Search

Aim of study is to analyze Bromelain' effects on the most common early complications after BCS (oedema and seroma). From January 2021 to December 2023 a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial was performed on 114 candidates for BCS at our Academic Unit. Group A received a supplement of Casperome™-Boswellia Phytosome ®  + Bromelain (CBB) in combination with alpha-lipoic acid + superoxide dismutase + B and D vitamins + centella asiatica. Group B received a supplement of CBB + placebo. Group C received placebo. The therapies were administrated for 30 days. On GEE logistic regression, drugs combination in A seems to be associated with statistical fewer oedema compared with C (P = 0.018 at 1 day and P = 0.002 after 1 month). Comparing B to C, B gained a significative value after 1 month (P = 0.007). On GEE logistic regression, the drugs combination in A has been associated with statistical fewer seroma compared with C (P = 0.009 at 15thpostoperative day and P < 0.001 after 1 month). B vs C reaches significant values 15 day and 1 month after surgery (P = 0.002 and P < 0.001, respectively). The current study is the first analyzing the employment of CBB association with/without neurotrophic agent on prevention of early complications after BCS., Competing Interests: Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable malignant hematological neoplasm characterized by clonal proliferation of plasma cells accumulating in the bone marrow. Currently, the treatment of MM is usually based on a multi-drug combination strategy, and the remission rates of MM patients have been greatly improved. However, MM is still not immune to drug resistance and recurrence and is an incurable tumor. In this study, a comprehensive screen of the TCA cycle identified oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH) and pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 subunit alpha 1 (PDHA1) as the most clinically relevant genes in MM, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets. CPI-613, a novel non-redox-active lipoic acid analog that causes mitochondrial metabolism dysfunction by targeting OGDH and PDHA1, is currently in clinical trials in a variety of malignancies. In our study, CPI-613 was found to inhibit the proliferation of MM cells, and its combination with bortezomib (BTZ) produced a significant inhibitory effect at lower doses. In addition, CPI-613 can disrupt various mitochondrial functions, such as disrupting mitochondrial morphology, reducing oxidative phosphorylation, decreasing 5'- adenylate triphosphate production, and increasing reactive oxygen species, which ultimately leads to cell death mediated by the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in vitro. Furthermore, we found CPI-613 significantly inhibited tumor growth and induced intrinsic apoptosis in the MM mouse xenograft model. This study reveals the mechanism and effect of CPI-613 in MM, which suggests that CPI-613 may be a new drug option for the clinical treatment of MM, but further clinical trials are needed for evaluation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

The anti-aging effects of alpha-lipoic acid (αLA), a natural antioxidant synthesized in human tissues, have attracted a growing interest in recent years. αLA is a short- -chain sulfur-containing fatty acid occurring in the mitochondria of all kinds of eukaryotic cells. Both the oxidized disulfide of αLA and its reduced form (dihydrolipoic acid, DHLA) exhibit prominent antioxidant function. The amount of αLA inside the human body gradually decreases with age resulting in various health disorders. Its lack can be compensated by supplying from external sources such as dietary supplements or medicinal dosage forms. The primary objectives of this study were the analysis of updated information on the latest two-decade research regarding the use of αLA from an anti-aging perspective. The information was collected from PubMed, Wiley Online Library, Scopus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Google Scholar, and clinicaltrials.gov. Numerous in silico, in vitro, in vivo , and clinical studies revealed that αLA shows a protective role in biological systems by direct or indirect reactive oxygen/nitrogen species quenching. αLA demonstrated beneficial properties in the prevention and treatment of many age-related disorders such as neurodegeneration, metabolic disorders, different cancers, nephropathy, infertility, and skin senescence. Its preventive effects in case of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are of particular interest. Further mechanistic and clinical studies are highly recommended to evaluate the wide spectrum of αLA therapeutic potential that could optimize its dietary intake for prevention and alleviation disorders related to aging., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Diabetic sensorimotor neuropathy (DSPN) is strongly associated with the extent of cellular oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) attenuates the progression of DSPN through its antioxidant and vasculoprotective effects. Kallistatin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. We aimed to evaluate changes in kallistatin levels and markers of endothelial dysfunction in patients with T2DM and DSPN following six months of treatment with 600 mg/day of ALA. A total of 54 patients with T2DM and DSPN and 24 control patients with T2DM but without neuropathy participated in this study. The serum concentrations of kallistatin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, oxLDL, VEGF, ADMA, and TNF-alpha were measured by an ELISA. Peripheral sensory neuropathy was assessed with neuropathy symptom questionnaires and determination of the current perception threshold. After ALA treatment, the level of kallistatin significantly decreased, as well as the levels of TNF-alpha and ADMA. Changes in kallistatin levels were positively correlated with changes in oxLDL. The improvement in DSPN symptoms following ALA treatment showed a positive correlation with changes in kallistatin, VEGF, oxLDL, and ADMA levels. Based on our results, kallistatin could represent a potential new biomarker for assessing therapeutic response during ALA treatment in patients with DSPN.

The objective of this study was to examine the therapeutic efficacy of curcumin (CUR) and α-lipoic acid (ALA) in mitigating UV-A and UV-B-induced damage (UVAB) in rat dorsal skin. This was achieved through the utilisation of immunohistochemical (TUNEL), biochemical and stereological techniques. The rats in the UVAB, UVAB + CUR, and UVAB + ALA groups were subjected to UVAB irradiation for a period of two hours per day over the course of one month. The UVAB + CUR and UVAB + ALA groups were administered 100 mg/kg/day of curcumin and 100 mg/kg/day of α-lipoic acid via gavage 30 min prior to UVAB irradiation. The CUR group was administered 100 mg/kg/day of curcumin via gavage, while the ALA group received the same dose of α-lipoic acid. A significant change in the volume ratio of the dorsal skin epidermis and dermis was observed in the stereological findings of the rats in the UVAB group. These changes exhibited a favourable progression as a consequence of the CUR and ALA applications. In the UVAB group, TOS and OSI were significantly elevated as a consequence of the rise in oxidative stress. Conversely, the treatment groups demonstrated a notable reduction in TOS and OSI levels. The study also revealed a substantial increase in the number of apoptotic cells within the UVAB group. However, the treatment groups exhibited a significant decline in apoptotic cells. In conclusion, the findings suggest that CUR and ALA possess a protective effect against UVAB-induced skin damage., Competing Interests: Compliance with Ethical Standards Conflict of interest The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

We aimed to investigate the combined effects of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) and sildenafil citrate (SC) on sperm quality during freeze-thawing in asthenozoospermic men. We categorized thirty semen samples from asthenozoospermic into five different groups for analysis: Control (fresh), Freeze, Freeze + SC, Freeze + ALA, and Freeze + SC + ALA. We evaluated sperm parameters in each group, including motility, viability, morphology, plasma membrane integrity, DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial membrane potential, protamine deficiency, acrosome integrity, malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), antioxidants (Superoxide dismutase, Glutathione, Catalase), and gene expression of HSP70 and Bcl-2. The Freeze group showed significant declines in viability, motility, morphology, membrane integrity, antioxidants, and mitochondrial membrane potential, with increases in protamine deficiency, abnormalities, DNA fragmentation, TNF-α, and malondialdehyde compared to control (p = 0.000). These effects were significantly reversed in all treatment groups (p = 0.000). Bcl-2 and HSP70 expression increased significantly in all groups (p = 0.000). Acrosomal integrity decreased significantly (p = 0.000) in the Freeze group compared to controls and in the Freeze + SC group compared to the Freeze group. However, acrosomal integrity significantly increased (p = 0.000) in the Freeze + SC + ALA group compared to the Freeze + SC group and in the Freeze + ALA group compared to other treatments. Our findings indicate that the simultaneous addition of SC and ALA in the freezing media yielded increased sperm quality. This enhancement was evidenced by reductions in oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, along with partial prevention of premature acrosome reactions induced by SC., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors confirm that they have no conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2024 Society for Cryobiology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To evaluate the effects of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) on hormonal and metabolic parameters in a group of overweight/obese Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) patients., Methods: This was a retrospective study in which thirty-two overweight/obese patients with PCOS ( n  = 32) not requiring hormonal treatment were selected from the database of the ambulatory clinic of the Gynecological Endocrinology Center at the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy. The hormonal profile, routine exams and insulin and C-peptide response to oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were evaluated before and after 12 weeks of complementary treatment with ALA (400 mg/day). Hepatic Insulin Extraction (HIE) index was also calculated., Results: ALA administration significantly improved insulin sensitivity and decreased ALT and AST plasma levels in all subjects, though no changes were observed on reproductive hormones. When PCOS patients were subdivided according to the presence or absence of familial diabetes background, the higher effects of ALA were observed in the former group that showed AST and ALT reduction and greater HIE index decrease., Conclusion: ALA administration improved insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese PCOS patients, especially in those with familial predisposition to diabetes. ALA administration improved both peripheral sensitivity to insulin and liver clearance of insulin. Such effects potentially decrease the risk of nonalcoholic fat liver disease and diabetes in PCOS patients.

