20 results
Search Results
2. Home advantage and mispricing in indoor sports' ghost games: the case of European basketball.
- Author
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De Angelis, Luca and Reade, J. James
- Subjects
SOCCER fans ,BASKETBALL ,BASKETBALL games ,COVID-19 pandemic ,SPORTS - Abstract
Several recent studies suggest that the home advantage, that is, the benefit competitors accrue from performing in familiar surroundings, was—at least temporarily—reduced in games played without spectators due to the COVID-19 Pandemic. These games played without fans during the Pandemic have been dubbed 'ghost games'. However, the majority of the research to date focus on soccer and no contributions have been provided for indoor sports, where the effect of the support of the fans might have a stronger impact than in outdoor arenas. In this paper, we try to fill this gap by investigating the effect of ghost games in basketball with a special focus on the possible reduction of the home advantage due to the absence of spectators inside the arena. In particular, we test (i) for the reduction of the home advantage in basketball, (ii) whether such reduction tends to disappear over time, (iii) if the bookmakers promptly adapt to such structural change or whether mispricing was created on the betting market. The results from a large data set covering all seasons since 2004 for the ten most popular and followed basketball leagues in Europe show, on the one hand, an overall significant reduction of the home advantage of around 5% and no evidence that suggests that this effect has been reduced at as teams became more accustomed to playing without fans; on the other hand, bookmakers appear to have anticipated such effect and priced home win in basketball matches accordingly, thus avoiding creating mispricing on betting markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. New sports and no spectators: Japan's performance at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games.
- Author
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Ramchandani, Girish, Wilson, Darryl, Millar, Robbie, and Ashworth, Becky
- Subjects
SPORTS spectators ,OLYMPIC Games ,SPECTATORS ,CROWDS ,MULTI-sport tournaments - Abstract
This paper examines Japan's performance at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games and considers whether the inclusion of new sports and the Games being staged behind closed doors influenced Japan's performance as the host nation. We analysed Japan's medal output and ranking at Tokyo 2020 in the context of its historical Summer Olympic performances and compared with other recent hosts. We also analysed how Japan's performance changed between Rio 2016 and Tokyo 2020 in different events (men, women and mixed) and in different sports. Japan improved its performance at its home Games across multiple measures. Evidence of improvement between Rio 2016 and Tokyo 2020 was seen in men's, women's and mixed events and across the portfolio of sports that were common to both editions. Japan's home performance was amplified by its success in the new sports added to the programme. To promote fair competition, the inclusion of new sports at future Games should be evaluated on the basis of their global appeal alongside their local popularity within the host nation. Our findings somewhat challenge conventional wisdom that home crowd support is a key game location factor which contributes to home advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Estimating the change in soccer’s home advantage during the Covid-19 pandemic using bivariate Poisson regression
- Author
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Benz, Luke S. and Lopez, Michael J.
- Published
- 2023
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- View/download PDF
5. Information and price efficiency in the absence of home crowd advantage.
- Author
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Hegarty, Tadgh
- Subjects
COVID-19 pandemic ,SOCCER tournaments ,CROWDS ,MARKET prices ,MARKET pricing ,COVID-19 - Abstract
This paper evaluates the efficiency of betting market pricing for top league soccer matches played behind closed doors during the COVID-19 pandemic. The removal of the crowd component of home advantage results in substantial improvement in both the market predictions of goal difference and home team wins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. The cauldron has cooled down: a systematic literature review on home advantage in football during the COVID-19 pandemic from a socio-economic and psychological perspective
- Author
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Leitner, Michael Christian, Daumann, Frank, Follert, Florian, and Richlan, Fabio
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Home advantage and mispricing in indoor sports’ ghost games: the case of European basketball
- Author
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De Angelis, Luca and Reade, J. James
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Ghost Games: Crowds, Referee Bias, and Home Advantage in European Football Leagues.
- Author
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Wolaver, Amy M. and Magee, Christopher
- Subjects
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SOCCER , *CROWDS , *MULTIPLE regression analysis , *POPULATION geography , *DECISION making , *PUNISHMENT , *SPORTS events , *COVID-19 pandemic , *PSYCHOLOGICAL stress - Abstract
Using a five-year data set including the crowd-less games in the 2020 English, Spanish, Italian, and German first division football leagues and multivariate regression analysis, this paper estimated how fans influence home field advantage. Consistent with previous studies, the estimates showed that in games with crowds, referees gave fewer fouls, yellow cards, and red cards but more penalty kicks to the home team than to the away team. Removing the fans from the stadium eliminated these home advantages coming through referee decisions. Removing fans reduced yellow and red cards given to away teams but did not change cards given to home teams. There was not a similar asymmetry for fouls and penalty kicks. These results suggest that crowds influenced referee judgments about how severe an infraction was more than they influenced decisions about whether a foul occurred. The addition of VAR had little impact on referee decisions and no effect on the home advantage in goal differential. Despite the home bias in referee decisions when crowds were in the stadium, fouls, cards, and penalty kicks played a relatively small role in determining home advantage in game outcomes and most of the home advantage remained after fans were removed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
