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];چکیدهسابقه و هدف: گندم دوروم (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) محصولی صنعتی و زراعی است که عمدتاً در صنایع تولید ماکارونی استفاده می‎شود. یکی از اهداف مهم برنامه‌های به‌نژادی گندم دوروم تولید ارقام پرمحصول با ویژگی‌های مناسب برای کشت در مناطق مختلف کشور است. بنابراین، هدف از این تحقیق، بررسی برهم‌کنش ژنوتیپ × محیط از طریق روش‌ گرافیکی GGE بای‌پلات در لاین‌های امید‌بخش گندم دوروم و شناسایی و معرفی لاین‌های دارای عملکرد اقتصادی و پایدار جهت معرفی و کشت در مناطق مختلف کشور بود.مواد و روش‌ها: در این تحقیق تعداد 18 لاین امیدبخش گندم دوروم به‌همراه دو شاهد هانا و آران در پنج ایستگاه تحقیقاتی کرج، کرمانشاه، خرم‌آباد، دزفول و داراب (در دو شرایط آبیاری نرمال و قطع آبیاری در مرحله گل‌دهی) در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در 3 تکرار و در دو فصل زراعی (1400-1398) کشت و مقایسه شدند. یافته‌ها: نتایج تجزیه واریانس مرکب دو ساله برای عملکرد دانه در شرایط آبیاری نرمال در پنج ایستگاه تحقیقاتی داراب، دزفول، خرم‌آباد، کرج و کرمانشاه و شرایط خشکی آخر فصل در داراب نشان داد که اثر سال در هر دو شرایط و همه ایستگاه‌ها معنی‌دار شد. از نظر عملکرد دانه در شرایط آبیاری نرمال نیز اختلاف بین ژنوتیپ‌ها در ایستگاه‌های داراب، دزفول و کرمانشاه معنی‌دار بود، ولی در ایستگاه‌های کرج و خرم‌آباد معنی‌دار نبود. برهم‌کنش ژنوتیپ × سال در شرایط نرمال در داراب و کرمانشاه معنی‌دار، ولی در کرج، دزفول و خرم‌آباد معنی‌دار نبود. بر اساس میانگین عملکرد دانه، لاین‌های G8، G9، G10، G14 و G18 (به‌ترتیب با میانگین عملکرد دانه 7725، 7597، 7742، 7661 و 7558 کیلو‌گرم در هکتار) برتر از شاهد‌ها بودند. با توجه به بای‌پلات GGE، سه محیط بزرگ مشخص گردید. اولین محیط بزرگ شامل مناطق دزفول و خرم‌آباد بود که ژنوتیپ‌های G8 و G10 به‌ترتیب جزو ژنوتیپ‌های برتر در این دو منطقه بودند. دومین محیط بزرگ دربرگیرنده مناطق کرمانشاه و کرج بود که ژنوتیپ‌های G9 و G14 جزو ژنوتیپ‌های برتر در این دو منطقه بودند. سومین محیط بزرگ شامل دو شرایط اجرای آزمایش در داراب بود و ژنوتیپ‌ برتر در داراب در هر دو شرایط تنش خشکی و شرایط بدون تنش G18 بود. نتایج بای-پلات نشان داد که ژنوتیپ‌های G8 و G10 جزو پایدارترین لاین‌ها بودند که در ضمن بیش‌ترین مقدار عملکرد دانه را هم داشتند. مقایسه لاین‌های مورد بررسی با ژنوتیپ ایده‌آل نشان داد که G10 و G8 نزدیک‌ترین ژنوتیپ‌ها به ژنوتیپ ایده‌آل می‌باشند که بیش‌ترین عملکرد دانه و پایداری را داشتند. نتایج خصوصیات کیفی نشان داد میانگین درجه سختی ژنوتیپ‌های مختلف در محدوده 57- 58 قرار داشت و لاین‌های امیدبخش با ارقام شاهد تفاوت قابل توجهی با هم نداشتند. ژنوتیپ G17 کم‌ترین (14%) و ژنوتیپ G14 بیش‌ترین درصد لکه آردی دانه (45%) را داشتند. هم‌چنین، تنوع نسبتاً زیادی از نظر میزان گلوتن مرطوب مشاهده شد به‌طوری‌که ژنوتیپ‌های G9 و G13 به-ترتیب با 8/23 و 3/27 درصد، پایین‌ترین و بالاترین میزان گلوتن مرطوب را دارا بودند. نتیجه‌گیری: در کل با در نظر گرفتن میانگین عملکرد دانه و نتایج GGE بای پلات در هر دو شرایط نرمال و خشکی و با در نظر گرفتن برخی از خصوصیات کیفی دانه، لاین‌های G8 (D-98-8) و G10 (D-98-10) به‌عنوان مناسب‌ترین لاین‌ها برای هر دو شرایط نرمال و خشکی انتخاب گردیدند. این لاین‌ها در آزمایشات تحقیقی- ترویجی در شرایط زارعین مورد بررسی بیشتر قرار گرفته و هر کدام از آن‌ها که در مزارع زارعین نیز برتری خود را نشان دهد به‌عنوان رقم جدید معرفی خواهد شد.

