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Bereits seit dem Aufkommen der ersten Terminalserver positionieren sich Thin Clients als wartungsarme Alternative zum klassischen Desktoprechner. Auch in Zeiten mobiler und flexibler Arbeitsplätze sowie virtueller Desktops in der Cloud empfehlen sich die schlanken Clients. Der Artikel beschreibt mögliche Einsatz-Szenarien am Beispiel von IGEL OS.

Betagte Endgeräte müssen nicht gleich auf den Elektroschrott, sondern lassen sich unter Umständen als Thin Clients weiternutzen. Das Betriebssystem IGEL OS unterstützt hierfür die gängigen Remote-Protokolle zum Zugriff auf virtuelle Anwendungen und Desktops. Auch die Installation auf nahezu beliebiger Hardware ist möglich. Der Artikel stellt das Betriebssystem vor und zeigt, wie der Einstieg in das zentrale Management funktioniert.

The purpose of this article is to develop students’ critical thinking for solving problems in the field of information security by using the method of problem learning in teaching the discipline “Information Security”. The role of this method in the development of critical thinking, research creativity of students and their achievement of a better understanding of educational material in the field of information security is emphasized.Materials and research methods. The main conditions for the effectiveness of problem learning in the study of the discipline “Information Security” are highlighted by the method of analysis of the subject area: motivation of students, the feasibility and significance of problem situations offered to students on various aspects of information security, dialogical friendly communication between lecturer and students. As research materials, an example of using the method of problem learning in solving the task of information protection in state information systems with terminal access devices is considered. The example presents the problem of increasing the efficiency of information protection in state information systems with terminal access devices, i.e. state information systems using the “thin client” architecture, as well as a way to solve it by assessing threats and improving the relevant mechanisms for ensuring information security, presented in the regulatory documents governing the requirements for information protection in state information systems with terminal access devices. Results. The paper considers the practical task of creating and resolving a problem situation for the protection of information in state information systems with terminal access devices, which can be used in the educational process to solve similar tasks by the method of problem learning.The creation of a problematic situation is based on the existing contradictions in the regulations governing the functioning and protection of information of this type of systems in which the protected information is processed in order to comply with legislation and ensure the functioning of authorities. As a result of using a systematic approach, which involves considering the process of information protection in the form of a set of stages in the formation of requirements for state information systems using the architecture of the “thin client”, improving the regulatory framework, the trainees form proposals for the protection of information in state information systems using the architecture of the “thin client” to ensure the design security of state information systems, taking into account the complex of urgent threats to information security. The presented solution to the problem situation in the considered task requires from the trainees general cultural competencies, such as: identifying contradictions, colliding opposing points of view, comparing facts, considering the problem from different points of view, generalizing, concretizing facts, etc.Conclusions. Thus, the paper substantiates the method of problem learning in the study of the discipline “Information Security” and presents an example of its use in solving the problem of information protection in state information systems with terminal access devices. As a result, the trainees must identify threats that are absent in the information security threat databank of the Federal Service for Technical and Export Control of the Russian Federation (FSTEC of Russia) and determine the directions for further development of information security and information protection in state information systems with terminal access devices. The practical solution of this problem by a group of students within the framework of the study of the discipline “Information Security” showed a high level of competence development.

Principles required for secure electronic voting using the Internet are known and published. Although the Internet voting functionalities and technologies are well-defined, none of the existing state-sponsored Internet voting approaches in use incorporate a total Internet-based system approach that includes voter registration, the voting process, and vote counting. The distributed Internet voting architecture concept discussed in this article uses a novel thin client approach to Internet voting. The architecture uses existing technologies and knowledge to create a viable whole system approach to Internet voting. This article describes various aspects and processes necessary to support an integrated approach. The application programming interface software for many of the critical functions was developed in Python and functionality tested. A virtual network, including a cloud-based functionality, was created and used to evaluate the various conceptual aspects of the proposed architecture. This included the concepts associated with programming and accessing smart cards, capturing and saving fingerprint data, structuring virtual private networks using tunneling and Internet Protocol Security, encrypting ballots using asymmetric encryption, using symmetric encryption for secret cookies, thin client interaction, and creating hash functions to be used within a blockchain structure in a Merkle tree architecture. The systems’ primary user targets are individuals remotely located from their home voting precincts and senior citizens who have limited mobility and mostly reside in assisted living facilities. The research supports the contention that a cybersecure Internet voting system that significantly reduces the opportunity for mail-in voter fraud, helps to ensure privacy for the voter, including nonrepudiation, nonattribution, receipt freeness, and vote acknowledgment can be created using existing technology.

