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Introdução: As patologias respiratórias são comuns na sociedade, principalmente quando relacionadas às crianças, em casos graves e sem o devido tratamento podem ser fatais. Devido a esta gravidade, é importante que se tenha o atendimento correto e cuidados adequados, e para isso, saber identificar a emergência respiratória é imprescindível, ainda mais em crianças, que se comunicam de várias formas além da fala. Objetivos: Destacar o papel do enfermeiro frente à assistência na urgência e emergência respiratória pediátrica; Identificar as principais emergências respiratórias pediátricas e destacar a atuação do enfermeiro e funcionamento da classificação de risco na pediatria. Material e métodos: Este estudo constituiu em uma pesquisa de revisão integrativa da literatura, utilizando-se bancos de dados digitais: Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SciELO), Centro Latino-Americano e do Caribe de Informação em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e National Library of Medicine (PubMed), como os seguintes descritores: emergência respiratória, classificação de risco, enfermagem pediátrica, urgência pediátrica. Foram incluídos artigos em inglês e português, a partir do ano de 2011 a 2021. Foi selecionado um total de 13 artigos que abordam o assunto proposto sobre a atuação do enfermeiro na emergência respiratória na pediatria e as principais patologias respiratórias na emergência. Resultados: O resultado foi disposto em quadro demonstrativo com os artigos encontrados para cada objetivo proposto, onde é evidente que as síndromes respiratórias ocupam o primeiro lugar nas emergências pediátricas, porém, não há especificação sobre qual patologia é a mais recorrente. A atuação do enfermeiro na classificação de risco é fundamental para a otimização do atendimento na emergência como um todo. O enfermeiro na emergência deve avaliar-classificar-decidir-agir, sempre de forma humanizada e atenta. Conclusão: Foi possível concluir que o enfermeiro atua de forma ativa no setor de urgência e emergência, seja na classificação de risco ou no cuidado após a admissão da criança com patologia respiratória, mas ainda faltam mais estudos que indiquem a prevalência de cada patologia respiratória na emergência pediátrica.

Site selection of health facilities is critical in ensuring universal access to basic healthcare services. However, in many low and middle-income countries (LMICs) like the Philippines, site selection is traditionally based on political and pragmatic considerations. Moreover, literature that demonstrates the application of facility location models in the Philippine healthcare setting remains scarce, and their usage in actual facility planning is even more limited. In this study, we proposed a variation of cooperative covering maximal models to identify the optimal location of primary care facilities. We demonstrated the feasibility of implementing such a model by using open source data on an actual city in the Philippines. Our results generated multiple candidate locations of primary care facilities depending on the equity and efficiency parameters. This approach could be used as one of the critical considerations in evidence-based, multi-criterion health facility location decisions of governments, and can also be adapted in other industries, given the model’s use of readily available open source datasets.

La transición del alumnado del instituto a la universidad es compleja y costosa. Durante las fases iniciales es donde se producen la mayor parte de los abandonos en las titulaciones de ingeniería. Los motivos son varios, pero los más destacados son: i) la desincronización entre el nivel de conocimientos con los que el alumnado accede a las titulaciones universitarias y el nivel inicial exigido por las asignaturas de los distintos grados; y ii) la carencia de un hábito de estudio por parte del alumnado. El proyecto propuesto tiene como objetivo diseñar herramientas que permitan mejorar el rendimiento académico en la fase inicial del grado en Tecnologías Industriales de la ESEIAAT abordando los dos problemas identificados anteriormente. En la propuesta veremos que afrontaremos dichos puntos de forma separada y por tanto explicaremos las dos estrategias en los dos bloques siguientes. El primer bloque, dedicado al nivel de conocimientos previos de los estudiantes al entrar en las titulaciones, se inicia con el diseño de una prueba de nivel, específica para cada asignatura del primer curso del grado en ingeniería. De esta manera cada estudiante podrá saber en qué grado tiene adquirido los conocimientos necesarios para afrontar el primer año. Como segunda parte de este primer bloque, se ha diseñado una página web que proporciona al alumnado material de soporte personalizado para cada asignatura (links, MOOCS, videos, bibliografía, apuntes, …) para que aquellos que lo deseen, puedan ponerse al día antes de iniciar las clases. . En el segundo bloque se diseña una herramienta para monitorizar la dedicación del trabajo autónomo de los estudiantes de nuevo acceso. El alumnado dispone además de una guía de trabajo detallada y coordinada transversalmente por los profesores, con todas las actividades de las diferentes asignaturas a desarrollar durante cada semana. Los resultados de esta acción permiten ver las horas de dedicación teóricas versus las realmente dedicadas por el alumnado y determinar la factibilidad de todas las actividades propuestas en el tiempo disponible por el estudiantado. Para la realización de estas acciones se han usado herramientas GOOGLE y la plataforma ATENEA basada en el entorno Moddle. De esta manera se han podido diseñar y programar de forma sencilla, no solo las herramientas, sino el envío de forma periódica al estudiantado, para recordarles el cumplimiento de las mismas. Con estas herramientas se consigue concienciar al alumno, proporcionarle mecanismos de soporte y guiarlos durante el proceso de aprendizaje en la primera y más dura etapa de su carrera universitaria. A la larga esto se traduce en un incremento gradual en el número de aprobados de la fase inicial y consecuentemente una reducción de la tasa de abandono de los estudios.