سابقه و هدف: تنش خشکی مهمترین تنش غیر زنده است که رشد و نمو گیاهان زراعی را محدود می کند. روی یکی از عناصر مورد نیاز فرآیندهای شیمیایی گیاه بوده که کاربرد آن در شرایط کم‏آبی می‏تواند اثرات ناشی از تنش خشکی را بهبود بخشد. مطالعات نشان داده است که کاربرد کود روی به کاهش اثرات منفی ناشی از تنش خشکی منجر به افزایش عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گیاهان زراعی می‏گردد. از این رو این مطالعه به منظور ارزیابی کاربرد فرم‌ها و غلظت‌های مختلف کود روی بر عملکرد و کیفیت روغن کلزا رقم نپتون در شرایط تنش آبی طی سال‌های 1397 و 1398 در منطقه بیستون واقع در استان کرمانشاه انجام شد.مواد و روش‏ها: آزمایش به صورت طرح کرت‌های خرد شده بر اساس طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در چهار تکرار اجرا شد. تیمار تنش آبی به عنوان فاکتور اصلی (بدون تنش، قطع آبیاری در مرحله شروع گلدهی و قطع آبیاری در مرحله شروع تشکیل خورجین)، تیمار محلول‏پاشی به عنوان فاکتور فرعی در دو سطح (محلول‏پاشی سولفات روی و محلول‏پاشی نانوکلات روی) با سه غلظت صفر، 3 و 5 در هزار بودند. پس از جمع‏آوری داده‏های آزمایش با استفاده از نرم‏افزار SAS آنالیز شدند.یافته‏ها:نتایج نشان داد اثر تنش خشکی و کاربرد سولفات روی بر صفات عملکرد دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیک، درصد روغن دانه، عملکرد روغن دانه، درصد اسید اروسیک و درصد اسید اولئیک معنی‏دار شد. همچنین بر طبق نتایج حاصل از مقایسه میانگین داده‏های آزمایش مشخص شد که افزایش غلظت کاربرد سولفات روی و نانو روی سبب افزایش عملکرد دانه و بیوماس به ترتیب تا 2839 کیلوگرم در هکتار و 14634 کیلوگرم در هکتار شد. اثر نانوکلات روی بر افزایش این دو صفت بیشتر از سولفات روی بود. درصد و عملکرد روغن در هر دو سطح تنش آبی کاهش یافت. بر طبق نتایج مشخص شد که افزایش غلظت روی و به خصوص فرم نانو سبب افزایش درصد تا 6/43 درصد و عملکرد روغن دانه تا 1423 کیلوگرم در هکتار شد. به علاوه مشخص شد که تنش آبی درصد اسید اولئیک روغن کلزا را کاهش داد ولی محلول‏پاشی نانو روی تاحدودی این کاهش را جبران نمود و درصد اسید اولئیک را تا 75/65 درصد افزایش داد. نتیجه‏گیری: بر طبق این نتایج مشخص شد که هرچند با قطع آبیاری در مراحل گلدهی و غلافدهی درصد اسید اولئیک کاهش یافت ولی نتایج نشان داد کاربرد نانوکلات روی در شرایط تنش خشکی و عدم وجود تنش خشکی اثر مثبت بیشتری بر افزایش درصد اسید اولئیک روغن داشت از این رو کاربرد نانو کلات روی را می‏توان در شرایط تنش خشکی برای افزایش عملکرد و کیفیت روغن کلزا در منطقه پیشنهاد نمود. در نتیجه برای رسیدن به حداکثر عملکرد دانه و کیفیت بالای روغن در کلزا می‏توان از غلظت 5 در هزار نانوکلات روی در شرایط عدم وجود تنش خشکی استفاده نمود.

