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Deuterium-labeling experiments were performed for the Fe(PMe3)4-catalyzed C–H/olefin coupling using a deuterium-labeled aromatic ketone with various alkenes. While the reactions with a variety of alkenes provided the linear alkylation products formed via 1,2-insertion of alkene into an Fe–H bond, the reversible 2,1-insertion proceeded during the reaction highly depends on the choice of the alkene. No H/D scrambling resulting from 2,1-insertion/β-elimination was detected for the reactions with a vinylsilane and N-vinylcarbazole, but the reactions­ with styrenes are considered to involve rapid 2,1-insertion/ β-elimination processes to cause significant levels of H/D scrambling.

A two‐step sequence for the enantio‐ and diastereoselective synthesis of exclusively alkyl‐substituted acyclic allylic systems with a stereocenter in the allylic position is reported. The asymmetric induction and the site selectivity are controlled in an enantio‐ and regioconvergent nickel‐catalyzed C(sp3)−C(sp3) cross‐coupling of regioisomeric mixtures of racemic α‐/γ‐silylated allylic halides and primary alkylzinc reagents. The silyl group steers the allylic displacement towards the formation of the vinylsilane regioisomer, and the resulting C(sp2)−Si bond serves as a linchpin for the installation of various C(sp3) substituents in a subsequent step., A nickel‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of regioisomeric mixtures of racemic silylated allylic halides and primary alkylzinc reagents enables the enantio‐ and regioconvergent synthesis of vinylsilanes with an allylic stereocenter. The silyl group controls the regiochemical outcome and is at the same time a placeholder for another alkyl substituent that can be installed in a subsequent cross‐coupling.

The branch-selective C–H alkenylation with alkenes using an iridium catalyst is reported. The Ir(III)-catalyzed reaction of aniline derivatives that contain a pyrimidine-directing group with vinyls...

We herein disclose the first Ni-catalyzed Hiyama coupling of aryl halides with vinylsilanes. This protocol uses cheap, nontoxic, and stable vinyltrimethoxysilane as the vinyl donor, proceeds under mild and ligand-free conditions, furnishing a diverse variety of styrene derivatives in high yields with excellent functional group compatibility.

The hydrosilylation of alkynes is a powerful process for producing vinylsilane compounds, which are synthetically versatile organosilicon reagents in organic chemistry. Herein, atomically dispersed Au anchored on g-C3N4 nanosheets is developed as a superior catalyst for the alkyne hydrosilylation reaction. The atomic Au species are in the +1 oxidative state coordinating with three nitrogen atoms observed via X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) characterization and analysis. Aromatic alkynes and aliphatic alkynes with various functional groups can effectively produce corresponding β-(E)-vinylsilane products with high conversion and selectivity. The atomically dispersed Au catalyst could be reused at least for five cycles without obvious decline in activity and selectivity. The unique structural and electronic characteristic of AuI–N3 sites are conducive to the successive activation of Si–H bonds, which boost the superior activity and selectivity of the single atom site Au in alkyne hydrosilylation.

International audience; Commercially available Ni(II) and Co(II) complexes – M(acac)2 (acac = acetylacetonate) and M(tmhd)2 (tmhd = 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato) – exhibit catalytic activity for alkene/vinylsilane dehydrogenative silylation (DS) and hydrosilylation (HS) with tertiary silanes without the use of any external reducing agents. Using the model compounds divinyltetramethylsiloxane a.k.a dvtms and vinylpentamethyldisiloxane a.k.a vpmds, different selectivities (HS, DS, undesired non-C–Si bond-forming reactions…) are observed whether nickel or cobalt catalysts are employed, with Ni being DS-selective and Co yielding bothHS and DS products. All four complexes are efficient at thermally inducing silicone-oil crosslinking under a non-inert atmosphere, and promote metal-dependent selectivity that is slightly different from model reactions, which HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy unveils. Additional observations as well as NMR studies of [Ni(tmhd)2 + reagent] mixtures provide some insights into the possible activation pathways.

The cross-electrophile coupling has become a powerful tool for C-C bond formation, but its potential for forging the C-Si bond remains unexplored. Here we report a cross-electrophile Csp2 -Si coupling reaction of vinyl/aryl electrophiles with vinyl chlorosilanes. This new protocol offers an approach for facile and precise synthesis of organosilanes with high molecular diversity and complexity from readily available materials. The reaction proceeds under mild and non-basic conditions, demonstrating a high step economy, broad substrate scope, wide functionality tolerance, and easy scalability. The synthetic utility of the method is shown by its efficient accessing of silicon bioisosteres, the design of new BCB-monomers, and studies on the Hiyama cross-coupling of vinylsilane products.

