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Given any measurable subset $\omega$ of a closed Riemannian manifold $(M,g)$ and given any $T>0$, we define $\ell^T(\omega)\in[0,1]$ as the smallest average time over $[0,T]$ spent by all geodesic rays in $\omega$. This quantity appears naturally when studying observability properties for the wave equation on $M$, with $\omega$ as an observation subset: the condition $\ell^T(\omega)>0$ is the well known \emph{Geometric Control Condition}.In this article we establish two properties of the functional $\ell^T$, one is geometric and the other is probabilistic.The first geometric property is on the maximal discrepancy of $\ell^T$ when taking the closure. We may have $\ell^T(\mathring{\omega})1/2$ then the Geometric Control Condition is satisfied and thus the wave equation is observable on $\omega$ in time $T$. The second property is of probabilistic nature. We take $M=\mathbb{T}^2$, the flat two-dimensional torus, and we consider a regular grid on it, a regular checkerboard made of $n^2$ square white cells. We construct random subsets $\omega_\varepsilon^n$ by darkening each cell in this grid with a probability $\varepsilon$. We prove that the random law $\ell^T(\omega_\varepsilon^n)$ converges in probability to $\varepsilon$ as $n\rightarrow+\infty$.As a consequence, if $n$ is large enough then the Geometric Control Condition is satisfied almost surely and thus the wave equation is observable on $\omega_\varepsilon^n$ in time $T$.

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RÉSUMÉDans cette contribution, nous analysons un corpus de chansons ayant accédé à la première place de classements musicaux réalisés pour la France entre 1956 et 2017. Cette base de données nous permet de nous questionner sur le type d’oralité que produit l’industrie du disque francophone. Si les chansons présentent des caractéristiques conceptionnelles relevant de la distance (Koch et Oesterreicher, 2001), quelques traits linguistiques relevés sont pourtant illustratifs d’une proximité conceptionnelle. Nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement aux liaisons dans les chansons, à leur possible réalisation dans ces productions préparées en comparaison avec des corpus spontanés ou de locuteurs professionnels, aux liaisons variables (que nous considérons comme une marque de distance) et à l’évolution diachronique de leur réalisation. Pour mener à bien cette analyse, nous avons utilisé un outil facilitant l’étude sur corpus des liaisons, que nous présenterons. C’est surtout la réalisation de certaines liaisons variables, comme après suis, étais ou jamais, plus spécifiquement réalisées dans notre corpus, qui concourt au caractère distant de ces productions langagières. Au fil du temps, la réalisation des liaisons variables a diminué dans les chansons, par exemple après est ou préposition, les rapprochant de productions relevant de la proximité.

The centralizer of the image of the diagonal embedding of $U_q(\mathfrak{sl}_2)$ in the tensor product of three irreducible representations is examined in a Schur-Weyl duality spirit. The aim is to offer a description in terms of generators and relations. A conjecture in this respect is offered with the centralizers presented as quotients of the Askey-Wilson algebra. Support for the conjecture is provided by an examination of the representations of the quotients. The conjecture is also shown to be true in a number of cases thereby exhibiting in particular the Temperley-Lieb, Birman-Murakami-Wenzl and one-boundary Temperley-Lieb algebras as quotients of the Askey-Wilson algebra., 26 pages

International audience; The term na᷆ ~ na᷄ w can only appear clause-finally in Samba Leko. Depending on the instance, it belongs to paradigms of either locative postpositions or expressive particles and must therefore be considered polyfunctional in the terminology of Robert (2003). na᷆ ~ na᷄ w is identified by speakers as identical in all its attestations and is always glossed as 'in hand'. The interpretation of na᷆ ~ na᷄ w as an expression of control would need to be supported by further ethnolinguistic investigation but is still helpful for explaining its range of uses. The analysis of this term given in another paper is first summarized, and its implications in the wider context of Adamawa languages in general are then discussed.

