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The influence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) on long-term prognosis of patients with myocardial infarction (MI), the most severe type of coronary artery disease, remains not fully determined. This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to investigate the association between MetS and long-term clinical outcomes of patients with MI. A systematic search of Medline, Web of Science, and Embase databases from inception to June 25, 2023, was conducted to obtain eligible studies. Only studies with follow-up duration for at least one year were considered. A random-effects model was utilized to pool the results, accounting for heterogeneity. Ten observational studies were included, which included 33 197 patients with MI. Among them, 17 244 (51.9%) were with MetS at baseline. During a follow-up duration of 12 to 48 months (mean: 22.5 months), patients with MetS were associated with higher incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events [risk ratio (RR): 1.35. 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.19 to 1.54, p<0.001; I2=64%] and all-cause deaths (RR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.18 to 1.52, p<0.001; I2=23%), as compared to those without MetS at baseline. Subgroup analyses showed that the results were not significantly affected by study characteristics such as study country, design, type of MI, mean age of the patients, treatment with percutaneous coronary intervention, follow-up durations, or study quality scores (p for subgroup difference all>0.05). In patients with MI, MetS may be a risk factor of poor long-term prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a method to engineer the light matter interaction while initializing a qubit present of physical constraints utilizing the inverse engineering. Combining the multiple degrees of freedom in the pulse parameters with the perturbation theory, we develop pulses to initialize the qubit within a tightly packed frequency interval to an arbitrary superposition state with high fidelity. Importantly, the initialization induces low off-resonant excitations to the neighboring qubits, and it is robust against the spatial inhomogeneity in the laser intensity. We apply the method to the ensemble rare-earth ions system, and simulations show that the initialization is more robust against the variations in laser intensity than the previous pulses, and reduces the time that ions spend in the intermediate excited state by a factor of 17. The method is applicable to any systems addressed in frequency such as nitrogen-vacancy centers, superconducting qubits, quantum dots, and molecular qubit systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autophagy could play suppressing role in cancer therapy by facilitating release of tumor antigens from dying cells and inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD). Therefore, discovery and rational design of more effective inducers of cytotoxic autophagy is expected to develop new strategies for finding innovative drugs for precise and successful cancer treatment. Herein, we develop MoO3‐x nanowires (MoO3‐x NWs) with high oxygen vacancy and strong photothermal responsivity to ablate tumors through hyperthermia, thus promote the induction of cytotoxic autophagy and severe ICD. As expected, the combination of MoO3‐x NWs and photothermal therapy (PTT) effectively induces autophagy to promote the release of tumor antigens from the ablated cells, and induces the maturation and antigen presentation of dendritic cells (DCs), subsequently activates cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)‐mediated adaptive immunity. Furthermore, the combination treatment of MoO3‐x NWs with immune checkpoint blockade of PD‐1 could promote the tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) polarization into tumor‐killing M1 macrophages, inhibit infiltration of Treg cells at tumor sites, and alleviate immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment, finally intensify the anti‐tumor activity in vivo. This study provides a strategy and preliminary elucidation of the mechanism of using MoO3‐x nanowires with high oxygen vacancy to induce autophagy and thus enhance photothermal immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autophagy could play suppressing role in cancer therapy by facilitating release of tumor antigens from dying cells and inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD). Therefore, discovery and rational design of more effective inducers of cytotoxic autophagy is expected to develop new strategies for finding innovative drugs for precise and successful cancer treatment. Herein, we