Sila-molecules have recently attracted attention due to their promising applications in medical and industrial fields. Compared with all-carbon parent compounds, the different covalent radius and electronegativity of silicon from carbon generally endow the corresponding sila-analogs with unique biological activity and physicochemical properties. Vinylsilanes feature both silyl-hyperconjugation effect and versatile reactivities, developing vinylsilane-based Smiles rearrangement will therefore provide an efficient platform to assemble complex silacycles. Here we report a practical Ir(III)-catalyzed cycloaromatization of ortho-alkynylaryl vinylsilanes with arylsulfonyl azides for delivering naphthyl-fused benzosiloles under visible-light photoredox conditions. The combination of experiments and density functional theory (DFT) energy profiles reveals the reaction mechanism involving α-silyl radical Smiles rearrangement., Arene-fused siloles have attracted interest due to their promising applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices. Here, the authors report Ir(III)-catalyzed cycloaromatization of ortho-alkynylaryl vinylsilanes with arylsulfonyl azides via α-silyl radical Smiles rearrangement for accessing naphthyl-fused benzosiloles under visible-light photoredox conditions.

Here, we describe simple B(C6F5)3-catalyzed mono- and dihydrosilylation reactions of terminal alkynes by using a silane-tuned chemoselectivity strategy, affording vinylsilanes and unsymmetrical geminal bis(silanes). This strategy is applicable to the dihydrosilylation of both aliphatic and aryl terminal alkynes with different silane combinations. Gram-scale synthesis and conducting the reaction without the exclusion of air and moisture demonstrate the practicality of this methodology. The synthetic utility of the resulting products was further highlighted by the structural diversification of geminal bis(silanes) through transforming the secondary silane into other silyl groups. Comprehensive theoretical calculations combined with kinetical isotope labeling studies have shown that a prominent kinetic differentiation between the hydrosilylation of alkynes and vinylsilane is responsible for the chemoselective construction of unsymmetrical 1,1-bis(silanes)., A B(C6F5)3/silane-based system enables the chemoselective dihydrosilylation of terminal alkynes. Using a combination of different types of hydrosilanes, a series of unsymmetrical or symmetrical 1,1-bis(silanes) could be constructed.

The selective, intermolecular, homodimerization and cross-cycloaddition of vinylsilanes with unbiased 1,3-dienes, catalyzed by a pyridine-2,6-diimine (PDI) iron complex is described. In the absence of a diene coupling partner, vinylsilane hydroalkenylation products were obtained chemoselectively with unusual head-to-head regioselectivity (up to >98% purity, 98:2 E/Z). In the presence of a 4- or 2-substituted diene coupling partner, under otherwise identical reaction conditions, formation of value-added [2+2]- and [4+2]-cycloadducts, respectively, was observed. The chemoselectivity profile was distinct from that observed for analogous α-olefin dimerization and cross-reactions with 1,3-dienes. Mechanistic studies conducted with well-defined, single-component precatalysts ((Me)PDI)Fe(L(2)) (where (Me)PDI = 2,6-(2,6-Me(2)-C(6)H(3)N═CMe)(2)C(5)H(3)N; L(2) = butadiene or 2(N(2))) provided insights into the kinetic and thermodynamic factors contributing to the substrate-controlled regioselectivity for both the homodimerization and cross cycloadditions. Diamagnetic iron diene and paramagnetic iron olefin complexes were identified as catalyst resting states, were characterized by in situ NMR and Mössbauer spectroscopic studies, and were corroborated with DFT calculations. Stoichiometric reactions and computational models provided evidence for a common mechanistic regime where competing steric and orbital-symmetry requirements dictate the regioselectivity of oxidative cyclization. Although distinct chemoselectivity profiles were observed in cross-cycloadditions with the vinylsilane congeners of α-olefins, these products arose from metallacycles with the same connectivity. The silyl substituents ultimately governed the relative rates of β-H elimination and C–C reductive elimination to dictate final product formation.

