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Background: Globally, the records of people who have dementia are rising, which hurts communities and healthcare systems. The current study aimed to determine whether Ginkgo biloba (GB) and Cichorium intybus (CI) could relieve Alzheimer's disease (AD) by suppressing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Methods and Results: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to evaluate the phytoconstituents of GB and CI hydroalcoholic extracts. ELISA assay was used for the assessment of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and dopamine in the brain tissue and SOD and TNF-α in blood serum. Forty male albino rats were randomly divided into five groups (eight rats in each group). Group 1 (negative control) rats received only a baseline diet and distilled water. Alzheimer's disease (AD) was induced in Group 2 rats by oral administration (100 mg/kg bw) of AlCl3 dissolved in distilled water daily for 28 days (positive control). Rats in Group 3 were orally supplemented concomitantly with both Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) (120 mg/kg bw) once daily for 28 days and AlCl3 (100 mg/kg bw). Rats in Group 4 were orally supplemented concomitantly with both Cichorium intybus extract (CIE) (500 mg/kg bw) once daily for 28 days and AlCl3 (100 mg/kg bw). Rats in Group 5 were given 120 mg/kg of GBE and 500 mg/kg of CIE orally for 28 days with oral supplementation of AlCl3 (100 mg/kg bw). In Groups 3-5, GBE and CIE were given one hour before AlCl3 administration. The results showed that GBE suppressed levels of brain AChE and serum TNF-α in AlCl3-induced AD. Hydroalcoholic extract of CI improved levels of brain dopamine and serum SOD in AlCl3-induced AD. Moreover, the combined administration of GBE and CIE significantly suppressed the levels of brain AChE and serum TNF-α and improved the level of serum SOD in AlCl3-induced AD, leading to the achievement of negative control values. Conclusion: The combined use of GBE and CIE can lower the toxic impacts of aluminum chloride on brain neuronal structures, neurotransmission, and oxidative stress it causes, suppressing the development of AlCl3-induced AD.

Background and Study Aim. Physical inactivity is a major public health concern, particularly among female college students in Saudi Arabia. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) suggests that attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control (PBC) are important predictors of behavioral intentions and behaviors. The aim of this study was to examine the role of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control in predicting physical activity intentions among female university students in Saudi Arabia, using the theory of planned behavior as a framework. Material and Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 758 female college students from the University of Hafr Al Batin in Saudi Arabia. The measurement tool consisted of Godin-Shephard questions on leisure-time physical activity and theory-planned behavior questionnaires. Results. The study found that perceived behavioral control and attitude were significant predictors of physical activity intentions among female college students. However, subjective norms did not have a significant impact on the predictor variable. Furthermore, there was a statistical effect to predict involvement in physical activity from physical activity intention among female college students.. Conclusions. The study's findings suggest that the theory of planned behavior is a useful framework for understanding and interpreting physical activity intentions among female college students in Saudi Arabia. Interventions that aim to increase perceived behavioral control and positive attitudes towards physical activity may be effective in promoting physical activity among this population.

Background: Physical activity (PA) plays a crucial role in promoting good health and an active lifestyle among university students. Quality Physical Education (QPE) program is instrumental in achieving sustainability in PA. Motivation is a key factor in encouraging PA in students. However, motivation alone may not lead to inclusivity unless quality components are thoughtfully integrated into physical education (PE) programs. Aims: This study aimed to address three research questions: i) Can the motivation for PA participation be enhanced through the provision of high-quality PE programs in university settings? ii) Does the quality provision of PE contribute to promoting sustainable PA among adolescents? and iii) Is this carry-over process influenced by gender? Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled N = 610 university students, comprising 467 males and 143 females. Only students who had PE as a part of their coursework were included. These students participated in more than 27 different sports and had an average age of 20.76 years (SD = 3.47) and an average of 4.70 years (SD = 4.93) of athletic experience. To achieve the study's objectives, descriptive statistics (mean, SD), Pearson's correlation, and regression analysis were employed. Additionally, a 2 (Gender) by 2 (Type of Sport: Individual vs. Team) MANCOVA, with age as a covariate, was used to assess gender-based differences in the variables. Results: The study found that the factors demonstrated strong reliability and positive correlations between QPE and exercise needs satisfaction. However, these factors did not establish significant correlations with PA. Perceived competence for exercise needs satisfaction showed gender differences, with males scoring higher. Additionally, QPE did not exhibit significant gender-based differences. In terms of PA, males had higher mean scores compared to females. Conclusion: The provision of QPE was identified as a crucial determinant of exercise satisfaction competence among students. While QPE provision was adequate at the university level, it did not promote PA among females as anticipated.