Context: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is the most common complication of diabetes mellitus. Chinese patent medicines (CPMs) are widely used in clinical practice to treat DPN., Objective: This study aims to summarize the latest evidence on the harms and benefits of CPMs as adjunctive therapy for DPN., Materials and Methods: We conducted searches for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating CPMs in conjunction with mecobalamin (Mec) or alpha-lipoic acid (αLA) across eight databases up to July 2024. The surface under the cumulative ranking area (SUCRA) was utilized to assess the clinical efficacy rate (CER), the peroneal motor nerve conduction velocity (pMNCV), the peroneal sensory nerve conduction velocity (pSNCV), the median motor nerve conduction velocity (mMNCV), and the median sensory nerve conduction velocity (mSNCV)., Results: The search yielded 128 eligible studies with 31 CPMs with Mec and 39 eligible studies with 17 CPMs with αLA. SUCRA rankings indicated that, when combined with Mec, Mailuoning liquid (lMLN) was the most effective regimen for CER, Honghua injection (iHH) for pMNCV, Maixuekang capsule (cMXK) for pSNCV, Dengzhanxixin injection (iDZXX) for mMNCV, and Tongxinluo capsule (cTXL) for mSNCV. Combined with αLA, Danhong injection (iDH) showed the highest efficacy for CER, pSNCV, and mSNCV, while Xueshuantong injection (iXShT) was the most effective for pMNCV and mMNCV., Conclusion: This network meta-analysis confirms the efficacy and safety of 37 CPMs combined with Mec or αLA for treating DPN. However, given the potential risk of bias and the very low certainty of the evidence, these recommendations should be adopted with caution.

Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a nutraceutical combination given to insulin-resistant overweight patients with altered lipid profiles. To this end, an observational study was designed in which 74 individuals (50 females and 24 males) underwent an observational period of 3 months., Methods: During this time, a specific nutraceutical combination containing myo-inositol, glycine, Coprinus comatus , α-lipoic acid, phlorizin, zinc, vitamin B 6 , and chromium picolinate was administered. Patients were asked not to modify their lifestyles so that no variable that might interfere with results was introduced., Results: After the 3-month period, the obtained data revealed that insulin levels significantly decreased with respect to the baseline, while glucose levels exhibited a trend towards lower concentrations, which was not significant. In addition, HOMA-IR index, body weight, BMI, and abdominal circumference values all decreased significantly. Regarding lipid profiles, the data obtained before and after the 3-month period showed statistically significant decreases in concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride, as well as a small but statistically significant concomitant increase in HDL cholesterol., Conclusions: Thus, on the basis of these data, it may be stated that the specific nutraceutical combination used in the present study significantly ameliorated a number of metabolic parameters without measurable side effects. The efficacy and safety of the product were, therefore, confirmed in our group of patients.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is an idiopathic disease caused by the loss or degeneration of the dopaminergic (dopamine-producing) neurons in the brain and characterized by various inflammatory and apoptotic responses in the neuronal cells. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) axis is responsible for neuronal survival by providing a number of anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic milieu that prevent the progression of PD. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a natural cofactor that has antioxidant capacity and contributes to various metabolic processes. ALA can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and contribute to numerous neuroprotective effects. It can activate PI3K/AKT pathway with consequent reduction of different inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers. Our work aims to unfold the neuroprotective effects of ALA via targeting PI3k/AKT pathway. Forty male mice were divided into four groups: control, ALA (100 mg/kg/day; i.p.), rotenone (ROT) (1.5 mg/kg/2 days, i.p.) and rotenone + ALA for 21 days. ALA showed obvious neuroprotective effects via significant activation of PI3K/AKT pathway with subsequent decreasing level of Caspase-3. ALA resulted in prominent anti-inflammatory actions by decreasing interlukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and nuclear factor kabba (NFk)-B. ALA remarkably induced antioxidant activities via increasing reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels as well as decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) level. The substantial behavioral improvement reflected in these results was noticed in the ALA-treated mice as a reflection of the neuroprotective activities of ALA. In conclusion, ALA showed promising neuroprotective effects in rotenone-induced PD via activating the PI3K/AKT pathway and consequent inhibition of apoptotic and inflammatory biomarkers., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest none., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background/Objectives. The comorbidity of osteoarthritis and type 2 diabetes mellitus poses a complex clinical challenge, complicating patient management due to overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms. This research aims to analyze the exacerbation of clinical symptoms and biochemical markers in patients with OA and T2DM compared to those with OA alone. Methods . We employed various assessment methods to evaluate inflammation, oxidative stress, and glycemic control in both cohorts. This study includes the administration of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) to patients with comorbid OA and T2DM, monitoring its effects on joint function, inflammatory markers, oxidative stress levels, and glycemic control. Results. The findings indicate that T2DM significantly worsens clinical symptoms and biochemical markers in OA patients. Those with both conditions exhibited elevated indicators of inflammation and oxidative stress compared to OA-only patients. Additionally, correlations among metabolic, psychological, and inflammatory factors were identified. Body mass index emerged as a potential predictor for the deterioration of evaluated parameters. The analysis revealed that ALA administration led to statistically significant improvements in WOMAC pain scores, the Lequesne Algofunctional Index, and the AIMS-P compared to the control group. Conclusions. Further research into ALA's effects on OA progression in patients with comorbidities is essential for developing personalized treatment approaches.

Background: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a chronic microvascular complication in diabetic mellitus patients due to chronic hyperglycemia, resulting in platelet hyperactivity and dyslipidemia. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a potent antioxidant which has antiplatelet activity and lipid-modulating characteristics and plays a major role in the prevention of disease progression., Aim: To evaluate the effect of ALA on inhibition of platelet aggregation and lipid profile., Settings and Design: This was a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted at the Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics at a tertiary care hospital., Materials and Methods: We recorded efficacy parameters including changes in inhibition of platelet aggregation, lipid profile, blood sugars, and glycated hemoglobin over 12 weeks of ALA (600 mg once daily orally) supplementation in DPN patients on gabapentin (300 mg twice daily [BD]) or pregabalin (75 mg BD) compared to placebo. We used Student's t-test paired and unpaired for within-group and between-group comparisons, respectively., Results: A total of 52 study participants (males = 22, females = 30) with a mean age 55.63 ± 7.5 years were randomized to receive either ALA or placebo. Between-group analysis at 12 weeks showed that ALA significantly inhibited both collagen-induced platelet aggregation (from 32.61 ± 8.00 to 24.88 ± 5.30; P < 0.001) and adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation (from 34.00 ± 6.97 to 25.96 ± 6.45; P < 0.001) compared to placebo. Significant reduction in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides was found in the ALA group at 12 weeks compared to baseline. No serious adverse events were reported., Conclusion: ALA, an antioxidant, demonstrated a protective effect against DPN by the virtue of its inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation and lipid-modulating effects and was found to have good safety., (Copyright © 2024 Journal of Postgraduate Medicine.)

Reperfusion injury represents a significant impediment to recovery after recanalization in an ischemic stroke and can be alleviated by neuroprotectants. However, inadequate drug delivery to ischemic lesions impairs the therapeutic effects of neuroprotectants. To address this issue, an ischemic microenvironment-targeted bioinspired lipoprotein system encapsulating lipoic acid (LA@PHDL) is herein designed to sequentially penetrate ischemic lesions and be readily taken up by neurons and microglia. In transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) mouse models, LA@PHDL accumulates rapidly and preferentially in the ischemic brain, with a 2.29-fold higher than the nontargeted nanoplatform in the early stage. Furthermore, LA@PHDL effectively restores neurological function, reduces infarct volume to 17.70%, prevents brain cell necrosis and apoptosis, and attenuates inflammation in tMCAO mouse models. This design presents new opportunities for delivering neuroprotectants to cerebral ischemic lesions to improve the outcome of an ischemic stroke.