develop MoO3‐x nanowires (MoO3‐x NWs) with high oxygen vacancy and strong photothermal responsivity to ablate tumors through hyperthermia, thus promote the induction of cytotoxic autophagy and severe ICD. As expected, the combination of MoO3‐x NWs and photothermal therapy (PTT) effectively induces autophagy to promote the release of tumor antigens from the ablated cells, and induces the maturation and antigen presentation of dendritic cells (DCs), subsequently activates cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)‐mediated adaptive immunity. Furthermore, the combination treatment of MoO3‐x NWs with immune checkpoint blockade of PD‐1 could promote the tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) polarization into tumor‐killing M1 macrophages, inhibit infiltration of Treg cells at tumor sites, and alleviate immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment, finally intensify the anti‐tumor activity in vivo. This study provides a strategy and preliminary elucidation of the mechanism of using MoO3‐x nanowires with high oxygen vacancy to induce autophagy and thus enhance photothermal immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abnormal levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the hypoxic microenvironment within bone defects are important factors that impede bone repair processes. Herein, an innovative ultrasound‐modulatable hydrogel platform with selenoprotein‐mediated antioxidant effects to promote bone injury repair is presented. This hydrogel platform encapsulates oxygen‐enriched selene‐incorporated thin‐shell silicon within methacrylate gelatin (O2‐PSSG). The resultant construct orchestrates the modulation of the bone‐defect microenvironment, thereby expediting the course of bone regeneration. Ultrasound (US) is used to regulate the pore size of the hydrogel to release selenium‐containing nanoparticles and promote the in situ synthesis of efficient intracellular selenoproteins and hydrogen peroxide consumption. As expected, O2‐PSSG rapidly releases selenocystine ([Sec]2) under US control to scavenge reactive oxygen species and maintain the homeostasis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Over time, the action of the system by selenoprotein increases the activation of Wnt/β‐catenin pathways and promotes the differentiation of BMSCs. Consequently, O2‐PSSG potentiates the antioxidant proficiency of BMSCs both in vitro and in vivo, alleviates hypoxic environments, promotes osteogenic differentiation, and expedites cranial bone repair in rat models. In summary, this study suggests that the designed and constructed US‐responsive antioxidant hydrogel is a promising prospective strategy for addressing bone defects and fostering bone regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) poses a significant challenge in local treatment, primarily attributed to its intricate tumor immune microenvironment. The immunosuppression of natural killer (NK) cells within the microenvironment, exacerbated by selenium (Se) deficiency, constitutes a pivotal treatment bottleneck. Building upon prior investigations, this study delves into the impact and mechanisms of functionalized lentinan selenium nanoparticles (LET‐SeNPs) on NK cells in MPE, presenting a novel local treatment strategy for lung adenocarcinoma with malignant pleural effusion (MPE‐LA). The synergistic application of LET‐SeNPs serves to replenish Se levels in MPE, modulate NK cells, augment their quantity, restore and enhance their functionality. Additionally, LET‐SeNPs facilitate NK cells activation through the TrxR1‐IL18RAP‐pSTAT3 pathway, resulting in effective lung cancer cell eradication and reduced pleural effusion production. Furthermore, pre‐stimulation of NK cells by LET‐SeNPs, combined with CAR‐NK cell therapy, harnesses the innate immune system, exhibiting a potent anti‐tumor effect. This research introduces a compelling strategy to advance the clinical implementation of targeted nanomaterials or lead compounds with explicit targets and mechanisms, thereby enhancing NK cell therapy for comprehensive diagnosis and treatment of MPE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiotherapy, as one of the most common strategies for clinical cancer treatment, suffers from failure due to the hypoxia, inflammation, and radiosensitivity difference of malignant tumors, side effects, and radioresistance. Heterojunction‐based radiosensitizers attract great attention to the lower excitation energy and remarkable catalytic activity as compared to typical transition metal radiosensitizers. However, the bio‐application of heterojunction radiosensitizers is in its infancy due to the challenges in structure engineering, rational