Background. Due to dysfunction of the facial nerve (CN VII), Bell’s palsy occurs which is a facial paralysis of unknown cause, but viral infection is suspected. The study aims to determine the prevalence of facial nerve palsy in a private clinic in Basrah. Methods. The study was conducted at a private clinic and involved sixty-five patients with facial nerve palsy. It was a cross-sectional study in which any patient who attended the clinic and exhibited signs and symptoms of lower motor neuron facial nerve palsy underwent an examination to confirm the diagnosis and, if confirmed, were included in the study. While patients with other neurological disorders were excluded. Data collection started between October 1, 2022, and April 30, 2023. A total of 65 patients from the private clinic—males and females—aged from 4 to 70 years old were confirmed as having lower motor neuron facial nerve palsy. Results. This study at a private clinic found that Bell’s palsy was the most common facial paralysis, affecting more males than females and most of the patients in the age range of 18-39 years, also affecting mostly the left side, with onset more frequent during hot and cool weather conditions. Diabetes was significantly related to the onset of Bell’s palsy and weather temperature at the time of the clinic visit. Conclusion. Bell’s palsy has a peak age prevalence in the second and third decades of life, and temperature variations have no effect on the occurrence of Bell’s Palsy. Further studies are needed for an accurate estimation of the number of cases, to assess the severity, impact, and efficacy of Bell’s palsy management.

IntroductionThis study evaluated the ability of children (8–12 years) with mild bilateral or unilateral hearing loss (MBHL/UHL) listening unaided, or normal hearing (NH) to locate and understand talkers in varying auditory/visual acoustic environments. Potential differences across hearing status were examined.MethodsParticipants heard sentences presented by female talkers from five surrounding locations in varying acoustic environments. A localization-only task included two conditions (auditory only, visually guided auditory) in three acoustic environments (favorable, typical, poor). Participants were asked to locate each talker. A speech perception task included four conditions [auditory-only, visually guided auditory, audiovisual, auditory-only from 0° azimuth (baseline)] in a single acoustic environment. Participants were asked to locate talkers, then repeat what was said.ResultsIn the localization-only task, participants were better able to locate talkers and looking times were shorter with visual guidance to talker location. Correct looking was poorest and looking times longest in the poor acoustic environment. There were no significant effects of hearing status/age. In the speech perception task, performance was highest in the audiovisual condition and was better in the visually guided and auditory-only conditions than in the baseline condition. Although audiovisual performance was best overall, children with MBHL or UHL performed more poorly than peers with NH. Better-ear pure-tone averages for children with MBHL had a greater effect on keyword understanding than did poorer-ear pure-tone averages for children with UHL.ConclusionAlthough children could locate talkers more easily and quickly with visual information, finding locations alone did not improve speech perception. Best speech perception occurred in the audiovisual condition; however, poorer performance by children with MBHL or UHL suggested that being able to see talkers did not overcome reduced auditory access. Children with UHL exhibited better speech perception than children with MBHL, supporting benefits of NH in at least one ear.