Diskless server is a cluster computer network which uses SSH (Secure Shell) protocol to grant the client an access to the host's directory and modify it's content so that the client don't need a hardisk (Thin Client). One way to design a diskless server is by utilizing "Linux Terminal Server Project", an open source-based script for Linux. However, using Linux has it own drawback, such as it can't cross platform for running an aplication based on Windows system which are commonly used. This drawback can be overcomed by using a compatibility layer that converts a windows-based application's source code. The data which will be monitored is the compatibility layer implementation's result, and the throughput, packet loss, delay, and jitter. The result of measurement from those four parameters resulting in "Excellent" for throughput, "Perfect" for packet loss and delay, and "Good" for jitter.

Recently, cloud gaming has attracted much attention from service providers. The majority of cloud users have hardware limitations on their devices, hence why users are termed “thin clients”. A cloud service provider aims to afford the best-required frames of game scenes with each thin client in order to provide the best Quality of Experience (QoE). The importance of this issue is particularly critical with the emergence of 4K game service levels. Since 4K game scenes impose many demands upon the Central Processing Unit, Graphical Processing Unit, memory and bandwidth, cloud service providers tend to use the strategy of satisfying the highest number of gamers with the least amount of resources. Given that the problem of frame rate allocation is NP-hard, it is not possible to solve it with exact mathematical methods. In this paper, we propose a method inspired by the Bees algorithm. The approach presented in this article could significantly increases cloud providers’ profitability and reduce server-side wastage. Given the emergence of a new game-as-a-service paradigm for cloud-based games, cloud service providers must pay close attention to the issues of profitability and optimal resource allocation. The simulation of the proposed algorithm on the CloudSim simulator platform illustrates its robustness in terms of significant criteria such as runtime, number of admitted users, frame quality level, the QoE, etc.

В статье рассматривается проблема организации информационно-технологической инфраструктуры современного технического университета. Приводится сравнение классического и клиент-серверного подхода с точки зрения обслуживания, развертки и использования рабочих мест для учебных, научных и административно-хозяйственных целей., The article deals with the problem of organizing the information technology infrastructure of a modern technical university. Comparison of the classical and clientserver ways from the point of view of maintenance, deployment and use of workplaces for educational, scientific and administrative-economic purposes is given., ВЕСТНИК МОСКОВСКОГО ГОРОДСКОГО ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА. СЕРИЯ: ИНФОРМАТИКА И ИНФОРМАТИЗАЦИЯ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ, Выпуск 2 (60) 2022

Currently, the use of biosensor-enabled mobile healthcare workflow applications in mobile edge-cloud-enabled systems is increasing progressively. These applications are heavyweight and divided between a thin client mobile device and a thick server edge cloud for execution. Application partitioning is a mechanism in which applications are divided based on resource and energy parameters. However, existing application-partitioning schemes widely ignore security aspects for healthcare applications. This study devises a dynamic application-partitioning workload task-scheduling-secure (DAPWTS) algorithm framework that consists of different schemes, such as min-cut algorithm, searching node, energy-enabled scheduling, failure scheduling, and security schemes. The goal is to minimize the energy consumption of nodes and divide the application between local nodes and edge nodes by applying the secure min-cut algorithm. Furthermore, the study devises the secure-min-cut algorithm, which aims to migrate data between nodes in a secure form during application partitioning in the system. After partitioning the applications, the node-search algorithm searches optimally to run applications under their deadlines. The energy and failure schemes maintain the energy consumption of the nodes and the failure of the system. Simulation results show that DAPWTS outperforms existing baseline approaches by 30% in terms of energy consumption, deadline, and failure of applications in the system., This work is financially supported by the Research grant of PIFI 2020 (2020VBC0002), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (SIAT,CAS), Shenzhen, China. Also, this work is partially supported by Chiang Mai University and the college of arts, mediaand technology.

