, and this change of AM properties may be associated with the domestication modifications of plant phosphorus utilization efficiency at physiological and genomic levels. Domestication also resulted in a decrease in the activity of the mycorrhizal phosphorus acquisition pathway, which may be attributed to reduced mycorrhizal compatibility of rice roots by enhancing defense responses like root lignification and reducing carbon supply to AM fungi.In conclusion, rice domestication may have changed its AM properties by modifying P nutrition‐related traits and reducing symbiotic compatibility. This study offers new insights for improving AM properties in future rice breeding programs to enhance sustainable agricultural production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) produces a variety of diterpenoid‐type phytoalexins. Diterpene synthase genes that are responsible for the biosynthesis of momilactones, phytocassanes, and oryzalexins have been identified in O. sativa cv. Nipponbare. OsKSL10 (Os12t0491800 in RAP and LOC_Os12g30824 in MSU) was previously identified as an enzyme catalyzing the conversion of ent‐copalyl diphosphate to ent‐sandaracopimaradiene for the production of oryzalexins A to F. Our previous study on Oryza rufipogon, a wild progenitor of Asian cultivated rice, showed that both OrKSL10 and OrKSL10ind from O. rufipogon accessions W1943 and W0106, respectively, closely related to the japonica and indica subspecies, converted ent‐copalyl diphosphate to ent‐miltiradiene. Thus, the functional conversion of ent‐miltiradiene synthase into ent‐sandaracopimaradiene synthase is implied to have occurred through natural amino acid mutations, the details of which have not been elucidated. In this study, we show that introduction of A654G substitution into OrKSL10 significantly alters its function into more closely resembling that of OsKSL10. Moreover, double substitution V546I/A654G almost completely converts the function of OrKSL10 into that of OsKSL10. On the other hand, the reversed substitution I546V/G654A was insufficient to convert the function of OsKSL10 into OrKSL10, indicating the introduction of additional substitution S522I is required for the functionality of OsKSL10. Lastly, point mutations at the 654A residue in OrKSL10 suggest that hydrophobic side chains at this position have a negative influence on the production of ent‐sandaracopimaradiene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fermented products contain probiotic organisms that have beneficial and therapeutic effects on the gastrointestinal tract. The main objective of the study is to isolate probiotic bacteria from fermented sour traditional rice water and to evaluate their probiotic activity. The microbes were isolated from the fermented rice water and the characterization of the organisms was determined using MALDI-TOF MS. The morphological analysis, biochemical test, and carbohydrate fermentation test were done for further characterization. The colonization and therapeutic properties of organisms were evaluated by performing in vitro simulation studies. The results indicated that the isolated gram-positive organisms Pediococcus pentosaecus and Lactococcus lactis from traditional fermented sour rice water possessed desirable in vitro probiotic properties. Consuming fermented sour rice water enriches intestinal flora with beneficial bacteria and enzymes. Fermented rice water improves gut microbiome health, immune system function, and is also used to treat chronic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monacolin K (MK), in red yeast rice (RYR) in the forms of lactone (LMK) and hydroxy acid (AMK), is known for its anti-hypercholesterolemic activity. Under the rising demand for natural bioactive molecules, we present a green ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) optimization study for MK in RYR. The development and validation of a fast, sensitive, selective, reproducible, and accurate ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) method coupled to diode array detection for LMK and AMK allowed us to evaluate the MK recovery in different extract media. Firstly, the ethanol comparability to acetonitrile was assessed (recovery of 80.7 ± 0.1% for ethanol and 85.5 ± 0.2% for acetonitrile). Then, water/ethanol mixtures, with decreasing percentages of organic solvent, were tested by modulating temperature and extraction times. Water extractions at 80 °C for 10 min produced MK yield > 85%. Thus, UAE conditions were optimized by a DOE study using a water-based formulation (mouthwash). The optimal total MK extraction yield (86.6 ± 0.4%) was found under the following conditions: 80 °C, 45 min, 5 mg mL−1 (RYR powder/solvent). Therefore, the new single-process green approach allowed the simultaneous direct extraction of MK and mouthwash enrichment (MK concentration = 130.0 ± 0.6 µg mL−1), which might be tested for the prevention and treatment of periodontitis or oral candidiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Significant challenges are associated with the pharmacological management of dyslipidemia, an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Limited reliable evidence exists regarding the efficacy of red yeast rice (RYR)-containing commercial Chinese polyherbal preparation (CCPP), despite their widespread use in China. Purpose: We aimed to investigate the efficacy of RYR-containing CCPPs combined with statins in treating dyslipidemia. Methods: Eight databases were searched for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from database inception date to November 2023. Outcome measures, including low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), clinical efficacy, and adverse reactions, were assessed. The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions was used for quality evaluation, and the meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.3 and Stata 15.1. Results: Thirty-three studies involving 4,098 participants were included. The combination of RYR-containing CCPP, such as Xuezhikang (XZK), Zhibitai (ZBTAI), or Zhibituo (ZBTUO) with statins had a significant effect on the increase in clinical efficacy [RR:1.16, 95%CI (1.13, 1.19), p < 0.00001]. In addition, they also improved blood lipid profile parameters by increasing HDL-C levels [MD:0.21, 95%CI(0.17, 0.25), p < 0.00001], and decreasing TC [MD: 0.60, 95%CI(-0.76, -0.45), p < 0.00001], TG [MD: 0.33, 