This paper proposes an ontological approach to connect the archaeological topographic evidence for movement in the landscape which can be derived from interpretation and spatial analysis of airborne lidar data with models of movement derived from modeling exercises such as Agent Based Modelling or Cost Path Modelling. This computational ontology enables the investigation of movement and its topographic manifestations in the landscape at various spatio-temporal scales. It creates an explicit framework for accessing meaningful information about movement generated through research using both detection and modelling-led approaches. Developing explicit computational frameworks to provide meaningful context is critical, particularly as remote sensing and modelling projects increase in scale and complexity. The process of developing a computational ontology exposes a deeper underlying issue, and one applicable to many topics we address as archaeologists: if we begin to unpack the concept of ‘movement’ it is readily apparent that it is a complex phenomenon, like many human habits, and studying it requires drawing together a variety of types of physical evidence and multiple, often competing, theoretical models of human processes and practices. If we wish to make archaeological ‘data’ on movement available, how do we create appropriate contextual information – really useful metadata – so that this data can be incorporated into the variety of studies for which knowledge of movement is relevant? This is essentially the challenge posed broadly by the FAIR principles, and in particular by the principle of interoperability, which suggests that we “use a formal, accessible, shared, and broadly applicable language for knowledge representation”. Rather than simply seeking to fulfill the requirements of an arbitrary standard, attempting to meet the challenge of interoperability provides an impetus and opportunity to attempt to bridge the gap between data and model, and to reconsider how we conceive and represent knowledge in archaeological digital data and modelling projects. This kind of computational ontology, we suggest, can serve as the key for making the data from both these sources actually FAIR.

We estimate the bottom of the $L^2$ spectrum of the Laplacian on locally symmetric spaces in terms of the critical exponents of appropriate Poincar\'e series. Our main result is the higher rank analog of a characterization due to Elstrodt, Patterson, Sullivan and Corlette in rank one. It improves upon previous results obtained by Leuzinger and Weber in higher rank., Comment: To appear in Geometriae Dedicata

L’évocation de la crise donne lieu, au sein de l’équipe médicale, à des élaborations discursives diverses et intriquées à travers l’articulation nécessaire de différentes temporalités dans l’élaboration du parcours de soin, allant de l’immédiateté de l’acte au processus de soin dans sa globalité. Nous proposons une réflexion sur les ressources mobilisées par les membres d’une équipe pluridisciplinaire en addictologie pour établir, au cours d’une interaction puis au fil des réunions, les contours de la crise, éléments de diagnostic qui détermineront ensuite l’ajustement du projet de soin ; le récit est une ressource majeure pour ce faire. L’étude exemplaire d’un ensemble d’extraits d’interactions de soin en réunion d’équipe (ISRE) consacrés à la crise d’un usager particulier pris en charge dans le service, nous permettra de dégager les caractéristiques du fonctionnement des récits dans ce contexte : la thématisation de l’état de crise de l’usager par l’équipe soignante “synchronise” les temporalités en alternant entre les énonciations situées (dans le présent actuel ou le passé) et les énonciations plus générales. Aussi, la progression thématique est souvent récursive.

International audience; Nous nous intéressons aux emplois de après dans une perspective micro-diachronique, en nous appuyant sur l’annotation d’un millier d’occurrences relevées dans le corpus ESLO (Enquêtes Sociolinguistiques à Orléans), comprenant des enregistrements collectés à 40 ans d’intervalle (ESLO1 et ESLO2). Dans cette contribution, nous nous attardons sur l’annotation fine morphosyntaxique et sémantico-pragmatique de après qui a permis d’identifier notamment un large éventail de valeurs sémantico-pragmatiques dont le cumul est très fréquent dans les emplois énonciatifs de l’unité. Nous présentons ensuite les tendances observées en microdiachronie dont les principaux résultats sont la forte progression des emplois de MD (3,5 fois plus dans ESLO2) et, sur le plan de la diavariation, la mise en évidence de l’effet générationnel et de l’effet du genre interactionnel sur l’emploi énonciatif de après.

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Most research on critical infrastructure (CI) interdependencies focus primarily on their role in propagating system disruptions, neglecting their role during the restoration and recovery processes. The few studies incorporating interdependencies to model restoration, often consider hypothetical situations, cover a maximum of five CIs, or focus on short-term recovery. In an effort to bridge this gap, the presented study investigates the influence of CI interdependencies on the restoration of Saint Martin's CI network-of-networks after Hurricane Irma. Daily restoration data of 15 CIs was collected to build service restoration curves over a period of 28 months (medium-to long-term recovery). Obtained recovery curves revealed that while Irma took a proportionate toll on all Saint-Martin's CI, the latter's recovery took a surprisingly long time. Our investigation found underlying interdependencies that were ignored in the plans, which could have led to a slower system restoration process. Accordingly, a holistic “network-of-networks”-based approach coupled with statistical modeling was followed to rank CI according to their criticality degree and correspondingly simulate a criticality-based systemic restoration plan. Key findings reveal that, in order to optimize CI recovery, the conventional silo-based and decentralized CI-by-CI restoration approaches should be complemented by a well-coordinated restoration strategy that recognizes and considers interdependencies.