The last decade has seen a rapid evolution of processing, analysis and visualization of freely available geographic data using Open Source Web-GIS. In the beginning, Web-based Geographic Information Systems employed a thick-client approach which required installation of platform-specific browser plugins. Later on, research focus shifted to platform-independent thin client solutions in which data processing and analysis was performed by the server machine. More recently, however, the rapid development of computer hardware as well as software technologies such has HTML5 has enabled the creation of platform-independent thick clients which offer advanced GIS functionalities such as geoprocessing. This article aims to analyse the current state of Open Source technologies and publicly available geographic data sources in the context of creating cost-effective Web-GIS applications for integration and processing of spatial data. For this purpose the article discusses the availability and potential of Web-GIS architectures, software libraries and data sources. The analysis of freely available data sources includes a discussion of the quality and accuracy of crowd-sourced as well as public sector data, while the investigation of software libraries and architectures involves a comparison of server-side and client-side data processing performance under a set of real-world scenarios. The article concludes with a discussion of the choice of cost-effective Web-GIS architectures, software libraries and data sources in the context of the institution and environment of system deployment.

Cloud-based games have advantages in convenience over traditional computer games, but have the disadvantage of added latency from the thin client to the cloud-based server and back. This added latency has been shown to decrease player performance. New latency compensation techniques can help by scaling game attributes to make the game easier, exactly counteracting the difficulty added by the latency. We conduct a user study measuring attribute scaling for two games -- a first-person shooter and a rhythm game -- each having a different attribute scaling method: spatial and temporal. Data from the study shows a decrease in accuracy with an increase in latency and game difficulty, and an increase in accuracy with an increase in attribute scaling. More importantly, we derive a model from the data whereby a pre-determined accuracy can be chosen -- say, by the game designer -- and the model then outputs the scaling factor to meet that desired target accuracy.

With the continuous development of science and technology, the intelligent development of community system becomes a trend. Meanwhile, smart mobile devices and cloud computing technology are increasingly used in intelligent information systems; however, smart mobile devices such as smartphone and smart pad, also known as thin clients, limited by either their capacities (CPU, memory or battery) or their network resources, do not always meet users' satisfaction in using mobile services. Mobile cloud computing, in which resource-rich virtual machines of smart mobile device are provided to a customer as a service, can be terrific solution for expanding the limitation of real smart mobile device, but the resources utilization rate is low and the information cannot be shared easily. To address the problems above, this paper proposes an information system for intelligent community, which is composed of thin clients, wide band network and cloud computing servers. On one hand, the thin clients with the characteristics of energy efficiency, high robustness and high computing capacity can efficiently avoid the problems encountered in the PC architecture and mobile devices. On the other hand, the cloud computing servers in the proposed information system solve the problems of resource sharing barriers. Finally, the system is built in real environments to evaluate the performance. We deploy the proposed system in a community with more than 2000 residents, and it is demonstrated that the proposed system is robust and efficient.

In the recent era, for mobile users, adequate computing power, pledge execution preference, and energy efficiency are the primary concerns. Mobile cloud offloading is a promising solution that transfers resource-intensive computation to powerful servers on the cloud and receives results. It makes computing power universally available and provides cloud agility in resource acquisition. The combination of smart devices with cloud services has become promising features for mobile computing services. It reduces the mobile restriction and provides sky land features to their native client regarding storage elasticity, computation services, network communication, and bandwidth services on their premises. This combination technology called Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) reduces the anxiety of Smart Device Users (SMU) to provide efficient and intelligent services on demand. We emphasize how mobile cloud computing can increase efficiency and maximize mobile energy through cloud offloading techniques. Further, we explain the offloading methods and their execution process. This study’s main objective is to propose a framework called MRARIA, which advocates the major obstacle in the mobile cloud premises. Proposed framework use novel components (signal strength determiner) that provide a favorable decision in code offloading techniques from client devices to cloud resources. The novel component determines signal quality (e.g.-37dBm) and pays attention to efficiently executing the task process. The proposed framework checks the overall thin client execution time and energy efficiency while executing resource-intensive applications. Testing prototype results justify performance perfection to execute resource-intensive Applications (RIA’s) in the MRARIA framework that efficiently select cloud resources.

