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Agriculture holds a crucial position in maintaining livelihoods and securing food sources, particularly in nations such as Ethiopia, where a substantial portion of the population depends on agricultural pursuits. However, meeting the growing demand for food production amidst population growth presents considerable challenges. Recent advancements in technology, particularly in the areas of Machine Learning (ML), Deep Learning (DL), and the Internet of Things (IoT) offer promising solutions to address these challenges. This paper explores the potential of integrating ML, DL, and IoT technologies in agriculture to revolutionize the sector. By harnessing data-driven insights, farmers can make informed decisions regarding crop management, soil health, and weather patterns, leading to optimized resource allocation and increased productivity. Moreover, IoT devices enable the real-time monitoring and control of agricultural operations, enhancing sustainability and productivity. Despite the opportunities presented by these technologies, there are also challenges to overcome, such as data quality, connectivity issues, and the need for farmer education. However, with concerted efforts and investment, Ethiopia and other agricultural regions can unlock the full potential of ML, DL, and IoT technologies to ensure food security, alleviate poverty, and drive economic development. This review paper offers perspectives on the present status, challenges, and future possibilities regarding the integration of ML, DL, and IoT in agriculture. It underscores the transformative potential of these technologies within the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent transport systems (ITS) provide various cooperative edge cloud services for roadside vehicular applications. These applications offer additional diversity, including ticket validation across transport modes and vehicle and object detection to prevent road collisions. Offloading among cooperative edge and cloud networks plays a key role when these resources constrain devices (e.g., vehicles and mobile) to offload their workloads for execution. ITS used different machine learning and deep learning methods for decision automation. However, the self-autonomous decision-making processes of these techniques require significantly more time and higher accuracy for the aforementioned applications on the road-unit side. Thus, this paper presents the new offloading ITS for IoT vehicles in cooperative edge cloud networks. We present the augmented convolutional neural network (ACNN) that trains the workloads on different edge nodes. The ACNN allows users and machine learning methods to work together, making decisions for offloading and scheduling workload execution. This paper presents an augmented federated learning scheduling scheme (AFLSS). An algorithmic method called AFLSS comprises different sub-schemes that work together in the ITS paradigm for IoT applications in transportation. These sub-schemes include ACNN, offloading, scheduling, and security. Simulation results demonstrate that, in terms of accuracy and total time for the considered problem, the AFLSS outperforms all existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the concept of smart cities and the role of the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine learning (ML) in realizing a data-centric smart environment. Smart cities leverage technology and data to improve the quality of life for citizens and enhance the efficiency of urban services. IoT and machine learning have emerged as key technologies for enabling smart city solutions that rely on large-scale data collection, analysis, and decision-making. This paper presents an overview of smart cities' various applications and discusses the challenges associated with implementing IoT and machine learning in urban environments. The paper also compares different case studies of successful smart city implementations utilizing IoT and machine learning technologies. The findings suggest that these technologies have the potential to transform urban environments and enable the creation of more livable, sustainable, and efficient cities. However, significant challenges remain regarding data privacy, security, and ethical considerations, which must be addressed to realize the full potential of smart cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a sophisticated approach to network security, with a primary emphasis on utilizing deep learning for intrusion detection. In real-world scenarios, the high dimensionality of training data poses challenges for simple deep learning models and can lead to vanishing gradient issues with complex neural networks. Additionally, uploading network traffic data to a central server for training raises privacy concerns. To tackle these issues, the paper introduces a Residual Network (ResNet)-based deep learning model trained using a federated learning approach. The ResNet effectively tackles the vanishing gradient problem, while federated learning enables multiple Internet Service Providers (ISPs) or clients to engage in joint training without sharing their data with third parties. This approach enhances accuracy through collaborative learning while maintaining privacy. Experimental results on the X-IIoTID dataset indicate that the proposed model outperforms conventional deep learning and machine learning methods in terms of accuracy and other metrics used for evaluation. Specifically, the proposed methodology achieved 99.43% accuracy in a centralized environment and 99.16% accuracy in a federated environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensors, wearables, mobile devices, and other Internet of Things (IoT) devices