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In this paper, we challenge the claim that an independent conservative central bank strengthens the likelihood of a conservative government. In contrast, if an election is based on the comparative advantages of the candidates, an inflation-averse central banker can deter the chances of a conservative candidate because once inflation is removed, its comparative advantage in the fight against inflation disappears. We develop a theory based on a policy-mix game with electoral competition, predicting that the chances of a conservative (i.e., inflation-averse) party is reduced in the presence of tighter monetary policy. To test this prediction, we examine monthly data of British political history between 1960 and 2015. We show that a 1 percentage point increase in the interest rate in the 10 months prior to a national election decreases the popularity of a Tory government by approximately 0.75 percentage points relative to its trend.

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numéro coordonnée par Badreddine HAMMA; International audience; Ce recueil est consacré au passif, ou à ce que l’on appelle communément « voix passive ». Il réunit des travaux portant sur diverses langues vernaculaires, avec parfois une dimension contrastive. L’intérêt de cette entreprise vient du fait que la construction étudiée ici est surtout considérée dans ses manifestations à l’oral, à partir de situations authentiques de communication, ce qui va à l’encontre de ce qui est constaté dans la tradition grammaticale. En effet, le passif est, depuis toujours, enseigné et décrit sous l’angle de situations typiques, formatées et quasi figées, issues essentiellement de la langue écrite ou reposant sur des phrases forgées.

numéro coordonnée par Badreddine HAMMA; International audience; The aim of this study is to take stock of the contributions of orality and oral corpora to the study of passive in French. At the heart of these contributions, it would be appropriate, in our opinion, to mention the question of the global grammatical status of this turn and its extent in non‑controlled discourse, in terms of coextensiveness (passive uses do not always coincide with the limits of the sentence). It emerges that the narrow frame of the sentence does not allow accounting for all the passive uses that can be observed in the discourse and leaves aside, for instance, macrosyntactic ones, which could have an impact on the known glosses and analyses of the passive construction. Our demonstration will concern speech verbs in their periphrastic passive uses in the oral speech.; L’objectif de cette étude est de faire le point sur les apports de l’oralité et des corpus oraux à l’étude du passif. Au cœur de ces apports, il conviendrait, selon nous, de citer la question du statut grammatical global de ce tour et de son étendue dans un discours non contrôlé, en termes de coextensivité (le passif dans l’usage ne coïncidant pas toujours avec l’étendue phrastique). Il en ressort que l’espace de la phrase ne permet pas de rendre compte de toutes les constructions passives observables dans le discours et marginalise, par exemple, ses emplois macrosyntaxiques, ce qui pourrait avoir une incidence sur les gloses et les analyses connues sur ce tour. Notre démonstration concernera ici les verbes de parole dans leur emploi au passif périphrastique à l’oral.

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L’exposition itinerante « L’Art et la Matiere » (2016-2022) est une galerie de dix moulages de sculptures que le public est invite a decouvrir par le toucher. L’article etudie les verbalisations produites lors de cette activite par des visiteurs aux yeux bandes qui ont prealablement ecoute une audiodescription des statues. En croisant l’approche conversationnelle et l’analyse du discours, les auteurs s’interessent aux processus de categorisation en jeu durant l’exploration haptique et a leurs liens avec les audiodescriptions. Ils en tirent quelques indications utilisables par les concepteurs de ces dispositifs.