Growing clinical evidence shows that sulfonylurea therapy for patients with type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) contributes to progressive worsening of their liver. The present study presents hepatotoxicity induced by gliclazide, a second-generation sulfonylurea, and alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) as a novel and promising drug for T2DM treatment. Normal human liver cells (HL-7702) were incubated with high-glucose DMEM in the presence or absence of gliclazide and ALA for 72 h, and cell viability and death were measured by flow cytometry. Next, Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 12 h of fasting, and fasting blood glucose was measured. The rats were randomized into four groups: HC (healthy control; n = 7), T2DM (diabetic rats without treatment; n = 9), GLC (diabetic rats with 15 mg/kg gliclazide treatment; n = 7) and GLC+ALA (diabetic rats with gliclazide and 60 mg/kg ALA treatment; n = 7). T2DM was induced by a bolus administration of 110 mg/kg nicotinamide and 55 mg/kg streptozotocin intraperitoneally. The experimental protocol lasted for 6 weeks after which the animals were sacrificed and pancreas, liver and blood samples were collected for biochemical, histological and molecular analyses. Compared to healthy control (HC) group, exposure of HL-7702 cells to high glucose induced significant cell death by 19 % (p < 0.001), which was exacerbated with gliclazide treatment by 29 % (p < 0.0001) but markedly reduced by 6 % to near HC value following ALA treatment. In vivo, GLC-treated rats had severe liver damage characterized by increased hepatocellular vacuolation, and significant expression of ED-1, iNOS and caspase-3 as well as markedly high levels of liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase compared to T2DM rats. Interestingly, ALA administration prevented these pathological changes and protected the diabetic liver to levels comparable to HC rats. ALA showed hepatoprotective effect against gliclazide-induced hepatotoxicity by suppressing inflammation and apoptosis while activating antioxidant pathway in the diabetic liver. Abbreviations: ALA, Alpha-lipoic acid; ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; ALP, Alkaline phosphatase; AMPK, Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; AST, Aspartate aminotransferase; ATP, Adenosine triphosphate; DMEM, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium; EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; FBG, Fasting blood glucose; FBS, Fetal bovine serum; GLC, Gliclazide; GLUT4, Glucose transporter type 4; GSH, Glutathione; H&E, Hematoxylin/Eosin; HbA1c, Glycosylated haemoglobin A1c; HC, Healthy control; HG, Hyperglycemic group; HOMA-β, Homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function; IL-1β, Interleukin-1β; IL-6, Interleukin-6; iNOS, Inducible nitric oxide synthase; K ATP , ATP-dependent potassium channels; MDA, Malondialdehyde; MPTP, Mitochondrial permeability transition pore; NO, Nitric oxide; P/S, Penicillin/streptomycin; PAS, Periodic acid-Schiff; RIA, Radioimmunoassay; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; SOD, Superoxide dismutase; T2DM, Type 2 diabetes mellitus; TBARS, Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter encoded by SLC5A6 is responsible for uptake of biotin, pantothenic acid, and α-lipoic acid. Thirteen individuals from eight families are reported with pathogenic biallelic SLC5A6 variants. Phenotype ranges from multisystem metabolic disorder to childhood-onset peripheral motor neuropathy. We report three additional affected individuals with biallelic SLC5A6 variants. In Family A, a male proband (AII:1) presenting in early childhood with gross motor regression, motor axonal neuropathy, recurrent cytopenia and infections, and failure to thrive was diagnosed at 12 years of age via genome sequencing (GS) with a paternal NM&#95;021095.4:c.393+2T>C variant and a maternal c.1285A>G p.(Ser429Gly) variant. An uncle with recurrent cytopenia and peripheral neuropathy was subsequently found to have the same genotype. We also report an unrelated female with peripheral neuropathy homozygous for the c.1285A>G p.(Ser429Gly) recurrent variant identified in seven reported cases, including this study. RT-PCR studies on blood mRNA from AII:1 showed c.393+2T>C caused mis-splicing with all canonically spliced transcripts in AII:1 containing the c.1285A>G variant. SLC5A6 mRNA expression in AII:1 fibroblasts was ~50% of control levels, indicative of nonsense-mediated decay of mis-spliced transcripts. Biotin uptake studies on AII:1 fibroblasts, expressing the p.(Ser429Gly) variant, showed an ~90% reduction in uptake compared to controls. Targeted treatment of AII:1 with biotin, pantothenic acid, and lipoic acid resulted in clinical improvement. Health Economic analyses showed implementation of GS as an early investigation could have saved $ AUD 105,988 and shortened diagnostic odyssey and initiation of treatment by up to 7 years., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to European Society of Human Genetics.)

Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with a rapid bactericidal effect on the treatment of many infections. However, its use at high concentrations for more than 7 days causes nephrotoxic side effects. This study investigated the potential of Resatorvid and alpha lipoic acid (ALA) in mitigating gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats, considering biochemical, histopathological, and molecular parameters. This study randomly distributed 34 Wistar albino rats into four groups: healthy control (n = 6), Gentamicin (80 mg/kg, n = 7), Gentamicin + Sham (%10 hydroalcoholic solution, n = 7), Gentamicin + Resatorvid (5 mg/kg, n = 7), and Gentamicin + ALA (100 mg/kg, n = 7). Resatorvid treatment led to a statistically significant decrease in urinary IL-18, KIM-1, and NGAL levels, whereas ALA treatment significantly reduced KIM-1 levels compared to the gentamicin-only group. Both Resatorvid and ALA showed partial reductions in urine creatinine levels. Moreover, treatments with Resatorvid and ALA resulted in statistically significant decreases in NRF-2, CAS-3, and NR4A2 expressions. However, only Resatorvid demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in NF-B expression. These findings highlight the potential of Resatorvid in ameliorating gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity, thereby expanding the therapeutic utility of gentamicin and enhancing its efficacy against infections., (© 2024 The Author(s). Pharmacology Research & Perspectives published by British Pharmacological Society and American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) are essential for follicular development. Ovarian advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) accumulation is related to GCs dysfunction. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) illustrates therapeutic capabilities for infertility-related disorders. Therefore, this study assessed the effects of ALA on AGEs-induced GCs hormonal dysfunction., Methods: The study was conducted from October 2021 to September 2022 at the Department of Medical Genetics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Isolated GCs (n=50) were divided into control, human glycated albumin (HGA), HGA+ALA, and ALA treatments. Steroidogenic enzymes and AGE receptor ( RAGE ) genes were assessed by qRT-PCR. Steroid hormones and RAGE protein were evaluated using ELISA and Western blotting. Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism software (ver. 9), and P<0.05 was considered significant., Results: Our findings showed that HGA treatment significantly (P=0.0001) increased RAGE (by 140.66%), STAR (by 117.65%), 3β-HSD (by 165.68%), and 17β-HSD (by 122.15%) expression, while it decreased CYP19A1 (by 68.37%) expression. RAGE protein level (by 267.10%) was also increased in HGA-treated GCs. A significant decrease in estradiol (by 59.66%) and a slight and sharp elevation in progesterone (by 30.40%) and total testosterone (by 158.24%) levels was also observed. ALA treatment ameliorated the HGA-induced changes in steroidogenic enzyme mRNA levels (P=0.001) and steroid hormone secretion (P=0.010)., Conclusion: This work shows that ALA therapy likely corrects hormonal dysfunctions caused by AGEs in luteinized GCs. This effect is probably achieved by decreased RAGE expression. Clinical research is needed to understand how AGEs and ALA interact in the ovary, which might lead to a more targeted ovarian dysfunction therapy., Competing Interests: None declared., (Copyright: © Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences.)