are becoming increasingly integrated into all aspects of our lives. They are capable of gathering enormous amounts of data, such as image data, which can then be sent to the cloud for processing. However, this results in an increase in network traffic and latency. To overcome these difficulties, edge computing has been proposed as a paradigm for computing that brings processing closer to the location where data is produced. This paper explores the merging of cloud and edge computing for IoT and investigates approaches using machine learning for dimensionality reduction of images on the edge, employing the autoencoder deep learning-based approach and principal component analysis (PCA). The encoded data is then sent to the cloud server, where it is used directly for any machine learning task without significantly impacting the accuracy of the data processed in the cloud. The proposed approach has been evaluated on an object detection task using a set of 4000 images randomly chosen from three datasets: COCO, human detection, and HDA datasets. Results show that a 77% reduction in data did not have a significant impact on the object detection task's accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing IoT security is a corner stone for building trust in its technology and driving its growth. Limited resources and diversified nature of IoT devices make them vulnerable to attacks. Botnet attacks compromise the IoT systems and can pose significant security challenges. Numerous investigations have utilized machine learning and deep learning techniques to identify botnet attacks in IoT. However, achieving high detection accuracy with reasonable computational requirements is still a challenging research considering the particularity of IoT. This paper aims to analytically study the performance of the tree based machine learning in detecting botnet attacks for IoT ecosystems. Through an empirical study performed on a public botnet dataset of IoT environment, basic decision tree algorithm in addition to ensemble learning of different bagging and boosting algorithms are compared. The comparison covers two perspectives: IoT botnet detection capability and computational performance. Results demonstrated that the significant potential for the tree based ML algorithms in detecting network intrusions in IoT environments. The RF algorithm achieved the best performance for multi-class classification with accuracy rate of 0.999991. It achieved also the highest results in all other measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are witnessing the digitalization era, where artificial intelligence (AI)/machine learning (ML) models are mandatory to transform this data deluge into actionable information. However, these models require large, high-quality datasets to predict high reliability/accuracy. Even with the maturity of Internet of Things (IoT) systems, there are still numerous scenarios where there is not enough quantity and quality of data to successfully develop AI/ML-based applications that can meet market expectations. One such scenario is precision agriculture, where operational data generation is costly and unreliable due to the extreme and remote conditions of numerous crops. In this paper, we investigated the generation of synthetic data as a method to improve predictions of AI/ML models in precision agriculture. We used generative adversarial networks (GANs) to generate synthetic temperature data for a greenhouse located in Murcia (Spain). The results reveal that the use of synthetic data significantly improves the accuracy of the AI/ML models targeted compared to using only ground truth data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of Things (IoT) is a disruptive technology for the future decades. Due to its pervasive growth, it is susceptible to cyber-attacks, and hence the significance of Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) for IoT is pertinent. The viability of machine learning has encouraged analysts to apply learning techniques to intelligently discover and recognize cyber attacks and unusual behavior among the IoTs. This paper proposes an enhanced anomaly-based Intrusion Detection Deep learning Multi-class classification model (EIDM) that can classify 15 traffic behaviors including 14 attack types with the accuracy of 95% contained in the CICIDS2017 dataset. Four state-of-the-art deep learning models are also customized to classify six classes of network traffic behavior. An extensive comparative study in terms of classification accuracy and efficiency metrics is conducted between EIDM and several state-of-the-art deep learning-based IDSs showing that EIDM has achieved accurate detection results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term "Internet of Things" (IoT) encompasses an entire group of gadgets that are capable of connecting to the Internet in order to gather and share data. The IoT paradigm is being pushed into computer networks by numerous highly advanced intrusions. Cloud computing greatly enhances the success of the IoT by enabling users to perform computing tasks using Internet-based services accessed through connected devices. This seamless integration of cloud technology and the IoT has become a powerful catalyst, revolutionizing the way we operate. The adoption of a distributed architecture, such as cloud computing, exposes the system to potential threats like Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) and Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. To mitigate these risks, the concept of an intrusion detection system (IDS) has been introduced within the cloud environment. Various machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms have been proposed and implemented to effectively