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International audience; A number of evacuation models exist in literature, but investigations of their operational aspects and efficient implementation are rare. The purpose of this paper is to critically assess the operational aspect of pedestrian evacuation models for flash floods mitigation. Through a detailed real-life case study in Ras-Baalbek village-Lebanon, the efficiency of evacuation models when it comes to saving lives was examined. Potential evacuation times were established using an anisotropic least-cost-distance (LCD) approach combined with an exploratory geospatial analysis. The next step was a field verification of the obtained results and accordingly, a detailed evacuation plan that would allow evacuees for a quick departure before flash floods arrival was established. Based on the modeling results, evacuation signs were proposed to be installed on roads along with building vertical-evacuation structures to enhance the evacuation time. The obtained evacuation-modeling outcomes showcased to have multiple operational implications: flood risk outreach, educating and training (preparedness and response), reducing risk and casualties, long-term land use/land cover zoning and, ultimately, improving communities’ resilience to floods.

This thesis analyses BEAC's monetary policy internal final objective relative to inflation. The adopted approach is in accordance with the now established New Synthesis consensus which recognizes monetary impulses potential impact on real variables in the short-term. More precisely, the carried out empirical investigations within the thesis framework aim to study, in one hand, a relevant inflation norm for price stability in the medium-term and, in the other and, a desirable inflation rate for short-term economic growth in the CEMAC area. We do this in three steps. First, after having laid the conceptual and theoretical nominal and real rigidities generating processes, we aim to provide a solid empirical background for BEAC's monetary policy, in order to test the irrefutability of their presence hypothesis in its area of influence (chapter 1). Second, we place ourselves in the context induced by the outcome of non-refutation of the aforementioned hypothesis, one consequence of which is the existence of a core inflation component in inflation rate dynamics. The goal pursued is then to determine and quantify a level of core inflation rate, which can serve as benchmark for medium-term price stability of BEAC's monetary internal final objective (chapter 2). Third, still in the concern of nominal and real rigidities presence in CEMAC which another implication is related to monetary policy impulse to have real effects in the short-term, we look for a desirable inflation rate which is coherent in short-term with achievement of the high economic growth-rate in CEMAC's member states. In order to avoid any ambiguity about the co-existence of two inflation rates as monetary policy reference for BEAC, we precise that this desirable inflation, as a normative measure, converges towards core inflation rate, which is a positive measure, in the long-term, since at equilibrium in the long-term, inflation is exclusively a monetary phenomenon, therefore dependent on core inflation (chapter 3). At the end, we hope that analyses conducted in this thesis, would contribute modestly to the ongoing reflexion in UMAC, in order to reform monetary cooperation with french partner.; En accord avec le consensus désormais établi par la Nouvelle Synthèse sur le potentiel des variations du stock nominal de monnaie pour influencer à court terme l'évolution des variables de la sphère réelle, la présente thèse analyse l'objectif final auplan interne de la politique monétaire de la BEAC. Plus précisément, les investigations empiriques menées dans le cadre de cette thèse visent à étudier une norme d'inflation pertinente pour la stabilité des prix à moyen terme et un taux d'inflation désirable pour la croissance économique à court terme dans la CEMAC. Pour cela, nous procédons en trois étapes. Dans un premier temps, après avoir posé les bases conceptuelles des processus théoriques d'engendrement des rigidités nominales et réelles, nous visons à fournir un socle empirique solide à la politique monétaire de la BEAC, en établissant l'irréfutabilité de leur existence dans sa zone d'émission (chapitre 1). Puis, dans un second temps, nous nous plaçons dans le contexte induit par cette issue, dont l'une des incidences est l'existence d'un noyau d'inflation à caractériser, en discriminant dans les origines de l'inflation, ses composantes monétaire et non essentiellement monétaire. L'objectif poursuivi est alors de déterminer une norme positive d'inflation exprimée en fonction du noyau d'inflation, pour servir d'indicateur de référence à la stabilité des prix à moyen terme, de l'objectif final au plan interne de la politique monétaire de la BEAC (chapitre 2). En n, toujours en relation avec la présence de rigidités nominales et réelles dans l'UMAC, dont une autre implication est le potentiel des impulsions monétaires pour induire des effets réels, nous recherchons un taux d'inflation désirable pour la croissance économique à court terme dans les Etats membres de la CEMAC. Pour éviter toute ambiguïté quant à l'objectif d'inflation de la BEAC, nous rappelons que cette inflation désirable, plutôt normative, converge vers l'inflation sous-jacente, puisqu'à l'équilibre de long terme l'inflation reste un phénomène exclusivement monétaire, donc dépendant du noyau d'inflation (chapitre 3). Au total, nous nous proposons de verser ainsi une modeste contribution à la réflexion en cours dans l'UMAC qui s'attèle à réformer la coopération monétaire avec le partenaire français.

