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The interplay between colloidal particles and surfactant co-adsorption plays a pivotal role in determining interface properties and emulsion stability. This study delves into the influence of the Zp/GMS ratio on the physical stability of Zein particle-GMS co-stabilized emulsions (CPEs) and how co-adsorption and interfacial interactions impact this stability. Results indicated that the preferential adsorption of GMS facilitated the diffusion (K diff increased from 0.083 mNm−1 s−0.5 to 0.206 mNm−1 s−0.5) and penetration of Zp (K P increased from −17.0 × 104 s−1 to −23.6 × 104 s−1), triggering interface rearrangement. Consequently, intricate interfaces formed, inducing a synergistic reduction in interfacial tension. Moreover, the decreased Zp/GMS ratio bolstered the lateral molecular interactions between Zp and GMS at the interface, while also enhancing the longitudinal relaxation of GMS during interface deformation. Therefore, the Zp/GMS ratio played a pivotal role in controlling the stiffness, elasticity, and deformability recovery of complex interfaces in both lateral and longitudinal dimensions. Furthermore, in both O/W and W/O CPEs, a decreased Zp/GMS ratio improved the physical stability of CPEs by reducing the rate of droplet coalescence. To summarize, the enhanced stability of CPEs can be attributed to the reduction in droplet aggregation. This reduction is influenced by a combination of improved mechanical properties resulting from lateral molecular interactions at the interface and enhanced deformability recovery due to the longitudinal relaxation of GMS. These findings not only deepen our understanding of particle-surfactant interactions in Pickering emulsions but also pave the way for formulating emulsions with specific textures and stabilities. [Display omitted] • Explored particle-surfactant interactions in Pickering emulsions. • Zp/GMS ratio modulates emulsion type and microstructure in CPEs. • GMS influences interface formation and synergistically reduces tension. • GMS results in a complex interface with enhanced elasticity and rigidity. • Co-adsorption of Zp and GMS improves thermodynamic stability by retarding droplet coalescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sertraline is one of the most commonly used antidepressant pharmaceuticals with ubiquitous distribution in the aqueous environment. However, the environmental behavior of sertraline in the co-presence of low-molecular-weight organic acid (LMWOA) and iron oxide mineral is still poorly understood. In this study, the photodegradation of sertraline was systematically investigated in a common photosensitizing system (ferrihydrite (Fh)-LMWOA). Six LMWOAs, including citrate acid (CA), tartrate acid (TA), malate acid (MA), lactate acid (LA), succinate acid (SA) and malonic acid (MOA) were chosen as the representatives. Our results implied that the different Fe3+ dissolution rates would lead to rather different sertraline degradation patterns following the order of Fh-CA > Fh-TA > Fh-MA > Fh-LA > Fh-SA > Fh-MOA. The reaction was initiated by the interaction between LMWOA and Fh via ligand-promoted-dissolution mechanism. Furthermore, the Fe3+ dissolution rates also showed a strong correlation with the metal-organic complexation constants, indicating that the photodegradation process is strongly related to the complexation ability of LMWOA with Fe3+. •OH, O 2 •- and CO 2 •- were detected, indicating that they contributed to the photodegradation of sertraline. •OH was demonstrated to be the dominant Reactive oxygen species (ROS) for the degradation of sertraline, and the detailed transformation pathways were proposed based on the product analysis and theoretical calculation. According to the ecological structure activity relationship estimation, the photodegradation products of sertraline possessed lower toxicity compared to the parent compound. These findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the environmental fate of sertraline and evaluate its potential ecotoxicity in natural systems. [Display omitted] • Sertraline could be photodegraded by the Fh-LMWOA system. • Different rates of Fe3+ dissolution would lead to rather different sertraline photodegradation. • The photodegradation process was also related to the complexation ability of LMWOAs with Fe3+. • •OH, O 2 •- and CO 2 •- make the decisive contribution in sertraline elimination. • The toxicity of sertraline photolysis products was reduced in the Fh-LMWOA system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dissolved black carbon (DBC) has been recognized as an important organic matter that influences the photochemical processes of organic pollutants. The excited triplet state (3DBC*) of