energy band alignment, and ideal photogenerated carrier migration. Herein, a bimetallic metal‐organic framework (MOF)‐based heterojunction radiosensitizer is reasonably designed to enhance the radiodynamic therapeutic efficiency of Ru complex, and to activate natural killer (NK) cell‐mediated innate immune responses for promoted tumor immunotherapy. This study not only designs a novel bimetallic MOF‐based heterojunction structure but also elucidates the underlying action mechanisms in inhibiting cancer proliferation, which sheds light on the practicable design of radiosensitizers and the tumor combination treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inactivated virus vaccines with whole antigen spectra and good safety are the commonly used modality for preventing infections. However, the poor immunogenicity greatly limits its clinical applications. Herein, by taking advantages of the crucial roles of Se in the functions of immune cells and its biomineralization property, it successfully in‐situ synthesized Se nanoadjuvant on inactivated viruses such as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), pseudorabies virus (PRV), and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in a facile method, which is universal to construct other inactivated virus vaccines. The nanovaccine can highly effectively enhance the uptake of PEDV/PRV/PRRSV into dendritic cells (DCs) and activate DCs via triggering TLR4 signaling pathways and regulating selenoproteins expressions. Furthermore, it exhibited better activities in triggering macrophages and natural killer cells‐mediated innate immunity and T cells‐mediated cellular immunity compared to PEDV and the commercial inactivated PEDV vaccine on both mice and swine models. This study provides a universal Se nanoadjuvant for developing inactivated viruses‐based nanovaccines for preventing virus infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activation of cuproptosis pathway has been reported to hold great potential in the application of tumor treatment. But the efficacy of cuproptosis seriously limited by the insufficient accumulation in the tumor sites. Therefore, herein based on the strong stabilization effects of the metalloid element selenium (Se) on copper (Cu), a photothermic Cu2‐xSe nanoparticle encapsulated with bioresponsive dimethyl maleic anhydride (DMMA@Cu2‐xSe) as a copper‐carrier to improve the copper accumulation in tumor is constructed, thus achieving cuproptosis‐driven enhancement of thermotherapy. This nanosystem exhibits the enhancement of tumor cellular uptake by a weak acid‐triggered charge‐switching ability. Next step, the exposed Cu2‐xSe is oxidized and releases divalent copper by high‐level oxide. Then, the abundant copper induces more dihydrolipoamide S‐acetyltransferase oligomerization to down‐regulate FDX1 and tricarboxylic acid cycle‐related proteins, which leads to inhibiting aerobic respiration. Cuproptosis‐induced mitochondrial damage further improves thermotherapy by up‐regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, the generated ROS also promotes copper release to strengthen cuproptosis, and eventually improves tumor thermotherapy in turn. In general, DMMA@Cu2‐xSe with sequentially triggered copper‐release, efficient cuproptosis, and appropriate photothermal is a self‐enhanced nanoplatform for cuproptosis‐driven enhancement of thermotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucocorticoid (GC)‐induced osteoporosis (GIO) is a concurrent disease commonly appeared in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease patients. Stereoselective recognition between chiral drugs and homochiral biological molecules could directly affect their distribution, adhesion and transport. Herein, trace element selenium (Se) with bone formation‐regulating activity, is employed to construct cysteine‐decorated chiral nanoparticles (Cys@SeNPs) to attenuate GIO. Interestingly, comparing with the racemic (DL‐Cys@SeNPs) and D‐Cys@SeNPs, the L‐Cys@SeNPs displays higher uptake in osteoblast cells and could lessen reactive oxygen species overproduction to block dexamethasone (Dex)‐induced osteoblasts cells apoptosis. Intracellular L‐Cys@SeNPs could be predominantly transformed to selenocystine to upregulate the expression levels of antioxidative selenoproteins to effectively scavenge Dex‐induced excessive ROS accumulation in osteoblasts, and thus reduce the undesirable apoptosis through activating Wnt/β‐catenin pathway. Consistently, L‐Cys@SeNPs significantly alleviates the main osteoporosis symptoms of bone trabeculae destruction and decreased bone density in vivo, and also reduces the weight gain and fatty liver formation in Dex‐exposed mice, thus