95%CI(-0.39, -0.26), p < 0.00001] and LDL-C levels [MD: 0.45, 95%CI(-0.54, -0.36), p < 0.00001]. No significant adverse reactions was observed in the RYR-containing CCPPs. Notably, ZBTAI and XZK significantly reduced the incidence of gastrointestinal disturbances and muscular adverse reactions. However, subgroup analyses suggested that the type of CCPPs, dose, and treatment duration might affect the efficacy of RYR-containing CCPPs. Conclusion: RYR-containing CCPPs combined with statins appears to improve lipid profiles and clinical efficacy in patients with dyslipidemia. However, due to the poor quality of the included studies, and some studied showing negative findings was unpublished. The results should be interpreted with caution until further confirmation by well-designed RCTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red rice (Oryza glaberrima L.) is a main food ingredient with some special characteristics and health benefits; therefore, enhancing its grain yield is necessary. However, the limited fertile land causes cultivation in the sub-optimal land, such as saline soil. Saline stress can cause damage to plant cells; hence, it is vital to apply exogenous antioxidants that can act as osmoprotectants. The presented study sought to determine the physiological characteristics of red rice under salinity stress conditions with ascorbic acid applications. The study commenced in a factorial separate plot design (SPD) with three features. The salinity levels (3-4 and >4-5 mho/cm) comprised the main plots, red rice cultivars (Inpari 24, Inpari 7, Pamelen, and MSP17) in the subplots, with the ascorbic acid concentrations (0, 500, 1000, and 1500 ppm) kept in the sub-sub-plots. The results showed that the studied red rice cultivars differed in responses to ascorbic acid concentrations under saline soil conditions. Cultivar MSP17 was the most tolerant genotype to salinity stress compared with the three other red rice cultivars based on physiological attributes. Applying ascorbic acid improved red rice genotypes’ physiological characteristics (especially chlorophyll content and nutrient uptake) under saline stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is arguably a major player in worldwide rice production. Though white rice is the most predominantly cultivated, red, brown, and red rice are also very common. These types of rice are known to have different cooking properties that may be related to differences in their starch properties. Investigating the starch properties, especially the fine structure of their amylopectin, can help understand these differences. This study aims to investigate the starch characteristics of some Indonesian rice varieties by evaluating the starch granule morphology and size, molecular characteristics, amylopectin unit and internal chain profiles, and thermal properties. Starches were extracted from white rice (long grain (IR-64) and short grain (IR-42)), brown rice, red rice, and black rice cultivated in Java Island, Indonesia. IR-42 had the highest amylose content of 39.34% whilst the black rice had the least of 1.73%. The enthalpy of gelatinization and onset temperature of the gelatinization of starch granules were between 3.2 and 16.2 J/g and 60.1 to 73.8 °C, respectively. There were significant differences between the relative molar amounts of the internal chains of the samples. The two white rice and black rice had a significantly higher amount of A-chains, but a lower amount of B-chains and fingerprint B-chains (Bfp) than the brown and red rice. The average chain length (CL), short chain length (SCL), and external chain length (ECL) were significantly longer for the red rice and the black rice in comparison to both the white rice amylopectins. The long chain length (LCL) and internal chain length (ICL) of the sample amylopectins were similar. Rice starches were significantly different in the internal structure but not as much in their amylopectin unit chain profile. These results suggest the differences in their amylopectin clusters and building blocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to carry out experiments on water absorption by husked red rice at constant temperatures of 28, 40, and 50 °C. The description of the absorption kinetics and the analyses of the water distribution and volumetric expansion of each grain, at a given instant, were carried out using a diffusion model. In order for the model to be as close as possible to the real physical situation, the mesh necessary to numerically solve the diffusion equation was generated from the photograph of a grain. Thus, the diffusion equation was written in Boundary-Fitted Coordinates (BFCs). The solution of the diffusion equation written in generalized coordinates was then discretized in space and time, using the Finite Volume method, with a fully implicit formulation, considering the variable volume and variable mass diffusivity as functions of the local moisture content. Optimizations based on the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm make it possible to determine the parameters of an exponential function relating mass diffusivity and the local moisture content for each temperature. Statistical indicators (chi-square, determination coefficient, and Student's t-test) allowed us to conclude that the proposed model was very satisfactory for all temperatures, making it possible to simulate the water absorption, water distribution, and volumetric expansion of the grain over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tiller angle plays an essential role in determining plant architecture and yield in rice. In this study, we identified qTAC8c, a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) for tiller angle, through introduced introgression of a segment from Oryza rufipogon BJ-5 into indica ZH8015. The qTAC8c was mapped to a 1469.55-kb region on chromosome 8 with the basis on 8 K chip analysis and map-based cloning, and was further narrowed down to a 76.75-kb region containing eleven open reading frames (ORFs). Sequencing and expression analyzing indicated ORF1 (LOC_Os08g33530) is the causal gene for qTAC8c. A total of ten single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) and one insertion were detected in the 4792-bp genome in ORF1 between ZH8015 and NIL-85. ORF1 encodes a TCP family of transcription factors. Meanwhile, two SNPs (SNP5 and SNP6) in the coding region of ORF1 resulted in