Inˇs’Allah introduces a significant proportion of future tense utterances in Tunisian Arabic. This sequence has a multitude of secularized uses, resulting from the pragmaticalization of its initial religious meaning. The objective of this article is, on the one hand, to identify the origin of the expression and to restitute the pragmaticalization mechanism it has undergone, and, on the other hand, to determine its distributional properties and its main semantic-pragmatic values in context. The identification of the types of use and their classification is based on the exhaustive exploration of an authentic oral corpus of about 450 occurrences. Their study allows the recognition of a multitude of distinct contextual uses. These uses will be described and illustrated, before being linked by a hypothesis of anthropological explanation: the use of this sequence would reflect a conception of the future as a magical time not entirely domesticated., Le futur comme temps magique. Inš'Allah entre dogme, modalisation et superstition Une proportion non négligeable d'énoncés au futur s'accompagne en arabe de l'expression inš'Allah (ar. littéralement ‹Si Dieu veut›). Le sens religieux initial de la formule, identifiable notamment par son contour prosodique, peut sans conteste se réactiver dans certains contextes dogmatiques. Mais, dans son usage courant, à l'instar de nombreuses formules d'origine islamique (Traverso 2006 ; Zamouri 2016), la valeur religieuse de cette expression s'estompe, laissant émerger ce que M. Piamenta (1979) appelle des secularized usages (‹emplois laïcisés›). Malgré sa fréquence, l'expression n'a fait l'objet que de quelques études anglophones dans les variétés levantines de l'arabe parlé (Clift & Helani 2010 pour l'arabe syrien ; Jaradat 2014 pour l'arabe jordanien). Elle n'a donc pas suscité l'intérêt des linguistes francophones, et, par ricochet, n'a pas, à notre connaissance, été étudiée dans les variétés d'arabe parlées au Maghreb.

We propose a novel Kaluza-Klein scheme which assumes the internal space to be maximally non-Riemannian, meaning that no Riemannian metric can be defined for any subspace. Its description is only possible through Double Field Theory but not within supergravity. We spell out the corresponding Scherk-Schwarz twistable Kaluza--Klein ansatz, and point out that the internal space prevents rigidly any graviscalar moduli. Plugging the same ansatz into higher-dimensional pure Double Field Theory and also to a known doubled-yet-gauged string action, we recover heterotic supergravity as well as heterotic worldsheet action. In this way, we show that 1) supergravity and Yang-Mills theory can be unified into higher-dimensional pure Double Field Theory, free of moduli, and 2) heterotic string theory may have a higher-dimensional non-Riemannian origin., v1) 5 pages v2) minor change, 6 pages. To be published in Physics Letters B

Granger-causality measures of interconnectedness between financial institutions are useful indicators of systemic risk (Billio et al., 2012) [Journal of Financial Economics], as they help in evaluating how far the distress of one institution is disseminated across the whole of the financial system through networks. This article provides a critical assessment of Granger-causality networks, showing that they can lead to inconsistent measures of systemic risk contributions because of the presence of spurious causalities arising from indirect contagion effects. The traditional solutions for controlling for these effects using inference on conditional Granger-causality lead to the curse of dimensionality though. To solve this, we provide a measure of financial network systemic risk contributions that is based on the leave-one-out (LOO) concept. For a given financial institution, the new measure evaluates how far the total number of significant Granger-causalities breaks down when this institution is excluded from the system. We control for spurious causalities between the remaining institutions due to the indirect contagion effect of the excluded financial institution using a conditional Granger-causality test, which is free of the curse of dimensionality. Empirical applications are conducted using daily market returns for a sample of the world’s largest banks. The results show that our measure gives a meaningful ranking of the systemic importance of financial institutions that is consistent with the ranking of global systemically important banks (G-SIBs) provided by the Financial Stability Board (FSB). Moreover, our measure is shown to be a robust and significant early-warning indicator of large losses from a systemic event, and is strongly driven by balance-sheet variables related to size, business model and profitability.