Purpose: Although COVID-19 anosmia is often transient, patients with persistent olfactory dysfunction (pOD) can experience refractory parosmia and diminished smell. This study evaluated four putative therapies for parosmia in patients with chronic COVID-19 olfactory impairment., Methods: After screening nasal endoscopy, 85 patients (49 female, 58%) with pOD and treatment-refractory parosmia were randomized to: (1) ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide and luteolin + olfactory training (OT) (umPEALUT group, n = 17), (2) alpha-lipoic acid + OT (ALA group, n = 21), (3) umPEALUT + ALA + OT (combination group, n = 28), or 4) olfactory training (OT) alone (control group, n = 23). Olfactory function was assessed at baseline (T 0 ) and 6 months (T 1 ) using a parosmia questionnaire and Sniffin' Sticks test of odor threshold, detection, and identification (TDI). Analyses included one-way ANOVA for numeric data and Chi-Square analyses for nominal data on parosmia., Results: The umPEALUT group had the largest improvement in TDI scores (21.8 ± 9.4 to 29.7 ± 7.5) followed by the combination group (19.6 ± 6.29 to 27.5 ± 2.7), both p < 0.01. The control and ALA groups had no significant change. Patients in the combination and umPEALUT groups had significantly improved TDI scores compared to ALA and control groups (p < 0.001). Rates of parosmia resolution after 6 months were reported at 96% for combination, 65% for control, 53% for umPEALUT and 29% for ALA (p < 0.001). All treatment regimens were well-tolerated., Conclusions: umPEALUT and OT, with or without ALA, was associated with improvement in TDI scores and parosmia, whereas OT alone or OT with ALA were associated with little benefit., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most frequent and serious complication of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Lack of a precise remedy and socio-economic burden of DN patients implements searching about alternative therapies. This study aims to evaluate the possible beneficial effect of alpha-lipoic acid (α-LA) alone or in combination with metformin (Met) in ameliorating STZ/High fat diet (HFD)-induced DN. T2DM was induced via HFD administration for 15 weeks and single ip injection of STZ (35 mg/kg) at week 7. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly grouped as follows: control group, STZ/HFD-induced DN, Met/T; daily treated with 150 mg/kg Met, α-LA/T group; daily treated with 100 mg/kg α-LA, and Met/T + α-LA/T group; daily treated with Met and α-LA at same doses. Administration of Met and α-LA succeeded in attenuating STZ/HFD-induced DN as manifested by significant decrease in kidney weight as well as renal and cardiac hypertrophy index. Moreover, Met and α-LA improved glycemic control, kidney functions and lipid profile as well as restored redox balance. Additionally, Met and α-LA administration significantly upregulated PTEN level accompanied by significant downregulation in renal p-AKT and miR-29a levels. Histopathologically, Met and α-LA administration mitigated STZ/HFD-induced histopathological alterations in kidney and heart. Moreover, immunohistochemical examination revealed a significant decrease in renal YAP, collagen I and Ki-67. Taken together, these observations revealed that Met and α-LA administration could protect against STZ/HFD-induced DN., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is a common respiratory disease with potential lethality. At present, the commonly used treatment method is continuous positive airway pressure ventilation, but with the prolongation of the course of the disease, the effect of single ventilation on the improvement of oxidative stress levels is not good. Lipoic acid is a commonly used antioxidant in clinics. In this paper, lipoic acid combined with continuous positive airway pressure ventilation is used to explore whether it has a better therapeutic effect on patients., Aim: To probe into the clinical efficacy of lipoic acid combined with continuous positive airway pressure ventilation in the therapy of OSAHS., Methods: 82 patients with OSAHS who were cured in our hospital from March 2021 to September 2022 were prospectively collected as subjects. Based on different treatment methods, patients were grouped into a control group (43 cases) and an observation group (39 cases). The control group was treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and the observation group was treated with lipoic acid based on control group. The therapeutic effects were measured by apnea hypopnea index (AHI), oxygen saturation (SpO2), mean oxygen saturation (MSpO2), serum malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) levels, peripheral blood γ-aminobutyric acid, melatonin levels., Results: The clinical effectiveness of the observation group was better (P < 0.05). After treatment, AHI, the levels of MDA and HIF-1α in the observation group were lower and SpO 2 , MSpO 2 and the level of SOD, γ- aminobutyric acid, and melatonin were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The levels of γ- aminobutyric acid and melatonin were negatively correlated with the severity of symptoms, ESS, and AIS scores (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: The clinical effect of lipoic acid combined with CPAP in the treatment of OSAHS is better, and it has a positive effect on the levels of γ-aminobutyric acid and melatonin in peripheral blood. Lipoic acid was added to the original method for treatment, and the therapeutic effect was greatly improved., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Objectives: Current medications for diabetic neuropathy (DN) recommended by the American Diabetes Association and American Academy of Neurology do not address the pathologic process of denervation among patients with DN, because ancillary treatments, such as reactive oxygen scavengers, may be needed. The purpose of this work was to summarize the available evidence about the efficacy and safety of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) and gamma linolenic acid (GLA) in the management of DN., Methods: Using the search terms [(alpha lipoic acid or ALA or thioctic acid or thioctacid) or (gamma linolenic acid or GLA)] AND [(diabetes or diabetes mellitus) AND (polyneuropathy or neuropathy or sensorimotor polyneuropathy or radiculopathy)], 11 studies were included in this review and combined meta-analysis., Results: Eight of the 11 articles (73%) reported significant benefit of ALA vs placebo. In the meta-analysis, the Total Symptom Score (TSS) for ALA 600 mg/day (ALA600) was 1.05 points lower (standard mean difference [SMD] -1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] -2.07 to -0.04, p=0.04, I 2 =98.18%) compared with control at the end of the study. In the network meta-analysis, ALA600 (SMD -1.68, 95% CI -2.8 to -0.6) and GLA (SMD -2.39, 95% CI -4.3 to -0.5) had significantly lower TSSs compared with placebo. Moreover, GLA had the highest probability of being the best (52.7%) for improving DN symptoms. In all studies, most adverse events include gastrointestinal disturbances. In terms of tolerability, no differences were detected between ALA and control groups., Conclusion: ALA and GLA appear to be safe and efficacious biofactors for improvement of DN symptoms., (Copyright © 2024 Canadian Diabetes Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This study aims to characterize the bone-protecting effects of Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), a potent antioxidant, against the detrimental effects of the coexistence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and postmenopausal osteoporosis (POP) and identify the possible mechanisms with particular reference to its modulation of YAP/Glut4 pathway. The T2DM and POP coexisting model was induced in mice by high fat diet (HFD) + Streptozocin (STZ) + ovariectomy (OVX). The mice in the treatment groups were given ALA for 10 weeks. In the in vitro study, MC3T3-E1 cells were induced with 500 μM methylglyoxal for 24 h with or without pretreatment with ALA for 24 h. The oxidative and antioxidative biomarkers, bone microarchitecture, histo-morphology, and related protein expression of apoptosis, osteogenic differentiation and the YAP/Glut4 pathway were detected. The results showed ALA could improve glucose tolerance, inhibit oxidative stress and apoptosis and alleviate bone loss. Further study by siRNA technology revealed that the YAP/Glut4 pathway was implicated in the pathogenesis of bone loss due to the coexistence of T2DM and POP. Taken together, the present study has demonstrated for the first time that ALA exerts potent protective effects against bone loss in T2DM and POP coexisting conditions by modulating the YAP/Glut4 pathway., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Aim: This Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials assessed the effect of adjuvant periodontal treatment in both periodontal and HbA1c outcomes in adult individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM)., Materials and Methods: A systematic search was done up to February 2023 comparing sub-gingival debridement (SD) in combination with local or systemic adjuvant treatment with SD alone for individuals with T2DM. The primary outcomes were changes in absolute HbA1c levels and full-mouth probing depth reported at 3- to 6-month post-treatment., Results: Seventy-two eligible publications evaluating 27 adjuvant treatments were retrieved. The combination of SD and systemic antibiotic metronidazole or SD and antioxidant alpha lipoic acid provided, respectively, 1.4% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.48; 2.20) and 2.4% (95% CrI 1.50; 3.30) more significant improvement on HbA1c levels, and 0.89 mm (95% CrI 0.23; 1.50) and 0.92 mm (95% CrI 0.02; 0.92) greater periodontal probing depth reductions. Other adjuvant treatments provided added benefit to the periodontal outcomes without discernible effects on HbA1c., Conclusions: Adjuvant use of metronidazole or alpha lipoic acid was the best adjunct option to provide clinically meaningful HbA1c levels and probing depth reductions. However, no strong recommendation can be drawn due to the scarcity of studies for each adjuvant treatment and the low certainty of the resultant evidence., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effects of combined alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) and mitoquinone (Mito Q) supplementation on cardiac function and the underlying mechanisms in aged rats with myocardial infarction (MI)., Methods: The aged rats underwent left anterior descending artery (LADA) occlusion for 30 min, followed by reperfusion for 24 h. ALA (100 mg/kg, gavage) and Mito Q (10 mg/kg, IP) were administered daily for two weeks before ischemia. Cardiac function, inflammatory, and apoptotic markers were evaluated 24 h after ischemia., Results: The results of this study indicated that the administration of the combination of ALA and Mito Q significantly improved cardiac function. This improvement was linked to a reduction in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β (P < 0.001) and apoptotic markers (Bax, caspase-3, and Cyt-c), as well as a decrease in the percentage of TUNEL-positive cells (P < 0.001)., Conclusion: The study revealed that combined intervention synergistically mitigated cardiac dysfunction by suppressing inflammatory and apoptotic pathways in aged rats with MI. Further research is needed to validate the potential of ALA and Mito Q as therapeutic options for elderly people at risk of heart attacks., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors state that they have no conflicting interests. They also confirm that they have no financial or non-financial interests in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript, and are not associated or engaged with any organization or entity that does., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