detect and respond to such malicious traffic in the cloud system. For dimension reduction during the training process of those algorithms, multiple independent and hybrid techniques have been proposed. This study presents an efficient ML-based real-time IDS framework with proposed hybrid feature selection techniques. Additionally, in this study, a concise comparative analysis has been conducted using five well-known public datasets. The findings presented in this paper reveal that our proposed IDS achieved a maximum accuracy of 99.98% in identifying malicious traffic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In standard machine learning implementations, training and inference takes place on servers located remotely from where data is gathered. With the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT), the groundwork is laid to shift half of that computing burden (inferencing) closer to where data is gathered. This paradigm shift to edge computing can significantly decrease the latency and cost of these tasks. Many small, powerful devices have been developed in recent years with the potential to fulfill that goal. In this paper, we analyze two such devices, the NVIDIA Jetson AGX Xavier Developer Kit and the Microsoft Azure Stack Edge Pro (2 GPUs). In addition, the NVIDIA DGX-1 system containerized in a ruggedized case is also taken for running inference model at the Edge. For comparison, the performance of these devices is compared to more common inferencing devices, including a laptop, desktop, and high performance computing (HPC) system. The inferencing model used for testing is the Enhanced Super-Resolution Generative Adversarial Networks (ESRGANs), which was developed using techniques borrowed primarily from other GAN designs, most notably SRGANs and Relativistic average GANs (RaGANs), along with some novel techniques. Metrics chosen for benchmarking were inferencing time, GPU power consumption, and GPU temperature. We found that inferencing using ESRGANs was approximately 10 to 20 times slower on the Jetson edge device, but used approximately 100 to 300 times less power, and was approximately 2 times cooler than any of the other devices tested. The inferencing using ESRGANs performed very similarly on the Azure device as on the more traditional methods. The Azure device performed with slightly slower speeds and equivalent temperatures to the other devices, but with slightly less power consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized our world today by providing greater levels of accessibility, connectivity and ease to our everyday lives. It enables massive amounts of data to be traversed across multiple heterogeneous devices that are all interconnected. This phenomenon makes IoT networks vulnerable to various network attacks and intrusions. Building an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) for IoT networks is challenging as they enable a massive amount of data to be aggregated, which is difficult to handle and analyze in real time mainly because of the heterogeneous nature of IoT devices. This inefficient, traditional IDS approach accentuates the need to develop advanced IDS techniques by employing Machine or Deep Learning. This paper presents a deep ensemble-based IDS using Lambda architecture by following a multi-pronged classification approach. Binary classification uses Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) to differentiate between malicious and benign traffic, while the multi-class classifier uses an ensemble of LSTM, Convolutional Neural Network and Artificial Neural Network classifiers to detect the type of attacks. The model training is performed in the batch layer, while real-time evaluation is carried out through model inferences in the speed layer of the Lambda architecture. The proposed approach gives high accuracy of over 99.93% and saves useful processing time due to the multi-pronged classification strategy and using the lambda architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of Things (IoT) represents a massive deployment of connected, intelligent devices that communicate directly in private, public, and professional environments without human intervention. The increasing number and mobility make them more attractive to attackers. Therefore, many techniques have been integrated to secure IoT, such as authentication, availability, encryption, and data integrity. Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are an effective security tool that can be enhanced using machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DP) algorithms. This paper presents an improved IDS using gradient boosting (GB) and decision tree (DT) through the open-source Catboost for IoT Security. The proposed model has been evaluated under the improved NSL- KDD, IoT-23, BoT-IoT, and Edge-IIoT datasets using the GPU to enhance the experimental setting. Compared with the well-existed IDS, the results prove that our approach gives good score performance metrics of ACC, recall, and precision, around 99.9% on a record detection and computation time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, Internet of things (IoT) devices have been widely implemented and technologically advanced in manufacturing settings to monitor, collect, exchange, analyze, and deliver data. However, this transition has increased the risk of cyber-attacks, exponentially. Subsequently, developing effective intrusion detection systems based on deep learning algorithms has proven to become a reliable intelligence tool to protect Industrial IoT devices against cyber threats. This paper presents the implementation of two different classifications and detection utilizing the long short-term memory (LSTM) architecture to address cybersecurity