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The article explores how nighttime bracing combined with self-mediated physical activity can effectively prevent the progression of the Cobb angle in adolescents with moderate-grade idiopathic scoliosis. Topics discussed include the mechanisms of nighttime bracing in scoliosis management, the role of self-directed physical activities in supporting spinal health, and the overall outcomes in slowing disease progression with this combined approach.

Most adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) do not achieve a glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) <7.0%, which is the current clinical target. mHealth can offer a scalable and age-appropriate delivery method for behavioral interventions to lower adolescents' HbA1c levels, while applying established behavior change and behavioral economics theories can enhance scientific rigor. We aim to conduct a pilot randomized clinical trial of a novel mHealth intervention called Coin2Dose (C ash- O nly IN centives To promote insulin DOSE engagement), in a sample of youth with T1D: 1) to obtain measures of feasibility and acceptability and 2) to examine preliminary efficacy versus a standard care control group based on differences in youth's daily BOLUS scores, HbA1c levels, and Time in Range (TIR) at post-intervention and 3-month post-intervention follow-up. This pilot RCT is already registered in http://ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT#05280184). Our pilot will recruit youth with T1D 11–17 years-old who use an insulin pump or Bluetooth connected insulin pen and have an average daily BOLUS score ≤2.5. Youth randomized to Coin2Dose will receive the intervention for 12 weeks followed by a 12-week maintenance period. The pilot is scheduled to start July 2022 and to conclude in 2025. At the conclusion of the pilot, we will have information about the feasibility and acceptability of two different behavioral economic incentive structures for improving BOLUS scores. The work is anticipated to progress to final efficacy trial. We will disseminate study results through presentations at local, national, and international conferences and through peer-reviewed diabetes and psychology journals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to early adverse experiences induces persistent changes in physiological, emotional and behavioural functions predisposing the individual to an enhanced vulnerability to develop different disorders during lifespan. The adverse outcomes depend upon the timing of the stressful experiences, and in this contest, adolescence represents a key sensitive period for brain development. Among the biological systems involved, gut microbiota has recently been proposed to act on the interplay between the stress response, brain functions and immune system, through the gut-brain axis communication. In the current study we aimed to evaluate, in a preclinical model, changes over time in the microbiota community structure in physiological condition and in response to stress during adolescence. We also aimed to correlate the microbiota composition to the inflammatory status in brain. We used the preclinical model of social deprivation in rats during adolescence, based on the lack of all social contacts, for four weeks after weaning, followed by re-socialization until adulthood. We collected fecal samples at different post-natal days to investigate the short- and long-lasting effects of social isolation on gut microbiota composition and we collected brain areas (dorsal and ventral hippocampus) samples at killing to measure a panel of inflammatory and microglia activation markers. 16 S metataxonomic sequencing analysis revealed that microbial changes were influenced by age in both isolated and controls rats, regardless of sex, whereas social isolation impacted the microbial composition in a sex-dependent manner. A multivariate analysis showed that social isolation induced short-term gut microbiota alterations in females but not in males. We also identified several stress-related genera associated with social isolation condition. In brain areas we found a specific inflammatory pattern, in dorsal and ventral hippocampus, that significantly correlated with gut microbiota composition. Overall, in this study we reported a novel sex-specific association between gut microbiota composition and inflammatory response related to social isolation paradigm during adolescence, suggesting that stressful experiences during this sensitive period could have a long-lasting impact on the development of different biological systems that could in turn influence the vulnerability to develop mental disorders later in life. • Early life stress (ELS) enhances vulnerability to develop disorders during lifespan. • ELS in rats during adolescence induces microbiota changes and neuroinflammation. • The degree of microbiota and inflammatory alterations differs according to sex. • Stress-related gut microbial genera were associated with brain inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This cohort study assessed perinatal factors known to be related to maternal and neonatal inflammation and hypothesized that several would be associated with emotional, cognitive, and behavioral dysregulation in youth. The Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) is a research consortium of 69 pediatric longitudinal cohorts. A subset of 18 cohorts that had both Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) data on children (6-18 years) and information on perinatal exposures including maternal prenatal infections was used. Children were classified as having the CBCL–Dysregulation Profile (CBCL-DP) if the sum of their T scores for 3 CBCL subscales (attention, anxious/depressed, and aggression) was ≥180. Primary exposures were perinatal factors associated with maternal and/or neonatal inflammation, and associations between these and outcome were assessed. Approximately 13.4% of 4,595 youth met criteria for CBCL-DP. Boys were affected more than girls (15.1% vs 11.5%). More youth with CBCL-DP (35%) were born to mothers with prenatal infections compared with 28% of youth without CBCL-DP. Adjusted odds ratios indicated the following were significantly associated with dysregulation: having a first-degree relative with a psychiatric disorder; being born to a mother with lower educational attainment, who was obese, had any prenatal infection, and/or who smoked tobacco during pregnancy. In this large study, a few modifiable maternal risk factors with established roles in inflammation (maternal lower education, obesity, prenatal infections, and smoking) were strongly associated with CBCL-DP and could be targets for interventions to improve behavioral outcomes of offspring. We worked to ensure race, ethnic, and/or other types of diversity in the recruitment of human participants. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented sexual and/or gender groups in science. We actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our author group. The author list of this paper includes contributors from the location and/or community where the research was conducted who participated in the data collection, design, analysis, and/or interpretation of the work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suicide is a major cause of death in adolescents with limited treatment options. Ketamine and its enantiomers have shown rapid anti-suicidal effects in adults with major depressive disorder (MDD), but their efficacy in adolescents is unknown. We conducted an active, placebo-controlled trial to determine the safety and efficacy of intravenous esketamine in this population. A total of 54 adolescents (aged 13-18 years) with MDD and suicidal ideation were included from an inpatient setting and randomly assigned (1:1) to receive 3 infusions of esketamine (0.25 mg/kg) or midazolam (0.02mg/kg) over 5 days, with routine inpatient care and treatment. Changes from baseline to 24 hours after the final infusion (day 6) in the scores of the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) Ideation and Intensity (primary outcome) and the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS, key secondary outcome) were analyzed using linear mixed models. In addition, the 4-week clinical treatment response was a key secondary outcome. The mean changes in C-SSRS Ideation and Intensity scores from baseline to day 6 were significantly greater in the esketamine group than in the midazolam group (Ideation, −2.6 [SD = 2.0] vs −1.7 [SD = 2.2], p =.007; Intensity, −10.6 [SD = 8.4] vs −5.0 [SD = 7.4], p =.002), and the changes in MADRS scores from baseline to day 6 were significantly greater in the esketamine group than in the midazolam group (−15.3 [SD = 11.2] vs −8.8 [SD = 9.4], p =.004). The rates of antisuicidal and antidepressant responses at 4 weeks posttreatment were 69.2% and 61.5% after esketamine, and were 52.5% and 52.5% after midazolam, respectively. The most common adverse events in the esketamine group were nausea, dissociation, dry mouth, sedation, headache, and dizziness. These preliminary findings indicate that 3-dose intravenous esketamine, added to routine inpatient care and treatment, was an effective and well-tolerated therapy for treating adolescents with MDD and suicidal ideation. A study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Esketamine combined with oral antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder with suicidal ideation; http://www.chictr.org.cn ; ChiCTR2000041232. We worked to ensure that the study questionnaires were prepared in an inclusive way. The author list of this paper includes contributors from the location and/or community where the research was conducted who participated in the data collection, design, analysis, and/or interpretation of the work. We actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our author group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Given the potential for social media to spread health misinformation, it is important to understand how trusts impact adolescents' engagement with health content on social media. Objective: To explore the concept of trust when adolescents (13-18 years) engage with health information on social media. Five relevant databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, ERIC, and CINAHL) were systematically searched alongside Google Scholar and reference lists of included papers. Studies were included if they examined adolescents' trust when engaging with health information on social media. Study Appraisal and Synthesis Methods: Thematic analysis was used to synthesize the findings from this review. Results: Thirty-four papers were included. Three key domains were explored: trust in the social media platform/ service (general distrust of social media for health information; safety and privacy); trust in other users (mistrust of unknown users; fear of bullying or judgment; trust in friends or peers; celebrities and popularity; trust in others' experience and the importance of social support); trust in content (tone and appearance of health information; expertise and verification; advertising, pushed, and suggested content). Limitations: Narrow geographic representation of papers and limited quantitative studies. Conclusions and Implications of Key Findings: Adolescents' trust in health information on social media involves a complex interplay between trust