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Primary glomerular disease (PGD) is an idiopathic cause of renal glomerular lesions that is characterized by proteinuria or hematuria and is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The identification of circulating biomarkers for the diagnosis of PGD requires a thorough understanding of the metabolic defects involved. In this study, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was performed to characterize the amino acid (AA) profiles of patients with pathologically diagnosed PGD, including minimal change disease (MCD), focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS), membranous nephropathy, and immunoglobulin A nephropathy. The plasma concentrations of asparagine and ornithine were low, and that of aspartic acid was high, in patients with all the pathologic types of PGD, compared to healthy controls. Two distinct diagnostic models were generated using the differential plasma AA profiles using logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic analyses, with areas under the curves of 1.000 and accuracies up to 100.0% in patients with MCD and FSGS. In conclusion, the progression of PGD is associated with alterations in AA profiles, The present findings provide a theoretical basis for the use of AAs as a non-invasive, real-time, rapid, and simple biomarker for the diagnosis of various pathologic types of PGD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the preparation of cyclic carbonates from alkylene oxides and CO2 catalyzed by metalloporphyrin polymers. It is found that metalloporphyrin-based porous polymers have high specific surface area, central metal of the porphyrin ring and nucleophilicity in small molecule polymerized monomers, which are the key points for efficiently catalyzing the cycloaddition reaction of epoxides and CO2 under mild conditions. However, currently synthesized metalloporphyrin polymers have some problems, such as easy pore size, unstable structure, and difficulty in adapting to large-sized epoxides. In the future, we should focus on designing and preparing dual-active site metalloporphyrin-based porous polymers with small steric hindrance, stable performance, and a large number of Lewis acid-base highly active centers, which is the direction we need to research in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By analyzing the learning characteristics of learners and the features of interactive teaching in distance education, this paper proposes the curriculum implementation subject of network education, namely objects multi-directional interaction teaching mode, so as to improve teaching effectiveness and achieve teaching objectives to ensure the quality of teaching, and puts forward some specific implementation measures.

Analyses of urban hierarchy and scale distribution are crucial in urban research, as they examine the laws of urban development and the functional layout of urban spatial systems. However, previous studies have focused on the macro-spatial distribution of the economy, businesses, and population at the regional level, whereas systematic research on the scale distribution of retail formats in central urban areas is lacking. Therefore, this study investigated the hierarchical scale distribution of retail formats in the top ten cities in China by GDP, using the Public Service Facilities Index Method to define central district boundaries, using scale as an epistemological framework of order and analyzing the spatial distribution patterns of retail formats. The results revealed that the spatial hierarchical scale follows a power law within a certain range; the spatial distribution exhibits stage characteristics, providing a quantitative method for defining retail centres; and the dominant functions, development directions, and morphological characteristics of central districts influence the hierarchical scale distribution of retail formats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]