Ultrahigh-performance concrete (UHPC) is a type of concrete that has gained attention from researchers for its potential use in various structural applications to improve the behavior of concrete structures. Despite this interest, there are limited experimental test results available on how the ratio of stirrups and the dosage of steel fibers affect the torsional behavior of UHPC beams. This study presents an experimental investigation and theoretical prediction of torque capacity (UHPC) of beams with different ratios of stirrups and dosages of steel fibers under pure torsion. One normal-strength concrete (NSC) beam and 10 UHPC beams with 150×200-mm cross sections were tested. The experimental parameters were the dosages of steel fibers (1% and 2%) and the spacings of the stirrups of 0.0, 50,100, 150, and 200 mm. Including the UHPC high tensile strength and volume fraction of steel fibers, an expression for cracking and ultimate torques of UHPC was proposed and verified. Results showed that the UHPC beams have brittle failure modes compared to NSC beams. Results demonstrated that the UHPC beams showed higher initial cracking and ultimate torsional moments than the NSC beam. The additional steel fibers enhance the torsional properties, and this improvement was linearly at the effective stirrup's ratio higher than 0.25%. The 1% or higher steel fiber dosage was confirmed to be enough to substitute the missing strength of the stirrups. Results of previous research and the suggested cracking and ultimate torque equations of UHPC agreed with the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surra, a wasting disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi, is one of the major animal health burdens in camel-rearing countries, imposing significant economic losses due to reduced fertility and high mortality rates. The present study used inactivated T. evansi (from the Card Agglutination Test for Trypanosomes/Trypanosoma evansi; CATT/T. evansi) and flow cytometry to investigate their binding and activation potential toward camel leukocyte subsets. Labeling T. evansi with propidium iodide (PI) enabled their flow cytometric enumeration and identification with forward scatter (FSC; indicative for cell size) and side scatter (SSC; indicative for cell internal complexity) characteristics that are comparable with values reported for Trypanosoma cruzi. The incubation of PI-labeled non-opsonized T. evansi with camel leukocyte populations revealed that camel monocytes have the highest potential to bind T. evansi, followed by granulocytes and lymphocytes. The identification of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on camel immune cells and the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in T. evansi that are responsible for this different binding capacity requires further studies. Stimulation of camel neutrophils with Trypanosoma evansi induced shape change, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NET)-formation. To ensure that T. evansi, in the parasite concentration used in this study, is not apoptotic or necrotic to camel leukocytes, we evaluated cell apoptosis and necrosis after stimulation with T. evansi. The results revealed no impact of T. evansi stimulation for 2 h on the cell viability of camel leukocytes. Subsequent work may focus on the diagnostic employment of labeled T. evansi and flow cytometry for the detection of anti-Trypanosoma antibodies in camel serum. In addition, more efforts should be deployed to investigate the host–pathogen interaction mechanisms and the escape mechanisms of T. evansi in camels. To complete these data, further studies using the living or freshly killed parasites could also be implemented in camels and/or horses.

Lumbar spondylosis, characterized by degenerative changes in the lumbar spine, often leads to pain, reduced spinal stability, and musculoskeletal dysfunction. Understanding the impact of lumbar spondylosis on musculoskeletal function, particularly lumbar extensor endurance, functional balance, and limits of stability, is crucial for improving the management and well-being of affected individuals. This study aimed to assess lumbar extensor endurance, functional balance, and limits of stability in individuals with lumbar spondylosis compared to age-matched healthy individuals and explore the correlations among these parameters within the lumbar spondylosis group. The lumbar spondylosis group consisted of 60 individuals initially screened by an orthopedician and referred to physical therapy. Age-matched healthy controls (n = 60) were recruited. Inclusion criteria encompassed adults aged 45–70 years for both groups. Lumbar extensor endurance was assessed using the Sorensen test, functional balance with the Berg Balance Scale, and limits of stability using a computerized stabilometric force platform. Lumbar extensor endurance was significantly lower in individuals with lumbar spondylosis compared to healthy controls (23.06 s vs. 52.45 s, p < 0.001). Functional balance, as assessed by the Berg Balance Scale, demonstrated a significant decrement in the lumbar spondylosis group (48.36 vs. 53.34, p < 0.001). Additionally, limits of stability variables, under both eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions, exhibited marked impairments in the lumbar spondylosis group (p < 0.001 for all variables). Within the lumbar spondylosis group, lumbar extensor endurance exhibited significant positive correlations with functional balance (0.46, p < 0.001) and negative correlations with limits of stability variables (r ranging from −0.38 to −0.49, p < 0.01 for all variables). This study underscores the significance of addressing lumbar extensor endurance, functional balance, and stability impairments in the comprehensive management of lumbar spondylosis.

Over the past few decades, numerous studies have explored the use of steel fiber (SF) as an alternative to transverse reinforcement rebars in reinforced concrete beams, either partially or completely replacing them. However, there are limited studies that have investigated the effect of fiber dosage and length on reinforced concrete beam performance under torsional loads without the use of transverse reinforcement rebars. In this study, experimental investigations were conducted to examine the performance of reinforced SF concrete beams subjected to torsional load, utilizing SFs as a complete substitution of transverse reinforcement rebars. Ten different concrete mixes with varying dosages of SFs, namely 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%, were examined while maintaining the same aspect ratio for fiber length and diameter. The results revealed that the addition of SFs in the concrete mix had an impact on its properties, reducing workability but increasing flexural, tensile, and compressive strengths. By incorporating 1.0% of SFs in the concrete mix, the missing torsional strength resulting from the absence of stirrups was adequately compensated. Moreover, the presence of SFs significantly influenced the ductile behavior beyond the point of cracking in the tested beams. Hence, it is recommended that SFs are incorporated with dosages of 1.0% and 1.5% in the concrete mixture, particularly for beams subjected to torsion, as a viable substitute for stirrups.