in: social media platforms, other users, and health content. Central to many of the findings is the social and identity work done by adolescents on and through social media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first year of the COVID-19 pandemic constituted a major life stress event for many adolescents, associated with disrupted school, behaviors, social networks, and health concerns. However, pandemic-related stress was not equivalent for everyone and could have been influenced by pre-pandemic factors including brain structure and sleep, which both undergo substantial development during adolescence. Here, we analyzed clusters of perceived stress levels across the pandemic and determined developmentally relevant pre-pandemic risk factors in brain structure and sleep of persistently high stress during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. We investigated longitudinal changes in perceived stress at six timepoints across the first year of the pandemic (May 2020–March 2021) in 5559 adolescents (50 % female; age range: 11–14 years) in the United States (U.S.) participating in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. In 3141 of these adolescents, we fitted machine learning models to identify the most important pre-pandemic predictors from structural MRI brain measures and self-reported sleep data that were associated with persistently high stress across the first year of the pandemic. Patterns of perceived stress levels varied across the pandemic, with 5 % reporting persistently high stress. Our classifiers accurately detected persistently high stress (AUC > 0.7). Pre-pandemic brain structure, specifically cortical volume in temporal regions, and cortical thickness in multiple parietal and occipital regions, predicted persistent stress. Pre-pandemic sleep difficulties and short sleep duration were also strong predictors of persistent stress, along with more advanced pubertal stage. Adolescents showed variable stress responses during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, and some reported persistently high stress across the whole first year. Vulnerability to persistent stress was evident in several brain structural and self-reported sleep measures, collected before the pandemic, suggesting the relevance of other pre-existing individual factors beyond pandemic-related factors, for persistently high stress responses. • The paper reports findings from the ABCD study® on U.S. youth across the first COVID-19 pandemic year: May 2020 – March 2021. • 5% of adolescents reported persistently high stress levels during the first year of the pandemic. • Persistent stress was linked to pre pandemic brain structure, sleep difficulties, and more advanced puberty stages. • The findings inform preventive and treatment approaches for persistent stress during major life stress events like pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Educational spaces are one of the most critical operations laid down with the architect, school design is a foundation to build/re-build any community. According to current financial variabilities, political crises, and continuous lack of resources, a gap between human classes is widespread, leading to extremely poor, and recently refugees' communities. Regarding to education, the problem is that traditional school buildings with fixed structures are not effective nor available to these categories with extremely low resources and barley any infrastructure, therefore, it is essential to adopt new concepts to activate the function and impact of educational spaces in these urgent communities. The study aims to create a school "system" to fulfill the task of providing educational spaces, depending on the elements of adaptability with considering social, low-cost impact according to main definitions. With implementing the child's psychological- physiological development elements, age category from 6 :13 years "Middle childhood: Early adolescence" inside the design process. In Egypt, there are several areas of extremely poor living conditions, the two highly alarming case studies are first, Upper Egypt's rural villages having the highest ratio of extreme poverty in Egypt, second, refugee camps that became part and parcel of any standing country, both representing urgent need for children's education rescue. This paper is concentrating as a beginning on first case study as it has the highest percentage of out- school children. As result, trying to fulfill the task by creating an applied school system (project-based) with the adopted criteria, suitable to selected areas main conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paediatric health research is fraught with both ethical and practical challenges that can hinder the successful completion of research studies. Listening to, and acting on, the voices of children and young people in the design and delivery of paediatric health research (otherwise known as Patient and Public Involvement) is one way to overcome such challenges. This paper describes our experiences of working directly with children and young people in various health research initiatives. We recount our journey of involving children and young people as partners and give examples to demonstrate the unique knowledge and insights gained in the production of high-quality research. This short review showcases the many benefits gained if meaningful involvement occurs, including greater understanding of children and young people's perspectives and the impact this has on research studies. We provide various practical resources for researchers on how to meaningfully involve children and young people as partners, how to develop age-appropriate information and guidance to support the ethical review process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the selection mechanism underlying the association between overweight/obesity and educational aspirations of adolescents. This is a cross-sectional study based on a survey conducted in secondary schools in Spain in 2016. We estimate linear probability models to determine the association between adolescents' body mass index (BMI) and their expectations to obtain a university degree, as well as their school choices representing the most usual path towards higher studies. To address the potential endogeneity of BMI, we use the instrumental variables (IV) method. Additionally, we account for potential unobserved heterogeneity by including school fixed-effects and a wide set of individual and family characteristics in our analysis. Our results indicate that adolescents with a higher BMI have lower expectations to obtain a university degree and are less likely to enrol in high school with the intention to pursue higher education in the future. The estimated effect is quite sizable and statistically significant only for girls. We estimate that a five-unit increase in BMI (e.g., the change between healthy weight and overweight) reduces girls' expectations to complete higher education by 19 percentage points and odds of enrolling in high school (vs. vocational training) by 21 percentage points. We provide empirical evidence supporting the selection hypothesis behind the relationship between BMI and adolescents' educational aspirations. That is, unhealthy weight in adolescence is associated with poorer aspirations for further education. Lower educational aspirations during adolescence can lead to lower academic achievement, which in turn, may result in poorer health, labour market outcomes, and well-being during adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a surge in research on self-injury in the last decade, a summary of research findings about the development of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) over time in community youth samples is not yet present in the scientific literature. This study aims to summarize the empirical literature on this topic, examining both the occurrence (Study 1) and frequency (Study 2) of NSSI over time, and for this reason, a Systematic Review and Bayesian Meta-Analysis were conducted. Following the PRISMA guidelines, the longitudinal studies included in the systematic review consisted of 41 papers (Study 1 = 16; Study 2 = 25). Only studies with available data were included in the meta-analysis (Study 1 = 12; Study 2 = 11). First, the findings highlight limits related to methodological aspects, the design of the studies, and the availability of data. Meta-analytic results shows that across development, the frequency (i.e., not the occurrence) of NSSI increases for the group of younger adolescents, remains stable in the group of middle adolescents, and it decreases for older adolescents. This study highlights some limitations that can be summarized in three different macro categories: the first refers to methodological aspects (e.g., the lifetime prevalence of NSSI), the second to the design of the studies (e.g., not homogeneous cohort; short-term covered), and the third to the availability of data. The current meta-analysis tries to shed light on the longitudinal research on NSSI behavior and how this behavior develops in terms of both occurrence and frequency, providing practical and methodological indications for future research. • The development of NSSI - occurrence and frequency, in adolescence • A systematic review and a meta-analytic Bayesian approach to synthesize data • Few longitudinal studies with multiple waves and covering long span-time • For younger adolescents, the frequency of NSSI increases over time • For older adolescents, the frequency of NSSI decreases over time [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this paper was to understand associations between low sleep duration (< 8 hours) and positive mental health screens among adolescents (ages 13-18) seen for preventive visits in primary care. METHODS: Data were from two randomized controlled trials testing the efficacy of an electronic health risk behavior screening and feedback tool for adolescent preventive visits. Participants (n = 601) completed screeners at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months which included sleep duration in hours and the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 screeners for depression and anxiety, respectively. Main analyses included adjusted logistic regressions testing associations between low sleep duration and positive mental health screens. RESULTS: Adjusted models showed that low sleep duration was associated with significantly greater odds of a positive depression screen (OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.06-2.37) but not with a positive anxiety screen or co-occurring positive depression and anxiety screens. However, follow-up analyses indicated an interaction between sleep duration and anxiety in the association with a positive depression screen, such that the association between low sleep and a positive depression screen was driven by those who did not screen positive for anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: As pediatric primary care guidelines for sleep continue to evolve, further research, training, and support for sleep screening are warranted to ensure effective early intervention for sleep and mental health problems during adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies have focused on the implications of developmental coordination disorder (DCD) in the teen years. Understanding the unique needs of adolescents with