The applications of Geographic Information System (GIS) in the education sector are increasing day by day. The geospatial information can be published, discovered, searched, analyzed, and displayed through webGIS-based applications. Lack of an open source geospatial resource-based platform for data sharing, discovery, and service delivery in the education sector is a critical issue in managing the education of large population in India. The use of open geospatial consortium (OGC) developed open standards for geospatial web services will result in the interoperability of geographic information. In this paper, an interoperable and secure service-oriented architecture (SOA)-based webGIS framework is developed to handle the technical and non-technical issues in the education sector. In this research work, spatial analysis on schools is performed along with the design and development of webGIS framework using SOA, OGC standards, and open source software. The developed webGIS framework, acronym as EduGIS, is interoperable and secure which is implemented for the education sector. The development of webGIS framework is based upon three-tier thin client architecture. The present research work has investigated an optimized adoption of various free and open source software like Quantum GIS, GeoServer, Apache Tomcat, PostGIS, and uDig in different tiers of developed webGIS framework. The interoperability of developed EduGIS ensures that it can be shared across different technologies, data, platforms, and organizations. The development of open source-based webGIS framework will serve as a means of reducing licensing costs in developing countries like India and will promote indigenous technological development for primary education in rural areas.

A long-standing technique to interfere with theft of sensitive data by its intended users is permitting these insiders only remote access to the data via a thin client. Even allowing only remote access is inadequate, however, to counter an insider willing to reconstruct the data from the graphical output, in the limit by photographing the data on-screen and applying automatic character recognition to these photographs offline. In this paper we propose and evaluate a system, called Snowman, that accurately monitors the amount of sensitive data output to a client. To conduct this monitoring without slowing the interactive user session, leakage is concurrently tracked in a replica of the application execution. This, in turn, introduces a key technical challenge that Snowman solves, namely identically replicating execution of an unmodified Linux binary while also performing efficient multi-label taint-tracking on it. We show through empirical measurements with a word processor, a spreadsheet program, and a code editor that Snowman induces little overhead on interactive user sessions and easily differentiates data-access patterns induced by normal usage and sufficiently aggressive data theft with reasonable responsiveness.

Individuals and businesses are moving to cloud-based services, to benefit from their pay-as-you-go and elastic scalability features. The main concern to wide adoption of cloud-based services is the lack of protection of clients’ data and computation from the various outsider as well as insider attacks, which threaten to compromise client data confidentiality and integrity. Trusted computing provides a foundation for designing security services that are resilient to various threats and attacks in a distributed environment such as the cloud. Current trusted computing based solutions are ill-suited to the cloud as they inadvertently disclose too many details about the underlying infrastructure to clients and at the same time involve the complex task of attestation and verification on the client side. Additionally, direct verification of security properties of the cloud platform to each and every client introduces computational bottlenecks. In this work, we propose a scalable framework which enables verification of the properties of the cloud platform through a trusted third party without the direct involvement of the client. Our proposed framework is thin client (mobile device) friendly, as the client is alleviated of direct attestation and verification process. Performance analysis shows that the cost of our presented approach is lower in order of magnitude when compared with traditional trusted computing based solutions.