To investigate the effect of tanshinone IIA sulfonate sodium combined with α-Lipoic acid on fasting blood sugar (FPG), 2h postprandial blood glucose (2hPG), total cholesterol (TG), triacylglycerol (TC) and therapeutic effect in patients with diabetes peripheral neuropathy (DPN). The control group (n=52) was treated with tanshinone IIA sodium sulfonate alone. The study group was treated with α-Lipoic acid and tanshinone IIA sodium sulfonate. The changes in blood glucose, blood lipid levels, oxidative stress indicators and the improvement of nerve function conduction of both two groups were compared. After treatment, study group's FPG, 2hPG, TG and TC were found to be lower than the control group (P<0.05). The levels of Super oxide dismutase (SOD) and nitric oxide (NO) in the study group were higher than those in the control group. The study group had lower Malondialdehyde (MDA) (P<0.05). The study group had higher nerve motor conduction velocity (MNCV) and sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV) (P<0.05). Tanshinone IIA sulfonate sodium combined with α-Lipoic acid can improve DPN patients' blood glucose and lipid levels, alleviate the oxidative stress reaction of the body, promote the recovery of nerve conduction function and enhance the therapeutic effect.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an insulin-dependent autoimmune condition. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are volatile fatty acids with 1-6 carbon atoms that influence glucose storage in the body and can reduce appetite, potentially decreasing T1D risk. Alpha-lipoic acid (α-LA), a type of SCFA, has previously been used to treat diabetic neuropathy and inflammation due to its antioxidant properties. This study aims to assess α-LA's protective effects against T1D and associated kidney damage in rats induced with streptozotocin. Diabetic rats were treated with α-LA orally for 15 days, resulting in improved blood glucose (56% decrease) and kidney function markers like blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and uric acid. α-LA also showed significant antioxidant effects by decreasing LPO as well as improving activities of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione-S transferase and alleviated kidney damage caused by diabetes. Docking experiments suggest that α-LA may regulate diabetes-related changes at the epigenetic level through interactions with the SIRT1 protein, indicating its potential as a target for future antidiabetic drug development., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Introduction/aims: Oxaliplatin is a platinum-based anti-cancer drug widely used in colorectal cancer patients, but it may cause peripheral neuropathy. As one of the main causes of oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy (OPN) is oxidative stress, which is also a key factor causing diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), the aim of this study was to evaluate the preventive effects of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) and epalrestat (EP), which are used for the treatment of DPN, in an OPN zebrafish model., Methods: Tg(nbt:dsred) transgenic zebrafish, with sensory nerves in the peripheral lateral line, were treated with oxaliplatin, oxaliplatin/EP, and oxaliplatin/ALA for 4 days. A confocal microscope was used to visualize and quantify the number of axon bifurcations in the distal nerve ending. To analyze the formation of synapses on sensory nerve terminals, quantification of membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) puncta was performed using immunohistochemistry., Results: The number of axon bifurcations and intensity of MAGUK puncta were significantly reduced in the oxaliplatin-treated group compared with those in the embryo medium-treated group. In both the oxaliplatin/EP and oxaliplatin/ALA-treated groups, the number of axon bifurcations and intensity of MAGUK puncta were greater than those in the oxaliplatin-treated group (p < .0001), and no significant difference was observed between larvae treated with oxaliplatin/ALA 1 μM and oxaliplatin/EP 1 μM (p = .4292)., Discussion: ALA and EP have protective effects against OPN in zebrafish. Our findings show that ALA and EP can facilitate more beneficial treatment for OPN., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Neuroinflammation is intimately associated with poor prognosis in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), a disulfide antioxidant, has been shown to be neuroprotective in an in vivo model of neurological injury; however, the role of ALA in SAH has never been evaluated. In this study, the Sprague-Dawley rats SAH model was induced by endovascular perforation method. ALA was transplanted intravenously into rats, and SR-717, a stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist, was injected intraperitoneally. The effects of ALA on early brain injury were assayed by neurological score, hematoxylin and eosin staining and Nissl staining. Immunohistochemistry staining and Western blotting were used to analyze various proteins. ALA significantly reduced STING- NLRP3 protein expression and decreased cell death, which in turn mitigated the neurobehavioral dysfunction following SAH. Furthermore, coadministration of ALA and SR-717 promoted STING-NLRP3 signaling pathway activation following SAH, which reversed the inhibitory effect of ALA on STING-NLRP3 protein activation and increased the neurological deficits. In conclusion, ALA may be a promising therapeutic strategy for alleviating early brain injury after SAH., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

The prevalence and incidence of obesity and the comorbidities linked to it are increasing worldwide. Current therapies for obesity and associated pathologies have proven to cause a broad number of adverse effects, and often, they are overpriced or not affordable for all patients. Among the alternatives currently available, natural bioactive compounds stand out. These are frequently contained in pharmaceutical presentations, nutraceutical products, supplements, or functional foods. The clinical evidence for these molecules is increasingly solid, among which epigallocatechin-3-gallate, ellagic acid, resveratrol, berberine, anthocyanins, probiotics, carotenoids, curcumin, silymarin, hydroxy citric acid, and α-lipoic acid stand out. The molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of these molecules have been shown to interact with the endocrine, nervous, and gastroenteric systems. They can regulate the expression of multiple genes and proteins involved in starvation-satiety processes, activate the brown adipose tissue, decrease lipogenesis and inflammation, increase lipolysis, and improve insulin sensitivity. This review provides a comprehensive view of nature-based therapeutic options to address the increasing prevalence of obesity. It offers a valuable perspective for future research and subsequent clinical practice, addressing everything from the molecular, genetic, and physiological bases to the clinical study of bioactive compounds.

Background: Peripheral neuropathy is caused by a malfunction in the axons and myelin sheaths of peripheral nerves and motor and sensory neurons. In this context, nonpharmacological treatments with antioxidant potential have attracted much attention due to the issues that some conventional pharmaceutical therapy can generate. Most of these treatments contain lipoic acid, but issues have emerged regarding its use. Considering this, the present study evaluated the beneficial effects of nutraceuticals based on Gastrodiae elata dry extract 10:1 or lipoic acid in combination with other substances (such as citicholine, B vitamins, and acetyl L-carnitine)., Method: To assess the combination's absorption and biodistribution and exclude cytotoxicity, its bioavailability was first examined in a 3D intestinal barrier model that replicated oral ingestion. Subsequently, a 3D model of nerve tissue was constructed to investigate the impacts of the new combination on the significant pathways dysregulated in peripheral neuropathy., Results: Our findings show that the novel combination outperformed in initial pain relief response and in recovering the mechanism of nerve healing following Schwann cell injury by successfully crossing the gut barrier and reaching the target site., Conclusion: This article describes a potential alternative nutraceutical approach supporting the effectiveness of combinations with Gastrodiae elata extract in decreasing neuropathy and regulating pain pathways.

Imidacloprid (IMI), a widely used pesticide in agriculture and a potential food contaminant, poses significant health concerns. This study sought to comprehensively evaluate its neurotoxic effects while investigating the potential protective role of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), a naturally occurring dietary antioxidant renowned for its capacity to combat oxidative stress, support cardiovascular health, and maintain optimal nerve function. In this study, 28 rats were divided evenly into four groups and administered oral treatments of corn oil, IMI, IMI + ALA, and ALA, respectively. The results of the study indicated that rats exposed to IMI exhibited significant neurobehavioral impairments, decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes and acetylcholinesterase activity, reduced expression of HO-1 and Nrf2, and increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-α in their hippocampal tissues. Furthermore, histopathological analysis of the brain tissues, specifically cortex and hippocampus, from the IMI-treated group revealed varying degrees of neuronal degeneration. In contrast, rats co-administered ALA alongside IMI showed noticeable improvements in all the assessed toxicological parameters. This study underscores the vital significance of ALA as a potential therapeutic adjunct in mitigating the adverse neurobehavioral consequences of insecticide exposure. By harnessing the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, ALA demonstrates its ability to shield against IMI-induced neurotoxicity, offering a promising avenue for enhancing public health and safety. As a result, our findings advocate for the incorporation of ALA as a daily dietary supplement to fortify resilience against oxidative stress-related neurobehavioral deficits linked to pesticide exposure, thereby advancing our understanding of neuroprotection strategies in the face of environmental challenges.

