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[Display omitted] • Niobium species in 30Nb-Beta zeolite were anchored into silanol defects in form of (SiO) 2 Nb(OH)(=O). • High-electrophilic 30Nb-Beta could achieve a cyclohexene conversion of 51.1 % and TOF of 188.2 h−1. • H 2 O 2 activation pathway over (SiO) 2 Nb(OH)(=O) sites contains three steps. Dealuminated Beta zeolite has a large amount of silanol defects on its interface, which provides an ideal place for embedding metal species and creating metal active sites in a confined microenvironment. The confined metal sites as well as their surroundings are closely related to the reactant activation and transient state achievement. Hence, unraveling the confined metal sites is of great significance for the catalytic reaction process. Herein, niobium species were incorporated into the silanol defects over dealuminated Beta zeolite with a facile dry impregnation method, co-grinding the niobium precursor with dealuminated Beta zeolite support. The successful incorporation of niobium into the silanol defects for 30Nb-Beta zeolite was verified by DRIFT, 1H MAS NMR, UV–Vis and UV-Raman characterizations. XAS characterization and DFT calculations further disclosed that the confined Nb species existed as (SiO) 2 Nb(OH)(=O), containing two Si−O−Nb bonds, one Nb=O bond as well as one Nb−OH bond. The synthesized 30Nb-Beta zeolite catalyst displayed a superior cyclohexene conversion of 51.1%, cyclohexene oxide selectivity of 83.1% as well as TOF value of 188.2 h−1 ascribed to the inherent electrophilicity of Nb(V) for confined (SiO) 2 Nb(OH)(=O) species as well as the low oxygen transfer energy barrier for NbV−OOH species. Furthermore, the prepared 30Nb-Beta zeolite can be effectively employed to other cyclic alkene epoxidation reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • D-π-A fluorescent probes were reasonably designed and developed through systematic changes in electron-donor and-acceptor groups. • Probes M−H−SO 3 with a hydrophilic sulfonate group displayed sufficient selectivity for discrimination of HSA from BSA. • Probe M−H−SO 3 can bind to the IB site of HSA, yielding a substantial fluorescent enhancement. • The probe M−H−SO 3 can be used for detecting human serum albumin in urine samples. HSA (human serum albumin), a most abundant protein in blood serum, plays a key role in maintaining human health. Abnormal HSA level is correlated with many diseases, and thus has been used as an essential biomarker for therapeutic monitoring and biomedical diagnosis. Development of small-molecule fluorescent probes allowing the selective and sensitive recognition of HSA in in vitro and in vivo is of fundamental importance in basic biological research as well as medical diagnosis. Herein, we reported a series of new synthesized fluorescent dyes containing D-π-A constitution, which exhibited different optical properties in solution and solid state. Among them, dye M−H−SO 3 with a hydrophilic sulfonate group at electron-acceptor part displayed selectivity for discrimination of HSA from BSA and other enzymes. Upon binding of dye M−H−SO 3 with HSA, a significant fluorescence enhancement with a turn-on ratio about 96-fold was triggered. The detection limit was estimated to be ∼ 40 nM. Studies on the interaction mechanism revealed that dye M−H−SO 3 could bind to site III of HSA with a 1:1 binding stoichiometry. Furthermore, dye M−H−SO 3 has been applied to determine HSA in real urine samples with good recoveries, which provided a useful method for HSA analysis in biological fluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding microglia development could improve our understanding of the central nervous system (CNS) and neurological diseases. To explore the immune phenotypic changes that occur in microglia during development, we studied the morphology, inflammatory response, and expression of several important immune-related proteins in normal microglia from the embryonic, neonatal (postnatal day 3), and adult stages. Results showed that implantation of microglia into the CNS until adulthood resulted in dynamic changes in the expression levels of CD11b (α chain of complement receptor 3) and CX3CR1 (a chemokine receptor), which were consistent and correlated. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines in microglia during development is dynamic and highest in perinatal period. The inflammatory response of microglia was more vigorous and intense in the neonatal microglia than in the adult microglia. Furthermore, the morphology and function of neonatal and adult microglia differed, and thus neonatal microglia cannot be used in lieu of adult microglia for functional studies. Taken together, our results suggest that microglial integrin, chemokine receptors, and inflammatory responses vary with developmental age, which is an important finding for studying the role of microglia in different age-related neurological diseases. • CD11b show dynamic expression changes from embryonic to adult microglia. • CX3CR1 show dynamic expression changes from embryonic to adult microglia. • CD11b expression correlated with CX3CR1expression in microglia. • IL-1β and TNF-α expression levels change during microglial development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we provide a mathematical framework in studying the wave propagation with the annihilation phenomenon in excitable media. We deal with the existence and uniqueness of solutions to a one-dimensional free boundary problem (called a reaction–interface system) arising from the singular limit of a FitzHugh–Nagumo type reaction–diffusion system. Because of the presence of the annihilation, interfaces may intersect each other. We introduce the notion of weak solutions to study the continuation of solutions beyond the annihilation time. Under suitable conditions, we show that the free boundary problem is well-posed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Senescent astrocytes are distributed in the glymphatic and meningeal lymphatic routes. • Meningeal lymphatic routes contribute to clearance of senescent astrocytes from brain parenchyma. • Clearance of senescent astrocytes through meningeal lymphatic routes depends on VEGF-C/CCL21 pathway. Recent progress on the central lymphatic system has greatly increased our understanding of how the brain maintains its own waste homeostasis. Here, we showed that perivascular spaces and meningeal lymphatic vessels form a functional route for clearance of senescent astrocytes from the aging brain. Blocking meningeal lymphatic drainage by ligation of the deep cervical lymph nodes impaired clearance of senescent astrocytes from brain parenchyma, subsequently increasing neuroinflammation in aged mice. By contrast, enhancing meningeal lymphatic vessel diameter by a recombinant adeno-associated virus encoding mouse vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) improved clearance of senescent astrocytes and mitigated neuroinflammation. Mechanistically, VEGF-C was highly expressed in senescent astrocytes, contributing themselves to migrate across lymphatic vessels along C–C motif chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21) gradient by interacting with VEGF receptor 3. Moreover, intra-cisternal injection of antibody against CCL21 hampered senescent astrocytes into the lymphatic vessels and exacerbated short memory defects of aged mice. Together, these findings reveal a new perspective for the meningeal lymphatics in the removal of senescent astrocytes, thus offering a valuable target for therapeutic intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Transition metals with catalytic properties were expected to improve the fire resistance of the polymer. In this work, NiMoO 4 nanorods decorated with Co-Ni layered double hydroxide (LDH) were fabricated and incorporated into polyurea (PUA) to improve the flame retardancy during combustion. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the addition of NiMoO 4 @Co-Ni LDH slightly decreased the initial degradation and the maximum degradation temperature. With increasing loading of NiMoO 4 @Co-Ni LDH, the char residue increased obviously. The combustion performance of PUA with 3.0 wt% NiMoO 4 @Co-Ni LDH investigated by cone calorimeter (CCT) showed that the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR) and smoke factor (SF) decreased by 34.41%, 12.68% and 48.65%, respectively. The existence of well-dispersed NiMoO 4 @Co-Ni LDH effectively enhanced the mechanical properties and flame retardant performances of PUA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • CAL and PPy-CAL were prepared using hydrothermal and in situ polymerization methods. • The theoretical adsorption capacity of CAL-PPy for Cr(VI) was nearly twice than that of CAL. • CAL-PPy removed 100 mg/L of aqueous Cr(VI) efficiently and quickly. • Mechanisms included electrostatic attraction, anion exchange, complexation, and reduction. To efficiently remove high concentrations of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), calcium–aluminum-layered double hydroxide (CaAl-LDH, denoted as CAL), and polypyrrole-modified CAL (CAL-PPy) were prepared by hydrothermal and in situ polymerization methods, respectively. The chemical structure, morphology, and elemental results indicated that the chain-like polypyrrole was decorated with hexagonal CAL. The specific surface area of CAL-PPy increased from 8.746 m2/g to 24.24 m2/g. The adsorption performances of CAL and CAL-PPy for aqueous Cr(VI) were investigated using batch equilibrium experiments. The decontamination process of aqueous Cr(VI) (100 mg/L) reached the equilibrium state within 50 min, and the kinetic data met the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. The Langmuir model described the isothermal data properly, and the obtained theoretical adsorption capacity of CAL for Cr(VI) at 318 K was 34.06 mg/g, while that of CAL-PPy was 66.14 mg/g. The removal mechanisms involved electrostatic attraction, surface complexation, anion exchange, and reduction to low-toxicity Cr(III). Therefore, CAL and CAL-PPy have underlying applications in treating real wastewater containing Cr(VI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) rating systems encounter challenges due to their subjectivity, time lag, and inconsistent coverage, which present significant obstacles for investors in the stock market. In contrast, news reporting data, characterized by its objectivity, timeliness, publicity, and sociality, has been a crucial source of quality market information for investors. The potential of ESG-related news as a robust complement to the data sources used in existing ESG rating systems merits further exploration. This study investigates the impact of ESG-related news on the Chinese stock market, with the goal of providing compelling evidence for integrating news media into ESG assessments. By analyzing 32,296 ESG-related news articles covering 3643 companies in the Chinese market from 2015 to 2021, we utilize event study methodology to assess the market's abnormal returns in response to ESG-related news. Our findings suggest a significant market impact from ESG-related news, indicating that investors are increasingly attentive to information pertaining to ESG issues. The study also reveals that different attributes of ESG-related news have diverse effects on the market. Specifically, news