A set of iridium(I) complexes of formula IrCl(κC,η2-IRCouR′)(cod) or IrCl(κC, η2-BzIRCouR′)(cod) (cod = 1,5-cyclooctadiene; Cou = coumarin; I = imidazolin-2-carbene; BzI = benzimidazolin-2-carbene) have beeen prepared from the corresponding azolium salt and [Ir(μ-OMe)(cod)]2 in THF at room temperature. The crystalline structures of 4b and 5b show a distorted trigonal bipyramidal configuration in the solid state with a coordinated coumarin moiety. In contrast, an equilibrium between this pentacoordinated structure and the related square planar isomer is observed in solution as a consequence of the hemilability of the pyrone ring. Characterization of both species by NMR was achieved at the low and high temperature limits, respectively. In addition, the thermodynamic parameters of the equilibrium, ΔHR and ΔSR, were obtained by VT 1H NMR spectroscopy and fall in the range 22–33 kJ mol−1 and 72–113 J mol−1 K−1, respectively. Carbonylation of IrCl(κC,η2-BzITolCou7,8-Me2)(cod) resulted in the formation of a bis-CO derivative showing no hemilabile behaviour. The newly synthesised complexes efficiently catalyze the hydrosilylation of alkynes at room temperature with a preference for the β-(Z) vinylsilane isomer.

The first example of palladium-catalyzed chelation-assisted C–H olefination of 2-amino biaryls using readily available vinylsilanes as unactivated olefinating reagents has been developed, affording valuable arylated vinylsilane compounds in moderate to excellent yields and with exclusive (E)-selectivities.

In this work, polyethylene/graphene oxide nanocomposites were synthesized and characterized. The graphene oxide (GO) was first functionalized with vinylsilane groups, and then it was grafted (g) with polyethylene chains by in situ polymerization, using a metallocene/MAO catalytic system. Through this method the GO particles were exfoliated and homogeneously dispersed across the nanocomposites, which consisted of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyethylene-g-GO hybrid. The polyethylene-g-GO hybrid was Soxleht extracted and analyzed. It was found that the morphology and thermal properties (crystallization temperature and enthalpy) of nanocomposites are markedly affected by small increments of GO. For the polyethylene-g-GO hybrids the crystallization was suppressed by confinement effects and anchoring, both reducing the chain mobility. Finally, the thermally treated (200 °C for 10 min) polyethylene/GO nanocomposites, prepared via in situ polymerization, showed a low percolation threshold (around 0.1 wt%) and good electric conductivity (10−2 S cm−1).

We developed an enantioselective carbonyl-ene-type cyclization using 2-substituted vinylsilane as a nucleophilic ene moiety catalyzed by a chiral copper-BOX complex. This reaction is the first example of enantioselective carbonyl-ene cyclization using a 1,2-disubstituted olefin. This methodology gave chiral indenols with a tetrasubstituted carbon.

In the catalytic cross-coupling reaction of ketimines, derived from 1-acetonaphthone or acetophenone derivatives and benzylamine, with trialkoxyvinylsilanes RuH2(PPh3)4 or RuH2(CO)(PPh3)3 catalyst caused the selective alkenylation and alkylation on each aromatic ring of the ketimines separately (i.e. dual-mode coupling). Alkenylation occurred at the ortho-position(s) of the benzyl unit and alkylation occurred at the ortho-position(s) of 1-arylethylidene moiety of the substrates. By the stoichiometric reaction of N-1-(4-methylphenyl)ethylidene-4-methylbenzylamine with RuH2(CO)(PPh3)3 in the presence of three equivalents of vinylsilane, a novel ruthenium bismetallacylclic complex with two ruthenium-carbon bonds was isolated. This (C,N,C)-bismetallacycle complex was converted to the alkenylated complex by the reaction with two equiv. of vinylsilane. These observations indicate that the dual-mode coupling proceeds in a sequence of alkenylation followed by alkylation via intermediary bismetallacyclic complex formation.

Time-resolved investigation of deuterium-substituted silylene (SiD2) generated by laser flash photolysis of deuterium-substituted phenylsilane (PhSiD3) was carried out to obtain rate constants for its bimolecular reaction with ethylene (C2H4). The reaction was studied in the gas phase over the pressure range of 1–100 Torr (in SF6 bath gas) at 295 K. The rate constants for SiD2 + C2H4 were found to be independent of pressure and close in magnitude to the rate constants for the reaction of SiH2 + C2H4 at the high-pressure limit. They are consistent with a rapid isotopic scrambling mechanism similar to that of SiH2 + C2D4. While silirane, the main product produced from this reaction, was too labile to be detected, vinylsilane, another possible product, was ruled out by gas chromatography analysis. This reaction shows similarities to those of SiH2 + H2 and its isotopic counterparts.