two amino acid changes (L125F and L180S). Interestingly, SNP1 to SNP7 affected grain traits, especially grain width. Besides, a functional marker S3 was designed to detect promoters of qTAC8c in rice varieties, which could be a useful application for marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding of plant architecture in rice. This study provides genetic resources for plant architecture and grain size improvement in rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The extraction process optimization of anthocyanins from sea red rice and its hypoglycemic effect in vitro were investigated in this study. A series of single-factor experiments and orthogonal experimental designs were used to optimize the extraction process of anthocyanins from sea red rice. The contents of anthocyanins were determined by the pH difference method, and the inhibitory activities of anthocyanins against α-glucosidase and α-amylase were also analyzed. In addition, the enzyme inhibition mode of anthocyanins was studied by the enzyme inhibition kinetics model (α-glucosidase and α-amylase). The optimal extraction conditions of anthocyanins were as follows: pH 0.75, 85% of ethanol, 45 °C of extraction temperature, 30 min of extraction time, and the content of anthocyanins was 1.66 mg/mL under these conditions. Anthocyanins of sea red rice had strong inhibition against α-glucosidase (IC50 of 0.11 mg/mL) and α-amylase (IC50 of 0.05 mg/mL). The enzyme inhibition kinetics analysis indicated that anthocyanins of sea red rice showed mixed inhibition mode against two enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase), namely including competitive inhibition and non-competitive inhibition. This study provides a simple method for ultrasonic-assisted extraction of anthocyanins from sea red rice, and the extracted anthocyanins could play a hypoglycemic effect in vitro with mixed inhibition mode. This study would provide a theoretical direction for the development and utilization of sea red rice resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The cold tolerance of rice is closely related to its production and geographic distribution. The identification of cold tolerance-related genes is of important significance for developing cold-tolerant rice. Dongxiang wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) (DXWR) is well-adapted to the cold climate of northernmost-latitude habitats ever found in the world, and is one of the most valuable rice germplasms for cold tolerance improvement. Results: Transcriptome analysis revealed genes differentially expressed between Xieqingzao B (XB; a cold sensitive variety) and 19H19 (derived from an interspecific cross between DXWR and XB) in the room temperature (RT), low temperature (LT), and recovery treatments. The results demonstrated that chloroplast genes might be involved in the regulation of cold tolerance in rice. A high-resolution SNP genetic map was constructed using 120 BC5F2 lines derived from a cross between 19H19 and XB based on the genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) technique. Two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for cold tolerance at the early seedling stage (CTS), qCTS12 and qCTS8, were detected. Moreover, a total of 112 candidate genes associated with cold tolerance were identified based on bulked segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-seq). These candidate genes were divided into eight functional categories, and the expression trend of candidate genes related to 'oxidation-reduction process' and 'response to stress' differed between XB and 19H19 in the RT, LT and recovery treatments. Among these candidate genes, the expression level of LOC_Os12g18729 in 19H19 (related to 'response to stress') decreased in the LT treatment but restored and enhanced during the recovery treatment whereas the expression level of LOC_Os12g18729 in XB declined during recovery treatment. Additionally, XB contained a 42-bp deletion in the third exon of LOC_Os12g18729, and the genotype of BC5F2 individuals with a survival percentage (SP) lower than 15% was consistent with that of XB. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) and modular regulatory network learning with per gene information (MERLIN) algorithm revealed a gene interaction/coexpression network regulating cold tolerance in rice. In the network, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to 'oxidation-reduction process', 'response to stress' and 'protein phosphorylation' interacted with LOC_Os12g18729. Moreover, the knockout mutant of LOC_Os12g18729 decreased cold tolerance in early rice seedling stage signifcantly compared with that of wild type. Conclusions: In general, study of the genetic basis of cold tolerance of rice is important for the development of cold-tolerant rice varieties. In the present study, QTL mapping, BSA-seq and RNA-seq were integrated to identify two CTS QTLs qCTS8 and qCTS12. Furthermore, qRT-PCR, genotype sequencing and knockout analysis indicated that LOC_Os12g18729 could be the candidate gene of qCTS12. These results are expected to further exploration of the genetic mechanism of CTS in rice and improve cold tolerance of cultivated rice by introducing the cold tolerant genes from DXWR through marker-assisted selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving rice (Oryza sativa L.) yields is a major objective of breeding programs worldwide. The Oryza rufipogon species complex (ORSC), which includes the rice ancestral species O. rufipogon Griff. and O. nivara S. D. Sharma & Shastry, is an underutilized resource. Using three phenotypically and genotypically diverse ORSC accessions identified as OrA, OrB, and OrC, three Cybonnet × ORSC chromosome segment substitution line (CSSL) libraries were developed to make this genepool more accessible to breeders. The objective was to characterize these libraries for 20 yield‐related traits to discover genes not currently deployed for rice improvement. Cybonnet and 212 CSSLs from these libraries were evaluated for 2 years in field studies for six agronomic, six panicle architecture, and eight seed traits. Across the three libraries, 62 CSSLs were found to be significantly different from Cybonnet for one or more traits. Of these, 27 CSSLs were significantly different for seed size traits. To ascertain the chromosome region and underlying candidate gene(s) causing these differences, substitution