Background and Objectives: The aim of this research was to select promising durum wheat lines in terms of stability and high grain yield by combining BLUP and AMMI methods and using REML/BLUP based on different indices. Materials and Methods: In this study, 20 durum wheat genotypes were compared in five research stations of Karaj, Kermanshah, Khorramabad, Dezful and Darab based on randomized complete blocks design in 3 replications and in two growing seasons (2019-2021). Results: The results showed that the genotype × environment interaction was significant for grain yield. Comparison of the predicted averages of grain yield by BLUP method and HMGV, PRGV and HMRPGV statistics showed that genotypes G10, G8, G18, G9 and G14 with the highest predicted average were superior compared to genotypes others. According to the third type biplot, G1, G8, G10, G18 and G19 genotypes with high yield and low WAASB value were among the superior genotypes. Based on the polygonal biplot, G19, G1 and G10 genotypes with the lowest line slope were more stable. Based on the heat map of WAASB/Y, genotypes G8, G19, G18, G4, G10 and G1 were introduced as superior genotypes. The comparison between stability statistics and BLUP-based indices showed that there is a high agreement between their results. Conclusion: In general, according to the results of BLUP based on methods and stability statistics, genotypes G8, G10, G18 and G19 were introduced as stable genotypes and can be candidates for new cultivar introduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) is an important crop for the human diet grown in many parts of the world predominantly for semolina and resulting pasta production. The presence of genotype × environment interaction (GEI) is a challenge for breeders in evaluating genotypes in multilocational trials. The use of statistical models such as GGE biplot assist breeders in quantifying and understanding the patterns of GEI and in evaluating the performance of genotypes in various environmental conditions. This allows breeders to select stable and adaptable genotypes for a range of environments. One of the important goals of durum wheat breeding programs is to produce high-yielding cultivars that have suitable characteristics for cultivation in different regions of the country. Therefore, the aim of this research was to select promising durum wheat lines in terms of stability and high grain yield by GGE biplot and SHMM Materials and Methods In this study, 17 promising lines of durum wheat with three check Hana, Aran, Mehregan in five research centers of Kermanshah, Khorramabad, Karaj, Dezful and Fars (Darab) in the form of randomized complete blocks design in 3 replications and in two cropping seasons (2020-2022) were cultivated and compared. The studied genotypes were planted in six lines along 6 m with a line distance of 15 cm. Seed rate was determined by 450 seeds per square meter considering the thousand kernel weight for each genotype. Seeds were sown using an experimental plot planter (Wintersteiger, Ried, Austria). The fertilizer composition was 32 kg ha-1 nitrogen (twice), and diammonium phosphate and potassium sulfate were 100 and 50 kg ha-1, respectively (before planting). After the removal of perimeter plants, all experimental plots were harvested with an experimental grain harvester (Wintersteiger, Ried, Austria). Results and Discussion The results of the combined variance analysis of grain yield showed that the differences between the test environments, genotypes and genotype x environment interaction effect are significant at the 1% level. The highest grain yield in the first year was observed in Kermanshah station (Ker1) (8441 kg ha-1) and the lowest seed yield in Khorramabad in the first year (Kho1) (5648 kg ha-1) and Karaj in the second year (Kar2) (5961 kg ha-1). GGE biplot analysis determined two durum wheat environmental groups. The first environmental group contained of Kho1, Dar1, Kar1, Kar2 and Dar2 environments, where the recommended genotypes 18, 17, 2 and 19 produced the highest yields. The second environmental group comprised of Kho2, Dez1, Ker2, Dez2 and Ker1 environments, where genotypes 12, 9 and 8 were the best adapted genotypes. Biplot results showed that genotypes 10, 5, 13, 18 and 16 were more stable than other genotypes, respectively. Comparison of the examined genotypes with the ideal genotype showed that genotypes 18 and 10 are the closest genotypes to the ideal genotype, which in addition to high grain yield, had high yield stability. Dar2 was the closest environment to the ideal environment. The results showed that the classification of environments based on the SHMM model was completely consistent with the GGE biplot model. Based on environmental vector of the biplot, Dar2 and Ker1 had high discriminating ability for the genotypes. Also, Dezful in the first and second year (Dez1 and Dez2), Karaj in the second year (Kar2) and Kermanshah in the second year (Ker2) showed low discriminating ability for genotypes. The environments that were placed in the same group were close to each other in terms of genotype