The reactions of sulfonamidation of 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-1,3-divinyldisiloxane, (allyloxy)trimethylsilane, trimethoxy(vinyl)silane and tris(2-methoxyethoxy)vinylsilane with trifluoromethanesulfonamide, arenesulfonamides and methanesulfonamide in the presence of (t-BuOCl + NaI) or N-bromosuccinimide proceed in a different manner depending on the substrate, reagent, and oxidant. The formation of the products of halosulfonamidation, heterocyclization, halogenation, solvent interception and desilylation is observed.

A novel three-dimensional coordination network 1 in a new 4,5,6-connected topology (4,5,6T115) built from linear CuII4Cl3(H2O)2 clusters and tetrahedral tetrakis(3-pyridyl)vinylsilane ligands is reported. Utilizing a similar tetrahedral ligand, tetrakis(3-pyridyl)ethylsilane, a different framework 2 having CuII2Cl(H2O)2 clusters is obtained in tcs topology. The activated sample of 1 shows an excellent and reversible uptake of I2 in solid as well as in solution phases owing to the presence of uncoordinated chloride ions and electron rich vinylic groups in it. The I2 uptake studies on the anion-exchanged samples, of bromide, iodide, and nitrate ions, show a progressive decrease in the adsorption capacity with the sample containing uncoordinated Cl– ion showing a maximum uptake of 48.5% and the one with the NO3– ions exhibiting the lowest uptake of 24.0%. These observations suggest that the halide counterions interact better with I2 in comparison with nitrate ions and the better I2 uptake in the presence of ...

The reactions of N,N-dichloroarenesulfonamides with chloromethyl(dimethyl)vinylsilane or of N,N-dichlorotrifluoromethanesulfonamide with chloropropyl(dimethyl)vinylsilanegive the NH- and NCl-containing products of chlorosulfonamidation of the double bonds. In contrast, N,N-(dichloro)trifluoromethanesulfonamide reacts with chloromethyl(dimethyl)vinylsilane to afford 4-chloro-3,3-dimethyl1-[(trifluoroethyl) sulfonyl]-1,3-azasilolidine via intramolecular heterocyclization.

A novel method of metal-free dehydrogenative silylation of enamides has been developed. The desired functionalized vinylsilane products were obtained in moderate to good yield and with high stereoselectivities. This protocol displays good tolerance of various functionalities. Furthermore, the high chemoselectivity of this reaction enables us to introduce different unsaturated C-C moieties to the products. The ease of further derivatization of the products to other useful compounds also demonstrates the highly synthetic utility of the current methodology.

Oxygen and nitrogen heterocyclic systems are present in a large number of natural and synthetic compounds. In particular, oxa- and aza-silacyclane, tetrahydrofuran, benzofuran, cycloheptadifuranone, cycloheptadipyrrolone, pyrrolidine, lactone, lactam, phthalan, isochromanone, tetrahydroisoquinolinone, benzoindolizidinone, indoline and indolizidine scaffolds are present in many classes of biologically active molecules. Most of these contain a C=O moiety which can be easily introduced using carbonylative reaction conditions. In this field, intramolecular silylformylation and silylcarbocyclization reactions may afford heterocyclic compounds containing a carbonyl functional group together with a vinylsilane moiety which can be further transformed. Considering these two aspects, in this review a detailed analysis of the literature data regarding the application of silylformylation and silylcarbocyclization reactions to the synthesis of several heterocyclic derivatives is reported.

The zwitterionic compound [Cp*RhCl{(MeIm)2CHCOO}] is an efficient catalyst for the hydrosilylation of terminal alkynes with excellent regio- and stereoselectivity toward the less thermodynamically stable β-(Z)-vinylsilane isomer under mild reaction conditions. A broad range of linear 1-alkynes, cycloalkyl acetylenes, and aromatic alkynes undergo the hydrosilylation with HSiMe2Ph to afford the corresponding β-(Z)-vinylsilanes in quantitative yields in short reaction times. The reaction of aliphatic alkynes with HSiEt3 is slower, resulting in a slight decrease of selectivity toward the β-(Z)-vinylsilane product, which is still greater than 90%. However, a significant selectivity decrease is observed in the hydrosilylation of aromatic alkynes because of the β-(Z) → β-(E) vinylsilane isomerization. Moreover, the hydrosilylation of bulky alkynes, such as t-Bu–C≡CH or Et3SiC≡CH, is unselective. Experimental evidence suggests that the carboxylate function plays a key role in the reaction mechanism, which has been validated by means of density functional theory calculations, as well as by mass spectrometry and labeling studies. On the basis of previous results, we propose an ionic outer-sphere mechanism pathway in which the carboxylate fragment acts as a silyl carrier. Namely, the hydrosilylation mechanism entails the heterolytic activation of the hydrosilane assisted by the carboxylate function to give the hydrido intermediate [Cp*RhH{(MeIm)2CHCOO–SiR3}]+. The transference of the silylium moiety from the carboxylate to the alkyne results in the formation of a flat β-silyl carbocation intermediate that undergoes a hydride transfer from the Rh(III) center to generate the vinylsilane product. The outstanding β-(Z) selectivity results from the minimization of the steric interaction between the silyl moiety and the ligand system in the hydride transfer transition state., The authors express their appreciation for the financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness MINECO/FEDER under the project CTQ2016-75884-P and the Regional Governments of Aragón/FEDER 2014–2020 “Building Europe from Aragón” (group E42_17R). In addition, the resources from the supercomputer “Memento,” technical expertise, and assistance provided by BIFIZCAM (Universidad de Zaragoza) are acknowledged.