concerns on three benchmark industrial IoT datasets (BoT-IoT, UNSW-NB15, and TON-IoT) which take advantage of various deep learning algorithms. An overall analysis of the performance of the proposed models is provided. Augmenting the LSTM with convolutional neural network (CNN) and fully convolutional neural network (FCN) achieves state-of-the-art performance in detecting cybersecurity threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autoencoder has been widely used as a feature learning technique. In many works of autoencoder, the features of the original input are usually extracted layer by layer using multi-layer nonlinear mapping, and only the features of the last layer are used for classification or regression. Therefore, the features of the previous layer aren't used explicitly. The loss of information and waste of computation is obvious. In addition, faster training and reasoning speed is generally required in the Internet of Things applications. But the stacked autoencoders model is usually trained by the BP algorithm, which has the problem of slow convergence. To solve the above two problems, the paper proposes a dense connection pseudoinverse learning autoencoder (DensePILAE) from reuse perspective. Pseudoinverse learning autoencoder (PILAE) can extract features in the form of analytic solution, without multiple iterations. Therefore, the time cost can be greatly reduced. At the same time, the features of all the previous layers in stacked PILAE are combined as the input of next layer. In this way, the information of all the previous layers not only has no loss, but also can be strengthened and refined, so that better features could be learned. The experimental results in 8 data sets of different domains show that the proposed DensePILAE is effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution is a major issue resulting from the excessive use of conventional energy sources in developing countries and worldwide. Particulate Matter less than 2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5) is the most dangerous air pollutant invading the human respiratory system and causing lung and heart diseases. Therefore, innovative air pollution forecasting methods and systems are required to reduce such risk. To that end, this paper proposes an Internet of Things (IoT) enabled system for monitoring and predicting PM2.5 concentration on both edge devices and the cloud. This system employs a hybrid prediction architecture using several Machine Learning (ML) algorithms hosted by Nonlinear AutoRegression with eXogenous input (NARX). It uses the past 24 h of PM2.5, cumulated wind speed and cumulated rain hours to predict the next hour of PM2.5. This system was tested on a PC to evaluate cloud prediction and a Raspberry Pi to evaluate edge devices' prediction. Such a system is essential, responding quickly to air pollution in remote areas with low bandwidth or no internet connection. The performance of our system was assessed using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE), coefficient of determination (R2), Index of Agreement (IA), and duration in seconds. The obtained results highlighted that NARX/LSTM achieved the highest R2 and IA and the least RMSE and NRMSE, outperforming other previously proposed deep learning hybrid algorithms. In contrast, NARX/XGBRF achieved the best balance between accuracy and speed on the Raspberry Pi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of drone-based innovative cyber security solutions integrated with the Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized navigational technologies with robust data communication services across multiple platforms. This advancement leverages machine learning and deep learning methods for future progress. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the utilization of IoT-enabled drone data management technology. Industries ranging from industrial applications to agricultural advancements, as well as the implementation of smart cities for intelligent and efficient monitoring. However, these latest trends and drone-enabled IoT technology developments have also opened doors to malicious exploitation of existing IoT infrastructures. This raises concerns regarding the vulnerability of drone networks and security risks due to inherent design flaws and the lack of cybersecurity solutions and standards. The main objective of this study is to examine the latest privacy and security challenges impacting the network of drones (NoD). The research underscores the significance of establishing a secure and fortified drone network to mitigate interception and intrusion risks. The proposed system effectively detects cyber-attacks in drone networks by leveraging deep learning and machine learning techniques. Furthermore, the model's performance was evaluated using well-known drones' CICIDS2017, and KDDCup 99 datasets. We have tested the multiple hyperparameter parameters for optimal performance and classify data instances and maximum efficacy in the NoD framework. The model achieved exceptional efficiency and robustness in NoD, specifically while applying B-LSTM and LSTM. The system attains precision values of 89.10% and 90.16%, accuracy rates up to 91.00–91.36%, recall values of 81.13% and 90.11%, and F-measure values of 88.11% and 90.19% for the respective evaluation metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, for many purposes machine and deep learning methods are utilized to identify botnet threats in IoT networks. On the other hand, highly imbalanced network traffic information in the training set frequently humiliates the classification. A novel method is proposed called Joined Bi-Model RNN with Spatial Attention (JBiRSA). This work will be a pathway for