Intensification of water erosion by agricultural activities is one of the main causes of soil degradation in subtropical regions. In addition to the on-site negative impacts observed in cropland, the excess of surface runoff increases the transfer of sediments and contaminants to water bodies, resulting in environmental, economic and social deleterious effects. The objective of this thesis is to develop and apply original sediment source fingerprinting techniques in two tributaries of the Uruguay River Basin with contrasting conditions in terms of geology, land use, management, and soil types, representative of those found in the drainage area (266,132 km²). The Conceição River catchment (804 km²) is located in upper parts of the Uruguay River Basin. This catchment is representative of the basaltic plateau, where deep Oxisols rich in clay and iron oxides predominate, and are cultivated for soybean, corn and cereals production or covered with pastures for dairy farming. In contrast, the Ibirapuitã River catchment (5,943 km²) is representative of the sandstone plateau. With a predominance of shallow Regosols and sandy Acrisols more sensitive to degradation, it is mainly occupied by native grasslands of the Brazilian Pampa Biome with extensive cattle ranching, although irrigated rice fields are also found in lowlands. Moreover, a rapid increase in the surface area cultivated with soybean in this catchment has been observed in the last twenty years. Soil samples were collected to characterize land use-based sediment sources and suspended sediment was sampled at the outlet of these catchments using different strategies. All samples were analyzed for a panel of properties. Their geochemical composition, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy properties, radionuclide activities and magnetic susceptibility were determined to provide a set of potential tracing parameters. Magnetic and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy analyses were also carried out on sediment samples collected on the main stream of the Uruguay River, downstream of its confluence with both representative tributaries. Results of sediment source contribution are consistent with field observations. However, as catchment area and source number increase, more uncertainty is observed. Surface sources (pasture and cropland) were indicated as the main source of suspended sediment in the Conceição catchment, contributing with approximately 50%. Stream banks provided the second main source of fine bed sediment, contributing with approximately 35%. Cropland was also found to provide the main source in the Ibirapuitã catchment, contributing 32% of the sediment despite occupying only 9.5% of the total catchment area, followed by subsurface sources (stream bank and gully) with 29%. Unpaved roads and native grassland provided lower contributions (24 and 15%, respectively) in Ibirapuitã catchment. These results indicate that the soil conservation practices used in these catchments are not enough to prevent soil erosion in cropland. Moreover, agricultural activities may enhance erosion and sediment delivery to the river systems, causing soil impoverishment and contamination of water resources. Finally, through the comparison of sediment properties of both tributary catchments, this thesis provided – to our knowledge – the first insights into the contribution of both contrasting geomorphologic regions to the main Uruguay River. The main river sediment samples had similar characteristics to those observed in the Ibirapuitã River, indicating the Pampa region as the main likely source. Despite the associated uncertainties, these results further increase the current concerns regarding the ongoing land use changes observed in the Pampa biome. Appropriate soil conservation practices should therefore be urgently applied in agricultural areas of this region to reduce soil erosion and sediment delivery to the river systems., L'intensification