with negative sentiments has the most significant impact, and investors demonstrate a stronger reaction to ESG-related news disseminated through unofficial media. Furthermore, the study highlights that enterprise heterogeneity affects the impact of ESG-related news, with companies in the secondary and tertiary industries showing higher sensitivity. Privately-owned enterprises are found to be more influenced by such news compared to state-owned enterprises. This study offers a novel perspective in evaluating corporate ESG performance using news media, proposing a more effective and objective method to assess and manage corporate sustainability in a dynamic market landscape. • Significant impact of ESG-related news on Chinese stock market returns. • Diverse market reactions to varying ESG-related news sentiments and sources. • Stock response differs by company industry and ownership type. • Provides a basis for ESG-related news as a complementary tool in ESG ratings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing the green economy efficiency (GEE) is crucial for building a sustainable economy. How can the rapidly advancing digital transformation contribute to this process? The paper empirically examines the direct and spatial spillover effects of digital transformation on cities' GEE in China. This study utilizes the National E-commerce Pilot City (NEPC) policy as a quasi-natural experiment of regional digital transformation and employs the staggered difference-in-differences (DID) method with heterogeneous effects. The findings reveal that (i) implementing the NEPC policy significantly increases urban GEE by 2.6%, corresponding to a 16% increase in the mean of GEE. This effect is particularly pronounced in non-resource-based cities and cities with high Internet penetration. (ii) The mechanism test shows that the pilot policy positively affects GEE by promoting green structural transformation, enhancing green innovation, and strengthening public environmental concerns. (iii) The study highlights a positive spatial spillover effect of the NEPC policy on the GEE of nonpilot cities. (iv) The adoption of the NEPC plays a pivotal role in advancing energy use and carbon emission efficiency. This paper expands the existing knowledge on the green development effects of the digital economy while offering valuable policy insights for building an "Inclusive Green Economy". [Display omitted] • The staggered differences-in-differences method is employed to examine the direct and spatial spillover effects of NEPC on cities' GEE in China. • This paper uses NEPC as a quasi-experiment for digital transformation. • NEPC significantly improves green economic efficiency by 2.6%. • Green structural transformation, innovation, and environmental concerns are main channels. • Positive spillover effect of NEPC on green economy efficiency in non-pilot cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive brain tumor with a poor prognosis. The growth of GBM cells depends on the core transcriptional apparatus, thus rendering RNA polymerase (RNA pol) complex as a candidate therapeutic target. The RNA pol II subunit B (POLR2B) gene encodes the second largest subunit of the RNA pol II (RPB2); however, its genomic status and function in GBM remain unclear. Certain GBM data sets in cBioPortal were used for investigating the genomic status and expression of POLR2B in GBM. The function of RPB2 was analyzed following knockdown of POLR2B expression by shRNA in GBM cells. The cell counting kit-8 assay and PI staining were used for cell proliferation and cell cycle analysis. A xenograft mouse model was established to analyze the function of RPB2 in vivo. RNA sequencing was performed to analyze the RPB2-regulated genes. GO and GSEA analyses were applied to investigate the RPB2-regulated gene function and associated pathways. In the present study, the genomic alteration and overexpression of the POLR2B gene was described in glioblastoma. The data indicated that knockdown of POLR2B expression suppressed tumor cell growth of glioblastoma in vitro and in vivo. The analysis further demonstrated the identification of the RPB2-regulated gene sets and highlighted the DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 gene as the downstream target of the POLR2B gene. The present study provides evidence indicating that RPB2 functions as a growth regulator in glioblastoma and could be used as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of this disease. • POLR2B gene is rarely mutated but amplified in a subset of glioblastoma patients which results in the overexpression of RPB2. • Knockdown of POLR2B gene inhibit cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in glioblastoma cell lines. • DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 gene (DDIT4) was found to be a downstream target of POLR2B gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decades of intensifying human activities have caused dramatic changes in land use and land cover (LULC) in the ecologically fragile areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which have led to significant changes in ecosystem service value (ESV). Taking the ecologically fragile Sanjiangyuan region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as the research object, we focused on understanding the impact of LULC changes on the Sanjiangyuan's landscape pattern and its corresponding ESV, which was combined with a Markov-Plus model to predict LULC changes in 2030. The results showed: (1) from 2000 to 2020, the LULC of Sanjiangyuan has changed to varying degrees, respectively. In the central and southern regions where animal husbandry is the mainstay activity, the area of grass land converted to bareland had expanded; (2) from 2000 to 2010, the total regional ESV increased sharply. However, the total amount of ESV decreased from 2010 to 2020; (3) the overall ESV in the study area was observed to be trending down and is expected to decrease by approximately 4.25 billion CNY by 2030; (4) the fragmentation and complexity of regional landscape patterns will negatively affect local ecosystem stability and biodiversity. Overall, there is a strong temporal and spatial correlation between LULC and ESV. This study will provide a reference for the local government to provide targeted and sustainable land management policies, thereby promoting the improvement of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau regional ecology value. • ESV in ecologically fragile areas was affected by human activities. • ESV had strong spatial and temporal differences in Sanjiangyuan region. • Bareland and artificial surface had expanded in Sanjiangyuan region in the past few decades. • LULC combined with landscape index can explain ESV spatiotemporal changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Trials demonstrate that CMBS is susceptible to several fungal biopesticides. • CMBS is more affected by Beauveria bassiana strains than Isaria fumosorosea PFR97. • Biopesticide applications in autumn and winter resulted in higher scale mortality than spring treatments. • Spore germination of all fungal strains was greatest at 28 °C. The crapemyrtle bark scale (CMBS), Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae, is an important pest of crapemyrtles, Lagerstroemia spp. Biopesticides are frequently used to control soft-bodied insects; however, there is no information on their efficacy against CMBS. The objectives of this study were to test the use of selected biopesticides against CMBS under different seasons, evaluate their pathogenicity to CMBS, and determine optimum temperature for spore germination. Commercial formulations of the fungal biopesticides Isaria fumosorosea PFR97, Beauveria bassiana ANT-03, and the bacterial biopesticides Burkholderia rinojensis A396 and Chromobacterium subtsugae PRAA4-1 T were tested in greenhouse settings and did not have significant treatment effect on immature mortality. Biopesticides containing I. fumosorosea PFR97, B. bassiana ANT-03, and B. bassiana GHA were applied to mature crapemyrtles grown in the landscape and naturally infested with CMBS, and the scale survivorship was determined in two trials at different seasons. When treatments were applied in winter, scale survivorship was significantly lower in the B. bassiana ANT-03 treatment compared to the control. When treatments were applied in spring, no treatment effect was observed. During another trial conducted in autumn using container-grown crapemyrtles, B. bassiana GHA treatment reduced scales survivorship when compared to the control. Pathogen re-isolation assays confirmed that scales collected in the spring trial were had all pathogens delivered; in addition, B. bassiana ANT-03 was the most recovered pathogen. In a temperature-dependent spore germination assay, the optimum temperature range for I. fumosorosea PFR97, B. bassiana ANT-03, and B. bassiana GHA was between 22.5 and 30 °C, with peak spore germination observed at 28 °C for all three pathogens. Results from this project suggest that biopesticides containing strains of B. bassiana can be included in the toolbox for CMBS control, provided that climate and product coverage are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high-resolution nutrient emission inventory can provide reliable and accurate identification of priority control areas, which is crucial for efficient decisions on water quality restoration. However, the inventories widely used in large-scale modeling are usually based on provincial inputs, which induce the challenges of lacking localized parameters and missing localized characteristic when provincial scale inputs are converted to finer scales with the down-scale methods. Based on elaborate investigations and statistical data at the county scale with multi-scale data conversion, the China Emission Inventory of Nutrients (CEIN) was developed with a spatial resolution of a 0.1° grid and sub-basin scales. The Yangtze River Basin was used as a case study to illustrate the potential applications of CEIN. The emissions of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) of Yangtze River Basin is 0.43 Mt and 0.04 Mt for point sources, 11.09 Mt and 4.64 Mt for diffuse sources in 2017. The hotspot analysis for 2606 sub-basins indicated that cropland is the key source of nutrient emissions, accounting for 58.88% and 79.15% of TN and TP, respectively. Industrial sewage and freshwater aquaculture accounted for 27.39% (TN) and 21.98% (TP) of the point sources, which is substantial due to their direct discharge into surface waters. The current results also reveal that, in contrast to CEIN, the previously used common emission factors based on GDP per capita produced considerable overestimations of 2.37 and 2.65 times the actual TN and TP emissions, respectively. Additional advantages of the CEIN have been demonstrated in identifying priority control areas more accurately with reduced bias and quantifying the effects of policies at much smaller scales. For example, the CEIN helps to distinguish hotspots, which was neglected when identifying sources at the level-III sub-basin scale, and indicates that the management of fractional areas (TN: 16.97%; TP: 13.44%) provides the highest nutrient emissions control (TN: 44.34%; TP: 48.65%) for the entire basin. The evaluation of China's toilet revolution policy demonstrates that achieving equitable access to