Contribution Length and Social SecurityWealth : The Impact of the French Pension Reform Act of 1993. Using thewave 2008 of an administrative panel database (the Échantillon Interrégimes des Retraités), we quantify the effects of the French pension reform act of 1993 on Social Security Wealth (SSW) for pensioners affiliated to the main base pension schemewhich covers private sectorworkers, namely the Caisse nationale d’assurance vieillesse des travailleurs salariés. This indicator enables us to estimate the effects on lifetime wealth derived from pension rights of delayed retirement and pension penalty on incomplete career resulting from the increase in the required contribution length to obtain a full pension with the reform. We show that pension penalty has a negative effect on SSW for all pensioners, including both men and women of the first cohorts of retirees exposed to this reform i. e. those born between 1934 and 1943. The reduction in SSW due to this penalty is higher for men than for women. However, delayed retirement has a positive effect formen and a negative one for women. For men, the increase in SSW due to delayed retirement is cancelled out on average by pension penalty. For women, the decrease in SSW due to pension penalty is mitigated by raising the retirement age. In addition, the consequences of this reform are not uniform along the sample distribution of SSW, with the pension penalty having a high and negative impact on the lowest levels of SSW and a delayed retirement which does not fully offset this adverse effect in this part of the population of retirees., À l’aide des données de l’Échantillon Interrégimes des Retraités de 2008, nous quantifions les effets de la réforme des retraites de 1993 sur l’équivalent patrimonial des droits à retraite (EPDR) des retraités de la Caisse nationale d’assurance vieillesse des travailleurs salariés (CNAVTS). Cet indicateur permet d’estimer les effets sur les droits à la retraite du report de l’âge de liquidation et de la décote induits par l’allongement de la durée d’assurance requise pour une retraite à taux plein. Nous montrons que la décote a un effet négatif sur l’EPDR de l’ensemble des retraités considérés, aussi bien chez les hommes que chez les femmes nées entre 1934 et 1943. La diminution de l’EPDR liée à la décote est plus importante pour les hommes que pour les femmes. Le report de l’âge de liquidation a en revanche un effet positif pour les hommes et négatif pour les femmes. L’augmentation d’EPDR entrainée par le report est annulée par la décote pour les hommes ; tandis que la baisse de l’EPDR liée à la décote est amortie par le report pour les femmes. Par ailleurs, les conséquences de la réforme ne sont pas homogènes le long de la distribution de l’EPDR, avec un effet décote plus marqué pour les EPDR les plus modestes, sans que le report ne permette une compensation totale., Daniel Christophe, Mottet Stéphane, Nze-Obame Jesus Herell, Séjourné Bruno, Tagne Christian. Durée d’assurance et équivalent patrimonial des droits à la retraite : l’impact de la réforme de 1993. In: Économie & prévision, n°214, 2018. Conférences Evaluation des politiques publiques. pp. 141-162.

International audience; In this paper, we show how environmental regulation affects trade in fuels. The regulation is assessed along two dimensions: one tackling the extraction and another one dealing with the use of fuels. Using a gravity model with 141 countries for the period 1998-2015, we show that regulations on the extraction of fuels have no impact on trade compared to those related to the use of these non-renewable resources. Specifically, we find that introducing Energy laws slows down fuels trade at the world level and that if importers get involved in more international environmental treaties, they will import less fuels.

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This working paper overviews theoretical foundations and estimators derived from econometric models used to analyze stated choices proposed in Discrete Choice Experiment (DCE)surveys. Discrete Choice Modelling is adapted to the case where the variable to be explained is a qualitative variable which cannot be ranked in relation to each other. A situation which occurs in many cases in everyday life as people often have to choose only one alternative among a proposed set of different ones in many fields (early in the morning, just think about how you pick clothes for instance). DCE is a Stated Preference method in which preferences are elicited through repeated fictional choices, proposed to a sample of respondents. Compared to RevealedPreference methods, DCEs allow for an ex ante evaluation of public policies that do not yet exists.

In this paper we report and analyse data from the ESLO corpus of oral French, constituted during two time periods (1960–2010), allowing for an in-depth exploration of French partial interrogatives under a refined sociolinguistic perspective. With an original methodology for extracting the data we were able to create several subcorpora based on age of the speakers, interactive context and time period. The combination of all the data and the use of raw frequencies as well as Bayesian modeling shed new light on the variation available to French native speakers as to how they can structure a partial interrogative (position of the interrogative element, verb-subject inversion, “est-ce que” idiom). This variation has evolved throughout the 20th century, and both the social group (age) of the speaker and perceived characteristics of the context of interaction combine in different ways to weigh on what type of partial interrogative people will use.