Background: Alpha-lipoic acid, epalrestat, and mecobalamin are widely used as monotherapies for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. However, whether a triple-combination therapy with these three drugs is superior to monotherapy or dual therapy remains debatable., Methods: Nine randomized controlled trials were identified through a search on electronic databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. The trial participants (N = 1153) were divided into the experimental group who received the triple-combination therapy and the control group who received conventional or dual therapy with the aforementioned drugs., Results: Therapeutic outcomes were better in the experimental group than in the control group (odds ratio: 3.74; 95 % confidence interval: 2.57-5.45; I 2  = 0 %; p < 0.00001). No statistic difference was noted in adverse effects. Compared with the control group, the experimental group exhibited significant improvements in median motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV), peroneal MNCV, peroneal SNCV, and vibration perception thresholds (VPT) in the left and right lower limbs. In the control group, a subgroup analysis by treatment strategy revealed similar improvements in total efficacy, MNCV, and SNCV., Conclusions: For diabetic peripheral neuropathy, the triple-combination therapy may be more effective than monotherapy or dual therapy., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interest or personal relationship that could influence the work reported in this manuscript., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Abstract: We compared a combination of the nonsedating antioxidant, alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), with the sedating anticonvulsant, pregabalin, vs each monotherapy to treat neuropathic pain due to peripheral neuropathies. In this randomized, double-blind, 3-period crossover trial, participants received oral ALA, pregabalin, and their combination-each for 6 weeks. The primary outcome was mean daily pain intensity at maximal tolerated doses (MTD); secondary outcomes included quality of life (SF-36), sleep (Medical Outcomes Study-Sleep Scale), adverse effects, drug doses, and other measures. Of 55 participants randomized (20-diabetic neuropathy, 19-small fiber neuropathy, and 16-other neuropathies), 46 completed 2 periods, and 44 completed 3. At MTD, the primary outcome of mean pain intensity (0-10) was 5.32 (standard error, SE = 0.18), 3.96 (0.25), 3.25 (0.25), and 3.16 (0.25) at baseline, ALA, pregabalin, and combination, respectively ( P < 0.01 for ALA vs combination and pregabalin). Treatment differences were similar in subgroups with diabetic neuropathy and with other neuropathies. SF-36 total scores (higher number indicates better quality of life) were 66.6 (1.88), 70.1 (1.88), and 69.4 (1.87) with ALA, pregabalin, and combination ( P < 0.05 for ALA vs combination and pregabalin). At MTD, there were no statistically significant treatment differences in adverse effects or drug doses. This trial demonstrates superiority of pregabalin vs ALA but provides no evidence to suggest added benefit of combining ALA with pregabalin to treat neuropathic pain., (Copyright © 2023 International Association for the Study of Pain.)

Rationale: Alpha-lipoic acid is an essential cofactor for aerobic metabolism and acts as a potent antioxidant in the body. It has been shown that acute exposure to methamphetamine induces oxidative stress, which is responsible for severe cognitive deficits in animals. The hippocampus plays a crucial role in the processing of memory and anxiety-like behavior., Objectives: In this study, preventive effect of the alpha-lipoic acid on memory impairment in methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity was investigated., Methods: Wistar male rats (200-220 g) were allocated to five groups (seven rats in each group): (1) saline + saline, (2) saline + vehicle (sunflower oil as alpha-lipoic acid solvent), (3) methamphetamine + vehicle, (4) methamphetamine + alpha-lipoic acid 10 mg/kg, and (5) methamphetamine + alpha-lipoic acid 40 mg/kg. Rats received intraperitoneal methamphetamine repeatedly (2 × 20 mg/kg, 2 h interval). Alpha-lipoic acid was injected 30 min, 24 h, and 48 h after the last injection of methamphetamine. The passive avoidance test and open field were used for evaluation of memory retrieval and anxiety, respectively. After behavioral test, rats were anesthetized, their brains were extracted, and after preparing hippocampal homogenates, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were evaluated., Results: Statistical analysis showed that injection of saline or sunflower oil had no significant effect on anxiety, memory, or oxidative stress markers. Methamphetamine induced memory impairment, increased anxiety-like behavior and MDA level, but it reduced catalase and SOD activity. Treatment with alpha-lipoic acid decreased MDA, increased catalase and SOD activity, and also prevented memory impairment and anxiety-like behavior. Our results showed that alpha-lipoic acid protected the hippocampus from oxidative stress by elevating SOD and CAT activities and reduced memory impairment following acute methamphetamine injection. These findings suggest that alpha-lipoic acid may have a protective effect against the adverse effects of methamphetamine exposure on the hippocampus. Therefore, the current data indicated that ALA can reduce oxidative stress predominantly by its antioxidant property., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a liver disorder characterized by the ac-cumulation of fat in hepatocytes without alcohol consumption. Mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress play significant roles in NAFLD pathogenesis. The unfolded protein response in mitochondria (UPRmt) is an adaptive mechanism that aims to restore mitochondrial protein homeostasis and mitigate cellular stress. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ( +)-Lipoic acid (ALA) on UPRmt, inflammation, and oxidative stress in an in vitro model of NAFLD using HepG2 cells treated with palmitic acid and oleic acid to induce steatosis., Results: Treatment with palmitic and oleic acids increased UPRmt-related proteins HSP90 and HSP60 (heat shock protein), and decreased CLPP (caseinolytic protease P), indicating ER stress activation. ALA treatment at 1 μM and 5 μM restored UPRmt-related protein levels. PA:OA (palmitic acid:oleic acid)-induced ER stress markers IRE1α (Inositol requiring enzyme-1), CHOP (C/EBP Homologous Protein), BIP (Binding Immunoglobulin Protein), and BAX (Bcl-2-associated X protein) were significantly reduced by ALA treatment. ALA also enhanced ER-mediated protein glycosylation and reduced oxidative stress, as evidenced by decreased GPX1 (Glutathione peroxidase 1), GSTP1 (glutathione S-transferase pi 1), and GSR (glutathione-disulfide reductase) expression and increased GSH (Glutathione) levels, and improved cellular senescence as shown by the markers β-galactosidase, γH2Ax and Klotho-beta., Conclusions: In conclusion, ALA ameliorated ER stress, oxidative stress, and inflammation in HepG2 cells treated with palmitic and oleic acids, potentially offering therapeutic benefits for NAFLD providing a possible biochemical mechanism underlying ALA beneficial effects., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objectives: Olfactory loss is a recognized long-term dysfunction after Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. This investigation aimed to assess the effect of alpha-lipoic acid as an adjuvant treatment of olfactory training on the improvement of smell loss in post-COVID-19 patients., Methods: This randomized controlled trial included 128 adult outpatients who had persistent smell loss for more than 3-months after COVID-19 infection. The participants were randomly allocated into two groups: the intervention treatment group, which received alpha-lipoic acid associated to olfactory training, and comparison treatment group, which received placebo pills associated to olfactory training. The participants were followed-up for 12-weeks. Olfactory dysfunction was assessed in terms of Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (CCCRC) test for the Brazilian population., Results: A total of 100 participants completed the follow-up period and were analyzed in this study. Both groups have improved CCCRC score (p = 0.000), olfactory threshold (p = 0.000), identification score (p = 0.000) and VAS score (p = 0.000) after 12-weeks follow-up. No significant differences were determined between the intervention and comparison treatment groups in CCCRC score (p = 0.63), olfactory threshold (p = 0.50), identification score (p = 0.96) and VAS score (p = 0.97). In all these criteria, comparison treatment group went slightly worse. At the endpoint of the study, the frequency of anosmia reduced to 2% in the intervention treatment group and to 7.8% in the comparison treatment group. Also, 16.8% of the intervention group' subjects, and 15.7% of comparison treatment group's patients reached normosmia., Conclusions: Overall, there was a strongly significant difference in olfactory function between baseline and endpoint for both groups. However, based on the lack of significant difference between the intervention treatment and the comparison treatment groups in terms of olfactory changes, our study appoints that the alpha-lipoic acid is not better than olfactory training alone to treat olfactory loss after COVID-19., Level of Evidence: Level 2., (Copyright © 2023 Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia Cérvico-Facial. Published by Elsevier España S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background/importance: Dietary interventions, vitamins, and nutritional supplementation are playing an increasingly important role in the management of neuropathic pain. Current pharmacological treatments are poorly tolerated and ineffective in many cases., Objective: This systematic review aims to study the efficacy of dietary interventions, vitamins, and nutritional supplementation in the management of chronic neuropathic pain in adults., Evidence Review: The review followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered with PROSPERO (#CRD42022300312). Ten databases and gray literature, including Embase.com, MEDLINE and Web of Science, were systematically searched using a combination of keywords and controlled vocabulary related to chronic neuropathic pain and oral non-pharmacological supplements. Studies on adult humans published between 2000 and 2021 were considered for inclusion. The Cochrane Handbook was used to assess risk of bias, and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation was used to determine overall quality of evidence., Findings: Forty studies were included in the final review, and results were categorized according to pain type including pain related to chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN, 22 studies, including 3 prospective cohorts), diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN, 13 studies, including 2 prospective), complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS-I, 3 studies, including 1 prospective), and other (2 studies, both RCT). The CIPN studies used various interventions including goshajinkigan (4 studies), vitamin E (5), vitamin B12 (3), glutamine (3), N-acetyl-cysteine (2), acetyl-l-carnitine (2), guilongtonluofang (1), ninjin'yoeito (1), alpha-lipoic acid (1), l-carnosine (1), magnesium and calcium (1), crocin (1), and antioxidants (1), with some studies involving multiple interventions. All CIPN studies involved varying cancers and/or chemotherapies, advising caution for generalizability of results. Interventions for DPN included alpha-lipoic acid (5 studies), vitamin B12 (3), acetyl-l-carnitine (3), vitamin E (1), vitamin D (2), and a low-fat plant-based diet (1). Vitamin C was studied to treat CRPS-I (3 studies, including 1 prospective). Magnesium (1) and St. John's wort (1) were studied for other or mixed neuropathologies., Conclusions: Based on the review, we cannot recommend any supplement use for the management of CIPN, although further research into N-acetyl-cysteine, l-carnosine, crocin, and magnesium is warranted. Acetyl-l-carnitine was found to be likely ineffective or harmful. Alpha-lipoic acid was not found effective. Studies with goshajinkigan, vitamin B12, vitamin E, and glutamine had conflicting results regarding efficacy, with one goshajinkigan study finding it harmful. Guilongtonluofang, ninjin'yoeito, and antioxidants showed various degrees of potential effectiveness. Regarding DPN, our review supports the use of alpha-lipoic acid, acetyl-l-carnitine, and vitamin D. The early use of vitamin C prophylaxis for the development of CRPS-I also seems promising. Further research is warranted to confirm these findings., (© 2023 World Institute of Pain.)