suppressing the overall side effects of Dex. This study not only demonstrates an effective strategy for treatment of GIO by using chiral Se nanomedicine, but also elucidates the important roles of selenoproteins in alleviating osteoporosis, which could help for future Se‐based drug design through chirality control engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing radiosensitizers based on the characteristics of the tumor microenvironment can improve the effectiveness and overcome the bottleneck of cervical cancer radiotherapy. Herein, an in situ synthesis strategy is demonstrated by using a highly bioactive zeolitic imidazolate framework to cap Mn3O4 and folic acid as targeting molecules (FA‐Mn3O4@ZIF‐8) to achieve enhanced radiosensitization against cervical cancer. As expected, the ZIF‐8 cap on the surface of Mn3O4 responds more effectively to X‐rays. Meanwhile, by facilitating the presence of oxygen vacancies and valence transition of manganese on the surface of Mn3O4, the ZIF‐8 cap on Mn3O4 can increase the catalytic capacity for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glutathione as well as produce more singlet oxygen under X‐ray, alleviate hypoxia within the tumor microenvironment, and increase reactive oxygen species production. Moreover, FA‐Mn3O4@ZIF‐8 shows excellent radiotherapy‐sensitizing properties in vitro and in vivo by promoting DNA damage and apoptosis. Collectively, this study suggests that designing and construction of X‐ray responsive nanoradiosensitizers could be a good way for future clinical radiotherapy of malignant cervical cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence and mortality rates of lung cancer are among the highest in the world. Traditional treatment methods include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Although rapid progress has been achieved in the past decade, treatment limitations remain. It is therefore imperative to identify safer and more effective therapeutic methods, and research is currently being conducted to identify more efficient and less harmful drugs. In recent years, the discovery of antitumor drugs based on the essential trace element selenium (Se) has provided good prospects for lung cancer treatments. In particular, compared to inorganic Se (Inorg-Se) and organic Se (Org-Se), Se nanomedicine (Se nanoparticles; SeNPs) shows much higher bioavailability and antioxidant activity and lower toxicity. SeNPs can also be used as a drug delivery carrier to better regulate protein and DNA biosynthesis and protein kinase C activity, thus playing a role in inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. SeNPs can also effectively activate antigen-presenting cells to stimulate cell immunity, exert regulatory effects on innate and regulatory immunity, and enhance lung cancer immunotherapy. This review summarizes the application of Se-based species and materials in lung cancer diagnosis, including fluorescence, MR, CT, photoacoustic imaging and other diagnostic methods, as well as treatments, including direct killing, radiosensitization, chemotherapeutic sensitization, photothermodynamics, and enhanced immunotherapy. In addition, the application prospects and challenges of Se-based drugs in lung cancer are examined, as well as their forecasted future clinical applications and sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low persistence, metabolic dysfunction in microenvironment, and tumor-derived immunosuppression of Natural killer (NK) cells in patients are greatly limited the successful clinical application of NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy. Interestingly, herein that human serum albumin-encapsulated black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs@HSA) can effectively augment antitumor efficacy of clinical patients-derived NK cell immunotherapy is found. As the donor of phosphate group, BPQDs@HSA binds with the protein of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase type-1 gamma (PIP5K1A) and activates the downstream PI3K-Akt and mTOR signaling pathways to reprogram cell metabolism of glycolysis and further promote the oxidative phosphorylation, sequentially maintains the cell viability and immunity of NK cells. And multiomics analysis is therefore conducted to reveal the underlying immunoregulation mechanisms, and that BPQDs@HSA can interact with the Toll-like receptor (TLR) on the NK cell surface and increase the expression level of mTOR, and thus activate downstream NF-KB signalling pathways to regulate cytokine secretion and enhance immune tumoricidal is found. BPQDs@HSA can also enhance immune surveillance, relieve immune suppression, and inhibit tumor immune escape. Collectively, this study