safe sanitation has resulted in a reduction of 7240 t of TN and 833 t of TP, which is extremely critical for rural water quality and health. [Display omitted] • High-resolution China Emission Inventory of Nutrients (CEIN) is developed with 0.1° grid. • Priority control areas were identified for 2606 sub-basins in the Yangtze River Basin. • Previous emission factors with GDP per capita produced considerable overestimations. • CEIN can quantify effects of policies at much smaller scales with reduced bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: By analyzing the cortical activation and functional connectivity of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during dual-task obstacle negotiation in the older adults, cognitive resources allocation and neural regulatory mechanisms of aging brain were shed light on in complex walking conditions.Methods: Twenty-eight healthy right-handed subjects participated in the study, including 15 men and 13 women (age: 68.6 ± 4.1 years, height: 162.96 ± 6.05 cm, weight: 63.63 ± 9.64 kg). There were four tasks: Normal Walk (NW), Obstacle Negotiation during Normal Walk (NW + ON), Walk while performing Cognitive Task (WCT), and Obstacle Negotiation during Walk while performing Cognitive Task (WCT + ON). Participants wore functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to collect hemodynamic signals from various regions of interest (ROIs) in the PFC, while the three-dimensional motion capture system was used to test the gait velocity. Cognitive task data was recorded.Results: In WCT + ON, the HbO2 concentration change value (△HbO2) of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was significantly greater than that in the other three tasks (p < 0.05), and the△HbO2 of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was significantly greater than that in NW + ON (p < 0.05). The gait velocities in the four tasks were significantly different (p < 0.05) (NW > WCT > NW + ON > WCT + ON). There was no significant difference in cognitive performance between in the WCT and WCT + ON (p > 0.05). In WCT + ON, the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal areas had strong functional connectivity and the left frontal pole was most widely connected to the other ROIs. Compared to that in NW, the functional connectivity of the left prefrontal lobe was significantly enhanced in WCT + ON (p < 0.05).Conclusions: As walking difficulty increased, the PFC activation in the older adults changed from right-sided to bilateral activation, indicating that the left PFC cognitive resources compensated for the right PFC in dual-task obstacle negotiation. The cognitive resources recruitment in dual-task obstacle negotiation might be achieved by synchronization and coordination of associated brain areas in the PFC, primarily to maintain dynamic postural balance when walking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a common chronic lung disease in premature infants, and its pathogenesis has not been clarified. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) have important functions in cell bioactivity. However, their role in developmental lung disease remains unclear. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the role of lncRNA SNHG6 (SNHG6) in BPD and its underlying mechanisms. The blood of patients with BPD were collected, and BPD model of BEAS-2B cells was established by hyperoxia method. SNHG6, miR-335 and KLF5 mRNA expression were detected by RT-qPCR. Western blot was conducted to measure the levels of apoptosis-related proteins' expression and NF-κB pathway related proteins. BEAS-2B cell viability and apoptosis were assessed by CCK-8 and flow cytometry, respectively. Assay Kit was applied to detect ROS, MDA and SOD levels, respectively. ELISA was performed to assess the levels of inflammatory factors. The binding site of miR-335 with SNHG6 or KLF5 were predicted by using DIANA or TargetScan, and which was verified by double luciferase reporter assay. Firstly, SNHG6 was highly expressed and miR-335 was lowly expressed in BPD model, SNHG6 knockdown and miR-335 mimics both alleviated hyperoxia-induced lung cell injury, and SNHG6 targeted miR-335. Subsequently, KLF5 was targeted by miR-335, and KLF5 promoted lung cell injury via activating NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, SNHG6 mediated lung cell injury via regulating the miR-335/KLF5/NF-κB pathway. Our research confirmed that SNHG6 mediated hyperoxia-induced lung cell injury via regulating the miR-335/KLF5/NF-κB pathway. These findings suggest that SNHG6 serves as promising targets for the treatment of newborns with BPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Coccinellids are major predators of the crapemyrtle bark scale (Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae). • Mycopesticides reduced the survival of coccinellid adults and larvae in the laboratory. • Spores of mycopesticides were recovered from coccinellids under field conditions. • Mycopesticides might interfere with the biological control of the bark scale. Insect predators are the most important natural enemies of the crapemyrtle bark scale (CMBS) in the USA. Mycopesticides (biocontrol fungi) are considered an IPM tool to increase CMBS mortality; however, their impacts on CMBS predators are unknown. The objectives of this study were to assess the abundance and diversity of CMBS natural enemies in Louisiana; evaluate the impacts of mycopesticides on survival of CMBS predators by life stage; and determine if entomopathogenic spores delivered to crapemyrtles are transferred to predators under field conditions. The mycopesticides Ancora® (Isaria fumosorosea PFR97), BioCeres® (Beauveria bassiana ANT-03), and BotaniGard® (B. bassiana GHA) were tested against the coccinellids Chilocorus spp. and Hyperaspis bigeminata under laboratory and field conditions. Adults and larvae of the coccinellids were treated with each mycopesticide and survival recorded over a 14-day period. The most common natural enemies on CMBS infested trees were the coccinellids Chilocorus cacti, C. stigma , and Hyperaspis bigeminata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). In laboratory bioassays BotaniGard® reduced survival of adults and larvae of both genera by at least 57%. BioCeres® reduced the survival of Chilocorus spp. adults by 40% and Ancora® reduced survival of H. bigeminata larvae by 69%. Under field conditions, CMBS infestations were sprayed with the mycopesticides and coccinellids were collected every other day for a two-week period. Spores of the applied mycopesticides were recovered from the coccinellids; however, it is not known if infection occurred in the field trial or spores were delivered to CMBS infestations by the coccinellids. We conclude that mycopesticides negatively impacted the survival of coccinellids in laboratory trials, and coccinellids can transport pathogen spores under field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Oxidative stress and inflammation play important roles in the development of diabetes. Metformin (MET) is considered as the first-line therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) are vital in obesity and diabetes. However, there have been few studies on the effects of MET on inflammatory reaction and oxidative stress in the PVN and ARC of T2D diabetic rats. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed with high-fat diet (HFD), and intraperitoneally injected with low-dose streptozotocin (STZ, 30 mg/kg) at 6th week to induce T2D diabetes. After injection of STZ, they were fed with HFD continually. Starting from the 8th week of HFD feeding, T2D rats received intragastrical administration of MET (150 mg/kg/day) in addition to the HFD for another 8 weeks. At the end of the 15th week, the rats were anaesthetized to record the sympathetic nerve activity and collect blood and tissue samples. Results In comparison with control rats, T2D diabetic rats had higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs) and excessive oxidative stress in the PVN and ARC, accompanied with more activated astrocytes. The renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and the plasma norepinephrine (NE) increased in T2D diabetic rats. The expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) increased and the expression of 67-kDa isoform of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67) decreased in T2D diabetic rats. Supplementation of MET decreased blood glucose, suppressed RSNA, decreased PICs (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) in PVN and ARC, attenuated oxidative stress and activation of astrocytes in ARC and PVN of T2D diabetic rats, as well as restored the balance of neurotransmitter synthetase. The number of Fra-LI (chronic neuronal excitation marker) positive neurons in the ARC and PVN of T2D diabetic rats increased. Chronic supplementation of MET also decreased the number of Fra-LI positive neurons in the ARC and PVN of T2D diabetic rats. Conclusion These findings suggest that the PVN and ARC participate in the beneficial effects of MET in T2D diabetic rats, which is possibly mediated via down-regulating of inflammatory molecules, attenuating oxidative stress and restoring the balance of neurotransmitter synthetase by MET in the PVN and ARC. • Beneficial effects of metformin mediated by hypothalamic mechanisms in diabetic rats. • PVN and ARC involve in brain mechanisms of diabetes and metformin supplementation. • Metformin inhibits sympathoexcitation and astrocytes in PVN and ARC in diabetes. • Metformin attenuates inflammation and oxidative stress in PVN and ARC in diabetes. • Metformin restores the balance of neurotransmitters in PVN and ARC in diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Generally, electrospun membranes have high mechanical strength, high porosity and low permeation resistance. Although covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have attracted great interest as advanced membrane materials, few works disclosed that the COFs composite membranes were synthesized on electrospun substrates. In this work, the electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes were used as substrates for the preparation of COF composite membranes with graphene oxide and oxidized carbon nanotubes (GO-OCNTs) as an intermediate layer. The COF/GO-OCNTs/PVDF composite membranes were prepared by suction filtering the GO-OCNTs intermediate layer on the electrospun substrate, and then interfacial polymerization of COF layer. After adding the intermediate layer, the water permeance and dye retention rate of the composite COF membrane are both improved. By exploring the reaction parameters in the interfacial polymerization process, the optimized membrane shows that the rejection rate of Coomassle brilliant blue G250 (BBG-250) is about 97.1%, and the water permeability achieves 96.7 L m−2 h−1 bar−1. In addition, the COF/GO-OCNTs/PVDF composite membrane exhibits excellent chemical and mechanical stability. The long-term filtration experiment of the composite membrane shows good water permeation stability. This work provides a method to prepare dense and defect-free COF films on electrospun substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Collabieae were subdivided into nine clades with high support based on plastid genomes and nrITS. • The diversification of nine clades of Collabieae during the Late Oligocene/Early