Background and Objectives : In the Western world, back pain and sciatica are among the main causes of disability and absence from work with significant personal, social, and economic costs. This prospective observational study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a rehabilitation program combined with the administration of Alpha Lipoic Acid, Acetyl-L-Carnitine, Resveratrol, and Cholecalciferol in the treatment of sciatica due to herniated discs in young patients in terms of pain resolution, postural alterations, taking painkillers, and quality of life. Materials and Methods : A prospective observational study was conducted on 128 patients with sciatica. We divided the sample into 3 groups: the Combo group, which received a combination of rehabilitation protocol and daily therapy with 600 mg Alpha Lipoic Acid, 1000 mg Acetyl-L-Carnitine, 50 mg Resveratrol, and 800 UI Cholecalciferol for 30 days; the Reha group, which received only a rehabilitation protocol; and the Supplement group, which received only oral supplementation with 600 mg Alpha Lipoic Acid, 1000 mg Acetyl-L-Carnitine, 50 mg Resveratrol, and 800 UI Cholecalciferol. Clinical assessments were made at the time of recruitment (T0), 30 days after the start of treatment (T1), and 60 days after the end of treatment (T2). The rating scales were as follows: the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS); the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (ODQ); and the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). All patients also underwent an instrumental stabilometric evaluation. Results : At T1, the Combo group showed statistically superior results compared to the other groups for pain ( p < 0.05), disability ( p < 0.05), and quality of life ( p < 0.05). At T2, the Combo group showed statistically superior results compared to the other groups only for pain ( p < 0.05) and quality of life ( p < 0.05). From the analysis of the stabilometric evaluation data, we only observed a statistically significant improvement at T2 in the Combo group for the average X ( p < 0.05) compared to the other groups. Conclusions : The combined treatment of rehabilitation and supplements with anti-inflammatory, pain-relieving, and antioxidant action is effective in the treatment of sciatica and can be useful in improving postural stability.

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is found in around one third of people with diabetes, but remains inadequately diagnosed and treated. Its management includes three cornerstones: 1) causal treatment with lifestyle modification, intensive diabetes therapy aimed at near-normoglycemia, and multifactorial cardiovascular risk intervention, 2) pathogenesis-oriented pharmacotherapy, and 3) symptomatic pain relief. Since symptomatic analgesic monotherapy only relieves the pain without targeting the underlying neuropathy and both has limited efficacy and is associated with adverse events, there is an unmet need for additional approaches derived from the pathogenetic concepts of DPN. Preclinical studies have suggested that diabetic neuropathy can be prevented or improved through the use of various agents that interfere with the pathophysiology of the underlying condition. Some of these encouraging findings could be translated successfully into the clinical setting. Efficacy and excellent safety were demonstrated in several meta-analyses (α-lipoic acid) and randomized clinical trials (benfotiamine, actovegin, epalrestat) in the treatment of symptomatic DPN. The NATHAN 1 trial demonstrated an improvement of neuropathic signs (deficits, impairments) after four years in asymptomatic DPN. These compounds are currently authorized for treatment of DPN in several countries. Long-term pivotal clinical trials should further establish their value as mono- and combination therapies in DPN., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: [Dan Ziegler has been consultant for Biogen, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Wörwag, Pfizer, Allergan, Berlin-Chemie, Viatris, Novartis, Novaremed, Takeda, Mundipharma, Bayer, Grünenthal, Nevro, Procter & Gamble, Clexio, Pathways Public Health, Cannaxan, Stada, GSK; Speaker: Wörwag, Pfizer, Takeda, AstraZeneca, Viatris, Berlin-Chemie, Mundipharma, Sanofi, Eva; Research support: Wörwag, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Novartis]., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

This work evaluated the combined effects of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) and ischemic postconditioning (Post) on myocardial infarction and cell death in rats with chronic type-II diabetes following ischemia/reperfusion injury. The rats received a high-fat diet and were given one intraperitoneal injection of 35 mg/kg streptozotocin to induce chronic diabetes. They were then pretreated with ALA (100 mg/kg/day, orally) for 5 weeks before undergoing ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) insult. The hearts experienced 35 min regional ischemia through ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery, followed by 60 min reperfusion. The Post protocol involved 6 cycles of a 10/10 s algorithm, applied during the early stage of reperfusion. The use of Post alone did not significantly alter lactate dehydrogenase and infarct size levels, while ALA showed positive effects. Similar findings were observed for apoptotic changes with single treatments. However, the concurrent administration of ALA and Post significantly reduced the protein expressions of Bax, Bax/Bcl2, and cleaved caspase-3 while increasing Bcl2 expression. Additionally, the histopathological findings of the combined therapy were superior to those of single treatments. The concomitant use of ALA and Post effectively inhibited apoptosis, leading to cardiac recovery after I/R injury in diabetic conditions. This strategy could improve outcomes for preserving diabetic hearts following I/R insults., Competing Interests: All author(s) undertook the responsibility of this study with no conflict of interests.

Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a natural short chain fatty acid containing sulfhydryl groups generated from octanoic acid and cysteine in the mitochondria, and is found in both the aqueous and lipid phases. The present study aimed to assess the efficacy of ALA supplementation in primary infertile males complaining of idiopathic asthenozoospermia. Eighty patients were randomly allocated to treatment group A (n = 40) and control group B (n = 40) groups, receiving daily doses of 600 mg (divided into two daily doses of 300 mg each) of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) or an identical placebo for 90 days. Semen analysis, anthropometric and total antioxidant capacity were analysed and compared before and after treatment. Daily supplementation with ALA improved total motility and progressive motility of the spermatozoa. In the ALA-treated group, sperm motility and progressive motility increased significantly, similarly, the mean percentage of sperm vitality demonstrated a significant increase among the ALA treated group ( p  < 0.001). Analysis revealed a statistically significant increase in semen volume and sperm concentration in the ALA supplemented group, while abnormal morphology decreased significantly ( p  < 0.001). ALA supplementation significantly improved sperm parameters and functional tests in group A patients. ALA supplementation in patients with idiopathic asthenozoospermic thus enhanced sperm quality and viability, which could therefore be considered as an adjunct therapy pending further verification of its association and mechanisms involved.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a prevalent liver disorder affecting a significant part of the global population. This study aimed to investigate the potential therapeutic effects of α-lipoic acid (α-LA) on the inflammatory response during simple steatosis development and progression into steatohepatitis. The study used the MASLD model in male Wistar rats that were fed a standard diet or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks. Throughout the entire experiment, half of the animals received α-LA supplementation. The hepatic activity of pro-inflammatory n-6 and anti-inflammatory n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) pathways and the concentration of arachidonic acid (AA) in selected lipid fractions were determined by the gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The hepatic expression of proteins from inflammatory pathway was measured by the Western blot technique. The level of eicosanoids, cytokines and chemokines was assessed by the ELISA or multiplex assay kits. The results showed that α-LA supplementation attenuated the activity of n-6 PUFA pathway in FFA and DAG and increased the activity of n-3 PUFA pathway in PL, TAG and DAG. In addition, the administration of α-LA decreased the concentration of AA in DAG and FFA, indicating its potential protective effect on the deterioration of simple hepatic steatosis. The supplementation of α-LA also increased the expression of COX-1 and COX-2 with the lack of significant changes in prostaglandins profile. We observed an increase in the expression of 12/15-LOX, which was reflected in an increase in lipoxin A4 (LXA4) level. A decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines and an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines was also noticed in the liver of rats treated with HFD and α-LA. Our observations confirm that α-LA treatment has potential protective effects on inflammation development in the MASLD model. We believe that α-LA has a preventive impact when it comes to the progression of simple steatosis lesions to steatohepatitis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