International audience; A limited number of studies in the scientific literature discuss the “Build-Back-Better” (BBB) critical infrastructure (CI) concept. Investigations of its operational aspects and its efficient implementation are even rarer. The term “Better” in BBB is often confusing to practitioners and leads to unclear and non-uniform objectives for guiding accurate decision-making. In an attempt to fill these gaps, this study offers a conceptual analysis of BBB’s operational aspects by examining the term “Better”. In its methodological approach, this study evaluates the state of Saint-Martin’s CI before and after Hurricane Irma and, accordingly, reveals the indicators to assess during reconstruction projects. The proposed methods offer practitioners a guidance tool for planning efficient BBB CI projects or for evaluating ongoing programs through the established BBB evaluation grid. Key findings of the study offer insights and a new conceptual equation of the BBB CI by revealing the holistic and interdisciplinary connotations behind the term “Better” CI: “Build-Back-resilient”, “Build-Back-sustainable”, and “Build-Back-accessible to all and upgraded CI”. The proposed explanations can facilitate the efficient application of BBB for CI by operators, stakeholders, and practitioners and can help them to contextualize the term “Better” with respect to their area and its CI systems. View Full-Text

The ESLO-Children module is a longitudinal variationist corpus derived from the large French-language corpus: Enquêtes SocioLinguistiques à Orléans (ESLO). It is variationist because it is based on a varied audience (children aged 2 to 7 with their close relatives) from families of different socio-economic and cultural categories and recorded in a variety of natural situations that form the daily lives of children. This corpus, which will be made available on both ESLO and Childes, was created with the aim of studying the impact of the language environment (input) on children’s productions (ouput). For this study, liaison, an object that is both stable and variable, has been shown to be a sociolinguistic phenomenon that is conducive to observing its transmission on children in the process of language acquisition, but also to observing possible differences between families., Corpus ESLO-Enfants : de sa création aux premiers résultats Résumé Le module ESLO-Enfants est un corpus variationniste longitudinal issu du grand corpus de langue française : Enquêtes SocioLinguistiques à Orléans (ESLO). Variationniste car il s'appuie sur un public varié (enfants de 2 ans à 7 ans avec leur entourage proche) provenant de familles de différentes catégories socio-économico-culturelles et enregistré dans des situations naturelles variées formant le quotidien des enfants. Ce corpus, qui sera mis à disposition à la fois sur ESLO et Childes, a été créé dans le but d'étudier l'impact de l'environnement langagier (input) sur les productions enfantines (ouput). Pour cette étude, la liaison, objet à la fois stable et variable, s'est révélée être un phénomène sociolinguistique propice pour observer sa transmission à des enfants en cours d'acquisition du langage mais aussi pour observer d'éventuelles différences entre les familles.

To answer the increasing trend of corpora sharing and data format heterogeneity, we present a method for converting spoken language corpora to several tool formats in order to facilitate linguistic analysis. For this research, we take as an example the ESLO corpus for several reasons: its open-source licence, its standard format used for its construction, its size, and its sociolinguistic and micro-diacronic characteristics. Our study is based on a compilation of the ESLO corpus in order to make it compatible with the textometric tool TXM. We operate a set of operations to use all the possibilities the tool offers. Finally, we present a fine-grained and multidimensional analysis of the interrogatives utterances used in the ESLO corpus., Pour répondre aux problématiques engendrées par la diffusion de plus en plus massive des corpus linguistiques et à l'hétérogénéité de leurs formats, nous proposons une méthode permettant de prendre en main des corpus langagiers oraux et de les convertir dans un format permettant leur exploitation outillée. Pour cette recherche, le corpus ESLO nous sert d'exemple par sa licence de diffusion, son format, son volume et ses atouts sociolinguistiques et diachroniques. Notre travail se fonde sur la compilation de ce corpus pour le rendre compatible avec l'outil de textométrie TXM. Nous opérons un ensemble de transformations des données pour l'utiliser au mieux. Enfin, pour illustrer les apports de ces avancées méthodologiques, nous proposons une analyse fine et multidimensionnelle de l'usage des interrogatives dans le corpus ESLO.