x environment interaction values. Based on the SHMM model, the environments with the least cross over effects are placed in one group. Accordingly, the placement of Kermanshah and Dezful in the same group indicates the relative similarity of these places. Also, these results were confirmed by the GGE biplot model. Conclusion As a conclusion, GGE biplot identified G10 (DW-99-10) and G18 (DW-99-18) as the superior durum wheat genotypes which that can be released as new commercial cultivars for the temperate and warm regions of Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) is an industrial and agricultural product that is mainly used in pasta production industries. One of the important goals of durum wheat breeding programs is to produce high-yielding cultivars that have suitable characteristics for cultivation in different regions of the country. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the genotype × environment interaction using GGE biplot graphic method in durum wheat promising lines and to identify and introduce lines with economic and stable yield for introduction and cultivation in different regions of the country. Materials and methods: In this experiment, 18 promising lines of durum wheat with two check Hana and Aran in five research stations of Karaj, Kermanshah, Khorramabad, Dezful and Darab (under two conditions of normal irrigation and irrigation cutting during the flowering stage) were cultivated and compared in the form of randomized complete blocks design in three replications and in two cropping seasons (2019-2021). Results: The results of two-year combined variance analysis for grain yield under normal irrigation conditions in five research stations of Darab, Dezful, Khorramabad, Karaj and Kermanshah and dry conditions at the end of the season in Darab showed that the effect of year in both conditions and all stations was significant. In normal irrigation conditions, the difference between genotypes grain yield was significant in Darab, Dezful and Kermanshah stations, but not significant in Karaj and Khorramabad stations. Genotype × year interaction was significant under normal conditions in Darab and Kermanshah, but not significant in Karaj, Dezful and Khorramabad. Based on the average grain yield, lines G8, G9, G10, G14 and G18 (respectively with the average grain yield of 7725, 7597, 7742, 7661 and 7558 Kg ha-1) were superior to the controls. According to the GGE biplot, three large environments were identified. The first large environment included Dezful and Khorramabad regions, and G8 and G10 genotypes were among the top genotypes in these two regions, respectively. The second largest environment was Kermanshah and Karaj, and G9 and G14 genotypes were among the top genotypes in these two regions. The third large environment included two test conditions in Darab and the superior genotype in Darab was G18 in both drought stress and non-stress conditions. GGE Biplot results showed that G8 and G10 genotypes were among the most stable lines and also had the highest grain yield. The comparison of the studied lines with the ideal genotype showed that G10 and G8 are the closest genotypes to the ideal genotype, which have the highest grain yield and stability. The results of qualitative characteristics showed that the hardness index average of genotypes was in the range of 57-58% and the promising lines were not significantly different from the control cultivars. G17 genotype had the lowest (14%) and G14 genotype had the highest average of grain yellow berry (45%). Also, a relatively large variation was observed in terms of the amount of wet gluten, so that genotypes G9 and G13 had the lowest and highest amount of wet gluten with 23.8 and 27.3%, respectively. Conclusion: In general, according to the average grain yield and GGE biplot results in both normal and drought conditions and according to some quality characteristics of the grain, lines G8 (D-98-8) and G10 (D-98-10) were selected as the most suitable lines for both normal and dry conditions. These lines will be tested in on-farm yield trials of next crop season and finally one of them will be introduced as a new cultivar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The rapid increase in the world population and the need to increase agricultural production, and on the other hand, the rapid change of climate conditions, are the significant challenges facing the world in the coming years. Wheat, the most important plant in the cereal family, plays a vital role in the world's food security now and in the future. Therefore, producing new cultivars with high yields and carefully selecting cultivars suitable for cultivation in different climatic zones are important future research priorities. Materials and methods: This study investigated the reaction of different bread wheat cultivars regarding yield and its components. It also aimed to study the growing degree days (GDD) and some physiological traits related to cold tolerance in different bread wheat cultivars. This study was conducted as two independent experiments during the 2013-14 cropping