9. The causal impacts of empty stadiums on women's sports activities: Evidence from European football leagues.
- Author
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Szabó, Dávid Zoltán and Kerényi, Péter
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SOCCER fans , *WOMEN'S soccer , *COVID-19 , *SOCCER fields , *SOCCER , *PSYCHOLOGICAL distress , *PSYCHOLOGY of women , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *STAY-at-home orders , *SPORTS facilities , *SPORTS events - Abstract
This paper examines the effect of spectators on women's football games. COVID-19 and related restrictions provide a unique opportunity with an adequate sample size to test the effect of lockdown on sports activities. Studies have recently exploited this opportunity for men's football to better understand the potential causes of home advantage and, more specifically, assess the psychological consequences when matches are played without supporters. Despite the increased scientific interest, there was only one paper that focused on women's football. Therefore, we aim to contribute to this research field by considering matches from four major European women's football leagues. The findings suggest that for three of these leagues, lockdown has a statistically significant effect on the sanctioned yellow cards by either reducing the number of yellow cards sanctioned to the away teams or increasing the number of yellow cards sanctioned to the home teams. Nonetheless, lockdown does not affect any final match outcomes; therefore, it does not significantly affect the magnitude of home advantage for women's games. • Referreing activities and home advantage of women's football for pre- and post-COVID-19 periods are investigated. • Lockdown does not affect the magnitude of home advantage for women's football. • Sanctioned yellow cards are significantly affected by lockdown in line with the literature for men's football. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Are Sports Betting Markets Semi-Strong Efficient? Evidence From the COVID-19 Pandemic.
- Author
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Meier, Pascal Flurin, Flepp, Raphael, and Franck, Egon
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SPORTS betting ,GAMBLING ,COVID-19 pandemic ,SOCCER tournaments ,EFFICIENT market theory - Abstract
This paper examines whether sports betting markets are semi-strong form efficient--i.e., whether new information is rapidly and completely incorporated into betting prices. We use news on ghost games in the top European football leagues due to the COVID-19 pandemic as a clean arrival of new public information. Because spectators are absent during ghost games, the home advantage is reduced, and we test whether this information is fully reflected in betting prices. Our results show that bookmakers and betting exchanges systematically overestimated a home team's winning probability during the first period of the ghost games, which suggests that betting markets are, at least temporally, not semi-strong form efficient. Examining different leagues, we find that our main results are driven by the German Bundesliga, which was the first league to resume operations. We exploit a betting strategy that yields a positive net payoff over more than one month. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. The Effect of COVID-19 on Home Advantage in Women's Soccer: Evidence From Swedish Damallsvenskan.
- Author
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Krumer, Alex and Smith, Vetle A. O.
- Subjects
WOMEN'S soccer ,COVID-19 - Abstract
Most studies of the effect of COVID-19 restrictions on home advantage have been conducted on men's soccer, with the women's game lacking scientific attention. The present study fills this gap by investigating games in Swedish Damallsvenskan women's soccer league. Comparing games in the 2019 and 2020 seasons, we find a slight, but not statistically significant reduction in home advantage in games without crowds in terms of goals scored and points achieved. However, unlike in most studies on men's soccer, we find that away teams received significantly more yellow cards in games without crowds compared to games with crowds. We discuss our results in the context of the findings in men's soccer. JEL Classification: D00, J71, L00, Z13, Z20. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. THE WISDOM OF NO CROWDS: THE REACTION OF BETTING MARKETS TO LOCKDOWN SOCCER GAMES.
- Author
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Hegarty, Tadgh and Whelan, Karl
- Subjects
SOCCER tournaments ,SWARM intelligence ,FINANCIAL market reaction ,COVID-19 pandemic - Abstract
The support of home spectators is one of the contributing factors to the home advantage effect in sports matches. The COVID-19 pandemic led to European soccer matches being played without spectators. Contrary to previous findings in the literature, we show that betting markets adjusted promptly to account for a reduced home advantage in both goal difference and the probability of a win. These adjustments proved accurate over a large sample of soccer matches subsequently played without spectators, even though the earliest games appeared to suggest a much bigger change in home advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Home advantage and crowd attendance: evidence from rugby during the Covid 19 pandemic.