Miocene might be associated with the uplift of the Himalayas. • The increase size of terrestrial pseudobulbs may be one of drivers of the diversification of Collabieae. The tribe Collabieae (Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae) comprises approximately 500 species. Generic delimitation within Collabieae are confusing and phylogenetic interrelationships within the Collabieae have not been well resolved. Plastid genomes and nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences were used to estimate the phylogenetic relationships, ancestral ranges, and diversification rates of Collabieae. The results showed that Collabieae was subdivided into nine clades with high support. We proposed to combine Ancistrochilus and Pachystoma into Spathoglottis, merge Collabium and Chrysoglossum into Diglyphosa , and separate Pilophyllum and Hancockia as distinctive genera. The diversification of the nine clades of Collabieae might be associated with the uplift of the Himalayas during the Late Oligocene/Early Miocene. The enhanced East Asian summer monsoon in the Late Miocene may have promoted the rapid diversification of Collabieae at a sustained high diversification rate. The increased size of terrestrial pseudobulbs may be one of the drivers of Collabieae diversification. Our results suggest that the establishment and development of evergreen broadleaved forests facilitated the diversification of Collabieae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Audition dominates at the preresponse level in children. • Vision dominates at the response level in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. • Examining the conflict control mechanisms in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Previous studies have widely demonstrated that individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit deficits in conflict control tasks. However, there is limited evidence regarding the performance of children with ADHD in cross-modal conflict processing tasks. The current study aimed to investigate whether children with ADHD have poor conflict control, which has an impact on sensory dominance effects at different levels of information processing under the influence of visual similarity. A total of 82 children aged 7 to 14 years, including 41 children with ADHD and 41 age- and sex-matched typically developing (TD) children, were recruited. We used the 2:1 mapping paradigm to separate levels of conflict, and the congruency of the audiovisual stimuli was divided into three conditions. In C trials, the target stimulus and the distractor stimulus were identical, and the bimodal stimuli corresponded to the same response keys. In PRIC trials, the distractor stimulus differed from the target stimulus and did not correspond to any response keys. In RIC trials, the distractor stimulus differed from the target stimulus, and the bimodal stimuli corresponded to different response keys. Therefore, we explicitly differentiated cross-modal conflict into a preresponse level (PRIC > C), corresponding to the encoding process, and a response level (RIC > PRIC), corresponding to the response selection process. Our results suggested that auditory distractors caused more interference during visual processing than visual distractors caused during auditory processing (i.e., typical auditory dominance) at the preresponse level regardless of group. However, visual dominance effects were observed in the ADHD group, whereas no visual dominance effects were observed in the TD group at the response level. A possible explanation is that the increased interference effects due to visual similarity and children with ADHD made it more difficult to control conflict when simultaneously confronted with incongruent visual and auditory inputs. The current study highlights how children with ADHD process cross-modal conflicts at multiple levels of information processing, thereby shedding light on the mechanisms underlying ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study offers an insightful and detailed examination of microplastic pollution in the Huixian karst wetland's groundwater, providing novel insights into the complex interplay of microplastic characteristics and their seasonal dynamics. We meticulously quantified microplastic concentrations, observing significant seasonal variation with values ranging from 4.9 to 13.4 n·L−1 in the wet season and 0.53–49.4 n·L−1 in the dry season. Our analysis pinpoints human activities and atmospheric deposition as key contributors to this contamination. A critical finding of our research is the pronounced disparity in microplastic levels between open wells and covered artesian wells, highlighting the vulnerability of open wells to higher pollution levels. Through correlation analysis, we unearthed the crucial influence of the karst region's unique hydrogeological characteristics on microplastic migration, distinctively different from non-karst areas. The karst terrain, characterized by its caves and subterranean rivers, facilitates the downward movement of microplastics from surface to groundwater, exacerbating pollution levels. Our investigation identifies agricultural runoff and domestic wastewater as primary pollution sources. These findings not only underscore the urgent need for environmental stewardship in karst regions but also provide a crucial foundation for formulating effective strategies to mitigate microplastic pollution in karst groundwater. The implications of this study extend beyond the Huixian karst wetland, offering a template for addressing microplastic pollution in similar ecosystems globally. [Display omitted] • Provides detailed analysis of microplastic types and properties in the groundwater environment of a karst wetland protection area. • Uncovers distinct seasonal patterns in microplastic concentrations in karst underground waters. • Reveals a close link between surface and underground water microplastics in karst ecosystems. • Highlights the need for targeted strategies to mitigate microplastic pollution's environmental and health impacts. • Local residents may be exposed to 27 microplastic particles daily via drinking water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the limit cycle of the two-dimensional aeroelastic system with hysteresis nonlinearity was obtained by the time-domain minimum residual method. Compared with the existing semi-analytical methods, the proposed approach does not need to extend the hysteresis nonlinearity into smooth functions, so the approximate solutions obtained by this approach have higher accuracy. The method is mainly three-fold. Firstly, the approximate analytical solution of the aeroelastic system is expanded as a trigonometric series with N terms and the unknown coefficients. Then, substituting the approximate solutions into the original aeroelastic system, and the problem of solving the analytical solution is transformed into a nonlinear least-square optimization problem, which is to find a set of trigonometric coefficients to minimize the residual vector over a period. Finally, the unknown coefficients are iteratively solved by the enhanced response sensitivity approach. Moreover, the Tikhonov regularization and the trust-region constraint are called to tackle ill-position and enhance the convergences. Numerical examples show that the approximate analytical solutions obtained by the proposed approach are in good agreement with numerical results, and their accuracy is much higher than that of the IHB method. • The proposed approach can converge to the optimal solution quickly. • The proposed approach does not need multiple integration operations. • TMRM can deal with hysteresis nonlinearity without introducing smoothing procedure. • The accuracy of the approximate analytical solution obtained by TMRM is much higher than that of IHB method. • The symmetry breaking phenomenon can be capture quickly by the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitin metabolism has long been considered promising targets for development of biorational pesticides. Considering the increasing challenges of controlling the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, the roles of chitin deacetylases (CDAs) during molting process and mite development are explored. TuCDA1 and TuCDA2 differ in expression patterns during the development process. Feeding of double-strand RNA (dsRNA) against TuCDA1 or TuCDA2 has lethal effects on the mites. Especially TuCDA2 displays a much stronger phenotype than TuCDA1 (p = 0.0003). The treated mites fail to shed the old cuticle and are trapped within exuviate until they die. The aberrant cuticle structure observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) may be responsible for the lethal phenotype of TuCDA1 and TuCDA2 knocked down mites. However, treatment with both dsRNA- CDA1 and dsRNA- CDA2 cannot significantly enhance the lethal effects of dsRNA- CDA2 , which indicates partially redundant function of TuCDA1 and TuCDA2. TuCDA2 may play a key role during the molting and development process. Chitin-modifying enzyme such as TuCDA2 is potential target of RNA interference through feeding. [Display omitted] • TuCDA1 and TuCDA2 differ in expression profile during various developmental stages. • Feeding of dsRNA against TuCDA1 and TuCDA2 has lethal effects on the mites. • Aberrant cuticle structure may explain the lethal effects of TuCDA1 and TuCDA2 RNAi. • Chitin-modifying enzyme such as TuCDA2 is potential target of RNA interference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) will significantly impact global warming in the aviation sector, and important SAF targets are emerging. Isoprenol is a precursor for a promising SAF compound DMCO (1,4-dimethylcyclooctane) and has been produced in several engineered microorganisms. Recently, Pseudomonas putida has gained interest as a future host for isoprenol bioproduction as it can utilize carbon sources from inexpensive plant biomass. Here, we engineer metabolically versatile host P. putida for isoprenol production. We employ two computational modeling approaches (Bilevel optimization and Constrained Minimal Cut Sets) to predict gene knockout targets and optimize the "IPP-bypass" pathway in P. putida to maximize isoprenol production. Altogether, the highest isoprenol production titer from P. putida was achieved at 3.5 g/L under fed-batch conditions. This combination of computational modeling and strain engineering on P. putida for an advanced biofuels production has vital significance in enabling a bioproduction process that can use renewable carbon streams. • Biosynthetic isoprenol is an emerging precursor for sustainable aviation fuel DMCO. • Pseudomonas putida was engineered for isoprenol production via the IPP-bypass pathway. • Genome scale metabolic modeling-aided gene knockouts improves isoprenol production. • Frequency scoring of two computational methods enables to prioritize knockout targets. • Combination of genome and pathway engineering results in isoprenol titer improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sedimentary organic matter (SOM) plays an important role in marine carbon and nitrogen cycling, but the sources, degradation states and fates of SOM are not well understood. In the present study, we determined the total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), stable carbon isotope (δ13C), and total hydrolysable