For investigating the impact of miR-146a rs2910164 polymorphism on the therapeutic efficacy of lipoic acid therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) peripheral neuropathy (DPN). 106 T2DM-DPN patients in our hospital from Jan. 2020- 2022 were selected. The probe detection method was utilized to determine the polymorphism of the miR-146a rs2910164 gene in peripheral blood. All patients were treated with zinc sulfate for 3 weeks period. According to the treatment effect, 37 patients who were ineffective in treatment will be divided into an ineffective group, and 79 patients who were effective in treatment will be divided into an effective group. The condition of miR-146a gene peptides was analyzed after treatment in both groups. The motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV), and Toronto Clinical Scoring System (TCSS) scores of the median nerve and common peroneal nerve with different genotypes were compared between the 2 sets. The genotype frequencies of alleles G, GG, and GC in the valid group were lower than those in the invalid group; After treatment, MNCV and SNCV of CC genotype median nerve and common peroneal nerve in DPN patients were higher than those before treatment; The TCSS scores of the three genotypes less than post-treatment. The above results showed statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Lipoic acid is influenced by the miR-146a polymorphism gene in the treatment of T2DM-DPN patients, with the CC genotype having a lower susceptibility and the best clinical treatment effect.

Background: This systematic review explores the most current evidence regarding the mechanisms of neuropathic pain in patients with different types of diabetes and how this pain affects different functional and structural components of the neuroanatomical pain pathways. The review also seeks to provide guidelines for the best approach and treatment for patients experiencing this type of pain. The objective is to determine the effectiveness of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) in improving functional and symptomatic outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus type I and type II., Objective: To determine the effectiveness of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) in improving functional and symptomatic outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus type I and type II., Methods: We systematically search MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE, SCOPUS, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Web of Science databases., Results: The findings of this review show that different forms of ALA do not present statistically significant changes for any of the scales included, including total symptom score (standardized mean difference [SMD] = -3.59, confidence interval [CI] = -4.16 to -3.02, and P < .00001), neuropathy impairment score (SMD = -1.42, CI = -3.68 to 0.84, and P = .22), and neuropathy symptom checklist (SMD = -0.09, CI = -0.15 to -0.02, and P = .01)., Conclusion: In comparison to the use of a placebo, the findings suggest that ALA does not exhibit significant differences in terms of pain reduction and different functional scales. Moreover, no specific dosages are identified to support the use of ALA for the reduction of neuropathic pain., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2023 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

The present work investigated the effect of α-lipoic acid (ALA) and caffeine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CAF-CS NPs) on obesity and its hepatic and renal complications in rats. Rats were divided into control, rat model of obesity induced by high fat diet (HFD), and obese rats treated with ALA and/or CAF-CS NPs. At the end of the experiment, the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and the levels of urea, creatinine, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were determined in the sera of animals. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and reduced glutathione (GSH) were measured in hepatic and renal tissues. Renal Na + , K + -ATPase was assessed. The histopathological changes were examined in the hepatic and renal tissues. Obese rats showed a significant increase in AST, ALT, ALP, urea, and creatinine. This was associated with a significant increase in IL-1β, TNF-α, MDA, and NO. A significant decrease in hepatic and renal GSH and renal Na + , K + -ATPase activity was recorded in obese rats. Obese rats also showed histopathological alterations in hepatic and renal tissues. Treatment with ALA and/or CAF-CS NPs reduced the weight of obese rats and ameliorated almost all the hepatic and renal biochemical and histopathological changes induced in obese rats. In conclusion, the present findings indicate that ALA and/or CAF-CS NPs offered an effective therapy against obesity induced by HFD and its hepatic and renal complications. The therapeutic effect of ALA and CAF-CS NPs could be mediated through their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Aggression, a highly prevalent behavior among all the psychological disorders having strong association with psychiatric imbalance, neuroendocrine changes and neurological disturbances (including oxidative stress & neuroinflammation) require both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. Focusing the preclinical neuroendocrine determinants of aggression, this interventional study was designed to elucidate the curative effect of antioxidants on aggression in male mice. Adult albino male mice (n = 140) randomly divided into two main treatment groups for α-lipoic acid (ALA) and silymarin with 5 subgroups (n = 10) for each curative study, namely control, disease (aggression-induced), standard (diazepam, 2.5 mg/kg), low dose (100 mg/kg) and high dose (200 mg/kg) treatment groups of selected antioxidants. Resident-intruder paradigm and levodopa (L-dopa 375 mg/kg, p.o.) induced models were used for aggression. Effect of antioxidant treatment (i.e., 21 days bid) on aggression was assessed by evaluating the changes in aggressive behavior, oxidative stress biomarkers superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, nitrite and malondialdehyde (SOD, CAT, GSH, nitrite & MDA), neurotransmitters (dopamine, nor-adrenaline and serotonin), pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin- 6 (TNF-α & IL-6) along with serum testosterone examination. This study showed potential ameliorative effect on aggressive behavior with both low (100 mg/kg) and high (200 mg/kg) doses of antioxidants (ALA & silymarin). Resident-intruder or L-dopa induced aggression in male mice was more significantly tuned with ALA treatment than silymarin via down regulating both oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers. ALA also exhibited notable effects in managing aggression-induced disturbances on plasma testosterone levels. In conclusion, ALA is more effective than silymarin in attenuating aggression in mice., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

This study investigated the effects of trelagliptin and remogliflozin, alone and in combination with alpha lipoic acid (ALA), on cardiac biomarkers in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). We aimed to assess the management of glucotoxicity consequences in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by measuring serum levels of pharmacologically active endogenous ligands. Forty-eight male rats were divided into different treatment groups, including negative control, positive control, and four experimental groups. After inducing diabetes, the rats were treated for 28 days, and serum levels of biomarkers associated with oxidative stress (malondialdehyde and thioredoxin-interacting protein), inflammation (nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2), and myopathy (neprilysin and high selective cardiac troponin T) were measured. Immunohistochemical analysis of heart cells was also performed. The results showed that inducing hyperglycemia increased serum glucose levels and biomarkers associated with DCM. However, all treatment groups exhibited a significant decrease in these biomarkers and an increase in insulin levels compared to the diabetic control group. The groups receiving combination therapy with ALA showed greater improvements in cardiac biomarkers compared to the individual treatments. The immunohistochemical analysis supported these findings by demonstrating a reduction in the percentage area of cathepsin B, a protein involved in DCM pathophysiology. In conclusion, supplementing the base treatments with ALA showed promise in enhancing cardiac biomarkers associated with DCM. The combination of trelagliptin, remogliflozin, and ALA may have additional clinical value in managing DCM by targeting oxidative stress, inflammation, and glucotoxicity. However, further research is needed to validate these findings and explore their potential clinical applications.

Background and Purpose: In this study, we analyzed the effect of oral and oral + intravenous Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) treatment on pain level and physical examination findings in patients diagnosed with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)., Methods: A total of 115 patients patricipated in the study. Physiotherapy and wrist splint were first applied to all patients diagnosed with CTS in the study. 40 patients were treated with oral ALA after iv. ALA therapy, 35 patients received only oral ALA treatment and 40 patients did not receive any medication. The patients were divided into 3 groups as those who received only splint treatment and physiotherapy, those who received oral ALA treatment, and those who received oral ALA treatment after iv. treatment. All patients were assessed before the treatment, and at the 1st and 3rd months of the treatment. In clinical assessment, visual analog scale (VAS) forms were filled to define the pain severity, the Boston symptom severity scale (BSSS) and Boston functional status scale (BFDS) were filled for evaluating symptoms and functional status., Results: VAS, BSSS and BFDS scores of the patients who were treated with intravenous and then oral ALA were found to be significantly lower at the end of both the 1st and 3rd months compared to the patients who received only oral ALA or no medication (p=0.001; p<0.001), (p=0.001; p<0.001), (p=0.006; p<0.001)., Conclusion: We think that iv. ALA is effective in the treatment of symptoms associated with CTS.