DCD and the challenges they face are imperative to inform clinical care. To understand how DCD affects daily life from adolescents living with the disorder. Participants were recruited from a database of adolescents who were formally diagnosed with DCD in childhood. Nineteen semi-structured interviews of adolescents with DCD (13–18 years) were conducted and analyzed using an interpretive description approach. Data analysis revealed four overarching themes: (1) Through the years; (2) Standing out, left out, opting out; (3) Rising into Resilience; and (4) Help me to be me. Adolescents with DCD face challenges in physical, cognitive, social, emotional, and mental health domains, but their success can be optimized through provision of support, fostering social connections, the use of strategies, and increasing public understanding. Few services currently exist for adolescents with DCD, as treatment is not standard of care. Insights gained from this study provide client-centred evidence to advocate for intervention for adolescents with DCD, and guide recommendations for clinical care and community support to meet the needs of this under-served population. This paper qualitatively explores the lived experience of adolescents with DCD, adding to the limited research within this population. Expanding beyond the typical focus of motor challenges, this paper highlights the widespread influence of DCD on daily life, including in cognitive, mental health, and social-emotional domains. Common environmental contexts that exacerbate challenges during adolescent years are explored, including high school PE class and electives, learning to drive, beginning employment, and preparing for post-secondary education. Through an interpretive description methodology, this paper delves into clinical and practical solutions to support adolescents with DCD, from an individualized and client-centered perspective. ● Interventions must target physical, cognitive, emotional, and social domains. ● Support must consider individuality and be client-driven to meet adolescents' needs. ● Inadequate public knowledge of DCD exacerbates challenges for adolescents with DCD. ● Fostering a positive environment contributes to self-acceptance and resiliency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Numerous barriers to service provision exist for young people with complex needs. • Strategies for service engagement are required at the practitioner and system level. • Practitioner-level strategies included relational and structural approaches. • System-level strategies included flexible and collaborative approaches. • Young people appear to benefit most from services adapted to their needs. Young people with complex needs often have a range of co-occurring challenges that require the support of multiple government agencies and services. Increasingly, government agencies are working with young people who present with co-occurring and comorbid complex needs requiring co-ordinated multi-agency responses. However, agencies and services are often faced with multiple obstacles and challenges to meeting the needs of these young people, placing them at increased risk of poor outcomes during their adolescence and into adulthood. The objective of this Rapid Evidence Assessment (REA) was to provide practice insights as they relate to service engagement for young people with complex needs to highlight ways in which service delivery can be enhanced. Published academic literature as well as relevant material from the grey literature on young people aged 10–25 was synthesized to identify: (a) the principal barriers to service provision, and (b) strategies that facilitate service engagement. A total of 18 papers met the eligibility criteria for review. Papers were assessed using the critical appraisal skills programme (CASP). Individual and system level barriers were identified, including the characteristics of young people and the nature and structure of services. Strategies were identified at the practitioner level (e.g., benefits of relational, structural and empowerment approaches), and the system level (e.g., flexible services, collaborative approaches and improved staffing and resources). The review highlighted the importance of creating a service environment that is structured around the needs of young people rather than one which requires vulnerable young people to adapt to services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

French law does not make it obligatory to obtain the consent of minors for suggested treatments. This situation can put the practitioner in difficulty, especially when trying to work on the issue of autonomy with an adolescent. It is not just the adolescent's autonomy that is only partially recognised during their treatment - that of their parents may also be overlooked by the physician in the child's best interest. In this situation, what can the physician do when working on areas related to autonomy, which are of the utmost importance during adolescence, and which become even more important during any treatment for potential psychiatric disorders? This opinion paper provides a focus on the concepts of autonomy, discernment, and the child's best interest, using a triple philosophical, legal, and medical approach, in order to provide guidance to practitioners confronted in their clinical practice with this central, complex and paradoxical issue. The modern-day philosophical approach ties the concept of autonomy to that of vulnerability. The interplay between the free exercise of the subject's rights and their protection is at issue in French law, which proposes to gradually provide new rights, and thus progressive autonomy, to minors, according to an evaluation of their level of discernment. It is similar to clinical practice and biomedical research which tend to objectively evaluate the level of discernment of children and adolescents. This evaluation is partially influenced by the physician's own values, which they need to be conscious of, in order to better accompany patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children and young people are at increased risk of heat-related illness such as heat stroke. This is largely due to their anatomy, physiology and overall development. What makes them particularly vulnerable is their reliance on others to protect them from extreme heat and provide shade and water at times of prolonged exposure. With a rise in environmental temperatures associated with global warming, experts are warning of an increase in paediatric heat-related illnesses. Management of heat stroke in adults is well documented, however literature on children and young people is variable. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the presentation of paediatric heatstroke for clinicians caring for children and young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing immigration-related diversity in many societies is not only accompanied by heightened cultural diversity (e.g., diversity of values and norms), but also by social inequity (e.g., racism and discrimination). While many educators have proposed that adolescents growing up in diverse societies need to develop intercultural competence, many conceptualizations of intercultural competence do not take social inequity into account. In this paper, I aim to a) show that the concept of critical consciousness is an important complement to intercultural competence in societies of immigration, and b) discuss four central research challenges that need to be addressed when researching both concepts among adolescents. A closer look at how these challenges can be addressed contributes to advancing research on each of the two concepts separately, but also to opening up avenues for a further integration of the two research fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The lives of Black girls, femmes, transgender, and nonbinary (TGNB) young people who identify as LGBTQ + are punctuated by experiences of oppression-based, interpersonal, and systemic trauma. • Healing and creative resistance are strong driving forces facilitated by pride in one's identities, artistic expression, and mindfulness facilitated by time spent in nature and parks. • Individual and collective dreaming and futuring are central to the living of LGBTQ + identified Black girls, femmes, and TGNB young people. Black LGBTQ + girls, femmes, transgender and nonbinary youth and young adults experience high rates of sexual violence, and other forms of trauma, including oppression-based trauma related to racism, misogynoir, homophobia and transphobia. Black LGBTQ + girls, femmes, transgender and nonbinary young people, whose experiences are underexplored within social science research, also experience disparately harsh discipline and pushout within school settings while being disproportionately represented in the foster care and juvenile justice systems. However, they are also a community with a tremendous history of creative resistance, and legacies of activism and powerful healing practices. Within this paper we have disaggregated the interview data of 13 LGBTQ + identified participants from a larger qualitative study with 24 Black girls, femmes, transgender and nonbinary youth, aged 16–25, who reside in New York State. Data were analyzed using critical thematic analysis and three main themes emerged: 1) the significance of participants' experiences of childhood trauma, 2) participants' conceptualizations and experiences of healing and resistance, and 3) participants aspirations and dreams for their futures and the futures of their communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Youth in the legal system are at high risk for opioid and other substance use problems and exhibit high rates of trauma exposure. Trauma-focused therapeutic approaches to prevent substance use show promise, but few evidence-based interventions are designed with justice-involved youth in mind. Consequently, implementing trauma-informed, evidence-based interventions within juvenile justice systems is challenging. The current paper describes the systematic adaptation of Trust-Based Relational Intervention (TBRI) as a family-centered substance use prevention program for youth transitioning from secure residential facilities. The study utilized the ADAPT-ITT methodological framework to adapt TBRI Caregiver Training, an evidence-based, trauma-informed intervention designed to help caregivers support children and youth with histories of trauma. Phases of adaptation included (1) Assessment , (2) Decision , (3) Prototype Development , and (4) Testing and Integration. The adaptation process explored contextual factors (e.g., systems, facilities, and staff) and the needs of the new target population (i.e., youth in the legal system and their caregivers). Adaptations were made to both content (e.g., terminology and activities) and structure (e.g., session duration and delivery setting) with input from participants from the target population, key stakeholders, and content experts. The systematic adaptation of the intervention model resulted in a two-phase, four-component intervention package that can be implemented in juvenile justice settings as part of youth reentry services. The primary intervention, delivered while youth are in residential facilities, includes the TBRI Caregiver Curriculum , TBRI Youth & Young Adult Curriculum , and TBRI Nurture Groups. The secondary intervention, delivered after youth transition home, includes the TBRI Family Coaching Curriculum. Utilizing a systematic methodological framework to guide adaptation has implications for developing accessible, culturally relevant, and contextually appropriate interventions. Accounting for contextual factors and population needs can improve the fit of evidence-based interventions for youth in the legal system, facilitating uptake and ultimately improving outcomes for youth at risk for substance use problems. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04678960. • Trust-Based Relational Intervention adapted for youth in the legal system • Adaptation of evidence-based intervention using ADAPT-ITT methodology • Trauma-informed intervention to prevent substance use among youth in the legal system [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to the general U.S. adolescent population, young people involved in the juvenile justice system are at greater risk of experiencing substance use (SU) issues. There are critical opportunities across the juvenile justice continuum, at points of interface with community-based treatment services, to screen and assess for SU issues, identify unmet treatment needs, and refer those in need to treatment. The treatment referral process is, however, complex, and contingent on a seamless nexus between juvenile justice operations and the wider treatment provider landscape. Given the lack of successful SU referrals among justice-involved youth and the variable referral rates across jurisdictions, this study's aim is to provide a qualitative, explanatory understanding of the conditions that together contribute to successful referring practices. The study is based on an analysis of a qualitative dataset comprising focus group data with probation and community-based behavioral health treatment staff working in 31 sites in 6 different states as part of the clustered randomized trial of an organizational change intervention known as JJ-TRIALS (Juvenile Justice Translational Research on Interventions for Adolescents in the Legal System). The data contain respondents' narratives on the achievements, successes, and challenges with implementing the intervention. The data were analyzed through a combination of strategies to identify the conditions that both facilitate and impede referral processes between probation offices and community-based SU treatment providers. Participants across sites discussed the positive impacts that the JJ-TRIALS intervention had on their improved ability to communicate, collaborate, and collect data. From the interviews, seven main conditions were observed to contribute to successful SU treatment referral practices: (1) communication (inter-organizational); (2) collaboration; (3) data-driven practices; (4) family engagement; (5) institutionalized policy and referral documentation; (6) efficient referral policies and procedures; and (7) suitable and accessible system of treatment providers. Findings highlight the value of a holistic understanding of successful treatment referrals for justice-involved youth and help inform research and practice efforts to identify and measure the many dimensions of referral-making at the interface of juvenile probation and behavioral health services. • Justice-involved youth experience disproportionate rates of substance use (SU). • The JJ-TRIALS project was an implementation intervention aimed at reducing unmet SU treatment needs. • This paper examines conditions for successful referral practices in the context of JJ-TRIALS. • Findings reveal a mix of 7 conditions that together facilitate treatment referrals. • Future studies should measure and analyze the relative 'weighting' of different conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The present paper reviews literature on problematic social media use in children and adolescents. • The Who-, Why-, How-questions around (problematic) social media use are highlighted. • Recommendations on the topic are provided. At the time of writing, about 4.59 billion people use social media with many adolescents using their social media accounts across a myriad of applications and platforms. According to recent statistics, in 2022 individuals spent an average of 151 minutes on social media each day, illustrating the global relevance of social media (Dixon, 2022a,b). One of the pressing questions, internationally, is whether social media use is harmful and/or addictive. This question is of particular importance because many teenagers - and younger adolescents - spend considerable time on these platforms, which have increasingly become an integral part of their lives. Moreover, considering lifespan development, adolescents may be particularly vulnerable to specific features and advertisements shown to them on social media platforms. Growing prevalence of poor mental health in young people has led to recent recommendations in the United States to routinely screen for anxiety in 8-18 year olds, and for depression and suicide risk for adolescents between 12-18 years of age (US Preventive Services Task Force et al., 2022 a,b) – the conditions often accompanying problematic social media use. The present work not only provides insights into the current state of the literature but provides also recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescence is a period of normative heightened sensitivity to peer influence. Individual differences in susceptibility to peers is related to individual differences in neural sensitivity, particularly in brain regions that support an increasingly greater orientation toward peers. Despite these empirically-established patterns, the more specific psychosocial and socio-cognitive factors associated with individual differences in neural sensitivity to peer influence are just beginning to gain research attention. Specific features of the factors that contribute to how adolescents process social information can inform understanding of the psychological and neurobiological processes involved in what renders adolescents to be more or less susceptible to peer influences. In this paper, we (1) review the literature about peer, family, and broader contextual influences on sensitivity to peers' positive and negative behaviors, (2) outline components of social information processing theories, and (3) discuss features of these models from the perspectives and social cognitive development and social neuroscience. We identify gaps in the current literature that need to be addressed in order to gain a more comprehensive view of adolescent neural sensitivity to peer influence. We conclude by suggesting how future neuroimaging studies can adopt components of this social information processing model to generate new lines of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Subthreshold depression is highly prevalent in adolescence, but compared to major depressive disorder, the clinical impact is under-researched. The aim of this review was to compare subthreshold depression and major depressive disorder in adolescents by reviewing available literature on epidemiology, risk factors, illness trajectories, brain anatomy and function, genetics, and treatment response.Methods: We conducted a scoping review of papers on subthreshold depression and major depressive disorder in adolescence published in English. Studies in adults were included when research in adolescence was not available.Results: We found that individuals with subthreshold depression were similar to individuals with major depressive disorder in several regards, including female/male ratio, onset, functional impairment, comorbidity, health care utilization, suicidal ideation, genetic predisposition, brain alterations, and treatment response. Further, subthreshold depression was about two times more common than major depressive disorder.Limitations: The definition of subthreshold depression is highly variable across studies. Adolescent-specific data are limited in the areas of neurobiology and treatment.Conclusions: The findings of the current review support the idea that subthreshold depression is of clinical importance and provide evidence for a spectrum, versus categorical model, for depressive symptomatology. Given the frequency of subthreshold depression escalating to major depressive disorder, a greater recognition and awareness of the significance of subthreshold depression in research, clinical practice and policy-making may facilitate the development and application of early prevention and intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the study of offline prosocial behavior has a long tradition, much less information is available about how these behaviors manifest and change in the digital environment, and little is known about their background. This paper evaluates differences by age and gender in a variety of attitudes and beliefs during adolescence and studies their influence on the online prosocial behavior emitted and received. A cross-sectional study was performed with 1299 participants aged between 14 and 20 from the Region of Madrid (Spain). The Spanish adaptation of the Online Prosocial Behavior Scale and a selection of items from various studies on attitudes and beliefs regarding altruism, direct and indirect reciprocity, social responsibility, and the perception of the subjective norm were administered. The results suggest that female adolescents maintain higher altruism, social responsibility, and indirect reciprocity than males, and that the older age group (18–20 years old) has higher scores in altruism, social responsibility, and direct reciprocity. Together with altruism, the subjective norm, social responsibility, and indirect reciprocity positively influence the online prosocial behavior emitted by adolescents. Indirect reciprocity, the subjective norm and altruism also influence the feeling of receiving online prosocial behaviors from others. Knowing the extent to which adolescents hold prosocial beliefs and which of these beliefs may favor prosocial online behaviors can be beneficial when promoting such beliefs and fostering more positive online conduct, as well as lessening cyberbullying, online hate and any other manifestation of aggressive behavior online. • Social networks constitute a space for the socialization of prosocial behavior in adolescence. • Beliefs about altruism, social responsibility, and indirect reciprocity favor the emission of online prosocial behavior. • Beliefs about altruism and indirect reciprocity favor greater perception of receiving prosocial behaviors online. • The prosocial subjective norm favors both the emission and reception of online prosocial behaviors. • Direct reciprocity does not seem to influence the emission and reception of online prosocial behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Parents of trans children hold a body of knowledge about supporting trans children. • Families interact with a wide range of services and agencies in their journey to affirm their children's gender. • Parent knowledge and advocacy extends far beyond the medicalised pathway. • Parent knowledge can be used to inform services and agencies to provide more integrated, affirming services. The childhood and adolescence of transgender and gender diverse children and young people (trans children) is contested in many areas, such as media, education, health, and increasingly in the political sphere. Parents and carers of trans children navigate