mapping was performed with previously reported genotypes. Mapping with the CSSLs, which had delayed heading under long days, revealed five known genes associated with rice flowering time pathways. The OsMADS50, RFT1, HD3A, SE1, and GHD7 genes were mapped in the OrB and OrC derived CSSLs but only OsMADS50 mapped in the OrA derived CSSLs. Employing this approach for the other 19 traits revealed 28 total candidate genes. A total of 12 of these genes are currently not deployed for yield enhancement. The introgressed ORSC regions associated with these genes are potential sources of novel variation for rice improvement. Core Ideas: Three Cybonnet rice × wild introgression line libraries were evaluated for 20 yield‐related traits.Overall, 62 introgression lines were significantly different from Cybonnet for a yield‐related trait(s).Substitution mapping narrowed the wild genome region to search for gene(s) affecting yield‐related trait(s).Substitution mapping is demonstrated with the five genes affecting days to heading under long day conditions.Of the 28 candidate genes presumed to affect yield traits, 12 are not targeted for breeding, thus potentially novel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rice blight poses a significant threat to the rice industry, and the discovery of disease-resistant genes is a crucial strategy for its control. By exploring the rich genetic resources of Yuanjiang common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) and analyzing their expression patterns, genetic resources can be provided for molecular rice breeding. The target genes' expression patterns, subcellular localization, and interaction networks were analyzed based on the annotated disease-resistant genes on the 9th and 10th chromosomes in the rice genome database using fluorescent quantitative PCR technology and bioinformatics tools. Thirty-three disease-resistant genes were identified from the database, including 20 on the 9th and 13 on the 10th. These genes were categorized into seven subfamilies of the NLR family, such as CNL and the G subfamily of the ABC family. Four genes were not expressed under the induction of the pathogen Y8, two genes were significantly down-regulated, and the majority were up-regulated. Notably, the expression levels of nine genes belonging to the ABCG, CN, and CNL classes were significantly up-regulated, yet the expression levels varied among roots, stems, and leaves; one was significantly expressed in the roots, one in the stems, and the remaining seven were primarily highly expressed in the leaves. Two interaction network diagrams were predicted based on the seven highly expressed genes in the leaves: complex networks regulated by CNL proteins and specific networks controlled by ABCG proteins. The disease-resistant genes on the 9th chromosome are actively expressed in response to the induction of rice blight, forming a critical gene pool for the resistance of Yuanjiang common wild rice (O. rufipogon) to rice blight. Meanwhile, the disease-resistant genes on the 10th chromosome not only participate in resisting the rice blight pathogen but may also be involved in the defense against other stem diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing incidence of diabetes and obesity poses a major threat to global human health worldwide. Increasing the consumption of resistant starch (RS) foods could reduce the occurrence of these chronic diseases.Accurate identification and screening of germplasm resources with high RS content is the initial step in breeding efforts, and Yunnan Province is recognized as the largest center of genetic diversity in Chinese rice varieties. However, there is a lack of systematic studies of genetic variation and evolution of RS content in rice landraces within this region. Here, we selected the SSIIIa gene as the subject that affected the content of RS in rice endosperm and analyzed its natural variation in 93 rice landraces in Yunnan province. Analyses of gene sequence information demonstrated that the 93 landraces were divided into 11 haplotypes and 10 protein types. Evolutionary analysis revealed that indica and japonica rice in these landraces appeared to have experienced different evolutionary. Among these haplotypes, the H4 haplotype exhibited the highest genetic similarity to the two Oryza rufipogon of Yunnan, and the content of RS was significantly higher than other haplotypes. Furthermore, association analysis identified 9 SNPs that consistently correlated with RS content, and revealed several new mutation sites. In addition, haplotypes with high RS content generally had higher amylose content and lower gel consistency. These results provided important experimental evidence for the utilization of high RS germplasm, and also lay the groundwork for further genetic research on the process of RS formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Red rice is a kind of whole grain with health benefits. Probiotic fermentation is widely applied to promote nutrient release from cereals and improve bioactivity. The study aims to investigate the impact of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) dy‐1 fermentation on the bioactivities, bioaccessibility, and lipid‐lowering activities of red rice. Results indicated that fermentation significantly increased the protein and total phenolic content by 1.7 and 1.4 times of red rice, as well as the content of essential and nonessential amino acids. Fermentation remarkably increased the bioaccessibility of phenolics and the antioxidant capacity of red rice during in vitro digestion. Additionally, Caenorhabditis elegans study revealed that fermented red rice extract reduced the triglyceride content, alleviated fat deposition, and regulated lipid metabolism by altering the genes in the fatty acid oxidation and synthesis, such as daf‐16, mdt‐15, nhr‐49, fat‐5, fat‐7, and hosl‐1. Therefore, L. plantarum dy‐1 fermentation was beneficial for improving bioaccessibility and lipid‐lowering activities of red rice, which will provide a reference for utilization of red rice as a functional food.