- Author
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Delbianco, Fernando, Fioravanti, Federico, and Tohmé, Fernando
- Subjects
COVID-19 pandemic ,RUGBY Union football ,AMATEUR sports ,RUGBY football ,PROFESSIONAL sports - Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic forced almost all professional and amateur sports to be played without attending crowds. Thus, it induced a large-scale natural experiment on the impact of social pressure on decision making and behavior in sports fields. Using a data set of 1027 rugby union matches from 11 tournaments in 10 countries, we find that home teams have won less matches and their point difference decreased during the pandemic, shedding light on the impact of crowd attendance on the home advantage of sports teams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. The impact of COVID-19 on home advantage: a conditional order-m analysis of football clubs' efficiency in the top-5 European leagues.
- Author
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Destefanis, Sergio, Addesa, Francesco, and Rossi, Giambattista
- Subjects
COVID-19 ,HOME field advantage (Sports) ,SOCCER teams ,SOCCER - Abstract
This study aims to contribute to the recent literature on the effects of COVID on football teams' performance, focusing on the impact of ghost games on offensive and defensive technical efficiency. Using season-level data for the top 5 European leagues, a novelty for efficiency studies on football, the analysis compares the ten seasons played before the pandemic outbreak with the only season (2020–21) almost entirely played behind closed doors. A further novel contribution is the methodology – conditional order-m – applied to calculate efficiency scores. Our results show that in the post-COVID season both offensive and defensive efficiency significantly increased for away games, whereas for home games offensive efficiency shows a very slight increase, and defensive efficiency remains basically unchanged. These findings are valid for all the five leagues and provide evidence of a generalized reduction in the home advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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15. Is Home Advantage Diminished When Competing Without Spectators? Evidence From the Israeli Football and Basketball Leagues.
- Author
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Levental, Orr, Hazut, Tomer, and Tenebaum, Gershon
- Subjects
HOME field advantage (Sports) ,SOCCER ,BASKETBALL ,COVID-19 pandemic ,SOCCER fans ,BASKETBALL fans ,CROWDS - Abstract
Sports spectators are one of the factors that affect home advantage. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic created unique conditions under which most of the leagues in the world played matches without crowds for over six months. This situation facilitated an analytical comparison of two different periods: before and during the coronavirus pandemic. The current study sought to examine home advantage in the Israeli sport domain in general, and specifically the impact of the absence of a crowd. The study consisted of 4,030 matches played in Israel's top football and basketball leagues, of which 3,589 took place with crowds from August 2015 to March 2020, while the others were held without spectators from May 2020 to February 2021. Descriptive and analyses of variance procedures indicated a home advantage independent of crowd size, density, geographic region, league level, and type of sport. However, higher-quality teams demonstrated a higher home advantage ratio for the goals conceded. The findings of the study indicate that in the Israeli context, the crowd plays less of a role in home advantage than other potential factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. How the COVID-19 Pandemic has Changed the Game of Soccer.
- Author
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Link, Daniel and Anzer, Gabriel
- Subjects
SOCCER ,SPORTS facilities ,RUNNING ,PHYSICAL training & conditioning ,COMPARATIVE studies ,CONTACT sports ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,EXERCISE intensity ,ATHLETIC ability ,SPORTS events ,COVID-19 pandemic ,BEHAVIOR modification - Abstract
This study explores the influence of corona-specific training and playing conditions - especially empty stadiums - on match performance, contact behavior, and home advantage in the Bundesliga (BL) and Bundesliga 2 (BL2). We analyzed the 2017/18, 2018/19, and 2019/20 seasons and compared matches in rounds 26–34 before shutdown with "ghost" matches after restart. Results show increased running activity for high intensity distance: (+ 6.1%) and total distance covered (+ 4.3%). In BL2 in particular there were also changes in tactical aspects of the game (time in last third: –6.3%, pressure on pass receiver: –8.6%, success of attacking duels: –7.9%, share of long passes completed: + 15.6%, outplayed opponents per pass: –14.7%). Contact time to other players (< 2 m distance) was 15:35 mins per match. After restart, contact was reduced, especially when the ball was not in the last third (–11.2%). Away wins increased by +44.2% in BL and the home-away difference in yellow cards changed in favor of the away team (+31.2%) in BL2. We conclude that empty stadiums have reduced home advantage and decreased referee bias when awarding yellow cards. Player behavior might have been affected by tactical demands and/or conscious or unconscious self-protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. INVESTIGATING THE HOME ADVANTAGE IN THE WORLD'S PRESTIGIOUS FOOTBALL LEAGUES BEFORE AND AFTER THE OUTBREAK OF COVID-19.
- Author
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Ghahfarokhi, Ebrahim Alidoust, Soroush, Sajad, and Hasanbeigi, Hosein
- Subjects
COVID-19 pandemic ,SOCCER ,SPORTS sponsorship ,SPORTS psychology - Published
- 2022
18. Is home advantage lost when football matches are played behind closed doors without spectators? Evidence from top European football leagues in the Covid-19 era.