de l'érosion hydrique par les activités agricoles constitue l'une des principales causes de dégradation des sols dans les régions subtropicales. En plus des impacts négatifs observés à l’amont, l'excès de ruissellement accroît le transfert de sédiments et de contaminants vers les masses d'eau. L'objectif de cette étude est de développer des techniques originales de traçage des sources de sédiments dans deux affluents-type du fleuve Uruguay présentant des conditions contrastées en termes de géologie, d'utilisation des terres, de gestion et de types de sols, représentatifs de ceux que l'on trouve dans la zone de drainage (266 132 km²). Le bassin de la rivière Conceição (804 km²) est représentatif du plateau basaltique où prédominent les Oxisols profonds riches en argile et en oxydes de fer, où sont cultivés le soja, le maïs, les céréales et où on trouve des pâturages pour l'élevage laitier. Au contraire, le bassin de la rivière Ibirapuitã (5 943 km²) est représentatif du plateau gréseux où prédominent les Regosols et Acrisols plus sensibles à la dégradation, les prairies indigènes utilisées pour l’élevage bovin extensif prédominent, bien que l'on trouve également des rizières irriguées dans les plaines alluviales. Des échantillons de sol ont été prélevés pour caractériser les sources de sédiments liées à l'utilisation des terres. Des échantillons de sédiments en suspension ont été collectés à l’exutoire de ces bassins versants en utilisant différentes stratégies. Tous ces échantillons ont été analysés avec plusieurs techniques. Leur composition géochimique, leurs propriétés de spectroscopie de réflectance diffuse, leurs activités en radionucléides et la susceptibilité magnétique ont été déterminées afin de fournir un ensemble de paramètres de traçage potentiels. Des analyses magnétiques et de spectroscopie ont également été réalisées sur des échantillons de sédiments collectés sur le cours principal du fleuve Uruguay, en aval de la confluence avec les deux affluents représentatifs. Les résultats de la contribution des sources de sédiments sont cohérents avec les observations sur le terrain. Cependant, plus la superficie du bassin versant et le nombre de sources augmentent, plus les incertitudes sont importantes. Les sources superficielles (pâturages et terres cultivées) ont été indiquées comme la principale source de sédiments dans le bassin de Conceição, avec environ 50% d’apports. Les berges ont fourni, quant à elles, la seconde source de sédiments, avec une contribution d'environ 35%. Les terres cultivées se sont également avérées être la principale source de sédiments dans le bassin d'Ibirapuitã, fournissant 32% des sédiments bien qu'elles n'occupent que 9,5% de la surface totale du bassin, suivies par les sources de subsurface (berges et ravines) avec 29%. Les routes et les prairies indigènes ont fourni, au contraire, des contributions bien plus faibles (24 et 15%, respectivement). Ces résultats indiquent que les activités agricoles peuvent augmenter l'érosion et l'apport de sédiments dans les systèmes fluviaux, provoquant l'appauvrissement des sols et la contamination des ressources en eau. Enfin, en comparant les propriétés des sédiments des deux affluents-type, cette thèse a fourni - à notre connaissance – la première estimation de la contribution de ces deux régions géomorphologiques contrastées aux sédiments du fleuve Uruguay. Les échantillons de sédiments du fleuve principal présentent en effet des caractéristiques similaires à celles observées dans l’affluent Ibirapuitã, indiquant que la Pampa en constitue la source principale. Malgré les incertitudes associées, ces résultats renforcent les préoccupations actuelles en lien avec les changements d'utilisation des terres observés dans la Pampa. Il est donc urgent de mettre en œuvre des stratégies de conservation des sols dans les zones agricoles de cette région afin de réduire l'érosion des sols et l'apport de sédiments aux systèmes fluviaux.