not only demonstrates a successful strategy for nanomedicine-potentiated immune-cancer therapy, but also sheds light on the understanding of interface between nanomedicine and immune cells activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Radiotherapy is a commonly used tool in clinical practice to treat solid tumors. However, due to the unique microenvironment inside the tumor, such as high levels of GSH, overexpressed H2O2 and hypoxia, these factors can seriously affect the effectiveness of radiotherapy. Results: Therefore, to further improve the efficiency of radiotherapy, a core–shell nanocomposite CeO2–MnO2 is designed as a novel radiosensitizer that can modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) and thus improve the efficacy of radiation therapy. CeO2–MnO2 can act as a radiosensitizer to enhance X-ray absorption at the tumor site while triggering the response behavior associated with the tumor microenvironment. According to in vivo and in vitro experiments, the nanoparticles aggravate the killing effect on tumor cells by generating large amounts of ROS and disrupting the redox balance. In this process, the outer layer of MnO2 reacts with GSH and H2O2 in the tumor microenvironment to generate ROS and release oxygen, thus alleviating the hypoxic condition in the tumor area. Meanwhile, the manganese ions produced by degradation can enhance T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In addition, CeO2–MnO2, due to its high atomic number oxide CeO2, releases a large number of electrons under the effect of radiotherapy, which further reacts with intracellular molecules to produce reactive oxygen species and enhances the killing effect on tumor cells, thus having the effect of radiotherapy sensitization. In conclusion, the nanomaterial CeO2–MnO2, as a novel radiosensitizer, greatly improves the efficiency of cancer radiation therapy by improving the lack of oxygen in tumor and responding to the tumor microenvironment, providing an effective strategy for the construction of nanosystem with radiosensitizing function. Conclusion: In conclusion, the nanomaterial CeO2–MnO2, as a novel radiosensitizer, greatly improves the efficiency of cancer radiation therapy by improving the lack of oxygen in tumor and responding to the tumor microenvironment, providing an effective strategy for the construction of nanosystems with radiosensitizing function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bladder cancer (BC) is among the most common malignant tumors of the genitourinary system worldwide. In recent years, the rate of BC incidence has increased, and the recurrence rate is high, resulting in poor quality of life for patients. Therefore, how to develop an effective method to achieve synchronous precise diagnoses and BC therapies is a difficult problem to solve clinically. Previous reports usually focus on the role of nanomaterials as drug delivery carriers, while a summary of the functional design and application of nanomaterials is lacking. Summarizing the application of functional nanomaterials in high‐sensitivity diagnosis and multimodality therapy of BC is urgently needed. This review summarizes the application of nanotechnology in BC diagnosis, including the application of nanotechnology in the sensoring of BC biomarkers and their role in monitoring BC. In addition, conventional and combination therapies strategy in potential BC therapy are analyzed. Moreover, different kinds of nanomaterials in BC multimodal therapy according to pathological features of BC are also outlined. The goal of this review is to present an overview of the application of nanomaterials in the theranostics of BC to provide guidance for the application of functional nanomaterials to precisely diagnose and treat BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium nanoparticle (SeNP)-based nanotherapeutics have become an emerging cancer therapy, while effective drug delivery remains a technical hurdle. A theranostic approach, through which imaging companions are integrated with SeNPs, will allow image-guided drug delivery and, therefore, is highly desirable. Traditional methods require the chemical conjugation of imaging agents to the surface of nanoparticles, which may impede the later clinical translation. In this study, we developed a label-free strategy in which lentinan-functionalized SeNPs (LNT-SeNPs) are detected using MRI by the hydroxyl protons carried on LNT molecules. The in vitro phantom study showed that LNT and LNT-SeNPs have a strong CEST signal at 1.0 ppm apart from the water resonance, suggesting an in vivo detectability in the µM concentration range. Demonstrated on CT26 colon tumor cells, LNT-SeNPs exert a strong anticancer