This paper presents an investigation into the feasibility of repurposing end-of-life notebook computers as thin client computers. Repurposing is the identification of a new use for a product that can no longer be used in its original form and has the potential to become a hybrid re-use/recycling end-of-life strategy for suitable e-waste when direct reuse is not economically or technically feasible. In this instance, it was targeted to produce thin client computers using motherboards, processors and memory from used laptops while recycling all other components. Notebook computers are of interest for this type of strategy due to having a substantial environmental impact in manufacturing but often not having the option of direct reuse as they are prone to damage and experience a rapid loss of value over time. They also contain multiple critical raw materials with very low recycling rates. The notebook computers were sourced from Civic Amenity sites (CA) and originated from business-to-consumer (B2C) channels. A total of 246 notebook computers were collected and analysed. The paper outlines a methodology developed to identify, test, analyse, and disassemble suitable devices for repurposing. The methodology consists of the following stages with associated pass rates; Visual Inspection & Power-on Test (32%) the Initial-stage functionality test comprised of Functionality Test (56%), Diagnostics (100%) and Benchmarking (86%). The Disassembly stage had a pass rate of 100% and the Post-Disassembly Test comprised of a Validation test (86%). The Final-stage functionality test had a pass rate of 61%. The overall results show that 9% of the notebook computers were suitable for repurposing as thin client computers. It recommends the following design changes to notebooks/laptops that would support repurposing; 1) PCB mounted Fan and Heatsink assembly, 2) Eliminate daughter and I/O boards, 3) A separate Power Button assembly, 4) Reduction in size of the motherboards surface area or physical size. These design changes would allow for a more efficient transition for a change of role. A streamlined lifecycle analysis based on Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) was undertaken to compare the impact of repurposed notebook computers with new thin client computers. The results indicated that there are significant potential savings to be made by extending lifetimes and offsetting the production of new thin client computers under a range of assumptions.

Cloud computing is an internet based, remote driven and service oriented technology emerged to provide infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), software as a service (SaaS) among others. By implementing cloud computing, libraries will significantly reduce cost of maintaining systems, save energy, register a global outlook on the web, expose library patrons to multi-variant information resources and optimize their services. This study tries to provide understanding on the general relevance of cloud computing to libraries and how libraries can be transformed into smart institution in order to implement the cloud technology. Five facilities such as digital resources, internet service, thin client architecture, wireless access point and digital librarian are considered as prerequisites for cloud computing deployment. It is recommended that libraries can revive and maintain their relevance by integrating with the cloud computing technology, which will make them part of Internet of Things (IoT) experience that will soon dominate the activities of every educational sector. Key words: Cloud computing, library, information technology, thin client, wireless access point.

In operation the way of solving the problem of quick search of information in unstructured information resources is offered. Four main units realizing information search in semantic values are constructed and described. In article the algorithm of the decision of the task of assessment of compliance of semantic contents of text documents of the given data domain is offered. The offered infologichesky approach is executed on the basis of data analysis of patent search, the published scientific operations and the conducted pilot studies of effective methods of automatic assessment of maintenance of unstructured information resources for the organization of processes of information and analytical support of scientific activities. In operation the method of assessment and comparison of a subject directivity of data in unstructured information resources, on a basis use of infologichesky system is offered. This method assumes carrying out a clustering of text documents by comparing of semantic contents of the researched text and the anthology. The structure of the retrieval subsystem having the service-oriented client-server architecture with the thin client (web observer) is described. The described method was approved on a set of the texts received as a result of monitoring of open public infocommunication Internet resources without restriction of a subject (more than 1 million copies of texts are received and processed). Among the received texts by an expert way learning selection for the following types of texts was created: artistic texts, scientific technical articles, the pseudoscientific texts received as a result of operation of systems, a spam automatically generated - the containing texts. The composition is offered and the general architecture of the software of infologichesky system is described, principal components of system are cross-platform. On the basis of results of the pilot studies the basic possibility of implementation of automated assessment of subject similarity of documents on the example of infologichesky processing of texts of working programs of disciplines is shown, requirements imposed to the program interface of interaction of a prototype with external search engines are created.Key words: infological system, assessment of the thematic similarity, information resource working program of discipline, competence, semantic analysis, meaning.

With the increasing popularity of Massively Multiplayer Online Game (MMOG) and fast growth of mobile gaming, cloud gaming exhibits great promises over the conventional MMOG gaming model as it frees players from the requirement of hardware and game installation on their local computers. However, as the graphics rendering is offloaded to the cloud, the data transmission between the end-users and the cloud significantly increases the response latency and limits the user coverage, thus preventing cloud gaming to achieve high user Quality of Service (QoS). To solve this problem, previous research suggested deploying more datacenters, but it comes at a prohibitive cost. We propose a lightweight system called CloudFog , which incorporates “fog” consisting of supernodes that are responsible for rendering game videos and streaming them to their nearby players. Fog enables the cloud to be only responsible for the intensive game state computation and sending update information to supernodes, which significantly reduce the traffic hence the latency and bandwidth consumption. To further enhance QoS, we propose the reputation based supernode selection strategy to assign each player with a suitable supernode that can provide satisfactory game video streaming service, the receiver-driven encoding rate adaptation strategy to increase the playback continuity, the social network based server assignment strategy to avoid the communication interaction between servers in a datacenter to reduce latency, and the dynamic supernode provisioning strategy to deal with user churns. Experimental results from PeerSim and PlanetLab show the effectiveness and efficiency of CloudFog and our individual strategies in increasing user coverage, reducing response latency and bandwidth consumption.