year at the research field, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. The first experiment was a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included 12 bread wheat cultivars (Norstar, Zarin, Kavir, Baz, Sivand, Alvand, Pishgam, Pishtaz, Orum, Shahryar, Bahar, and Parsi). The second experiment was a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In this experiment, 12 bread wheat cultivars were evaluated as the first factor and sampling times as the second factor in three levels: early January, early February, early March. Results: The results of this study showed that Sivand and Parsi spring cultivars with the highest plant growth rate in different stages of development, with 5170 and 5100 kg/ha, respectively, and Norstar winter cultivar with the lowest plant growth rate in various stages of development, with 2230 kg/ha, had the lowest value of grain yield. The correlation between grain yield, growing degree days requirement to flowering, and physiological maturity were negatively significant. Cultivars with lower grain yield had higher growing degree day’s requirements. Examination of the growing degree days requirement of cultivars up to the flowering stage showed that, on average, spring cultivars had lower growing degree day requirements than winter cultivars. The accumulation of soluble sugars in the crown of winter and intermediate cultivars during winter was higher than spring cultivars. The accumulation of soluble sugars in the wheat crown was downward during the winter, so at the beginning of winter, the crown had a higher sugar content than in the middle and late winter. Winter and intermediate cultivars, on average, had higher leaf greenness and maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II than spring cultivars. Conclusion: According to the results obtained in the study area, on average, winter and intermediate cultivars were superior to spring cultivars in terms of physiological traits related to cold tolerance. But, due to the obtained seed yield. However, according to the grain yield obtained in this study, spring cultivars are more recommended among cultivated cultivars than the other two growth types in Kermanshah and similar climate zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Drought stress is the most important abiotic stress limiting growth and development of crops. Zinc is one of the required elements for chemical processes in the plants. Studies have shown that the application of zinc fertilizer reduces the negative effects of drought stress leads to an increase in yield and yield components of crops. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of application of different forms and concentrations of zinc fertilizer on the yield and oil quality of Neptune variety rapeseed oil under water stress conditions during the 2019 and 2020 in Biston region located in Kermanshah province. Materials and methods: The experiment was carried out in a splitplot design based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. Water stress treatment as the main factor (no stress, cut of irrigation at early flowering and cut of irrigation at early podding), foliar treatment as a secondary factor at two levels (s zinc sulfate and zinc nanochelate) with three concentrations of zero, 3 and 5 per thousand. Results: The results showed that the effect of drought stress and application of zinc sulfate on the characteristics of seed yield, biological yield, seed oil percentage, seed oil yield, erucic acid percentage and oleic acid percentage were significant. Also, according to the results of mean comparison, it was found that increasing the zinc sulfate concentration and nano zinc application increased the grain yield and biomass up to 2839 Kg ha-1 and 14634 Kg ha-1, respectively. The effect of zinc nanochelate on the increase of these two traits was greater than that of zinc sulfate. Oil percentage and yield decreased in both levels of water stress. According to the results, it was found that increasing of Zn concentration especially the nano form increased oil percentage up to 43.6% and its yield up to 1423 Kg ha-1. In addition, it was found that water stress reduced the percentage of oleic acid in rapeseed oil, but nanozinc partially compensated for this decrease and increased the percentage of oleic acid to 65.75%. Conclusion: According to these results, it was found that although the percentage of oleic acid decreased with the cut of irrigation during the flowering and podding stages, the results showed that the application of zinc nanochelate in the conditions of drought stress and the absence of drought stress had a more positive effect on increasing the percentage of oil oleic acid. Therefore, the application of nano zinc chelate can be suggested in the conditions of drought stress to increase the yield and quality of rapeseed oil in the region. As a result, in order to achieve the maximum seed yield and high oil quality in rapeseed, a concentration of 5 per thousand zinc nanochelates can be used in the absence of drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]