amino acids (THAA) to elucidate the sources and degradation states of SOM in the South Yellow Sea (SYS) and the East China Sea (ECS). THAA concentrations ranged from 4.90 to 29.13 μmol/g, with a mean of 11.03 ± 5.06 μmol/g. The distribution pattern of THAA was similar to that of TOC (r = 0.782, P < 0.01) and TN (r = 0.865, P < 0.01), with higher THAA concentrations in the coastal areas. Based on the two end-member mixing model, the fraction of terrestrial organic matter (F t) ranged from 12.11% to 51.34% (average: 30.17 ± 9.61%), with much higher variability at the nearshore stations compared to the offshore stations. The C/N ratios and the δ13C values showed the different distribution trend, and there was a negative correlation between them (r = −0.479, P < 0.05). Based on the C/N ratios and δ13C values, the SOM in the study area was a mixture of marine organic matter (OM) and soil-derived OM. In addition, our study showed that SOM was dominated by diatomaceous OM compared to carbonate-derived OM and that terrestrial inputs and primary production were the dominant factors controlling the distribution of OM in the study area. Carbon and nitrogen-normalized yields of THAA (THAA-C% and THAA-N%) showed that relatively fresh OM tended to occur in the coastal areas off the Shandong Peninsula. However, the generally low degradation index (DI) values revealed that all SOM in the study area had undergone significant degradation. Glycine increased in relative abundance as the SOM was degraded, while aromatic amino acids (Tyr and Phe) and neutral amino acids (Leu, Ile and Val) had consistently decreasing trends following SOM degradation. • Organic matter in the sediments of SYS and ECS was mainly of marine origin. • Sediments were dominated by diatomaceous organic matter relative to carbonate-derived. • Degradation index indicate organic matter in surface sediments was relatively degraded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Toll pathway is crucial for innate immune responses in organisms (including Drosophila and mammals). The Spätzle protein outside of cells acts as a ligand for Toll receptors, enabling the transfer of signals from outside the cell to the inside. However, the function of Spätzle in the immune system of mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) remains unclear. This research discovered a novel Spätzle gene (Sp -Spz) in mud crab, which showed extensive expression in all the tissues that were examined. The RNA interference exhibited the correlation between Sp -Spz and the anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (ALFs). Knockdown of Sp -Spz decreased the expression of Sp -Toll2 but not Sp -Toll1. In Drosophila Schneider 2 cells, Sp -Spz was found interacted with Sp -Toll2. Moreover, the depletion of Sp -Spz caused the separation of hepatic lobules from the basement membrane, resulting in the disruption of the structural coherence of hepatopancreatic cells. Additionally, the knockdown of Sp -Spz resulted in changes to the composition of the hemolymph microbiota, specifically affecting the proportions of different phylum and family levels. The findings indicated that Sp -Spz may promote the synthesis of ALFs via Sp -Toll2, thereby influencing the homeostasis of microbiota in the hemolymph. In this study, novel insights into mud crab immunity are provided. • Full-length of Sp -Spz with 996 bp was cloned from mud crab. • Sp -Spz promoted bacteria clearance and up-regulating the expression of ALFs. • Sp -Spz can regulate the expression of ALFs through Sp -Toll2. • Sp -Spz knockdown altered the relative abundance of the hemolymph microbiota at the phylum and family levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental pollution of water is one of the problems that have plagued human society. The bimetallic nanoscale zero-valent iron (BnZVI) technology has increased wide attention owing to its high performance for water treatment and soil remediation. In recent years, the BnZVI technology based on the development of nZVI has been further developed. The material chemistry, synthesis methods, and immobilization or surface stabilization of bimetals are discussed. Further, the data of BnZVI (Fe/Ni, Fe/Cu, Fe/Pd) articles that have been studied more frequently in the last decade are summarized in terms of the types of contaminants and the number of research literatures on the same contaminants. Five contaminants including trichloroethylene (TCE), Decabromodi-phenyl Ether (BDE209), chromium (Cr(VI)), nitrate and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) were selected for in-depth discussion on their influencing factors and removal or degradation mechanisms. Herein, comprehensive views towards mechanisms of BnZVI applications including adsorption, hydrodehalogenation and reduction are provided. Particularly, some ambiguous concepts about formation of micro progenitor cell, production of hydrogen radicals (H ·) and H 2 and the electron transfer are highlighted. Besides, in-depth discussion of selectivity for N 2 from nitrates and co-precipitation of chromium are emphasized. The difference of BnZVI is also discussed. [Display omitted] • A review of the type of contaminants removed by bimetallic nanoscale zero-valent iron (BnZVI) is made. • The different synthesis and modification methods of BnZVI are reviewed. • The influence factors of contaminants removed by BnZVI are reported. • The multiple mechanisms of BnZVI with contaminants are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mortality rate linked with nephrotic syndrome (NS) is quite high. The renal tubular injury influences the response of NS patients to steroid treatment. KN motif and ankyrin repeat domains 2 (KANK2) regulates actin polymerization, which is required for renal tubular cells to maintain their function. In this study, we found that the levels of KANK2 in patients with NS were considerably lower than those in healthy controls, especially in NS patients with acute kidney injury (AKI). To get a deeper understanding of the KANK2 transcriptional control mechanism, the core promoter region of the KANK2 gene was identified. KANK2 was further found to be positively regulated by E2F Transcription Factor 1 (E2F1), Transcription Factor AP-2 Gamma (TFAP2C), and Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1 (NRF1), both at mRNA and protein levels. Knocking down E2F1, TFAP2C, or NRF1 deformed the cytoskeleton of renal tubular cells and reduced F-actin content. EMSA and ChIP assays confirmed that all three transcription factors could bind to the upstream promoter transcription site of KANK2 to transactivate KANK2 in renal tubular epithelial cells. Our study suggests that E2F1, TFAP2C, and NRF1 play essential roles in regulating the KANK2 transcription, therefore shedding fresh light on the development of putative therapeutic options for the treatment of NS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Although the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has ended, multiple sporadic cases still exist, posing a request for more antivirals. The main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2, a key enzyme for viral replication, is an attractive target for drug development. Here, we report the discovery of a new potent α -ketoamide-containing Mpro inhibitor, N -((R)-1-cyclohexyl-2-(((R)-3-methoxy-1-oxo-1-((1-(2-oxo-2-((thiazol-2-ylmethyl)amino)acetyl)cyclobutyl)amino)propan-2-yl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-4,4-difluorocyclohexane-1-carboxamide (20j). This compound presented promising enzymatic inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro with an IC 50 value of 19.0 nM, and an excellent antiviral activity in cell-based assay with an EC 50 value of 138.1 nM. This novel covalent inhibitor may be used as a lead compound for subsequent drug discovery against SARS-CoV-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monoterpenes are commonly known for their role in the flavors and fragrances industry and are also gaining attention for other uses like insect repellant and as potential renewable fuels for aviation. Corynebacterium glutamicum, a Generally Recognized as Safe microbe, has been a choice organism in industry for the annual million ton-scale bioproduction of amino acids for more than 50 years; however, efforts to produce monoterpenes in C. glutamicum have remained relatively limited. In this study, we report a further expansion of the C. glutamicum biosynthetic repertoire through the development and optimization of a mevalonate-based monoterpene platform. In the course of our plasmid design iterations, we increased flux through the mevalonate-based bypass pathway, measuring isoprenol production as a proxy for monoterpene precursor abundance and demonstrating the highest reported titers in C. glutamicum to date at 1504.6 mg/L. Our designs also evaluated the effects of backbone, promoter, and GPP synthase homolog origin on monoterpene product titers. Monoterpene production was further improved by disrupting competing pathways for isoprenoid precursor supply and by implementing a biphasic production system to prevent volatilization. With this platform, we achieved 321.1 mg/L of geranoids, 723.6 mg/L of 1,8-cineole, and 227.8 mg/L of linalool. Furthermore, we determined that C. glutamicum first oxidizes geraniol through an aldehyde intermediate before it is asymmetrically reduced to citronellol. Additionally, we demonstrate that the aldehyde reductase, AdhC, possesses additional substrate promiscuity for acyclic monoterpene aldehydes. • Design of a mevalonate-based monoterpene production platform in C. glutamicum. • Highest production titers of isoprenol, geranoids, eucalyptol, and linalool reported in C. glutamicum to date. • Identification of citronellal as an intermediate in the reduction of geraniol to citronellol by C. glutamicum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, NR/MXene/SiO 2 nanocomposites are fabricated into flexible wearable strain sensors with an island-chain structure, this unique structure promotes the selective distribution of MXene in the NR matrix and greatly improves the sensing performance of the material, which can detect human motions in real-time and provide personal health monitoring. [Display omitted] The demand for flexible strain sensors with high sensitivity and durability has increased significantly. However, traditional sensors are limited in terms of their detection ranges and fabrications. In this work, a space stacking method was proposed to fabricate natural rubber (NR)/ Ti 3 C 2 T x (MXene)/silica (SiO 2) films that possessed exceptional electrical conductivity, sensitivity and reliability. The introduction of SiO 2 into the NR/MXene composite enabled the construction of an "island-chain structure", which promoted the formation of conductive pathways and significantly improved the conductivity of the composite. Specifically, the electrical conductivity of the NR/MXene/10 wt%SiO 2 composite was enhanced by about 200 times compared to that of the NR/MXene composite alone (from 0.07 to 13.4 S/m). Additionally, the "island-chain structure" further enhanced the sensing properties of the NR/MXene/10 wt%SiO 2 composite, as evidenced by its excellent sensitivity (GF = 189.2), rapid response time (102 ms), and good repeatability over 10,000 cycles. The fabricated device demonstrates an outstanding mechanical sensing performance and can accurately detect human physiological signals. Specifically, the device serves as a strain detector, recognizing different strain signals by monitoring the movement of fingers, arms, and thighs. This study provides critical insights into composite manufacturing with exceptional conductivity, flexibility and stability, which are essential properties for creating high-performance flexible sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spectroscopic technologies are prominent tools for the detection of potential extraterrestrial chemical biomarkers, such as those on Mars. However, the biomass in Martian samples, if existed, is expected to be extremely low, so it is crucial to understand the low boundary of spectroscopic detections. In this study, a Martian basalts-like igneous rock and four representative bacterial strains were used to examine the biomarker detection potentials of the laser-induced breakdown (LIBS), Raman, infrared (IR), and X-ray spectroscopies. A series of concentration gradients of these strains were prepared and dropped onto the basaltic sample, the areas of which were then analyzed by spectrometers. The multivariate analysis of LIBS data can differentiate areas with several to tens of cells per cm2 from basaltic components. In addition, Raman and Fourier-transform IR (FTIR) spectrometers are robust to detecting organic chemical bonds or biological materials when cells are directly targeted. If more water-rich conditions are present, LIBS, Raman, and FTIR spectrometers were all able to acquire this more habitable information. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and affiliated energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) can examine the microscale shapes and chemical distribution within suspicious compartment structures. These findings imply that LIBS-associated statistics and suites of spectrometers can be promising tools for in situ life detection on Mars or returned sample analyses in laboratories if biotic materials were present in a small measured region even at low biomass levels. • LIBS-linked multivariate analysis serves as an approach to locate regions with higher potential to cache biogenic materials. • Several to tens of cells per cm2 can be the detection limit of LIBS biomarkers. • The combination of spectroscopies and microscopies is promising for detecting elemental, organic, and morphologic biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The catalytic effect of bismuth on Pt(1 0 0) electrodes for the FAOR is linked to the Pt-Bi ensembles. • Bismuth catalyzes the direct path and inhibits the CO formation route. • A mechanism for the reaction that accounts for the experimental results is proposed. The formic acid oxidation reaction (FAOR) on bismuth-modified Pt(1 0 0) is studied using electrochemical techniques and FITR spectroscopy at different bismuth coverages and formic acid concentrations. The results clearly show that: (1) The measured currents for the Bi-modified Pt(1 0 0) surface contain contributions from both the Pt-Bi ensembles and the Pt sites far from the Bi adatoms. (2) The catalytic effect of bismuth is not linked to the adsorption of formate on Pt sites. (3) The bismuth not only improves the activity of the FAOR through the active intermediate but also inhibits the CO poison by a third-body effect. (4) The experimental results indicate that the catalytic activity is linked to the Pt-Bi ensembles. The active species, formate, adsorbs on the Bi site and the neighboring Pt sites facilitate the cleavage of the C–H bond. (5) From the concentration dependence, the reaction order for formate on bismuth-modified Pt(1 0 0) is 1 at low potentials. In contrast, a reaction order of 0.5 is obtained at higher potentials. These results are in agreement with the proposed mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vascular dementia (VaD), the second most common type of dementia, is attributed to lower cerebral blood flow. To date, there is still no available clinical treatment for VaD. The phenolic glucoside gastrodin (GAS) is known for its neuroprotective effects, but the role and mechanisms of action on VD remains unclear. In this study, we aim to investigate the neuroprotective role and underlying mechanisms of GAS on chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH)-mediated VaD rats and hypoxia-induced injury of HT22 cells. The study showed that GAS relieved learning and memory deficits, ameliorated hippocampus histological lesions in VaD rats. Additionally, GAS down-regulated LC3II/I, Beclin-1 levels and up-regulated P62 level in VaD rats and hypoxia-injured HT22 cells. Notably, GAS rescued the phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT pathway-related proteins expression, which regulates autophagy. Mechanistic studies verify that YP-740, a PI3K agonist, significantly resulted in inhibition of excessive autophagy and apoptosis with no significant differences were observed in the YP-740 and GAS co-treatment. Meantime, we found that LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, substantially abolished GAS-mediated neuroprotection. These results revealed that the effects of GAS on VaD are related to stimulating PI3K/AKT pathway-mediated autophagy, suggesting a potentially beneficial therapeutic strategy for VaD. • GAS provided a potentially beneficial neuroprotective effect via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. • GAS clearly Inhibited chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-mediated cognitive impairment of vascular dementia rats. • The intervention of GAS on diseases provided a new direction for the prevention and treatment of VaD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately obtaining the pollution sources and their contribution rates is the basis for refining watershed management. Although many source analysis methods have been proposed, a systematic framework for watershed management is still lacking, including the complete process of pollution source identification to control. We proposed a framework for identification and abatement of pollutants and applied in the Huangshui River Basin. A newer contaminant flux variation method based on a one-dimensional river water quality model was used to calculate the contribution of pollutants. The contributions of various factors to the over-standard parameters of water quality sections at different spatial and temporal scales were calculated. Based on the calculation results, corresponding pollution abatement projects were developed, and the effectiveness of the projects was evaluated through scenario simulation. Our results showed that the large scale livestock and poultry farms and sewage treatment plants were the largest sources of total nitrogen (TP) in Xiaoxia bridge section, with contribution rates of 46.02% and 36.74%, respectively. Additionally, the largest contribution sources of ammonia nitrogen (NH 3 –N) were sewage treatment plants (36.17%) and industrial sewage (26.33%). Three towns that contributed the most to TP were Lejiawan Town (14.4%), Ganhetan Town (7.3%) and Handong Hui Nationality town (6.6%), while NH 3 –N mainly from the Lejiawan Town (15.9%), Xinghai Road Sub-district (12.4%) and Mafang Sub-district (9.5%). Further analysis found that point sources in these towns were the main contributor to TP and NH 3 –N. Accordingly, we developed abatement projects for point sources. Scenario simulation indicated that the TP and NH 3 –N could be significantly improved by closing down and upgrading relevant sewage treatment plants and building facilities for large scale livestock and poultry farms. The framework adopted in this study can accurately identify pollution sources and evaluate the effectiveness of pollution abatement projects, which is conducive to the refined water environment management. • A framework of pollution source identification and abatement is proposed. • Contaminant flux variation method was put forward for quantifying contribution. • Water quality scenarios models provide pollution management strategies. • Point source contributes the biggest for ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus. • Impact from point sources on water quality was greater during the dry season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitors are a novel category of anticancer treatment for cancers. However, their effects on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are rarely investigated. Human ribonucleotide reductase (RR, which consists of RRM1 and RRM2 subunits) catalyzes the conversion of ribonucleoside diphosphate into 2′-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate to maintain the homeostasis of nucleotide pools, which play essential roles in DNA synthesis and DNA repair. In this study, we identified that CDK9 protein expression in adjacent non-tumor tissues predicted HCC patients' overall and progression-free survivals. The anticancer activity of a CDK9-selective inhibitor, LDC000067, on HCC cells was positively associated with its ability to inhibit the expression of RRM1 and RRM2. LDC000067 downregulated RRM1 and RRM2 expression through post-transcriptional pathway. Specifically, LDC000067 triggered RRM2 protein degradation via multiple pathways, including proteasome-, lysosome-, and calcium-dependent pathways. Furthermore, CDK9 positively correlates with RRM1 or RRM2 expression in HCC patients, and the expressions of these three genes were associated with the higher infiltration of immune cells in HCC. Taken together, this study identified the prognostic relevance of CDK9 in HCC and the molecular mechanism for the anticancer effect of CDK9 inhibitors on HCC. [Display omitted] • High CDK9 protein in adjacent non-tumor tissues predicts a worse prognosis. • LDC000067's anticancer activity is linked to RRM1 and RRM2 inhibition. • LDC000067 inhibits RRM1 and RRM2 expression through post-transcriptional pathway. • LDC000067 triggers RRM2 protein degradation via multiple pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Depletion of mature B cells aggravated Aβ load and memory deficits of 5xFAD mice. • B lymphocytes-derived interleukin-35 ameliorates Alzheimer's disease-like neuropathology. • Interleukin-35 inhibited neuronal β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 expression via SOCS1/STAT1 pathway. Increasing evidence supports the involvement of the peripheral immune system in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, we found that B lymphocytes could mitigate beta-Amyloid (Aβ) pathology and memory impairments in a transgenic AD mouse model. Specifically, in young 5 × FAD mice, we evidenced increased B cells in the frontal cortex and meningeal tissues; depletion of mature B cells aggravated these mice's Aβ load and memory deficits. The increased B cells produced more interleukin-35 (IL-35) in the front cortex. We further found IL-35 neutralization exacerbated Aβ pathology, while injecting IL-35 mitigated Aβ load and cognitive dysfunction in 5 × FAD mice with or without mature B cell deficiency. Mechanistically, IL-35 inhibited neuronal BACE1 transcription through modulating the SOCS1/STAT1 pathway, and reduced Aβ production accordingly. Reanalysis of the single-cell RNA sequencing data from blood samples of AD patients suggested an increased population of IL-35-producing B cells. Together, the present study revealed a novel effect