Strong Bronsted-base-catalyzed addition reactions of alkylazaarenes with vinylsilanes are reported. The reactions of alkylpyridines and their analogues with vinylsilanes proceed in moderate to high yields in the presence of catalytic amounts of LiTMP, LiCl, and MS 4A. This is a general method that can be applied to catalytic addition reactions of alkylazaarenes with vinylsilanes.

A convenient strategy for synthesis of the various derivatives of 1,4-dihydropyridine (1,4-DHP), as one of the most important pharmaceutical compounds, is presented in this study. For this purpose, firstly, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) were fabricated and suitably coated by silica network (SiO2) and trimethoxy vinylsilane (TMVS). Then, their surfaces were well functionalized with pyrimidine-2,4-diamine (PDA) as the main active sites for catalyzing the synthesis reactions. In this regard, the performance of three different methods including reflux, microwave (MW) and ultrasound wave (USW) irradiations have been comparatively monitored via studying various analyses on the fabricated nanocatalyst (Fe3O4/SiO2-PDA). Concisely, high efficiency of the USW irradiation (in an ultrasound cleaning bath with a frequency of 50 kHz and power of 250 W/L) has been well proven through the investigation of the main factors such as excellent surface-functionalization, core/shell structure conservation, particle uniformity, close size distribution of the particles, and great inhibition of the particle aggregation. Then, the effectiveness of the USW irradiation as a promising co-catalyst agent has been clearly demonstrated in the 1,4-DHP synthesis reactions. It has been concluded that the USW could provide more appropriate conditions for activation of the catalytic sites of Fe3O4/SiO2-PDA NPs. However, high reaction yields (89%) have been obtained in the short reaction times (10 min) due to the substantial synergistic effect between the presented nanocatalyst and USW.

The formation of a family of silicon- and siloxane-bridged multiferrocenyl derivatives carrying different functional groups attached to silicon, including Fc2(CH3)3C(CH2)2SiCH[double bond, length as m-dash]CH2 (5), Fc2(CH2[double bond, length as m-dash]CH-O)SiCH[double bond, length as m-dash]CH2 (6), Fc2(OH)SiCH[double bond, length as m-dash]CH2 (7), Fc2(CH2[double bond, length as m-dash]CH-O)Si-O-Si(O-CH[double bond, length as m-dash]CH2)Fc2 (8) and Fc2(CH2[double bond, length as m-dash]CH-O)Si-O-SiFc3 (9) is described. Silyl vinyl ether molecules 6, 8 and 9 and the heteroleptic vinylsilane 5 resulted from the competing metathesis reaction of lithioferrocene (FcLi), CH2[double bond, length as m-dash]CH-OLi or (CH3)3C(CH2)2Li with the corresponding multifunctional chlorosilane, Cl3SiCH[double bond, length as m-dash]CH2 or Cl3Si-O-SiCl3. The last two organolithium species have been likely formed in situ by fragmentation of the tetrahydrofuran solvent. Diferrocenylvinyloxyvinylsilane 6 is noteworthy since it represents a rare example of a redox-active silyl mononomer in which two different C[double bond, length as m-dash]C polymerisable groups are directly connected to silicon. The molecular structures of the silicon-containing multiferrocenyl species 5, 6, 8 and 9 have been investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies, demonstrating the capture and storage processes of two ring fragments resulting from the cleavage of cyclic THF in redox-active and stable crystalline organometallic compounds. From electrochemical studies we found that by changing the anion of the supporting electrolyte from [PF6]- to [B(C6F5)4]-, the redox behaviour of tetrametallic disiloxane 8 can be switched from a poorly resolved multistep redox process to four consecutive well-separated one-electron oxidations, corresponding to the sequential oxidation of the four ferrocenyl moieties.