services and societal relations in their journey to affirm their children, from happy childhood to trans adults. This paper reports on the accounts of parents of trans children in Australia. Semi-structured interviews with 18 parents of 15 trans children in four states were analysed to understand the journey holistically, and interactions with services and institutions on this journey. Children ranged in current age from 8 to 21 years, and were 2 to 16 years when they first expressed their trans identity. These journeys highlight moments of gender euphoria, and points of both positive and negative interactions with a range of services such as GPs, specialist healthcare, trans healthcare, schools, foster care, government records, and sporting environments. This research demonstrates that parents have a collective body of knowledge on supporting and affirming trans children that should be drawn on to inform child and youth services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Trauma-informed practice is being trialled in response to extra-familial risks and harms. • An institutional ethnography found sources of knowledge impact this innovation. • Professionals may say young people are 'known-to-services' but be distant from them. • Being proximal to young people and advocating for their needs helps to know them. • To be trauma-informed, professionals must relationally know those they support. Efforts to shift from criminal justice to welfare-based responses to exploitation and other forms of extra-familial risks and harms, have centred relational approaches. In particular, the role that relationships between professionals and young people can play in providing a sense of safety as well as a route to wider support services when young people come to harm beyond their families is under consideration. In parallel, trauma-informed practice is increasingly promoted as a tool for creating service conditions in which relational practice can thrive. In this paper we present data from an institutional ethnography of two social care organisations in the UK which are endeavouring to adopt trauma-informed responses to extra-familial risks and harms. We use observation, focus group, and case file data collected in two time periods, to illustrate a relationship we identified between the nature and source of knowledge that guided professional responses, the ability of professionals to form relationships with young people affected by extra-familial risks and harms, and the capacity for their organisations to be trauma-informed. In doing so we trouble an established discourse in many social care organisations, that young people subject to intervention are 'known-to-services' and call for more responses in which young people are 'known-by-professionals' who are supporting them. Far from being a matter of semantics, we discuss how these two ways of knowing about young people, and the situations they face, potentially facilitate or undermine key pillars of trauma-informed practice, and the relational approaches that make such practice possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, as medical and mental health associations increasingly have expressed support for the gender-affirming care model for trans and gender expansive youth, this model has been paradoxically banned across the United States. Ban proponents have deemed the science behind gender-affirming care to be dangerously uncertain. Examining the first gender-affirming care ban for minors, Arkansas's Save Adolescents from Experimentation (SAFE) Act of 2021, we addressed the following two questions: 1) who are the scientists, clinicians, and political organizations that promote SAFE and similar bans?; and 2) what are the scientific arguments they make to defend SAFE in federal court? First, we developed a typology of the various "agents of scientific uncertainty" behind these bans, drawing on literature from the sociology and history of science and medicine as well as the political economy of scientific doubt. Second, we created and qualitatively analyzed a dataset featuring 375 unique citations referenced throughout federal litigation over SAFE to identify these agents of scientific uncertainty's arguments. We sorted these arguments into eight categories, which reveal how agents distorted scientific evidence and exaggerated real uncertainties and risks in gender-affirming care. This case study establishes a frame for understanding the growing prevalence and legal impact of scientific arguments against gender-affirming care. • Gender-affirming care (GAC) for minors has been increasingly banned in the U.S. • Despite growing medical support, ban proponents label GAC dangerously uncertain. • The paper outlines the scientists, clinicians, and political groups defending bans. • It also describes the scientific arguments used in litigation defending bans. • Scientific uncertainty arguments have been successful at unduly restricting GAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To validate the Period ImPact and Pain Assessment (PIPPA) self-screening tool for menstrual disturbance in teenagers. Cross-sectional study. Three senior high schools in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), Australia. A total of 1066 girls between 15 and 19 years of age. A quantitative paper survey collected self-reports of menstrual bleeding patterns, typical and atypical symptoms, morbidities, and interference with daily activities. Multiple correspondence analysis was used to examine associations between PIPPA questions. Generalized linear models compared total score and subscores by validation criteria: pain, school absence, and body mass index (BMI). Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate the predictiveness of menstrual disturbance indicators by total PIPPA score. Reports of pain, interference, and concern within the PIPPA items and between both the MDOT and PIPPA questionnaires were significantly correlated (P <.0001). The indicator "missing school" was highly associated (P <.0001) with pain and interference. Obesity (BMI ≥30) was associated with higher PIPPA scores, as was underweight (BMI≤18.4). Where 0 = no disturbance, 5 = high disturbance, aggregated PIPPA scores found 75% scoring 0-2 (out of 5) and 25% scoring 3-5 (257/1037). High scores of 4 or 5 (out of 5) were 7% (72/1037) and 3.7% (38/1037), respectively. PIPPA is a valid screening tool for pain-related menstrual disturbance that affects functioning in young women. PIPPA subdomains of pain/interference have good validity relative to indicators of pain and interference and are responsive to age, BMI, and school absence differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cet article a pour objectif de montrer l'intérêt des abords psychopathologiques pour évaluer et orienter les réponses pratiques aux violences délinquantes à l'adolescence. Après avoir évoqué les théories psychopathologiques, rendant compte de la place de l'agir en général et de la violence délinquante, en particulier, l'article montre l'importance d'inscrire ces théories dans une perspective différentielle qui permet de distinguer, au sein des violences délinquantes, celles qui ont pour principale fonction de provoquer la réponse d'autrui (les violences provocation), au travers d'un conflit d'autorité, et celles qui ont pour principale fonction de faire taire ou disparaître autrui (les violences destruction) au travers d'un conflit d'existence. Nous évoquerons, pour finir, les conséquences que cet abord psychopathologique différentiel peut avoir sur les pratiques soignantes et éducatives avec ces adolescents. The main objective of this paper is to show the usefulness of applying a psychopathological perspective to evaluate juvenile delinquents' violence and direct the treatment and education they should receive. After a brief description of the main psychopathological theories on the role of acting in general and delinquent violence in particular, we want to show the importance of taking a differential perspective to distinguish within violent juvenile delinquents those who aim mainly at provoking a response from the other through an authority-conflict, and those who aim mainly at silencing, invalidating or destroying the other through an existence-conflict. Finally, we will discuss the consequences of this differential psychopathological approach for the therapeutic and educative practices with these adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Helplines are generally a population-level resource for providing free, timely, easy-to-access, and anonymous counseling and/or information. Helplines have been developed and widely implemented for specific use by young people. The current study aimed to systematically review the literature to determine the status of research into the use of helplines among young people.Method: Following the PRISMA checklist, 5 electronic databases were searched using relevant terms for literature published until May 2020. The extracted studies were summarized with the intention of identifying key themes that highlighted common findings, key implications, and important gaps in understanding.Results: A total of 52 articles fitting study inclusion criteria were identified. Most studies were quantitative papers from the United States and Australia. The types of helpline interactions studied were a mixture of telephone-based and SMS/text-based interactions. Three major themes were identified: awareness of and engagement with helpline services, nature of problems faced by young people, and service-related factors. Subthemes were use and awareness, barriers to help seeking, psychosocial problems, suicidality, telephone- versus text-based interactions, counselor-caller interaction, and provision of services to historically and systemically marginalized groups.Conclusion: It appears that helplines may provide a beneficial service to youths, and that myriad psychosocial concerns provide the basis for calling. The literature is limited by a lack of controlled trials, on one hand, and complex methodological/ethical barriers preventing such trials, on the other hand. However, more research is needed before conclusions regarding effectiveness in youths can be made, particularly for services provided to systemically marginalized groups and using online text-based approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate how meeting international recommendations for screen time (<2 h/day), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA; at least 60 min/day) and sleep (8–10 h/night), as well as media multitasking (MMI) as a form of screen time, impact academic achievement in early adolescence. A prospective design was used, where self-report measures were collected during the spring semester and academic achievement at the end of the school year. A total of 1208 grade 3 middle school students (M age = 13.55 years, SD age = 0.60) in 37 Swiss schools filled out a paper-and-pencil questionnaire including measures of screen time (covering watching television, playing video games, Internet use, smartphone use and social media use), MMI, sleep time and time for MVPA. To evaluate academic achievement, end-term grades were provided by the collaborating education administration for Italian, Maths, Science, History, Geography, Music and Visual arts. After adjustment for covariates, such as gender, socio-economic status, body mass index and stressful life events, multivariate