International audience; Sur la base de deux corpus d’interactions de soin, recueillis en santé mentale et en addictologie, cet article retrace l’élaboration de deux profils d’usager.es en proposant une analyse qualitative des extraits d’interactions correspondants. Nous mettons en exergue une ressource de cette élaboration collective par l’équipe pluridisciplinaire : les figures, objets émergents, constitués intersubjectivement, qui apparaissent dans des fonctions d’expansion et de condensation, liées à la construction du soin dans le parcours qui l’intègre.

This chapter presents a basic Tree Adjoining Grammar of Gwadloupéyen. It describes its key features and develops an analysis of nominal predicates., Ce chapitre présente les bases de la constitution d’une grammaire TAG (grammaire d’arbres adjoints) pour le gwadloupéyen (créole de Guadeloupe). Il en décrit les principes et illustre son fonctionnement sur un point précis : les phrases à prédicat nominal., Chapit sa a prezante baz konstitisyon yon TAG gramè (Tree-Adjoining Grammar) pou gwadloupeyen (kreyòl Gwadloup). Li dekri prensip yo epi ilistre fason li fonksyone sou yon pwen espesifik: fraz nominal la.

International audience

We prove that all the nilpotent centers of planar analytic differential systems are limit of centers with purely imaginary eigenvalues, and consequently the Poincaré--Liapunov method to detect centers with purely imaginary eigenvalues can be used to detect nilpotent centers. The first and third authors are partially supported by a MICINN grant number MTM2011-22877 and by a CIRIT grant number 2014 SGR 1204. The fourth author is partially supported by a MINECO/FEDER grant MTM2008-03437, a CIRIT grant number 2009SGR-410, an ICREA Academia, the grant FP7-PEOPLE-2012- IRSES 318999, and FEDER-UNAB10-4E-378.

This chapter deals with the relationship to writing of middle school students (11 years old) from contrasting geographical and social backgrounds. It focuses on pragmatic skills., Ce chapitre traite du rapport à l’écrit/ure des élèves d’un panel constituant un échantillon représentatif des six profils des collèges ayant participé au projet ÉCRICOL (urbains favorisés et défavorisés, ruraux favorisés et défavorisés, REP et REP+). Il s’intéresse aux compétences pragmatiques.

International audience

International audience; This paper investigates the determinants of solar photovoltaic (PV) deployment in the electricity mix for a panelof OECD and BRICS countries from 1997 to 2016 by paying particular attention to the impact of oil market con-ditions. Relying on a nonlinear, regime-switching specification, we show that rising oil prices stimulate PV de-ployment only if their growth rate exceeds 6.7% per annum. Although wefind that various other determinantsmatter—with the influence of some of them depending on the situation on the oil market—public policies playa crucial role.

This study follows a previous work about the distribution of synthetic (SF) and periphrastic (PF) future tense in modern French and the evolution of both forms in a micro-diachronic corpus of spoken French (Enquêtes Sociolinguistiques à Orléans). We identified, among other phenomena explaining the actual quantitative domination of the periphrastic future, the emerging discourse marker on va dire, which frequency increased significantly in the past 40 years. This paper aims at studying the process of pragmaticalization undergone by the form, describing its specific semantic and syntactic properties. We also examine the global semantic instruction expressed by this form and its pragmatic effects in context., Cette étude est le prolongement d’une recherche antérieure sur la distribution des formes du futur (futur simple et futur périphrastique) et leur évolution dans un corpus oral micro-diachronique, les Enquêtes sociolinguistiques à Orléans. Parmi les phénomènes qui explique la domination synchronique actuelle du FP, nous avons identifié l’émergence de l’expression on va dire, quasiment absence 40 ans plus tôt. L’objectif de cet article est d’étudier la pragmaticalisation de cette forme, vue comme un marqueur discursif, avec des propriétés syntaxiques et sémantiques spécifiques que nous présenterons. Il sera également question d’identifier l’instruction sémantique globale exprimée par ce marqueur ainsi que les différents effets de sens qu’il permet.

International audience; Organic matter is thought to play a role in the genesis of many Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposits, acting as a reducing agent during thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR). Although TSR is an extremely slow reaction at low temperatures (