- Author
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Çelen, Aydın
- Subjects
SOCCER ,COVID-19 ,COVID-19 pandemic ,SPECTATORS - Abstract
When the Covid-19 pandemic reached Europe in mid-March 2020, sport was one of the first activities to be impacted. Precautions taken to limit the spread of the virus resulted in professional football matches being played without spectators. This produced the conditions of a natural experiment enabling the empirical testing of related hypotheses. Using numerous observations from the top European leagues, this study analysed the role of spectators in one of the major phenomena of sports literature - the home advantage i.e., the home team's tendency to win more often than the away team. Strong evidence of the existence of a home advantage both in pre-Covid 19 and Covid-19 periods was found. However, the difference between points earned in favour of the home teams was found to decrease in the Covid period. This was found to be statistically significant when using the Difference-in-Difference (DiD) methodology found in many existing studies. However, alternative analyses 1) using each match as a single observation, rather than adding the away teams in as a control group and 2) taking into account the difference between the performances of the competing teams in previous matches, showed the differences in favour of the home teams with and without spectators to be statistically non-significant. Therefore, it is recommended that in future studies of this kind the most realistic and comprehensive measurement model possible needs to be applied if an accurate picture is to be gained. The conclusion of this study is that, although a decrease in the home advantage was observed when games were played without spectators, it was not sufficient to make a significant difference to that advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Performing without pressure? The effect of ghost games on effort- and skill-based tasks in the football Bundesliga
- Author
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Bühren, Christoph and Jung, Dominic
- Subjects
C93 ,Ghost games ,effort vs ,home advantage ,ddc:330 ,Z20 ,skill ,Covid-19 - Abstract
We analyze the natural experiment of ghost games in the 2019/2020 season of the German football Bundesliga and confirm previous studies showing that the home advantage diminishes if the stadium is empty. However, our paper is the first that distinguishes between effort- and skill-based tasks in this setting. In line with behavioral economics, we observe that a supportive audience has a positive effect on effort-based performance but a negative effect on some offensive skill-based performance measures.
- Published
- 2022
20. The Impact of Cheering on Sports Performance: Comparison of Serie A Statistics Before and During COVID-19
- Author
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Alessandro Rovetta and Alessandro Abate
- Subjects
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,business.industry ,bepress|Life Sciences|Kinesiology ,home advantage ,General Engineering ,Football ,Discount points ,Sport psychology ,sport psychology ,lockdown ,Crowds ,covid-19 ,SportRxiv|Sport and Exercise Science ,SportRxiv|Sport and Exercise Science|Other Sport and Exercise Science ,Performance comparison ,audience ,Statistics ,Medicine ,Home advantage ,Psychology ,Other ,business ,Statistical evidence - Abstract
Background: The role of cheering in home advantage in sports performance is the subject of much debate. No definitive scientific evidence has so far been found capable of highlighting or denying its relevance. As pandemic restrictive measures (COVID-19) have prevented crowds from entering stadiums, analysis of the past two football seasons may reveal important new details. Objective: This paper aims to compare the statistics of the last two football seasons in Italy with the previous six, trying to highlight any pronounced and statistically significant changes due to the absence of cheering in the stadiums. Methods: We compared the average percentages of points obtained in home matches from 2013 to 2019 with those in the timelapse 2019-2021. The same operation was performed with referee statistics, such as fouls, penalties, and cards awarded against home teams. To do this, we used measures such as Welch's t-test and percentage increases. The distributive normality of the datasets was evaluated with the Shapiro-Wilk test and a graphical control. The lack of trend in the series was assessed with the Mann-Kendall test and Sen's Slope. Finally, Pearson and Spearman's correlations were searched between the percentages of points collected in home matches and total points, year by year, from 2013 to 2021.Results: The average percentage of points collected by teams in home matches dropped by almost 8% (Welch’s t-test = -4.3). Moreover, the negative correlations between home collected points and total points in 2013-2019 timelapse have drastically diminished during the last two seasons (average Welch’s t-test = 6.0, 95% CI: 5.4 – 6.4), approaching zero. Finally, penalties against home teams have increased by 30% (Welch’s t-test = 2.6), reaching figures closer to 50%.Conclusions: This research provides statistical evidence in favor of the relevance of home advantage in the top football league in Italy, such as Serie A. During the anti-COVID-19 restrictive measures - which prevented public access to the stadiums - a net reduction in the points collected by the teams in home matches was detected. In addition, the number of penalties awarded against home teams has increased significantly, approaching the ideal 50%. Since there are valid psychological reasons in the literature to support the crowd’s impact on sports and refereeing performance, it is plausible that our findings are causally related to the absence of cheering. Finally, as the averages of points collected at home remained far from 50%, our results suggest that a not negligible part of the home advantage in Serie A is linked to factors independent of the audience. Future research can deepen the above phenomena from a theoretical-psychological point of view.
- Published
- 2021
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