linear mixed-effect models, nesting participants in schools, showed that meeting recommendations for screen time (B = 0.12, β = 0.105, P < 0.001) and MVPA (B = 0.09, β = 0.09, P = 0.001), but not sleep (B = 0.05, P = 0.087), were associated with higher academic achievement. Considering the number of recommendations met, meeting all three recommendations improved academic achievement the most (B = 0.24, β = 0.21, P < 0.001), followed by meeting the guidelines for screen time + MVPA (B = 0.20, β = 0.15, P < 0.001) and for screen time + sleep (B = 0.21, β = 0.13, P < 0.001). In the fully adjusted model, multitasking with two or more media was related to a worse academic achievement. Screen time (including MMI), sleep and MVPA impact academic achievement in adolescence; hence, governmental organisations and schools should raise awareness about the positive and negative effects of following or not recommendations for MVPA, sleep and screen time among adolescents and their parents. In addition, support should be provided to promote sufficient sleep and MVPA while limiting overall screen time and parallel device use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Describes the development of a new intervention for transition-age foster youth. • Model focuses on improving coping self-efficacy and help-seeking orientation. • Model is designed for implementation within Independent Living (IL) programs. • Iterative approach includes pre-testing of initial program aims and strategies. • Next steps will evaluate impact on key mechanisms prior to effectiveness testing. This study articulates the iterative development of an intervention called Strengthening Youth Networks and Coping (SYNC), which is designed to target coping self-efficacy and help-seeking intentions and behaviors among youth in foster care. The overarching goal is to design an intervention that will be a feasible and acceptable enhancement to existing child welfare services, and that will address modifiable determinants among adolescents involved in child welfare system that are related to elevated risk for mental health challenges, limited support network capacity, and service disengagement after exiting foster care. In this paper, we describe our initial needs assessment, explain how we selected proximal intervention mechanisms (i.e., intermediate outcomes) to target, and outline the preliminary intervention development process, including ongoing insights we received from a research advisory group including members with lived experience. Next, we report and discuss the initial acceptability pre-testing data collected from youth (N = 30) as well as feasibility data collected from providers (N = 82), results from which were used to refine the SYNC intervention framework prior to robust efficacy testing. Findings highlight the need and importance of targeting youth coping and help-seeking, integrating programming within existing transition services, delivering this content in a group-based format that includes near-peer mentors and facilitators with lived experience, and developing options that work for the heterogeneous population of young people in foster care. The results also highlight the key objective of capturing youth's interests prior to enrolling in the program (e.g., language used in recruitment materials), holding their interest throughout the program (e.g., creating opportunities for youth to engage with other youth with similar experiences), and suggestions to encourage youth's engagement and participation. This paper articulates the value of this intervention development approach, and the sequential phases of this intervention development process as well as the results, which may be useful to applied researchers and practitioners working with youth in foster care and other priority populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• When observed by peers 18–24-year-olds take more financial risk in gains and losses. • When observed by peers 18–24-year-olds are more loss averse. • Results are much stronger using between- than within-subject analysis. • 12–17-year-olds' decisions were not affected by peer observation. Relative to adults, adolescents make more welfare-decreasing decisions, especially in the presence of peers. The consequences of these decisions result in substantial individual and societal losses in terms of lives lost, injury, hospitalization costs, and foregone opportunities. In this paper, we use laboratory within-subject and between-subject experiments with younger (12–17 years old) and older (18–24 years old) adolescents to identify which economic preference is affected by peer observation in adolescence — risk tolerance in gains, risk tolerance in losses, and/or loss aversion. We find that in our study, while observed by peers, 18–24-year-old adolescents became more risk-tolerant both in gains and in losses but more loss averse. We discuss the potential mechanisms driving the result and its policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A critical review of adolescent resilience scales found the Child and Youth Resilience Measure (83%) to be most adequate. • Two other scales; the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (83%) and The Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents (78%) were also found to be adequate. • This review provides a guide for researchers to help with scale selection based on psychometrics and the underlying theoretical basis of each scale. Valid quantitative measures of adolescent resilience are important for the development of knowledge and have implications for practice with adolescents. This scoping review followed Arksey and O'Malley's (2005) five step process and aimed to (1) identify the most used self-report scales that measure resilience of adolescents in studies published between 2000 and 2021, (2) describe the scales' psychometric properties, (3) describe the scales' conceptual and theoretical formulations, and (4) assess the scales' relative strengths, weaknesses, and adequacy. A review of 118 papers revealed six commonly used scales. A construct validation approach adapted from Skinner (1981) and expanding on Pangallo et al., (2015), with evidence assessed in four stages (theoretical formulation, reliability, validity, and application) was utilised to critically evaluate the six scales. The results showed that the most adequate scale for measuring resilience in adolescent populations was the Child and Youth Resilience Measure, scoring 83% of points. The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (also scoring 83%) and The Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents (78%) were also found to be adequate. This review provides clinicians and researchers with a critical overview of common scales measuring resilience in adolescents, including their underlying theoretical basis. This is vital to ensure the measure chosen is valid and matches the theoretical aims of the research/ application. Our review also suggests that too often, researchers fail to look beyond the original validation study when selecting resilience scales, and often fail to analyse and report current psychometric data from the chosen scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study reviewed the prevalence of mental health disorders among Looked After Children in the UK. • Prevalence rates varied across studies. • The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was the most frequently used tool to assess mental health. • There is still uncertainty about the scale and nature of mental health difficulties in this group. Care-experienced children and young people are more likely to experience poorer mental health relative to the general population. Some of the most highly cited literature in this area is becoming increasingly outdated, however, and as the gap between mental health service availability and provision is steadily growing, it is imperative that we understand the scale and nature of the mental health needs of this group. A systematic review of all literature published from the UK was conducted in March 2022 using APA PsycINFO, ASSIA, Cochrane Library, Medline, PubMed, Scopus, Social Policy and Practice, Social Services Abstracts, and Web of Science. Papers were included if they 1) sampled young people (aged 0 to 18 years) with care experience and, 2) used either a standard or non-standardised measurement tool, or health records to assess mental health prevalence rates (reported as a percentage). Risk of bias assessed used the QuADS tool (Harrison et al., 2021) and data was extracted. Thirty-nine studies were included and summarised. The estimated prevalence of mental health disorders of young people in care ranged from 1 to 82 %. The most frequently used tool to assess mental health was the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (Goodman, 1997) and, while over half of studies utilised prevalence information from a comparator group, this was most commonly young people in the general population. The results of the systematic review demonstrate that estimates of mental health disorders among care-experienced young people in the UK vary considerably. Further consideration should be given toward what measures are used to assess mental health in this population and how we can optimally assess and characterise their support needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This co-produced study explores how young people experience and conceptualise 'feeling (mis)understood' by adults. • Feeling understood by adults has a positive impact on young people's mental health and help-seeking. • When young people feel misunderstood by health and social care professionals, it can negatively impact help-seeking. • Health and social care professionals should help young people to feel understood in to support engagement. The subjective and emotional experience of feeling (mis)understood by another person is distinct from being literally (mis)understood. While there is literature exploring young people's experiences of feeling (mis)understood in therapeutic or clinical settings by adults and the impacts thereof, there is limited exploration of young people's conceptualisations and perspectives of feeling (mis)understood within a range of young person-supporting adult relationships. This paper reports on the first stage of a project that was co-designed and co-produced by young people, exploring how young people experience and conceptualise 'feeling (mis)understood' in the context of receiving support from adults in their lives. This initial stage of the project captures young people's views on what feeling (mis)understood feels like, its impact on their mental health, and how adults can help young people to feel understood. Conceptualisation, design, fieldwork, analysis and writing were all co-produced with peer-researchers. Data for this project was generated through four workshops each held in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. A total of 26 participants aged between 16 and 24 years of age took part in these workshops, and each workshop was facilitated by two peer-researchers and a member of university staff. Data was analysed through collaborative thematic analysis. The study found that feeling understood by supporting adults has a very positive impact on young people's wellbeing, mental health and help-seeking behaviour. Feeling misunderstood was found to have the converse effect, and in