of B lymphocyte-derived IL-35 on inhibiting Aβ production in the frontal cortex, which may serve as a potential target for future AD treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thyroid follicular cells originate from the foregut endoderm and elucidating which genes and signaling pathways regulate their development is crucial for understanding developmental disorders as well as diseases in adulthood. We exploited unique advantages of the zebrafish model to carry an ENU-based forward mutagenesis screen aiming at identifying genes involved in the development and function of the thyroid follicular cells. ENU is an excellent chemical mutagen due to its high mutation efficiency and an indiscriminate selection of genes. A total of 1606 F2 families from 36 ENU treated founders was raised and embryos from F3 generation were collected at 5dpf to perform the whole embryo in situ hybridization with a cocktail probe of thyroid marker thyroglobulin(tg), pituitary marker thyroid stimulating hormone (tshba) to determine the mutagenic phenotype. Among the 1606 F2 families, 112 F2 mutant families with normal development stages except for thyroid dysfunction were identified and divided into three different groups according to their phenotypic characteristics. Further studies of the mutants are likely to shed more insights into the molecular basis of both the thyroid development and function in the zebrafish and vertebrate. • ENU treatment of male zebrafish produced chemical mutagenesis and the generation of the zebrafish F1 generation. • Selection and conservation of the zebrafish F2 generation. • The zebrafish F3 generation mutants displayed thyroid dysgenesis with or without physical developmental retardation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing number of studies have focus upon β-adrenergic receptor blockers and their anti-tumor effects. However, the use of Carvedilol (CVD), the third generation β-AR blocker, has not been explored for use against T-ALL. In this study, the level of β-ARs was explored in pediatric T-ALL patients. Moreover, the antitumor effects of CVD against T-ALL were assessed in vitro and in vivo , and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. The viability of T-ALL cells following CVD treatment was detected using a CCK-8 assay, and the apoptotic and cell cycle effects were measured using flow cytometry. The protein levels of β-ARs, cAMP, Epac, JAK2, STAT3, p-STAT3, PI3K, p-PI3K, AKT, p -AKT, mTOR, cyclin D1, PCNA, and cleaved caspase-3 were assessed by Western blotting. In vivo experiments were used to investigate the effect of CVD on T-ALL growth in mice. The results indicated that β-ARs were highly expressed in the newly diagnosed T-ALL cells when compared to those in the control group (P < 0.05). In vitro , CVD significantly inhibited T-ALL cell viability, promoted apoptosis and blocked the G0/G1 phase of cell cycle. After CVD treatment, the protein levels of β-ARs, cAMP, Epac, PI3K, p-PI3K, AKT, p -AKT, mTOR, JAK2, STAT3, p-STAT3, cyclin D1 and PCNA were significantly downregulated (P < 0.05); whereas cleaved caspase-3 was significantly upregulated (P < 0.05). In vivo , the volume and weight of the xenograft tumors were significantly decreased in the CVD group (P < 0.05). CVD promoted xenograft tumor apoptosis and reduced the proportion of CEM-C1 cells in murine peripheral blood and bone marrow (P < 0.05). Our results demonstrate that β-ARs are expressed in T-ALL. CVD has a strong antitumor effect against T-ALL and inhibits β-AR associated signaling pathways. Therefore, CVD may provide a potential therapy for T-ALL. • The expression of β-ARs in patients with T-ALL and T-ALL cells was first discovered. • β-adrenergic receptors are positive regulators of T-ALL viability. • We find for the first time that carvedilol has a strong anti T-ALL effect. • Carvedilol can inhibit T-ALL cells proliferation and promotes apoptosis. • Carvedilol can inhibit cAMP/Epac, PI3K/AKT/mTOR and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute response protein that mainly produced by hepatocytes, and it can promote endothelial dysfunction via a pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic effect in atherosclerosis and renal disease. Overdose of Acetaminophen (APAP) will cause hepatotoxicity accompany with hepatocyte necrosis, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) damage and thrombosis in liver. However, whether SAA plays a role in APAP-induced liver toxicity remains unclear. Here, we evaluated the Saa1/2 expression in APAP-induced liver injury, and found that Saa1/2 production was significantly increased in an autocrine manner in APAP injury model. Moreover, we used neutralizing antibody (anti-SAA) to block the function of serum Saa1/2. We found that neutralizing serum Saa1/2 protected against APAP-induced liver injuries and increased the survival rate of mice that were treated with lethal dose APAP. Further investigations showed that blocking Saa1/2 reduced APAP-induced sinusoidal endothelium damage, hemorrhage and thrombosis. In addition, in vitro experiments showed that Saa1/2 augmented the toxic effect of APAP on LSECs, and Saa1/2 promoted platelets aggregation on LSECs cell membrane. Taken together, this study suggests that Saa1/2 may play a critical role in APAP-induced liver damages through platelets aggregation and sinusoidal damage. Therefore, we conceptually demonstrate that inhibition of SAA may be a potential intervention for APAP-directed acute liver injuries. • The expression of Saa1/2 was increased in an autocrine manner during APAP-induced liver injury. • Neutralizing serum Saa1/2 protected against APAP-induced liver injuries. • Blocking Saa1/2 reduced APAP-induced sinusoidal endothelial cell damage and platelets accumulation in liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monochoria korsakowii is an increasingly significant threat to rice production across China, particularly in Liaoning province. Few studies have reported herbicide resistance in M. korsakowii , and resistance status and mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, thirty field populations of M. korsakowii were collected from 11 rice-growing regions of Liaoning, and 97% of populations had evolved resistance to bensulfuron-methyl (BM), with majority (24 of 28) showing high resistance levels (RI > 10). The first in-depth analysis of molecular features of AHAS1 and AHAS2 in BM-resistant populations showed that four Pro197 mutations (Pro197 to His, Ala, Leu or Ser) in AHAS1 and one mutation (Pro197Ser) in AHAS2 were identified. Notably, novel double Pro197Ser mutations co-occurred in both AHAS1 and AHAS2 in the most resistant line LN-20. Furthermore, resistant mutants were used to investigate the effect of Pro197 mutations on AHAS functionality, binding modes, gene expression and cross-resistance in M. korsakowii. All the detected Pro197 mutations considerably reduced in vitro AHAS sensitivity to BM by weakening hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions in the predicted BM-AHAS complexes, especially the double Pro197Ser mutations. This novel resistance mutation combination slightly impacted the extractable AHAS activity, and increased the affinity and catalytic rate of pyruvate. Also, the AHAS expression level was significantly up-regulated. Moreover, all mutations provided resistance only to other sulfonylureas herbicides but not triazolopyrimidine or pyrimidinyl-benzoates herbicides. In conclusion, bensulfuron-methyl resistance in M. korsakowii was grim in Liaoning, China, and amino acid mutations on AHAS isozymes were the primary resistance mechanism. Double Pro197Ser mutations in both AHAS1 and AHAS2 confer higher herbicide resistance than single mutations in AHAS1. Thus, this work deepens our understanding of resistance status and mechanisms of M. korsakowii. [Display omitted] • Target-site mutations on AHAS isozymes were the primary resistance mechanism of M. korsakowii in Liaoning, China. • Four Pro197 mutations (Pro197 to His, Ala, Leu or Ser) in AHAS1 and one mutation (Pro197Ser) in AHAS2 were identified in M. korsakowii. • Pro197 mutations show different functional impacts on AHAS functionality, binding modes, gene expression and cross resistance. • Double Pro197Ser mutations in both AHAS1 and AHAS2 confer higher herbicide resistance than single mutations in AHAS1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The composite showed high activity and stability for BzOH oxidation in water. • The redox cycle of VV/VIV was supposed to be responsible for PMS composition. • S O 4 ∙ - , 1O 2 and mediated electron transfer played a major role in the oxidation. A porous V/SiO 2 sphere composite (VO X @SiO 2) was synthesized using one-step sol-gel method. Benefiting from the redox properties of vanadium and the hydrophilic property, VO X @SiO 2 showed good catalytic performances for the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol (BzOH) to benzaldehyde (BzH) in aqueous phase through peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation, and performed far better in water than in various organic solvents. The redox cycle of VV/VIV was supposed to be responsible for PMS decomposition in the VO X @SiO 2 /PMS system. The S O 4 ∙ - , 1O 2 and mediated electron transfer were revealed to play a major role in the selective oxidation of BzOH to BzH. The intrinsic kinetics was analyzed to calculate the chemical reaction rate (r a) and reaction order (n = 0.33) with respect to BzOH. This study provided some insights into the development of vanadium-based heterogeneous catalyst for the selective oxidation of BzOH to BzH through PMS activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The difference between the audiovisual incongruent condition and the audiovisual congruent condition is known as cross-modal conflict, which is an important behavioral index to measure the conflict control function. Previous studies have found conflict control deficits in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but it is not clear whether and how cross-modal conflict occurs in children with ADHD at different processing levels. The current study adopted the cross-modal matching paradigm to recruit 25 children with ADHD (19 boys and 6 girls) and 24 TD children (17 boys and 7 girls), aiming to investigate the cross-modal conflict effect at the perception and response levels of children with ADHD. The results showed that both groups of children showed significant cross-modal conflict, and there was no significant difference between the ADHD and TD groups in the number of error trials and mean response time. However, the cross-modal conflict effect caused by auditory distractors was different between the ADHD and TD groups; the TD group had stronger auditory conflict at the response level, whereas the ADHD group had weaker auditory conflict. This indicates that the ADHD group had a deficit of auditory conflict at the response level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semi-arid regions present unique challenges for maintaining aquatic biological integrity due to their complex evolutionary mechanisms. Uncovering the spatial patterns of aquatic biological integrity in these areas is a challenging research task, especially under the compound environmental stress. Our goal is to address this issue with a scientifically rigorous approach. This study aims to