Advances in cloud computing have enabled systems where the game logic and rendering are processed on a server and streamed to a thin client. Meanwhile, there are still many challenges to provide games through the cloud without latency issues. This work proposes a novel technique to reduce encoding times and bandwidth usage on cloud gaming systems. We propose LACES (LAyer Caching gamE Streaming), an API that separates 2D game objects into multiple layers and allows the cloud server to encode and stream only modified parts of the frame. Using our technique, we managed to reduce the encoding size on the server by 99,79% and the average streaming size to the client by 96%, with no changes to the video quality or resolution and with no noticeable user input delay.

Cloud Gaming is a cutting-edge paradigm in the video game provision where the graphics rendering and logic are computed in the cloud. This allows a user’s thin client systems with much more limited capabilities to offer a comparable experience with traditional local and online gaming but using reduced hardware requirements. In contrast, this approach stresses the communication networks between the client and the cloud. In this context, it is necessary to know how to configure the network in order to provide service with the best quality. To that end, the present work defines a novel framework for Cloud Gaming performance evaluation. This system is implemented in a real testbed and evaluates the Cloud Gaming approach for different transport networks (Ethernet, WiFi, and LTE (Long Term Evolution)) and scenarios, automating the acquisition of the gaming metrics. From this, the impact on the overall gaming experience is analyzed identifying the main parameters involved in its performance. Hence, the future lines for Cloud Gaming QoE-based (Quality of Experience) optimization are established, this way being of configuration, a trendy paradigm in the new-generation networks, such as 4G and 5G (Fourth and Fifth Generation of Mobile Networks).

Досліджено можливі способи збільшення рівня відмовостійкості систем автоматизації та управління виробничим процесом із застосуванням сучасних інформаційних технологій. Запропонована у роботі методика поєднує застосування апаратних засобів та програмно-технологічних рішень в області віртуалізації як базової платформи для побудови інформаційної інфраструктури систем автоматизації технологічних об’єктів. Віртуалізація дозволяє створювати копії програмно-апаратних середовищ систем автоматизації.

This paper presents an evaluation of different methods used to deliver virtual machines capable of being accessed remotely by thin-clients. The objective of the research was to provide a recommendation for building a cost-effective computer infrastructure for use in two scenarios: as a programming lab, and as an office infrastructure. We have found that different thin-client solutions based on single board computers are reliable solutions for commercially available thin client replacement, because they can run free Linux-based operating systems, can handle Remote Desktop Protocol, have lower acquisition costs, lower power consumption and offer almost the same computing performance. For providing remote desktops, there are several methods and virtualization platforms available. We benchmarked some of these platforms in order to choose the one best-suited for implementation. Our conclusion is that Microsoft Remote Desktop Services outperforms the virtualization based solutions, but it entails high license fees. Of the virtualization solutions tested, the VMW are ESXi based one is the most reliable choice.

Recently, the more regulations of energy conservation have been emphasized, the more home appliance manufactures have made competitive efforts to improve the energy efficiency of their products. However, there have been no correlation analysis between energy-efficient home appliances and cloud technologies. While cloud services have been rapidly adopted in many service areas to guarantee a high return of investment (ROI) for service providers, Previous studies on power saving have been conducted to reduce the standby power consumption for home appliances, like a set-top box (STB), which can be worked as a thin client for cloud services, or have only shown power models of a virtual machine (VM) on the cloud side without considering the power consumption states of its corresponding thin clients As a result, this paper proposes a power-saving control framework (PSCF) that consumes low power levels for both on the cloud side and on a STB efficiently for providing cloud services. The experimental result shows that the proposed framework outperforms the experiment not applied with any other power saving method for cloud services in terms of power efficiency.