Fiber-reinforced concrete is widely acknowledged for its ability to resist cracking effectively and limit its propagation. By preventing cracks from spreading, the addition of fiber composites to concrete can enhance its extensibility and tensile strength, not only at the initial point of cracking but also at its maximum capacity. Additionally, the fibers in fiber-reinforced concrete are capable of binding the matrix, even when exposed to significant cracking. However, there is limited information available about the behavior of fiber-reinforced concrete under a bending moment combined with torsion. This study aims to investigate the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced concrete members subjected to a bending moment with a torsion to moment ratio equal to 1. Synthetic and steel fibers of 1.0% content with different lengths (19, 35, and 55 mm for synthetic fiber and 13 mm for straight and hook steel fibers) were mixed with concrete mixtures to examine the effects of fiber lengths and types on the concrete beam performance. Test results indicated that the fiber-reinforced concrete beams showed higher cracking moments than the normal-strength concrete beam. The steel fiber with a hooked configuration reinforced beam showed increased moment capacity and total torsional toughness higher than that of the straight steel fiber-reinforced beam. The synthetic fiber of a 55 mm length reinforced beam exhibited the highest first-crack and ultimate moment values among other tested beams. The test results were compared with past research models for the moment capacity of beams under the compound effect of bending and torsion and we modified these values with another factor that represented the fiber length influence on beam capacity, as suggested in past research. The comparison between the ultimate moment of the test results and the moment predicted from the modified past research model presented a good correlation.

Carbon nanoparticles are prepared by sonication using carbon black powder. The surface morphology of carbon black (CB) and carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) is investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The particles size ranges from 100 nm to 400 nm for CB and from 10 nm to 100 nm for CNPs. CNPs and CB are mixed with silicon glue of different ratios of 0.025, 0.2, 0.05, and 0.1 to synthesis films. The optical properties of the prepared films are investigated through reflectance and absorbance analyses. The ratio of 0.05 for CNPs and CB is the best for solar paint because of its higher solar water heater efficiency and is then added to the silicon glue . Temperature of cold water and temperature of hot water in storage tank were tabulated on hourly basis with the help of an Arduino device. The atmospheric temperature was also noted. It was observed that outlet temperature of water was attained up to 75°C as compared to the inlet water temperature of 23°C for the tank applied with CNP-based paint. The tank applied with CNP-based paint has 4 °C higher water temperature than that coated with CB-based paint after 1 month of test under sun irradiation. Based on the results, the efficiency of a solar water heater depends on the difference in temperature of inlet water and outlet of heater. The efficiency of the solar water heater coated with CNPs is around 77% but the solar water heater coated with CB has an efficiency of 67%.

In the realm of mental health, the significance of physical activity cannot be overstated. While traditional psychiatric treatments often focus on pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, the integration of physical activity into psychiatric care has garnered increasing attention and recognition. The lack of motivation among college students to participate in physical activity is a growing concern. Understanding the factors that motivate students to engage in sports or exercise is crucial in promoting physical activity. The present study aimed to investigate the motives behind male and female college students' participation in physical activity and the type of physical activities they prefer. The sample comprised 768 undergraduate students aged between 18 and 24 years, of which 58.33% were females and 41.67% were males. The Exercise Motivation Inventory-2 (EMI-2) was used to assess the physical activity motivation of male and female students who participated in sports or exercises, with 14 subscales. The findings suggest that gender and type of physical activity have a significant impact on four of the fourteen physical activity motivational subscales (competition, enjoyment, challenge, and revitalization). The type of physical activity also showed significant differences in five physical activity motivational subscales (affiliation, appearance, nimbleness, positive health, and social recognition). Regarding gender, only four subscales proved to be significant (affiliation, nimbleness, social recognition, and strength and endurance). The study concluded that intrinsic motivations such as improving health and enjoyment, and ego-oriented factors such as competition, challenge, and strength and endurance are crucial in promoting regular sports behavior, particularly among male university students. On the other hand, external factors such as appearance and nimbleness tend to motivate female students who engage in exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the quality of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals’ report for 2020, and devises a new data quality assessment framework based on analysing many data quality frameworks. Data in this paper is collected from the official UN SDG official website, and the national statistics offices of the UN countries. A weighted-score sum module is also being utilized to find the best data quality dimension. These dimensions are then used to create a new data quality framework. It is found that the UN SDGs used a data quality framework that is based on statistical output factors and ignores other quality factors and therefore the score for assessing this report is 56%. The perceived identified gaps include: countries are using different quality and assessment frameworks which cause inconsistency in data quality; data is outdated and incomplete; data is not available for many indicators and countries; cost and efficiency are not part of the UN SDG data quality framework; therefore weak data management is found. Areas for improvement include creating one comprehensive data quality framework for all countries will ensure the highest data quality.