many artificial intelligence researchers in cyber security. The introduced Joint Bi model of LSTM and GRU is combined with the local information gathering data as an added mode. The distinguished traffic flow features are fine-tuned with spatial attention. In this work, in order to solve the data class imbalance a GAN model is proposed with multi kernel De-Convolution with three level of skip connection. In this model GAN with Traffic Encoder loss is proposed along with an effective generator especially suited for network traffic. Two data sets are used, namely N-BaIoT and IoT-23. N-BaIoT data set is formed by adding botnet attacks such as Bashlite and Mirai. IoT-23 data set is formed with 20 malware confines from various IoT devices and 3 precincts for benign anomalies. JBiRSA with GAN has proven to be efficient and has the potential to differentiate between benign and malicious traffic data in IoT attacks. JBiRSA with GAN provides an overall accuracy of 98.75%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context : Technological advances have led to a tremendous increase in complexity and volume of specialized malware, affecting computational devices across the globe. Along with malware targeting Windows devices, IoT devices having lesser computational power, have also been affected by malware attacks in the recent past. Due to a scarcity of updated malware datasets, malware recognition and classification has become trickier, particularly in IoT environments where malware samples are limited and scarce. Identifying a malware family can reveal the underlying intent of malware and traditional machine learning algorithms have performed well in this area. However, since such methods necessitate a large amount of feature engineering, deep learning algorithms for malware recognition and classification have been developed. In particular, the malware visualization-based approaches, which have shown decent success in the past have scope of improvement, which has been exploited in the current study. Objectives: The current work aims at utilizing malware images (grayscale, RGB, markov) and deep CNNs for effective Windows and IoT malware recognition and classification using traditional learning and transfer learning approaches. Methods and Design: First, grayscale, RGB and markov images were created from malware binaries. In particular, the idea of markov image generation by using markov probability matrix is to retain the global statistics of malware bytes which are generally lost during image transformation operations. A Gabor filter-based approach is utilized to extract textures and then a custom-built deep CNN and pretrained Xception CNN trained on 1.5 million images from ImageNet dataset, which is fine-tuned for malware images are employed for classifying malware images into families. Results and Conclusions: To assess the effectiveness of the suggested framework, two public benchmark Windows malware image datasets, one custom built Windows malware image dataset and one custom built IoT malware image dataset were utilized. In particular, the methods demonstrate excellent classification results for the 500 GB Microsoft Malware Challenge dataset. A comparison of the suggested solutions with state-of-the-art methods clearly indicates the effectiveness and low computational cost of our malware recognition and classification solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of Internet of Things (IoT) and Internet of Vehicles (IoV) are rapidly moving to the 6G networks, which leads to dramatically raised security issues. Using machine learning, including deep learning, to find out malicious network traffic is one of practical ways. Though much work has been done in this direction, we found little investigating the effect of using fused network conversation datasets to train and test models. Thus, this work proposes to check conversation dataset characteristics and find suitable ones to fuse into one dataset in order to improve the capability of malicious traffic and malware detection performance. The experiments using real data show that conditioned combination of datasets can be used to enhance algorithm performance and improve detection results. For this reason, it is recommended to profile datasets and conduct conditional fusion of network conversation datasets before using machine learning or deep learning. As the characterization is done using general statistical calculation, it is promising to be used for other domains too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Devices belonging to the realm of edge Internet of Things (IoT) are becoming highly susceptible to intrusion attacks. The large-scale development in edge IoT, ease of availability, and affordability have drastically increased its usage in the real world. The business market revolves around producing better, innovative, and appealing products every day. However, security is often left unchecked to achieve these standards. Therefore, vulnerabilities present in these devices make them susceptible to various intrusion attacks. We devised a model named DF-IDS for detecting intrusions in IoT traffic. DF-IDS consists of two main phases: In the 1 st phase, it comparatively selects the best features from the feature matrix using SpiderMonkey (SM), principle component analysis (PCA), information gain (IG), and correlation attribute evaluation (CAE). In the 2 nd phase, these features along with assigned labels are used to train a deep neural network for intrusion detection. DF-IDS achieves an accuracy of 99.23% with an F1-score of 99.27%. It shows improvement not only in accuracy but also in F1 score as compared to the other comparative models and existing studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]