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This report presents 1 new orchid from Taiwan, viz., Goodyera maculata T.P. Lin. New insights revealed a progenitor and progeny relationship between Cheirostylis chinensis and Che. takeoi. I also present trimorphic flowers of Calanthe lyroglossum and dimorphic Gastrodia flexistyla.

This report presents 2 new orchids from Taiwan, viz., Goodyera similis var. similoides T.P. Lin, and Platanthera quadricalcarata T.P. Lin, and 1 natural hybrid Crepidium ×cordilabium T.P. Lin. Bulbophyllum maxi W.M. Lin ex. T.P. Lin is emended with a new definition. Nervilia taiwaniana S.S. Ying was found to be synonymous with N. taitoensis Hayata.

This report presents 3 new orchids from Taiwan, i.e., Oreorchis wumanae T.P. Lin, Cymbidium × oblancifolium Z.J. Liu & S.C. Chen, and Cheirostylis tortilacinia var. wutaiensis T.P. Lin. A color variant of the flower of Oberonia formosana is also presented.

This report presents one new hybrid orchid of Taiwan, i.e., Gastrochilus × hsuehshanensis which resulted from hybridization between G. formosanus and G. rantabunensis. Also, the existence of both Cyrtosia javanica and Cypripedium macranthos in Taiwan is questionable, and these were excluded from the Taiwanese orchid flora.

This report presents two new orchids of Taiwan, i.e., Cheirostylis octodactyla f. cymbiformes and Gastrodia rubinea. Lecanorchis bihuensis is revised and emended with new information.

This report presents two new mycoheterotrophic orchids of Taiwan, i.e., Cyrtosia septentrionalis (Rchb.f.) Garay and Gastrodia kaohsiungensis T.P. Lin. The genus Cyrtosia in Taiwan is also reviewed. The pollinia of Galeola lindleyia and G. falconeri share the same morphology as two species of Cyrtosia found in Taiwan. The pollinia may provide new evidence to merge Galeola with Cyrtosia.

This report presents three new orchids of Taiwan, i.e., Epipogium meridianus T.P. Lin, Liparis monoceros T.P. Lin, and Nervilia septemtrionarius T.P. Lin. Epipogium meridianus could be a hybrid between E. roseum and E. kentingensis.

This report presents three new orchids of Taiwan, i.e., Habenaria alishanensis T.P. Lin & D.M. Huang, Neottia cinsbuensis T.P. Lin & D.M. Huang, and Nephelaphyllum tenuiflorum Blume.

This report presents three new orchids of Taiwan, i.e., Aphyllorchis montana Reichb. f. forma pingtungensis T.P. Lin, Cheirostylis pusilla Lindl. var. simplex T.P. Lin, and Cheirostylis nantouensis T.P. Lin.

Summary Ethylene Response Factor 1 (ERF1) plays a crucial role in biotic and abiotic stress responses. Previous studies have shown that ERF1 regulates stress-responsive gene expression by binding to different cis-acting elements in response to various stress signals. ERF1 was also reported to be unstable in the dark, and it regulates hypocotyl elongation. Here, we elucidated the mechanism underlying degradation of ERF1. Yeast two-hybrid screening showed that UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYME 18 (UBC18) interacted with ERF1. The interaction between ERF1 and UBC18 was verified using pull-down assays and coimmunoprecipitation analyses. We then compared the ERF1 protein abundance in the UBC18 mutant and overexpression plants. Based on the results of protein degradation and in vivo ubiquitination assays, we proposed that UBC18 mediates ERF1 ubiquitination and degradation. ERF1 was more stable in UBC18 mutants and less stable in UBC18 overexpression lines compared with that in wild-type plants. ERF1 was degraded by the 26S proteasome system via regulation of UBC18 and promotes dark-repression of downstream genes and proline accumulation. UBC18 negatively regulated drought and salt stress responses by altering the abundance of ERF1 and the expression of genes downstream of ERF1.

This is a comprehensive name list of native orchids of Taiwan identified since the publication of Flora of Taiwan Vol. 5, second edition (2000). The 330 species, subspecies, varieties and natural hybrids of native orchids reported in that publication increases to 454 in the current list. Type information and selected references, diagnostic notices for each species are reported herein for reference.

ORA47 (octadecanoid-responsive AP2/ERF-domain transcription factor 47) of Arabidopsis thaliana is an AP2/ERF domain transcription factor that regulates jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis and is induced by methyl JA treatment. The regulatory mechanism of ORA47 remains unclear. ORA47 is shown to bind to the cis-element (NC/GT)CGNCCA, which is referred to as the O-box, in the promoter of ABI2. We proposed that ORA47 acts as a connection between ABA INSENSITIVE1 (ABI1) and ABI2 and mediates an ABI1-ORA47-ABI2 positive feedback loop. PORA47:ORA47-GFP transgenic plants were used in a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay to show that ORA47 participates in the biosynthesis and/or signaling pathways of nine phytohormones. Specifically, many abscisic acid (ABA) and JA biosynthesis and signaling genes were direct targets of ORA47 under stress conditions. The JA content of the P35S:ORA47-GR lines was highly induced under wounding and moderately induced under water stress relative to that of the wild-type plants. The wounding treatment moderately increased ABA accumulation in the transgenic lines, whereas the water stress treatment repressed the ABA content. ORA47 is proposed to play a role in the biosynthesis of JA and ABA and in regulating the biosynthesis and/or signaling of a suite of phytohormone genes when plants are subjected to wounding and water stress.

This report presents three new orchids in Taiwan, i.e., Epipactis fascicularis T.P. Lin, Neottia piluchiensis T.P. Lin, and Platanthera nantousylvatica T.P. Lin.

SUMMARY Although glutathione is well known for its reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging function and plays a protective role in biotic stress, its regulatory function in abiotic stress still remains to be elucidated. Our previous study showed that exogenously applied reduced glutathione (GSH) could improve abiotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. Here, we report that endogenously increased GSH also conferred tolerance to drought and salt stress in Arabidopsis. Moreover, both exogenous and endogenous GSH delayed senescence and flowering time. Polysomal profiling results showed that global translation was enhanced after GSH treatment and by the induced increase of GSH level by salt stress. By performing transcriptomic analyses of steady-state and polysome-bound mRNAs in GSH-treated plants, we reveal that GSH has a substantial impact on translation. Translational changes induced by GSH treatment target numerous hormones and stress signaling molecules, which might contribute to the enhanced stress tolerance in GSH-treated plants. Our translatome analysis also revealed that abscisic acid (ABA), auxin and jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis, as well as signaling genes, were activated during GSH treatment, which has not been reported in previously published transcriptomic data. Together, our data suggest that the increased glutathione level results in stress tolerance and global translational changes.

In this report three new orchids to Taiwan, i.e., Cephalantheropsis longipes, Habenaria tsaiana and Nervilia linearilabia are presented. Cephalantheropsis dolichopoda (Fukuy.) Lin is a new combination from Calanthe dolichopoda Fukuy. Liparis sp. is an unknown species also included for reference.