addition was found to make young people less likely to seek further support. Young people also identified a number of key actions adults can take to help the young people they support feel better understood. The findings of this research suggest that practitioners in the health and social care sector working with young people should consider the ways in which they can help young people feel better understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Online disinhibition positively associated with cyberbullying activities. • Online disinhibition functioned through moral disengagement and low self-control to influence cyberbullying. • Most studies focused on the effects of anonymity on cyberbullying, and the results were inconsistent. • Online invisibility had no effect on cyberbullying. • Asynchrony influenced cyberbullying directly and indirectly through moral disengagement. There has been a growing focus on researching adolescent cyberbullying in recent years. Increasing studies highlight the role of online risk factors—online disinhibition and its specific characteristics—in cyberbullying among adolescents. Systematic searches were performed in MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycArticles, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science. There were 837 papers in total, 410 of which were non-duplicated, and 15 were ultimately included. Based on the current empirical findings, it has been observed that a heightened perception of online disinhibition corresponds with an increased likelihood of engaging in cyberbullying activities. In addition to the direct effect of online disinhibition on cyberbullying, research also found that online disinhibition functioned through moral disengagement and low self-control to influence cyberbullying. Furthermore, the effects of specific characteristics of online disinhibition on cyberbullying were also investigated. However, most studies (six out of seven) merely focused on the effects of anonymity on cyberbullying, and the results were inconsistent. Additionally, the effects of perception of invisibility and asynchrony on cyberbullying were also examined in limited research. The results showed that online invisibility had no effect on cyberbullying. Asynchrony contributed to cyberbullying directly and indirectly through moral disengagement. Further research is required to investigate the impacts of solipsistic introjection, dissociative imagination, and minimizing authority on the occurrence of cyberbullying. These findings are discussed, and practical as well as policy implications and guidelines for future studies are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Exposure to harmful online content increases cyberbullying perpetration. • Parental support decreases cyberbullying perpetration. • Parental support moderates the effect of exposure to harmful online content on cyberbullying perpetration. • Parental support increases cyberbullying perpetration for at-risk students. Cyberbullying has grown into a global issue with the Internet becoming a readily accessible commodity around the world. During the outbreak and spread of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), most personal and professional activities shifted to the virtual environment, increasing the time children spent online and the opportunities to engage in deviant behavior such as cyberbullying. In this paper, we analyzed cyberbullying data drawn from a nationally representative survey of South Korean adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Correlates of cyberbullying perpetration were examined in addition to the moderating impact of parental support. Policy implications and future research directions were discussed based on the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The pandemic affected adolescent girls in unique ways with wide social implication in terms of gender equality, educational attainment and social inequality. • Poverty and wealth intersect with other forms of inequality delimiting the options available to girls. • Girls are key to households' coping strategies through economizing behaviors, work, and care. • Post-pandemic responses should be age and gender sensitive. The COVID-19 pandemic is expected to widen inequalities and hamper the SDG commitments of gender equality and poverty reduction. In Africa, it is feared that the social consequences of the pandemic will undo the progress in gender equality achieved over the last two decades. Through in-depth qualitative telephone interviews with 37 adolescent girls in Burkina Faso and Sierra Leone this paper sheds light on the economic consequences of the pandemic on girls. Adolescent girls' experience of the pandemic is strongly mediated by their household configuration, resources and geographical context. Our data identifies three groups: i) sheltered from the economic impact of the pandemic, ii) coping or adjusting, and iii) severely affected. We also identify a fourth group of girls, found only in Burkina Faso, whose lives have been affected by conflict and who perceive the impact of the pandemic to be minor compared to enduring violence and trauma. Our analysis shows the unequal impact of COVID-19 and the measures implemented to contain it is likely to increase economic inequality, particularly in areas with longer-lasting restrictions, as coping mechanisms erode over time. Furthermore, the pandemic is likely to accelerate marriages and the end of schooling thus increasing gender inequality. Such effects are also mediated by resources girls have access to. We argue that achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) ideals requires innovative, appropriate and sustainable solutions with the combined effort of governments and the development community that respond to the lived experiences of adolescent girls. Finally, necessary attention to the consequences of the pandemic should not detract from addressing ongoing issues affecting adolescent girls, including poverty and conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interventions to support a more "age friendly" world are a key objective set out by the World Health Organization with health and wellbeing benefits being increasingly identified for both young and old. Whilst multiple studies have explored intergenerational engagement between kindergarten aged children and older adults, there is limited collective knowledge of programme design and the potential impact that these programmes have on adolescents engaging with older adults in the nursing home setting. The aims of this systematic review were to: a) examine intergenerational programme development and delivery in the nursing home setting and b) report on the impact of intergenerational engagement on adolescents and older adults. A systematic mixed studies review of intergenerational programmes targeting adolescents and older adults. MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus and ERIC (1995 and 2021) and reference lists were hand-searched. The first author conducted a review of the titles and abstracts based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. All authors then reviewed and discussed each paper to determine inclusion. Qualitative appraisal using the Mixed-Methods Appraisal Tool was conducted, and all evidence from the quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods studies was identified and thematically analysed using a convergent qualitative synthesis design. Ten papers were identified for review (six qualitative studies, two quantitative studies and two mixed methods studies). Inconsistencies in the inclusion criteria for older adults limited opportunities to explore the benefits for people with or without dementia. Few studies described the process of programme design, and there were wide variations in programme delivery. Programmes ranged from six weeks to eight months with a variety of activities and interactions implemented. Engaging in intergenerational programmes resulted in improved wellbeing and perceptions of social inclusion and reduced ageism. No correlations between programme design and impact were identified. Intergenerational programmes have important socio-emotional benefits for both adolescents and older adults. There is limited understanding of what meaningful intergenerational engagement entails as there is a lack of transparency surrounding the mechanics behind the programmes that are associated to positive change in the literature. In addition, there is currently no evidence of the longitudinal impacts or the broader social implications of these types of interventions. Future research is needed to explore programme design, the longitudinal effects, and the wider impacts of intergenerational programmes at a community and societal level. Design and impact of intergenerational engagement between adolescents and older adults in the nursing home setting: a systematic review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stuttering may have a holistic effect on the quality of life of a person who stutters by limiting participation in social situations, resulting in feelings of isolation and frustration, leading to difficulties in education and employment and increasing the likelihood of mental health problems. Even young children who stutter may have negative experiences of speaking. Therefore, it is important to treat stuttering behavior effectively in both children and adults. The purpose of this paper was to systematically review group and case studies about the effectiveness of behavioral stuttering interventions to provide evidence-based guidelines for clinicians. Systematic data retrieval was conducted in four electronic databases (PsycINFO, CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane). The assessment of search results was conducted according to predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria by two independent judges. The methodological quality of each paper was assessed using strict criteria to include only high-quality research. The search revealed 2293 results, and 38 papers (systematic reviews N=3, group design studies N=21 and case studies N=14) with acceptable methodological quality were included. The data show that there is most evidence about the treatment of early childhood stuttering, very little evidence about school-aged children and some evidence about adults. The most convincing evidence is about the Lidcombe Program in the treatment of young children who stutter, but also other methods have promising evidence. Our data imply that in the treatment of adults who stutter, holistic treatments may influence speech fluency and overall experience of stuttering behavior. Speech restructuring treatments may have a positive effect on overt characteristics of stuttering, but not on covert stuttering behavior. The results of this review agree with earlier reviews about the treatment of young children. However, due to different inclusion criteria, this review also shows the benefits of holistic treatment approaches with adults and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This conceptual paper utilises Situational Action Theory, the adolescence and parenting literatures, and a parental monitoring and crime use-case, to emphasise two separate but inter-related and co-existing distinctions i) between parenting behaviours that guide and control (behaviour distinction), and ii) between parenting behaviours that influence