International audience

International audience; An important step in the sediment source fingerprinting approach is the selection of the appropriate tracing parameters to maximise source discrimination. In order to reduce uncertainties and increase discrimination between sources it may be necessary to use multiple tracing parameters. Accordingly, this study investigates the discrimination and apportionment of sediment sources in a rural agricultural catchment obtained by combining colour, magnetic, and geochemical fingerprinting approaches. The Conceição River catchment (804 km 2) has predominantly deep and highly weathered Ferralsols with land-use consisting of croplands (73%), pastures (18%), forests (8%) and other uses (1%). A total of 189 samples were taken from the main sediment sources, including: Crop-lands (CR, n=78), pastures (P, n=24), unpaved roads (UR, n=38), gullies (G, n=15) and stream bank (SB, n=34). Sediment samples were taken from the surface bed (n=10) of the river and with time integrated samplers (n=4). Twenty-two geochemical tracers, 6 magnetic properties and 24 colour parameters were analyzed. Tracers were selected following a three step procedure, including: (i) a conservative range test (95% confident interval), (ii) a Kruskal-Wallis H test, and (iii) discriminant function analysis (DFA). The DFA was performed using four different sets of variables: (i) geochemical variables only (G); (ii) geochemical+magnetic+colour (GMC); (iii) geochemi-cal+colour (GC); (iv) geochemical+magnetic (GM). The selected tracers were introduced into a modified version of the classical Solver-based mixing model that in order to determine the relative contribution of different sources to in-stream sediment through simultaneously minimizing mixing model difference. The G and GC DFAs both resulted 69% of samples correct classified (SCC) as no colour parameters were selected by the DFA. The GMC and GM approaches improved the discrimination, both resulting in 76% of SCC. For the G and GC approaches, the average source contribution for the 12 sediment samples were P 47%, SB 29%, CR 19%, UR 5% and G 0%. For the GMC and GM approaches, the contribution of each source was P 41%, SB 37%, CR 14%, UR 8% and G 0%. These results are counterintuitive to field observations where cropland is anticipated to contribute more sediment than pastures. Future research should use artificial mixtures to validate these results. Both magnetic and colour parameters hold potential to improve discrimination between sources, particularly magnetic parameters in catchments with high weathered soils.

International audience; The hydrological dynamics of a small rural river catchment in southern Brazil have been used to understand the impact of agricultural activity on soil and water resource degradation. The monitoring and modeling strategies employed to better understand the integrated phenomena focus on surface flow dynamics and the associated processes, such as erosion, sediment yield (SY), and chemical element transfer. In this context, monitoring and modeling techniques are combined in order to include the main hydrological processes involved in soil and water resource degradation. The project began in 2002 and over 500 rainfall-runoff-sediment events and suspended sediment concentration make up the hydrological database under different land use and soil management conditions. The 1.2 km2 catchment of the study is characterized by the presence of shallow soils, high slope, intense agricultural activity, and high SY (∼150 t.km-2.y-1). Techniques that enable the identification of the origin and redistribution of sediments (e.g fingerprinting approach and Cs137) and hydrograph analysis are being used to further understand the dynamics of SY in the catchment. The comprehension of the factors involved in the SY dynamics has allowed the improvement and application of different mathematical models (e.g., LISEM and WATERSHED) to simulate surface flow and SY. These models are used to represent the influence of soil and water conservation practices while considering the interaction between the different landscape components (crops, roads, drainage network, etc.). From this set of data and tools, the capacity of the agricultural production system, drainage network, wetlands and riparian forests in accelerating or retarding water flow, sediment, and chemical elements in the landscape are evaluated. All of these studies have been used to improve soil and water conservation practices at catchment scale, meeting the expectations of farmers in erosion control and water storage as well as of the society interested in maintaining the hydrological functions of soils in catchment scale.

Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq One of the challenges of modern agriculture is adapting to climatic effects, including the capability of rainfall events in causing erosion. Understanding the climatic phenomena depends on the monitoring of rain variables that express the magnitude and pattern of erosive agents. The kinetic energy of rain (E) and the maximum intensity of 30 minutes (I30) are key variables to represent the capability of rain in causing erosion, and the product of the two being one of the most known and used erosivity indices (EI30). However, in Brazil, to obtain direct and continuous measurements of E are incipient, as long series of rain intensity data (I) are scarce. Therefore, empirical equations based on rainfall information that are easy to acquire as daily or monthly accumulated rain (P) are used. The aim of this study is to analyze a set of data with hydrological variables, especially rainfall characteristics (volume, duration and energy) responsible for triggering the erosion process and its relationship with flow behavior (Q), suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and sediment yield (SY) in a rural catchment. From the analysis of the variables, E and EI30 estimation equations are proposed for the study site. The study was conducted in a 1.23 km² experimental catchment located in southern Brazil, where monitoring of the main hydrological flows (P, Q and SSC) has been carried out since 2002. P is monitored with pluviometers and rain gauges, and E has been measured since 2014 by a disdrometer (Parsivel2 - OTT). From this set of data, different equations for the estimation of E=f(I) and models for the estimation of EI30 were explored. Complementarily, a comparison was made between the equations obtained with equations available in the literature for the estimation of E and EI30. Additionally, this study also explored seasonal variations in rainfall characteristics (I30 P, E) and related them to Q, SSC and SY of the catchment in order to demonstrate the importance of E and I30 for the hydrossedimentological modeling. The measured E values were similar to the values estimated by the equations of Foster et al. (1981) and van Dijk et al. (2002), while Brown and Foster (1987) equation underestimate the values of E. EI30 was also quantified over a period of 8 years and an equation was proposed to estimate EI30 by accumulated daily rainfall variables. From 15 years of data, an annual EI30 value is presented and its average distribution between the 12 months of the year. The main results are: (a) a new equation for estimating E from the I measurement, its seasonal variability and similarities with equations previously known; (B) the relationship between measured E data and measured hydrological variables at catchment scale; (C) the EI30 factor for the Arvorezinha/RS region; (D) new indices for estimating EI30 from daily rainfall records. Um dos desafios da agricultura moderna é a adaptação aos efeitos climáticos, dentre eles a capacidade dos eventos chuvosos em causar erosão. A compreensão dos fenômenos climáticos depende necessariamente do monitoramento das variáveis da chuva que expressarão a magnitude e o padrão dos agentes erosivos. A energia cinética da chuva (E) e a intensidade máxima de 30 minutos (I30) são variáveis fundamentais para representar a capacidade da chuva em causar erosão, sendo o produto das duas um dos índices de erosividade (EI30) mais conhecidos e utilizados. Entretanto, no Brasil, a obtenção de medidas diretas e contínuas da E são incipientes, assim como longas séries de dados de intensidade da chuva (I) são escassos. Por conta disso, são utilizadas equações empíricas baseadas em informações da chuva que são de fácil aquisição como chuva acumulada (P) diária ou mensal. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar um conjunto de dados com variáveis hidrológicas, especialmente propriedades da chuva (volume, duração e energia) responsáveis pelo desencadeamento do processo de erosão hídrica, e sua relação com o comportamento da vazão (Q), concentração de sedimentos em suspensão (CSS) e produção de sedimentos (PS) em uma bacia hidrográfica rural. A partir da análise das variáveis são propostas equações de estimativa da E e EI30 para o local de estudo. O estudo foi conduzido em uma bacia hidrográfica experimental de 1.23 km², localizada no sul do Brasil onde é realizado o monitoramento dos principais fluxos hidrológicos (P, Q e CSS) desde 2002. A P é monitorada com pluviômetros e pluviógrafos, e a E tem sido medida desde 2014 por um disdrômetro (Parsivel2 – OTT). A partir desse conjunto de dados foram exploradas diferentes equações para a estimativa da E = f(I) e também modelos para a estimativa do EI30. Complementarmente, foi realizada uma comparação entre as equações obtidas com equações disponíveis na literatura para a estimativa da E e EI30. Além disso, esse estudo também explorou variações sazonais nas propriedades da chuva (I30, P, E) e as relacionou com a Q, CSS e PS da bacia na busca de demonstrar a importância da E e I30 para a modelagem hidrossedimentológica. Os valores de E medidos foram semelhantes aos valores estimados pelas equações de Foster et al. (1981) e van Dijk et al. (2002), ao passo que a equação de Brown e Foster (1987) subestima os valores de E. Também foi quantificado o EI30 em um período de 8 anos e proposto uma equação para estimativa do EI30 por variáveis de chuva acumulada na escala diária. A partir de 15 anos de dados é apresentado um valor de EI30 anual e sua distribuição média entre os 12 meses do ano. Os principais resultados encontrados são: (a) uma nova equação para estimativa da E a partir da I medida, sua variabilidade sazonal e semelhanças com equações conhecidas previamente; (b) a relação entre dados de E medida e variáveis hidrológicas medidas na escala de bacia hidrográfica; (c) o fator EI30 para a região de Arvorezinha/RS; (d) novos índices para estimativa do EI30 a partir de registros de chuva diários.

The high fidelity reconstruction of compressed and low-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) data is essential for simultaneously improving patient care, accuracy in diagnosis and quality in clinical research. Sponsored by the Royal Society through the Newton Mobility Grant Scheme, a half-day workshop on reconstruction schemes for MR data was held on the 17th of August 2016 to discuss new ideas from related research fields that could be useful to overcome the shortcomings of the conventional reconstruction methods that have been evaluated up to date. Participants were 21 university students, computer scientists, image analysts, engineers and physicists from institutions from 6 different countries. This presentation shows an example of graphic interface unit suitable for presenting and analysing MR data and combining it with other medical imaging modalities.