Surra, a wasting disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi, is one of the major animal health burdens in camel-rearing countries, imposing significant economic losses due to reduced fertility and high mortality rates. The present study used inactivated T. evansi (from the Card Agglutination Test for Trypanosomes/Trypanosoma evansi; CATT/T. evansi) and flow cytometry to investigate their binding and activation potential toward camel leukocyte subsets. Labeling T. evansi with propidium iodide (PI) enabled their flow cytometric enumeration and identification with forward scatter (FSC; indicative for cell size) and side scatter (SSC; indicative for cell internal complexity) characteristics that are comparable with values reported for Trypanosoma cruzi. The incubation of PI-labeled non-opsonized T. evansi with camel leukocyte populations revealed that camel monocytes have the highest potential to bind T. evansi, followed by granulocytes and lymphocytes. The identification of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on camel immune cells and the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in T. evansi that are responsible for this different binding capacity requires further studies. Stimulation of camel neutrophils with Trypanosoma evansi induced shape change, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NET)-formation. To ensure that T. evansi, in the parasite concentration used in this study, is not apoptotic or necrotic to camel leukocytes, we evaluated cell apoptosis and necrosis after stimulation with T. evansi. The results revealed no impact of T. evansi stimulation for 2 h on the cell viability of camel leukocytes. Subsequent work may focus on the diagnostic employment of labeled T. evansi and flow cytometry for the detection of anti-Trypanosoma antibodies in camel serum. In addition, more efforts should be deployed to investigate the host–pathogen interaction mechanisms and the escape mechanisms of T. evansi in camels. To complete these data, further studies using the living or freshly killed parasites could also be implemented in camels and/or horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few decades, numerous studies have explored the use of steel fiber (SF) as an alternative to transverse reinforcement rebars in reinforced concrete beams, either partially or completely replacing them. However, there are limited studies that have investigated the effect of fiber dosage and length on reinforced concrete beam performance under torsional loads without the use of transverse reinforcement rebars. In this study, experimental investigations were conducted to examine the performance of reinforced SF concrete beams subjected to torsional load, utilizing SFs as a complete substitution of transverse reinforcement rebars. Ten different concrete mixes with varying dosages of SFs, namely 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%, were examined while maintaining the same aspect ratio for fiber length and diameter. The results revealed that the addition of SFs in the concrete mix had an impact on its properties, reducing workability but increasing flexural, tensile, and compressive strengths. By incorporating 1.0% of SFs in the concrete mix, the missing torsional strength resulting from the absence of stirrups was adequately compensated. Moreover, the presence of SFs significantly influenced the ductile behavior beyond the point of cracking in the tested beams. Hence, it is recommended that SFs are incorporated with dosages of 1.0% and 1.5% in the concrete mixture, particularly for beams subjected to torsion, as a viable substitute for stirrups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been a rise in interest in the synthesis of chemical compounds with biological activity, especially in the fight against cancer, which is regarded as a modern-day disease. The present study was conducted to synthesize thiourea benzamide derivative ligands and their metal complexes with Cu(II). Thiourea benzamide derivative ligands and their metal complexes with Cu(II) were synthesized. The structures of the synthesized complexes were elucidated by mass spectra, FT-IR, 13C-NMR, and ¹H-NMR spectra. Molar conductivity, magnetic susceptibility, SEM, EDX, and TG analyses were also performed. The in vitro anticancer activity of the compounds was examined against the breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Molecular docking of complexes (1) and (2) was performed with breast cancer proteins. The synthesized compounds include {[Cu(L)2Cl2].nH2O, where L= (N-((3-nitrophenyl) carbamothioyl) benzamide (L1, n= 2, (1)), N-(naphthalen-1-ylcarbamothioyl) benzamide (L2, n= 2, (2)), 4-nitro-N-((4-nitrophenyl) carbamothioyl) benzamide (L3, n= 0, (3)), 4-nitro-N-(p-tolylcarbamothioyl) benzamide (L4, n= 2, (4)), N-((4-chlorophenyl) carbamothioyl)-4-nitrobenzamide (L5, n= 4, (5). The ligands behave as bidentate donors and are associated with Cu(II) in a 1:2 (M:L) ratio. Also, the geometric shapes of the prepared complexes were octahedral. The in vitro cellular toxicity evaluation showed that the compounds have low efficacy except