Improving the nutrient content of red soils in southern China is a priority for efficient rice production there. To assess the effectiveness of oilseed rape as green manure for the improvement of soil phosphorus nutrient supply and rice yield in red soil areas, a long-term field plot experiment was conducted comparing two species of rape, Brassica napus (BN) and Brassica juncea (BJ). The effects of returning oilseed rape on soil phosphorus availability, phosphorus absorption, and yield of subsequent rice under rice-green manure rotation mode were analyzed, using data from the seasons of 2020 to 2021. The study found that compared with winter fallow treatment (WT) and no-tillage treatment (NT), the soil available phosphorus content of BN was increased, and that of BJ was significantly increased. The content of water-soluble inorganic phosphorus of BJ increased, and that of BN increased substantially. Compared with the WT, the soil organic matter content and soil total phosphorus content of BN significantly increased, as did the soil available potassium content of BJ, and the soil total phosphorus content of BJ was significantly increased compared with NT. The soil particulate phosphorus content of BJ and BN was significantly increased by 14.00% and 16.00%, respectively. Compared with the WT, the phosphorus activation coefficient of BJ was significantly increased by 11.41%. The rice plant tiller number under the green manure returning treatment was significantly increased by 43.16% compared with the winter fallow treatment. The green manure returning measures increased rice grain yield by promoting rice tiller numbers; BN increased rice grain yield by 9.91% and BJ by 11.68%. Based on these results, returning oilseed rape green manure could augment the phosphorus nutrients of red soil and promote phosphorus availability. Rice-oilseed rape green manure rotation could increase rice grain yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary supplements containing red yeast rice (RYR), a fermentation product of the fungus Monascus purpureus grown on white rice, remain popular in Europe as proclaimed cholesterol-lowering aids. The cholesterol-lowering effects are due to the occurrence of monacolin K, which is often present as a mixture of monacolin K lactone (MK) and as monacolin K hydroxy acid (MKA). MK is structurally similar to the cholesterol-lowering medicine lovastatin. Recently, due to safety concerns linked to the use of statins, the European Commission prohibited RYR supplements with a maximum serving exceeding 3 mg of total monacolins per day. Moreover, the amount of the mycotoxin citrinin, potentially produced by M. purpureus, was also reduced to 100 µg/kg. Evidently, manufacturers that offer their products on the European market, including the online market, must also be compliant with these limits in order to guarantee the safety of their products. Therefore, thirty-five different RYR supplements, purchased from an EU-bound e-commerce platform or from registered online pharmacies, were screened for their compliance to the European legislation for citrinin content and the amount of total monacolin K. This was conducted by means of a newly developed LC-MS/MS methodology that was validated according to ISO 17025. Moreover, these supplements were also screened for possible adulteration and any contamination by micro-organisms and/or mycotoxins. It was found that at least four of the thirty-five RYR supplements (≈11%) might have reason for concern for the safety of the consumer either due to high total monacolin K concentrations exceeding the European predefined limits for total monacolins or severe bacterial contamination. Moreover, three samples (≈9%) were likely adulterated, and the labeling of six of the seventeen samples (≈35%) originating from an EU-based e-commerce platform was not compliant, as either the mandatory warning was missing or incomplete or the total amount of monacolins was not mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The awn is a bristle-like appendage that protrudes from the seed tip and plays a critical role in preventing feed damage and spreading habitats in many grass species, including rice. While all wild species in the Oryza genus have awns, this trait has been eliminated in domesticated species due to its obstructive nature to agricultural processes. To date, several genes involved in awn development have been identified in wild rice, Oryza rufipogon and Oryza barthii which are ancestral species of cultivated rice in Asia and Africa, respectively. However, the responsible genes for awn development have not been identified in other wild rice species even though multiple QTLs have been reported previously. In this study, we identified An7 gene responsible for awn development in two wild rice species, Oryza glumaepatula and Oryza meridionalis. An7 encodes a cytochrome P450 enzyme and is homologous to D2/CYP90D2, a known brassinosteroid biosynthesis enzyme in rice. The identification of An7 provides insight into a distinct molecular mechanism underlying awn development that occurs in geographically separated environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Assam is a rich source of different types of colored rice cultivars. Very few colored rice cultivars are studied regarding nutritional and phytochemical properties. The objective of present study was to assess the nutritional composition and antioxidant properties of traditional red rice cultivars of Assam. Methods: Ten different red rice cultivars were collected for the study. The unpolished rice grains were analysed for proximate composition, mineral content, total phenolic, flavonoid content and DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Result: Amylose content was found to be low in the red rice cultivars. The carbohydrate and crude protein content varied significantly among the red rice cultivars. The studied cultivars were found to be good source of Fe, Mn and Zn. Highest total phenolic (1357.22 mg/100 g) and flavonoid content (896.37 mg/100 g) were found in the Hal aus, whereas the lowest value for total phenolic (336.49 mg/100 g) and flavonoid content (127.51 mg/100 g) were observed in Basanta bahar. Antioxidant capacity of colored rice varieties ranged from 33.33 to 84.24% for DPPH radical scavenging activity. The red rice cultivars contain a significant amount of nutrients and antioxidants including phenolic and flavonoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policosanol is a mixture of long-chain aliphatic alcohols (LCAAs) derived from various plant and insect origins that are marketed by various companies with distinct formulations and brand names. Policosanols offer several beneficial effects to treat dyslipidemia and