DBC usually exhibits activity in neutral and basic aqueous conditions, rather than in acidic conditions. In this study, we found the crop (wheat, rice, maize) straw sourced DBC can substantially enhance the photodegradation of triclosan in relatively acidic conditions, and in the presence of ferric minerals (ferrihydrite and lepidocrocite), when exposed to simulated sunlight irradiation. This should be ascribed to the rapid non-reductive dissolution of ferric minerals by DBC, which leads to the generation of abundant hydrogen peroxides (H 2 O 2) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) through photo Fenton-like reactions. •OH is the dominant reactive species that leads to triclosan degradation in acidic conditions. Otherwise, triclosan itself is resistant to direct photolysis at pH < 5.0. The triplet state (3DBC*) plays a critical role in accelerating the Fe3+/Fe2+ cycling, which further promotes •OH generation. This study provides a new perspective on the role of DBC in surface water or mineral-water interfaces with acidic conditions and adds a more comprehensive understanding about the environmental implications of the DBC-ferric mineral system in sunlit surface water. [Display omitted] • The DBC/Fh system promoted triclosan photodegradation under acid conditions (pH of 3–5). • DBC could induce significantly non-reductive dissolution of ferric minerals. • The DBC/Fh system could generate abundant H 2 O 2 and · OH via photo Fenton-like reactions. • The 3DBC* played a critical role to accelerate Fe2+/Fe3+ cycling. • The photodegradation products of triclosan from the DBC/Fh system were less toxic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an alpha herpesvirus that causes pseudorabies. After 2011, new and more pathogenic PRV variants have caused huge economic losses to the pig industry. In addition, people have been reported to be infected with PRV. Therefore, developing new anti-PRV drugs is of great significance. In this study, we investigated the anti-PRV activity of Hippophae rhamnoides polysaccharides (HRP) in vitro. We found that HRP could significantly inhibit the infectivity of the PRV XJ5 strain in PK15 cells. Addition of HRP at different times of the virus life cycle mainly led to the inhibition of the adsorption and entry of virus into the cells. Our results revealed that HRP can reduce the malondialdehyde (MDA) content and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in PRV-infected PK15 cells and increase the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. These results suggested that HRP can reduce PRV infection-induced oxidative stress. Therefore, HRP may act as an antiviral drug against newly emerging PRV variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide (TiO 2) is an effective photocatalyst for organic removal. However, its efficacy is hampered by the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes. This paper presented an eco-friendly, synthetic lanthanum (La)/TiO 2 supported on lithium silicon powder (L) to significantly improve photocatalysis. The results showed that 74.4% dimethyl phthalate (DMP) removal was achieved in the ultraviolet (UV)-La-TiO 2 /L (LTL1) system, which was considerably higher than UV-TiO 2 /L (TL) (60.1%) and UV-L (18.3%). The enhanced LTL1 photocatalysis was based on the synergic effect between TiO 2 and La with L matrix. The photocatalysis efficiency was further improved by hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2), while the DMP removal rate reached 100% in the UV-LTL1-H 2 O 2 system. The DMP activation mechanisms and degradation pathways in the UV-LTL1-H 2 O 2 system were carefully examined, revealing that increased hydroxyl free radical (OH•) and superoxide ion radicals (O 2 −•) were pivotal to the higher degradation rate. Overall, the findings suggested that LTL1 showed considerable application promise for the low-cost and eco-friendly organic removal from water. [Display omitted] • TiO 2 photocatalytic effectiveness was significantly enhanced via supported on L. • LTL1 performed outstanding photodegradation for DMP in the UV-H 2 O 2 system. • UV-LTL1-H 2 O 2 systems can effectively eliminate DMP in a wide range of pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ratio of ligand to Cu(II) ions has an essential effect on the geometrical configuration and anti-tumour activity of metal-based complexes. In this work, we synthesised two Cu(II) thiosemicarbazone complexes, namely, [Cu(L)(Cl)] (C1) and [Cu 3 (L) 2 (Cl) 4 ] (C2), by controlling the ratio of Cu(II) ion to ligand, to evaluate their anti-tumour activity. The ability of C1 to catalyze hydrogen peroxide to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) was significantly higher than that of Cu(II) ion. Moreover, the