explore the spatial analysis and diagnosis method of aquatic biological based on the combination of machine learning and statistical analysis, so as to reveal the spatial differentiation patterns and causes of changes of aquatic biological integrity in semi-arid regions. To this end, we have introduced an innovative approach that combines XGBoost-SHAP and Fuzzy C-means clustering (FCM), we successfully identified and diagnosed the spatial variations of aquatic biological integrity in the Wei River Basin (WRB). The study reveals significant spatial variations in species number, diversity, and aquatic biological integrity of phytoplankton, serving as a testament to the multifaceted responses of biological communities under the intricate tapestry of environmental gradients. Delving into the depths of the XGBoost-SHAP algorithm, we discerned that Annual average Temperature (AT) stands as the pivotal driver steering the spatial divergence of the Phytoplankton Integrity Index (P-IBI), casting a positive influence on P-IBI when AT is below 11.8 °C. The intricate interactions between hydrological variables (VF and RW) and AT, as well as between water quality parameters (WT, NO 3 –N, TP, COD) and AT, collectively sculpt the spatial distribution of P-IBI. The fusion of XGBoost-SHAP with FCM unveils pronounced north-south gradient disparities in aquatic biological integrity across the watershed, segmenting the region into four distinct zones. This establishes scientific boundary conditions for the conservation strategies and management practices of aquatic ecosystems in the region, and its flexibility is applicable to the analysis of spatial heterogeneity in other complex environmental contexts. • XGBoost-SHAP uncovers key drivers in semi-arid aquatic integrity evolution. • Innovative integration of XGBoost-SHAP with FCM maps aquatic spatial patterns. • AT dominates the distribution of aquatic biological integrity. • Distinct north-south trends in aquatic biological integrity of semi-arids revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increase of sustainable development goal, the bio-based adsorption materials with high and selective dye removal are important for water treatment in the dyeing industry. In this paper, a bio-based adsorption foam composed of metal-organic frameworks (MOF) and polyethyleneimine (PEI)-modified cellulose was prepared by a three-step process, i.e., PEI modification of cellulose fibers (PC), MOF decoration of PEI-modified cellulose (MIL-53@PC), and in-situ foaming with polyurethane. PEI modification provides cellulose fiber with more active sites for both dye adsorption and MOF bonding. We found that MIL-53 crystals were tightly bonded on the surface of PC through hydrogen bonding. Because of the abundant adsorption sites (e.g., amines, iron oxide group), the MIL-53@PC demonstrated high adsorption capacity and selectivity for anionic dye (e.g., 936.5 mg/g for methyl orange) through electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding. Finally, MIL-53@PC particles were blended with a waterborne polyurethane prepolymer to prepare a three-dimensional hydrophilic foam (MIL-53@PC/PUF), which not only maintained high adsorption capacity and selectivity of MIL-53@PC and also improved its recyclability and reusability. The MIL-53@PC/PUF offers a promising solution for dye wastewater treatment. [Display omitted] • MIL-53@PC was fabricated via the ultrasonic method. • The maximum adsorption capacity of MIL-53@PC for MO was 936.5 mg/g. • The MIL-53@PC could selectively remove the anionic dyes from wastewater. • The MIL-53@PC/PUF broadened the practical application of powder adsorbent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SIC) is a serious complication of sepsis with high mortality but no effective treatment. The renin angiotensin (Ang) aldosterone system (RAAS) is activated in patients with sepsis but it is unclear how the Ang II/Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) axis contributes to SIC. This study examined the link between the Ang II/AT1R axis and SIC as well as the protective effect of AT1R blockers (ARBs). The Ang II level in peripheral plasma and AT1R expression on monocytes were significantly higher in patients with SIC compared with those in non-SIC patients and healthy controls and were correlated with the degree of myocardial injury. The ARB losartan reduced the infiltration of neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages into the heart and spleen of SIC mice. Additionally, losartan regulated macrophage polarization from the M1 to the M2 subtype via nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, thereby maintaining the mitochondrial dynamics balance in cardiomyocytes and reducing oxidative stress and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. In conclusion, the plasma Ang II level and AT1R expression on plasma monocytes are an important biomarker in SIC. Therapeutic targeting of AT1R, for example with losartan, can potentially protect against myocardial injury in SIC. [Display omitted] • Plasma Ang II level and AT1R expression on monocytes is a useful biomarker for SIC. • Losartan blocked immune cell infiltration in spleen and myocardium of SIC mice. • Losartan can regulate macrophage polarization to alleviate SIC. • AT1R is possibly a therapeutic target to protect cardiomyocyte mitochondria. • The application of losartan may be a promising strategy for SIC treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of tumor therapeutic resistance is one of the important reasons for the failure of antitumor therapy. Starting with multiple targets and multiple signaling pathways is helpful in understanding the mechanism of tumor resistance. The overexpression of prolyl isomerase Pin1 is highly correlated with the malignancy of cancer, since Pin1 controls many oncogenes and tumor suppressors, as well as a variety of cancer-driving signaling pathways. Strikingly, numerous studies have shown that Pin1 is directly involved in therapeutic resistance. In this review, we mainly summarize the functions and mechanisms of Pin1 in therapeutic resistance of multifarious cancers, such as breast, liver, and pancreatic carcinomas. Furtherly, from the perspective of Pin1-driven cancer signaling pathways including Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3K/Akt, Wnt/β-catenin, NF-κB, as well as Pin1 inhibitors containing juglone, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO), it is better to demonstrate the important potential role and mechanism of Pin1 in resistance and sensitization to cancer therapies. It will provide new therapeutic approaches for clinical reversal and prevention of tumor resistance by employing synergistic administration of Pin1 inhibitors and chemotherapeutics, implementing combination therapy of Pin1-related cancer signaling pathway inhibitors and Pin1 inhibitors, and exploiting novel Pin1-specific inhibitors. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hexagrammos otakii is favored by consumers and aquaculture practitioners because of its strong adaptability and fast growth. However, recently, frequent outbreaks of diseases in the breeding of H. otakii have led to significant economic losses, especially due to bacterial diseases, which limit the healthy breeding of H. otakii. As a luminescent Gram-negative bacterium, Vibrio harveyi is the main pathogenic bacteria of H. otakii. In this study, the histopathology and label-free quantitative proteomics analysis were performed to reveal the changes of skin mucus proteins in H. otakii after infection with V. harveyi. The histopathological changes in the skin of H. otakii showed that when the bacteria were injected into the epithelial cells, it caused an increase in the number of mucous cells and a certain degree of damage and deformation in skin. Moreover, the quantitative proteomics analysis revealed a total of 364 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), and these DEPs were found to be involved in environmental information processing, metabolism, infectious diseases: bacteria, replication and repair. More importantly, the enrichment analysis of the DEPs revealed that these different proteins were mainly targeted immune-related pathways. After infection of bacteria, the host's immune ability will be weakened, causing V. harveyi to enter the organism more easily, resulting in increased mucus in H. otakii , which will eventually lead to a decline in its physical function. These results provided an insight into a series of physiological changes after the bacterial infection of fish at the proteomic level and basic data for further exploration of the potential mechanism of skin mucus. Taken together, the results indicated more opportunities for the future designs and discoveries of effective antibacterial vaccines and antibacterial drugs for H. otakii. • The pathological changes of epidermis after bacterial infection were examined. • Proteomics of skin mucus of Hexagrammos otakii was analyzed by label-free. • A total of 364 deferentially expressed proteins were identified. • Fish skin mucus activates immune-related pathways under bacterial infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The MyoD1 and MyoD2 were identified in Seriola lalandi. • MyoD1 mRNA was higher than MyoD2 during embryonic and early development stage. • MyoDs , GH and IGF-I were expressed in growth axis and changed with sizes and ages. • mRNA and plasma levels of GH and IGF - I increased accompanied by increase in MyoDs. • MyoDs may regulate muscle development and growth in S. lalandi. Yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) is a pelagic piscivore distributed circumglobally. Owing to its great market value, the growth mechanism of S. lalandi , including muscle development and growth, is a hot research topic. The myoblast determination protein (MyoD) gene has been shown to play an important role in formation of myoblasts and the function of somites in fish. The open reading frame (ORF) sequences of MyoD1 and MyoD2 in S. lalandi encoded 298 and 263 amino acids possessing three common characteristic domains, respectively, containing a myogenic basic domain, a bHLH domain, and a ser-rich region (helix III). S. lalandi MyoDs shared the highest identity with the MyoDs of S. dumerili. MyoDs are highly expressed in white muscle (P < 0.05) in S. lalandi. The expression level of MyoD1 mRNA was higher than that of MyoD2 mRNA during embryonic and early developmental stages, indicating that the two MyoD isoforms may have different roles in muscle formation. Moreover, the mRNA expression of MyoDs in the brain, pituitary, liver and muscle of endocrine growth axis were analyzed in the various sizes and ages stages. The expression levels of MyoDs in the different sizes and ages of S. lalandi showed that expression of both these genes was particularly high in 400-g fish and 2-year-old fish (P < 0.05). Moreover, the increases in the mRNA expression and plasma levels of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) were accompanied by an increase in mRNA expression of MyoDs , indicating the roles of GH and IGF-I in muscle development and growth of S. lalandi. Overall, the expression profiles of genes associated with muscle development are the first step taken towards deciphering fast growth mechanism in this important Seriola fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]