for complexes (1) and (2), which have high effectiveness. The molecular docking analysis indicated that the compounds would specifically target PR (PDP: 4OAR) and Akt (PDP: 5KCV) proteins, which had the lowest values of binding energy and RMSD. The findings of this study reveal that these compounds can be used for therapeutic purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of the study lies in the possibility of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria causing harm to humans through their ability to form biofilms on surfaces and thus their ability to contaminate food processing places and thus contaminate food and produce toxins. Therefore, the study aimed to test the ability of some local S. aureus to form biofilms and to know the optimal conditions for it for the production of biofilms. In this study, use two isolates from S. aureus bacteria were obtained from the laboratory of the College of Science, Department of Life Sciences at University of Mosul. We used two mediums: tryptex broth and soybeans. Their acid number was adjusted using HCl and NaOH 0.1N, using the physiological solution added to its ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) rate of 0.2%, to scrape and draw the biofilms that have formed. The isolates used in the study were activated using tubes containing 5 mL of tryptex broth and soybeans and incubated at 37 0C for 24 hours, after which the diagnosis was confirmed using the staphylococcus system analytical profile index (API) 20. The number and calculation of living cells growing in 1mL of pollinated medium were identified for two isolates of S. aureus that were returned to inoculate biofilm production using the droplet counting method. Several cells were then taken to study the production of S. aureus biofilms using tissue culture plates manufactured by Nuclon (USA). Then the effect of incubation temperature on forming biofilms of S. aureus was studied using the droplet counting method and at three temperatures of 8, 25 and 37 0C for 24 and 48 hours. The effect of different pH levels 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 on forming S. aureus biofilms at 37 0C was also studied for 24 hours. Finally, the effect of the medium type on forming the biofilms of S. aureus bacterium isolated was grown on a medium consisting of tryptexsoya broth + NaCl in concentrations 0.5 -8 %. The study result showed that the isolates belong to S. aureus, as was indicated from the results of the phenotypic investigation. Its diagnosis was confirmed by the dependence on the forms of colonies in the nutrient medium, microscopic examination after dyeing them with the Gram stain differential, and some biochemical tests that adopted the API (Analytical Profile Index) 20E test for the initial diagnosis of bacteria, which gave accurate results on the shape and composition of biofilms. While the results of the susceptibility of S. aureus bacteria to the production of biofilms after 24 and 48 hours of incubation at 37 °C, where it was observed that the two tested isolates showed susceptibility to the production of biofilms at 24 hours 1 x 106, 3 x 106 cfu, while at 48 hours it was 3 x 106 and 4 x 106 cfu for each of the 1 and 2 isolation respectively. While the results of the effect of incubation temperature on the logarithm showed the number of living cells in the formation of biofilms, the best temperature for the formation of biofilms was 25 0C, the logarithm of the number of living cells of biofilms after 48 hours of incubation in the first and second isolates was to 8.69 and 8.60 cfu, respectively, upon completion of the 48-hour incubation, the growth rate of the living cells of isolates 1 and 2 increased, with the logarithm of the number of living cells of the biofilms reaching 8.87 and 8.77 cfu, respectively. The results of the pH effect in the production of biofilms at a temperature of 37 0C for 24 hours of incubation showed a clear effect on the formation of biofilms, where the optimal pH was 7, where the logarithm of the number of living cells of the biofilms of the first and second isolates was 8.39 and 7.47 cfu, respectively, the inhibition of biofilm formation was observed at pH 3, as the logarithm of the number of live cells of biofilms in the isolates 1 and 2 reached 5.17 cfu, for both. The test of the effect of sodium chloride showed high resistance to bacteria in the formation of biofilms; the form continued even at a concentration of 8% sodium chloride, while at a concentration of 3% sodium chloride, it gave the highest growth. This study concludes that the isolates of S. aureus can stick and form biofilms on various surfaces, which is evidence of its ability to contaminate food processing places. The optimum temperature for the growth of the biofilms was 25 and 37 0C. In contrast, at a temperature of 8 0C, it led to a reduction in the growth rate of the biofilms for 24 hours of incubation in the two isolates, and the optimum pH for the rate of biofilm formation for all S. aureus is pH 6 and pH 7. The bacteria also produced biofilms in high salinity media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]