bridge of Cu(II) and two molecules generated a new complex (C2), which, in contrast to C1 , enhanced the generation of Fenton-like-triggered ROS. Consequently, the produced ROS depleted reduced glutathione, caused oxidative cell stress and promoted apoptosis through mitochondrial apoptotic pathways. In addition, C2 exhibited better tumour suppression than C1 in a nude mouse tumour xenograft model. The ratio of ligand to Cu(II) ions has an essential effect on the geometrical configuration and anti-tumour activity of metal-based complexes. [Display omitted] • Cu(II) complexes Fenton catalyzes hydrogen peroxide. • Cu(II) complexes significantly increased the intracellular oxidation level. • Cu(II) complexes activates caspase 3/7/9. • Cu(II) complexes promote apoptosis. • Synergistic effect of thiosemicarbazone chelator agent with Cu(II) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated disease. Changes in host cell gene expression are induced by PCV2 infection. Here, we showed that porcine PDZ Domain-Containing 1 (PDZK1) expression was enhanced during PCV2 infection and that overexpression of PDZK1 inhibited the expression of PCV2 Cap protein. PCV2 genomic DNA copy number and viral titers were decreased in PDZK1-overexpressing PK-15B6 cells. PDZK1 knockdown enhanced the replication of PCV2. Overexpression of PDZK1 activated the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/ERK2 signaling pathway to enhance nitric oxide (NO) levels, while PDZK1 knockdown had the opposite effects. A PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) and a NO synthase inhibitor (L -NAME hydrochloride) decreased the activity of PDZK1 in restricting PCV2 replication. ERK2 knockdown enhanced the proliferation of PCV2 by decreasing levels of NO. Levels of interleukin (IL)− 4 mRNA were reduced in PDZK1 knockdown and ERK2 knockdown PK-15B6 cells. Increased IL-4 mRNA levels were unable to decrease NO production in PDZK1-overexpressing cells. Thus, we conclude that PDZK1 affected PCV2 replication by regulating NO production via PI3K/ERK2 signaling. PDZK1 affected IL-4 expression through the PI3K/ERK2 pathway, but PDZK1 modulation of PCV2 replication occurred independently of IL-4. Our results contribute to understanding the biological functions of PDZK1 and provide a theoretical basis for the pathogenic mechanisms of PCV2. • Porcine PDZK1 expression was enhanced in PK-15B6 cells infected with PCV2. • Overexpression of PDZK1 resulted in increased NO production and inhibition of PCV2 replication via PI3K/ERK2 signaling. • Knockout of PDZK1 suppressed NO production to accelerate PCV2 replication by inhibiting PI3K/ERK2 signaling. • PDZK1 altered the expression of cytokines in PCV2-infected cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A new dye was synthesized and the spectral properties were studied. • The dye showed good spectral properties and was used to detect SO 2 derivatives. • The reactivity of the probe could be regulated by the thiomorpholine group. A new coumarin-hemicyanine dye was synthesized and used as a ratiometric fluorescent probe for SO 2 derivatives (HSO 3 -/SO 3 2-). The probe showed deep-red fluorescence, ratiometric response, good selectivity, low detection limit and well-separated emission bands. Moreover, the probe was mitochondria-targeted, and was applied to image SO 2 derivatives in living cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A new pH sensitive fluorescent probe termed NAP-MDA is developed. • NAP-MDA possesses an excellent linear dependence with neutral to alkaline pH. • NAP-MDA is photostable and solely sensitive to pH. • NAP-MDA is successfully utilized to visualize the intracellular pH. A new pH-sensitive fluorescent probe NAP-MDA was designed and synthesized. NAP-MDA consists of 1,8-naphthalimide as fluorophore, morpholine and N,N-dimethylethylenediamine as pH-responsive groups. Due to the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanism, the fluorescence of 1, 8-naphthalimide was thoroughly quenched under alkaline condition (pH > 10.0), however, NAP-MDA displayed increasing fluorescence as the rise of acidity. Notably, NAP-MDA possessed an excellent linear dependence with neutral to alkaline pH (7.2–9.4), with a pKa of 8.38. NAP-MDA had good photostability and reversibility. Meanwhile, the probe was selective to pH without interference from common reactive species, temperature and viscosity. Fluorescent testing strips were fabricated with NAP-MDA and were successfully utilized to visualize the different pH with a handhold UV lamp. Confocal fluorescence imaging in live cells demonstrated that NAP-MDA mainly fluoresced in lysosomes, and could be applied for quantification of the pH within live cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]