developmental and behavioural outcomes (goal distinction); and intersect these distinctions to identify four kinds of parental influence. The specificity of distinctions and their intersection are rarely made explicit in parenting research, resulting in concepts, design, analysis, and conclusions which conflate various parenting features and processes. This paper goes right back to basics and contributes to clarity in the conceptual foundations of parental influence on adolescent development and behaviour. By facilitating conceptual clarity and detailed specification of mechanisms, this paper under-labours to support the future development of better models of parental influence. In turn, this can underpin strong empirical research into the causes of adolescent behaviour that has the most utility for effective policy. [Display omitted] • Distinguishes parenting behaviors that guide and control. • Distinguishes developmental and behavioral outcomes of parenting. • Intersects new distinctions to provide a framework of four kinds of parental influence. • Clarifies foundations of parental influence on adolescent development and behaviour. • Facilitates future specification of concepts and parenting-outcome mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global demands for collaborative problem solving (CPS) have sparked investigations of peer collaboration in the educational context. The aim of this systematic review was to identify and systematize research findings on (a) characteristics of productive and unproductive face-to-face (f2f) or synchronous CPS via digital devices among adolescents in the educational context, (b) training and scaffolding modalities enabling adolescents to engage in productive CPS, and (c) ways of supporting productive CPS by using digital resources. We conducted a thematic analysis of 160 selected papers from a larger corpus and identified six main themes, that is, groups of characteristics of CPS: socio-cognitive aspects; socio-emotional aspects; the quality of task/problem-solving strategies; regulation of group activity oriented towards the task; regulation of group activity oriented towards group members; and participant engagement in CPS. We found that in efforts to contribute to successful CPS, adults (teachers/researchers) can moderate peer interaction in three ways, by focusing on either cognitive processes, group discussions, or classroom management. Regarding the third goal, we identified two major roles of digital resources in adolescent CPS. The first role pertained to ICT as a source of relevant knowledge or a tool for problem solving and the other role was related to peer collaboration and ICT as a tool for scaffolding collaboration. All characteristics that emerged in this review are discussed and concluding comments refer to educational implications. • A comprehensive systematic review systematizes findings on adolescent CPS. • Findings are the result of a thematic analysis of 160 articles selected according to the PRISMA guidelines. • Six main groups of characteristics of (un)productive adolescent CPS are identified. • Different modalities for supporting productive CPS by adults and digital resources are identified. • Discussion of findings reflects theoretical and educational implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present screening methods for Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) fall short of detecting prediabetes. This paper summarises the literature on the utility of insulin measurements (hyperinsulinemia) in detecting prediabetes in adolescents. A systematic literature review was conducted using EMBASE and Medline. Relevant data on hyperinsulinemia in the adolescent population is narrated. The database search identified 174 potential articles; 106 underwent a full-paper review, and 36 were included. Elevated fasting insulin is a marker of impaired insulin resistance and pending beta-cell dysfunction in at-risk adolescents and can be an early indicator of prediabetes. • Prediabetes in adolescence involves insulin resistance, hyperinsulinaemia, beta-cell dysfunction and dysglycaemia. • Elevated fasting insulin is both reflective of insulin resistance and predictive of beta-cell dysfunction. • Further research should evaluate combining fasting insulin with glucose to screen for prediabetes in at-risk adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have shown that father absence in opposite-gender couples has detrimental effects on children's wellbeing, net of selection bias. However, life course informed research suggests that the problem of selection bias may be more complex than currently thought. This paper shows the importance of nonparametrically adjusting for the trajectory of confounder covariates for the estimation of these effects. This paper uses data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to estimate the total effect of the departure of the biological father on children's wellbeing, as well as delayed or fade-out effects of this transition. The paper employs Bayesian additive regression trees, a machine learning and causal inference method suited for statistical models involving high-dimensional data sets. After adjusting for multiple time-invariant and -varying confounder covariates, as well as their history, estimates of father absence's effect on children's wellbeing are reduced substantially, a finding which may be referred to as life course selection bias. Results suggest early and middle childhood are not negatively affected by the departure of the biological father. Life course selection bias mostly affects estimates of this effect on adolescence, which is explained by children directly experiencing changes inparent's socioeconomic trajectories that lead to divorce or separation. This would not be the case when father absence is experienced in early childhood. Results suggest father absence is mostly a marker of life course cumulative socioeconomic disadvantage, not a cause of negative effects. • Life course selection bias: the trajectory of confounders may have a further bias causal effect estimates in demography. • Exposure of children to divorce is a marker of life course socioeconomic disadvantages, not a cause of negative effects. • When divorce or separation occur close to or during adolescence negative effects are found in the problem behavior domain. • Machine learning and causal inference can help in unbiasedly estimating the effects of complex family dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Young caring is an experience that intersects with youth homelessness. • Young caring is not just a cause of homelessness, but can continue after a young person leaves home. • Young carers exhibit resilience, but it is a resilience that can put them at risk. • Young carers experiencing homelessness are overlooked in policy and service provision. Research on young people experiencing homelessness often emphasizes the role of abuse, neglect, and rejection from guardians in the process of pushing or forcing young people out of the home. More recently, the research has begun to pay attention to how parents and other family members can remain a part of a young person's network throughout their homelessness trajectory. Nevertheless, within this literature, questions remain about the impact of ongoing family dynamics on youths' potential pathways through homelessness. This paper aims to focus on one type of family dynamic in particular, that of the young caregiver experiencing homelessness. The analysis uses interviews with five young people with histories of young caring and homelessness to stimulate future research on how youthful caregiving intersects with the experience of housing instability and youth homelessness. The paper focuses on three main themes: insights into the nature of the family dynamic and the caregiving relationship, discussions about the burden associated with the care relationship, and themes about resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patellofemoral instability influences the gait pattern and activity level in adolescents. However, gait biomechanics to cope with recurrent patella instability and its relation to radiological findings has hardly been studied. We retrospectively analyzed kinematic and kinetic gait analysis data, magnetic resonance images and X-ray of 32 adolescents with unilateral recurrent patellofemoral instability aged 12 to 18 years. Subjects were assigned to 3 groups based on their sagittal knee moment in the loading response and mid stance phase. Kinematic and kinetic differences among the groups were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA. A multinomial logistic regression model provided a further analysis of the relationship between gait biomechanics and MRI as well as X-ray parameters. All three groups showed different characteristics of the knee kinematics during loading response and single stance: while the patella-norm-loading group showed a slightly reduced knee flexion (p 〈0,01), the patella-unloading group kept the knee nearly extended (p < 0,01) and patella-overloading group showed an increased knee flexion (p = 0,01) compared to the other groups. In single stance the patella-overloading group maintained increased knee flexion (p < 0,01) compared to patella-unloading group and patella-norm-loading group. None of the radiological parameters proved to be related to gait patterns. The paper describes different gait coping strategies and their clinical relevance in subjects with patellofemoral instability. However, we did not find any relation of gait biomechanics to skeletal morphology. • Subjects with patellofemoral instability use different gait compensations. • Sagittal knee moment discriminates three unique compensatory strategies. • No relation between skeletal morphology (X-ray and MRI) and gait strategies. • Subjects with patellofemoral instability showed increased external tibia rotation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the prosocial effects of virtual reality (VR) technology on donation behavior, using a 360° video documentary supporting the nongovernmental organization Charity: Water. Previous research has shown how VR can be used as a way to evoke empathy towards other people. There is, however, limited research on how this technology can be used to elicit more donations for charitable organizations. This paper aims to investigate whether the use of an emotion-inducing 360° video in VR leads to higher donation rates. We conducted a between-participants experiment and collected data from 150 young adults (age 18–25). Results reveal how VR – and especially empathy – significantly impacts donation intentions. Although donation intentions were found to be higher after watching the VR video, many participants were skeptical about making an actual donation. Implications and future research regarding the capabilities of VR technology in eliciting donations and resolving donation uncertainty are discussed. • VR experiences can induce the subjective feeling of spatial presence in virtual environments. • Persuasive storytelling in VR can lead to increased empathy with its users. • VR storytelling can positively influence attitudes towards charitable donations. • The Theory of Planned Behavior can predict donation intentions after exposure to VR. • A Mixed Methods approach revealed adolescents' donation motivations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]