hypertension; however, a comprehensive functionality comparison of various policosanol brands has yet to be thoroughly explored. In the present study five distinct policosanol brands from different origins and countries, Raydel-policosanol, Australia (PCO1), Solgar-policosanol, USA (PCO2), NutrioneLife-monacosanol, South Korea (PCO3), Mothernest-policosanol, Australia (PCO4), and Peter & John-policosanol, New Zealand (PCO5) were compared via dietary supplementation (1% in diet, final wt/wt) to zebrafish for six weeks to investigate their impact on survivability, blood lipid profile, and functionality of vital organs under the influence of a high-cholesterol diet (HCD, final 4%, wt/wt). The results revealed that policosanol brands (PCO1–PCO5) had a substantial preventive effect against HCD-induced zebrafish body weight elevation and hyperlipidemia by alleviating total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) in blood. Other than PCO3, all the brands significantly reduced the HCD's elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). On the contrary, only PCO1 displayed a significant elevation in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level against the consumption of HCD. The divergent effect of PCO1–PCO5 against HCD-induced hepatic damage biomarkers, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), was observed. PCO1, PCO2, and PCO4 efficiently curtailed the AST and ALT levels; however, PCO3 and PCO5 potentially aggravated the HCD's elevated plasma AST and ALT levels. Consistently, the hepatic histology outcome revealed the least effectiveness of PCO3 and PCO5 against HCD-induced liver damage. On the contrary, PCO1 exhibited a substantial hepatoprotective role by curtailing HCD-induced fatty liver changes, cellular senescent, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. Likewise, the histological outcome from the kidney, testis, and ovary revealed the significant curative effect of PCO1 against the HCD-induced adverse effects. PCO2–PCO5 showed diverse and unequal results, with the least effective being PCO3, followed by PCO5 towards HCD-induced kidney, testis, and ovary damage. The multivariate interpretation based on principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) validated the superiority of PCO1 over other policosanol brands against the clinical manifestation associated with HCD. Conclusively, different brands displayed distinct impacts against HCD-induced adverse effects, signifying the importance of policosanol formulation and the presence of aliphatic alcohols on the functionality of policosanol products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing paddy consumption can be done through efforts to increase yields by improving production technology, one of which is using organic nano silica fertilizer. Food biofortification efforts in paddy are also considered a solution for improving nutrition to help improve community nutrition. This research aims to determine the colour cultivar and dosage of nano silica organic fertilizer and the interaction between the two, which provide high growth and production and determine the nutritional quality of functional paddy. Functional paddy planting occurred in Manakku Village, Labakkang District, Pangkep Regency, South Sulawesi, from May to August 2023. The research was arranged in a separate plot design with the main plot varying doses (kg ha-1) of nano silica organic fertilizer consisting of control (d0), 500 (d1), 1000 (d2), and 1500 (d3), as well as subplots of four cultivars of red rice (Oryza sativa L.), namely Inpari 24 (v1), Pamelen (v2), Pamera (v3) and Inpago 7 (v4) as well as one cultivar of black rice Jeliteng (v5). The results were that the interaction of 1000 kg ha-1 organic nano silica fertilizer and red rice 'Inpago 7' (d2v4) provides the best yield of 5.62 t ha-1. Characters that have a significant positive correlation with yield are plant height (0.64**), number of productive tiller (0.74**), grain total (0.54*), and weight of 1000 grains (0.88**). The quality of functional rice based on glycaemic index (GI) analysis showed that the black rice 'Jeliteng' with a dose of organic nano silica fertilizer of 1000 kg ha-1 (58.9%) had the lowest GI value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulu Mandoti, a local red rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety popular among Sulawesi residents, has gained recognition for its perceived health benefits, especially as a preferred dietary option for individuals with diabetes or those seeking to prevent obesity. Given the increasing consumption of mushrooms, particularly Pleurotus species, renowned for their nutritional and medicinal attributes, this study delves into the transformative effects of Pleurotus spp. fermentation on Pulu Mandoti, the indigenous rice variety. Proximate analysis disclosed elevated dry matter (91.99 ± 0.61%), crude protein (8.55 ± 0.15%), and crude fat (1.34 ± 0.05%) in Pleurotus cystidiosus fermentation compared to Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus djamor. Concurrently, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities were notably improved in all Pleurotus fermentations. Pulu Mandoti fermented with P. cystidiosus outperformed other treatments, aligning with molecular docking results pinpointing 11-Eicosenoic acid, methyl ester, and butylated hydroxytoluene as optimal interactors with antioxidant receptors 5O0x and 2CKJ. Butylated hydroxytoluene demonstrated interactions with the antidiabetic receptor 2QV4, along with 9-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester. These compounds, previously unreported in Pleurotus, displayed promising attributes as antioxidants and antidiabetic agents. Furthermore, the investigation delved into the fatty acid profiles, emphasizing the diverse range of potential bioactive compounds in fermented Pulu Mandoti. The findings of this research present a potential functional food rich in natural antioxidants and antidiabetic compounds, highlighting the yet undiscovered capabilities of Pleurotus spp. fermentation in augmenting the nutritional composition and bioactivity of indigenous rice varieties, specifically Pulu Mandoti. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red rice is a kind of whole grain with health benefits. Probiotic fermentation is widely applied to promote nutrient release from cereals and improve bioactivity. The study aims to investigate the impact of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) dy‐1 fermentation on the bioactivities, bioaccessibility, and lipid‐lowering activities of red rice. Results indicated that fermentation significantly increased the protein and total phenolic content by 1.7 and 1.4 times of red rice, as well as the content of essential and nonessential amino acids. Fermentation remarkably increased the bioaccessibility of phenolics and the antioxidant capacity of red rice during in vitro digestion. Additionally, Caenorhabditis elegans study revealed that fermented red rice extract reduced the triglyceride content, alleviated fat deposition, and regulated lipid metabolism by altering the genes in the fatty acid oxidation and synthesis, such as daf‐16, mdt‐15, nhr‐49, fat‐5, fat‐7, and hosl‐1. Therefore, L. plantarum dy‐1 fermentation was beneficial for improving bioaccessibility and lipid‐lowering activities of red rice, which will provide a reference for utilization of red rice as a functional food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red rice has been proposed as a super-food. Accordingly, the nutritional properties (AOAC), as well as its chemical composition, including sugars (HPLC-RI), organic acids (UFLC-PDA), tocopherols (HPLD-FD), and phenolic compounds (LC-DAD-ESI/MSn), together with the main bioactive properties (antioxidant, cytotoxic, antiproliferative, and antibacterial activities), were evaluated to access its nutritional benefits and health improvement potential. The most abundant macronutrients found were carbohydrates (87.2 g/100 g dw), proceeded by proteins (9.1 g/100 g dw), fat (2.6 g/100 g dw), and ash (1.1 g/100 g dw). Sucrose and raffinose were the only detected sugars, with sucrose presenting the maximum concentration (0.74 g/100 g dw). MUFAs and PUFAs were the predominant fatty acids (40.7% and 31%, respectively). Among the two detected tocopherol isoforms, γ-tocopherol (0.67 mg/100 g dw) predominated over α-tocopherol. The phenolic compounds profile, majorly composed of flavan-3-ols, should be associated with the detected bioactivities, which may provide biological benefits to human health beyond the primary nutritional effect. Overall, the bioactive potential of red rice was comprehensively accessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red yeast rice dietary supplements have been proven to ameliorate hyperglycemia, but the mechanism was unclear. In this work, ankaflavin (AK) and monascin (MS), as typical pigments derived from red yeast rice, were found to exert noteworthy inhibitory ability against α-glucosidase, with an IC50 of 126.5 ± 2.5 and 302.6 ± 2.5 μM, respectively, compared with acarbose (IC50 = 341.3 ± 13.6 μM). They also exhibited mixed-type inhibition of α-glucosidase in vitro and caused fluorescence quenching through the static-quenching process. Molecular-docking studies indicated that AK and MS bind to amino acid residues outside the catalytic center, which induces structural changes in the enzyme, thus influencing its catalytic activity. The anti-glycation ability of Monascus-fermented products was evaluated, and they exhibited a high inhibition rate of 87.1% in fluorescent advanced glycation end-product formation at a concentration of 0.2 mg mL−1, while aminoguanidine showed a rate of 75.7% at the same concentration. These results will be significant in broadening the application scope of Monascus pigments, especially AK and MS, in treating type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red rice, a variety of pigmented grain, serves dual purposes as both a food and medicinal resource. In recent years, we have witnessed an increasing interest in the dermatological benefits of fermented rice extracts, particularly their whitening and hydrating effects. However, data on the skincare advantages derived from fermenting red rice with Aspergillus oryzae remain sparse. This study utilized red rice as a substrate for fermentation by Aspergillus oryzae, producing a substance known as red rice Aspergillus oryzae fermentation (RRFA). We conducted a preliminary analysis of RRFA's composition followed by an evaluation of its skincare potential through various in vitro tests. Our objective was to develop a safe and highly effective skincare component for potential cosmetic applications. RRFA's constituents were assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Kjeldahl nitrogen determination, the phenol-sulfuric acid method, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We employed human dermal fibroblasts (FB) to assess RRFA's anti-aging and antioxidative properties, immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) and 3D epidermal models to examine its moisturizing and reparative capabilities, and human primary melanocytes (MCs) to study its effects on skin lightening. Our findings revealed that RRFA encompasses several bioactive compounds beneficial for skin health. RRFA can significantly promote the proliferation of FB cells. And it markedly enhances the mRNA expression of ECM-related anti-aging genes and reduces reactive oxygen species production. Furthermore, RRFA significantly boosts the expression of Aquaporin 3 (AQP3), Filaggrin (FLG), and Hyaluronan Synthase 1 (HAS1) mRNA, alongside elevating moisture levels in a 3D epidermal model. Increases were also observed in the mRNA expression of Claudin 1 (CLDN1), Involucrin (IVL), and Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1) in keratinocytes. Additionally, RRFA demonstrated an inhibitory effect on melanin synthesis. Collectively, RRFA contains diverse ingredients which are beneficial for skin health and showcases multifaceted skincare effects in terms of anti-aging, antioxidant, moisturizing, repairing, and whitening capabilities in vitro, highlighting its potential for future cosmetic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of UV-B radiation exposure on transgenerational plasticity, the phenomenon whereby the parental environment influences both the parent's and the offspring's phenotype, is poorly understood. To investigate the impact of exposing successive generations of rice plants to UV-B radiation on seed morphology and proanthocyanidin content, the local traditional rice variety 'Baijiaolaojing' was planted on terraces in Yuanyang county and subjected to enhanced UV-B radiation treatments. The radiation intensity that caused the maximum phenotypic plasticity (7.5 kJ·m−2) was selected for further study, and the rice crops were cultivated for four successive generations. The results show that in the same generation, enhanced UV-B radiation resulted in significant decreases in grain length, grain width, spike weight, and thousand-grain weight, as well as significant increases in empty grain percentage and proanthocyanidin content, compared with crops grown under natural light conditions. Proanthocyanidin content increased as the number of generations of rice exposed to radiation increased, but in generation G3, it decreased, along with the empty grain ratio. At the same time, biomass, tiller number, and thousand-grain weight increased, and rice growth returned to control levels. When the offspring's radiation memory and growth environment did not match, rice growth was negatively affected, and seed proanthocyanidin content was increased to maintain seed activity. The correlation analysis results show that phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), and 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL) enzyme activity positively influenced proanthocyanidin content. Overall, UV-B radiation affected transgenerational plasticity in seed morphology and proanthocyanidin content, showing that rice was able to adapt to this stressor if previous generations had been continuously exposed to treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to japonica, the lower genetic transformation efficiency of indica is a technical bottleneck for rice molecular breeding. Specifically, callus browning frequently occurs during the culture of the elite indica variety 93-11, leading to poor culturability and lower genetic transformation efficiency. Here, 67 QTLs related to culturability were detected using 97 introgression lines (designated as 9DILs) derived from Dongxiang common wild rice (DXCWR, Oryza rufipogon Griff.) with 93-11 genetic background, explaining 4% ~12% of the phenotypic variations. The QTL qCBT9 on chromosome 9 was a primary QTL for reducing callus browning derived from DXCWR. Five 9DILs with light callus browning and high differentiation were screened. We evaluated the callus browning index (CBI) of 100 F2 population crossed of 93-11 and 9DIL71 and the recombinant plants screened from 3270 individuals. The qCBT9 was delimited to a ~148kb region between the markers X16 and X23. RNA-seq analysis of DEGs between 9DIL71 and 93-11 showed three upregulated DEGs (Os09g0526500, Os09g0527900, Os09g0528200,) and three downregulated DEGs (Os09g0526700, Os09g0526800, Os09g0527700) were located in the candidate region of qCBT9. Furthermore, callus browning may be involved in cell senescence and death caused by oxidative stress. The differentiation of indica and japonica in this region suggested that qCBT9 was possibly a vital QTL contributed to better culturability of japonica. Our results laid a foundation for further cloning of the gene for reduced callus browning in O. rufipogon, and also provided a new genetic resource and material basis for improving the culturability and genetic transformation efficiency of cultivated rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High rice consumption levels accompanied by a lifestyle lacking in physical activity leads to obesity and diabetes due to the rice consumed generally has high digestibility and high glycemic index. Red palm oil (RPO) is a vegetable oil suggested to have the potential to reduce starch digestibility and increase the bioactive compounds of rice. This research aimed to find out the best cooking method to produce rice with a sensory quality similar to regular rice and to study the effect of the best cooking method on the glycemic response and physicochemical properties of rice. The results showed that RPO addition increased the antioxidant activities and total carotenoid levels of rice. The addition of RPO after cooking has better antioxidant activity and total carotenoid than before cooking. Adding 2% RPO before or after cooking produced rice with similar or better sensory quality than regular rice. Rice cooked with 2% RPO added before cooking had a lower glycemic response than regular rice, which was suggested to be caused by the increasing formation of the amylose lipid complex and the triglycerides that protected the starch from amylase enzyme. The formation of the amylose lipid complex and triglyceride layers protecting rice starch was confirmed by the new peaks of the FTIR spectra, the appearance of oil-coated starch morphology, and the changes in the proportion of C and O atoms. In conclusion, the addition of 2% RPO before the cooking process can be considered as a cooking method to produce rice for diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, taking red yeast rice (RYR) as the raw material, the optimum extraction process of RYR starch was investigated through a single‐factor experiment and the Box–Behnken design: The liquid–to‐solid ratio was 5 mL/g, the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution was 0.075 mol/L, and the extraction time was 3.1 h. Under these extraction conditions, the extraction rate of starch reached 90.077%. To explore the influence of solid‐state fermentation on RYR starch, three different fermentation stages of RYR starch, raw rice starch, semi‐gelatinized rice starch, and RYR starch were used as test materials to determine the changes in the physicochemical properties and glycemic index (GI) values of RYR starch during solid‐state fermentation. The results showed that with the advancement of the RYR solid‐state fermentation process, the starch particle size gradually increased, the light transmittance gradually decreased, and the solubility and swelling power significantly increased. In addition, the amylose content of starch gradually increased, whereas the amylopectin content gradually decreased; the content of fast digestible starch and slow digestible starch decreased, whereas the content of resistant starch increased. In parallel, during solid‐state fermentation, the hydrolysis index significantly decreased, and the GI values also decreased. In summary, solid‐state fermentation reduced the digestibility of RYR starch. These results provide a theoretical basis for the structural and physicochemical properties of RYR starch and lay a foundation for its subsequent application and expansion of RYR starch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]