effect (IC50 = 4.8 μM), prominently attributed to the ability to generate intracellular reactive oxygen species. However, when testing in a mouse model of CT26 tumors, administration of LNT-SeNPs alone was found unable to deliver sufficient drugs to the tumor, leading to poor treatment responses. To improve the drug delivery, we co-injected LNT-SeNPs and TNF-α, a previously reported drug that could effectively damage the endothelial cells in the tumor vasculature, thereby increasing drug delivery to the tumor. Our results revealed a 75% increase in the intratumoral CEST MRI signal, indicating a markedly increased delivery efficiency of LNT-SeNPs when combined with TNF-α. The combination therapy also resulted in a significantly enhanced treatment outcome, as revealed by the tumor growth study. Taken together, our study demonstrates the first label-free, SeNP-based theranostic system, in which LNT was used for both functional surface coating and CEST MRI signal generating. Such a theranostic LNT-SeNP system is advantageous because it requires chemical labeling and, therefore, has high biocompatibility and low translatable barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cancer cell membrane-camouflaged nanotechnology for metal complex can enhance its biocompatibility and extend the effective circulation time in body. The ruthenium polypyridyl complex (RuPOP) has extensive antitumor activity, but it still has disadvantages such as poor biocompatibility, lack of targeting, and being easily metabolized by the organism. Cancer cell membranes retain a large number of surface antigens and tumor adhesion molecules CD47, which can be used to camouflage the metal complex and give it tumor homing ability and high biocompatibility. Results: Therefore, this study provides an electrostatic adsorption method, which uses the electrostatic interaction of positive and negative charges between RuPOP and cell membranes to construct a cancer cell membrane-camouflaged nano-platform (RuPOP@CM). Interestingly, RuPOP@CM maintains the expression of surface antigens and tumor adhesion molecules, which can inhibit the phagocytosis of macrophage, reduce the clearance rate of RuPOP, and increase effective circulation time, thus enhancing the accumulation in tumor sites. Besides, RuPOP@CM can enhance the activity of cellular immune response and promote the production of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-12 and IL-6, which is of great significance in treatment of tumor. On the other hand, RuPOP@MCM can produce intracellular ROS overproduction, thereby accelerating the apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of tumor cells to play an excellent antitumor effect in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion: In brief, engineering cancer cell membrane-camouflaged metal complex is a potential strategy to improve its biocompatibility, biological safety and antitumor effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

6061 aluminum alloy is one of the light metal materials, which has the advantages of good elasticity and lightweight. However, aluminum alloy is susceptible to corrosion in industrial applications. Therefore, in this paper, we successfully prepared an organic lauric acid film on the surface of aluminum alloy by electrodeposition. The film was characterized by SEM, EDS, WCA, XPS, EIS, FT‐IR, and neutral salt spray test. According to the results of the EIS test, impedance value has increased by two orders of magnitude compared to the substrate, and corrosion current density reached 8.51 × 10−7 A/cm2. The salt spray test was conducted for 192 h before the corrosion point appeared, indicating that the film have better anticorrosion ion permeability. Calculated chemical results show that COOH of lauric acid is the dominant reaction group and the carboxyl group is near the aluminum alloy surface for the reaction equilibrium state, which provide a theoretical basis for the study of the film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) drugs, Huangqi and Danshen are always applied in combination for spinal cord injury (SCI) treatment based on the compatibility theory of TCM. Astragalus Polysaccharidesis (APS) and Tanshinone IIA (TSIIA) are the main active ingredients of Huangqi and Danshen, and they both possess neuroprotective effects through antioxidant activities. However, low solubility and poor bioavailability have greatly limited their application. In recent years, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have drawn enormous attention as potential delivery carrier for antioxidant drugs. Results: In this study, TCM active ingredients-based SeNPs surface decorated with APS and loaded with TSIIA (TSIIA@SeNPs-APS) were successfully synthesized under the guidance of the compatibility theory of TCM. Such design improved the bioavailability of APS and TSIIA with the benefits of high stability, efficient delivery and highly therapeutic efficacy for SCI treatment illustrated by an improvement of the antioxidant protective effects of APS and TSIIA. The in vivo experiments indicated that TSIIA@SeNPs-APS displayed high efficiency of cellular uptake and long retention time in PC12 cells. Furthermore, TSIIA@SeNPs-APS had a satisfactory protective effect against oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells by inhibiting excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, so as to alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction to reduce cell apoptosis and S phase cell cycle arrest, and finally promote cell survival. The in vivo experiments indicated that TSIIA@SeNPs-APS can protect spinal cord neurons of SCI rats by enhancing GSH-Px activity and decreasing MDA content, which was possibly via the metabolism of TSIIA@SeNPs-APS to SeCys2 and regulating antioxidant selenoproteins to resist oxidative stress-induced damage. Conclusions: TSIIA@SeNPs-APS exhibited promising therapeutic effects in the anti-oxidation therapy of SCI, which paved the way for developing the synergistic effect of TCM active ingredients by nanotechnology to improve the efficacy as well as establishing novel treatments for oxidative stress-related diseases associated with Se metabolism and selenoproteins regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular phototheranostics as an emerging field of modern precision medicine has recently attracted increasing research attention owing to non‐invasiveness, high precision, and controllable nature of light. In this work, we reported promising gadolinium (Gd3+) porphyrinoids as phototheranostic agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and photodynamic therapy (PDT). The synthesized Gd‐1‐4‐Glu featured with meso‐glycosylation and β‐lactonization to endow good biocompatibility and improved photophysical properties. In particular, β‐lactonization of glycosylated Gd3+ porphyrinoids substantially red‐shifted Q band absorption to near‐infrared (NIR) region and boosted generation of reactive oxygen species including 1O2, and some radical species that engaged in both type II and type I PDT pathways. In addition, the number and regioisomerism of β‐oxazolone moieties was observed to play an essential role in improving longitude relaxivity (r1) of Gd‐1‐4‐Glu of up to 4.3±0.2 mM−1s−1 by affecting environmental water exchange. Taking Gd‐4‐Glu as a promising complex, we further achieved real‐time T1‐weighted MRI and PDT on HeLa tumour mice in vivo, revealing the appealing potential of Gd3+ porphyrinoids in phototheranostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccination with subunit nanovaccines is a promising strategy to combat virus infection and tumor development. However, immunogenicity of present nanovaccines is still unsatisfied for clinical translation. Here, we developed a nanovaccine loading a STING agonist, 2′3′-cGAMP and, a model subunit antigen, OVA, by using a well-defined self-degradable poly(β-amino ester)s to treat B16F10-OVA melanoma tumors. The polymer underwent slow hydrolysis at pH 5.5 but self-degraded induced by the amino groups along the polyester chain at pH > 6.5. It is shown that the self-degradation products facilitated the release of 2′3′-cGAMP and OVA from early endolysome to the cytosol, where the two components strongly activated CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTLs) and significantly enhanced Ifn1, TNF, Cxcl9, and Cxcl10 expression. In turn, the tumor microenvironment was remolded from cold to hot. Moreover, the nanovaccine could be quickly drained to sentinel lymph nodes after intratumoral injection. The nanovaccine with strong immunogenicity also could reduce the side effects of systemic inflammatory reaction caused by molecular 2′3′-cGAMP. The tumor progression of animals was inhibited, and their survival rates increased significantly. Thus, the multifunctional biodegradable material provided a new delivery system for a cancer vaccine to translate to clinics. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report here a simple but efficient "ship-in-a-bottle" synthetic strategy for increasing the stability and luminescence performance of LOPs by embedding them into mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs). Three types of hybrid materials, i.e. Eu8L12@MSNs, Eu8L12@MSNs-NH2 and Eu8L12@MSNs-biotin, have been prepared and characterized by FT-IR, TGA, SEM and TEM. Photo-optical measurements confirmed that the photoluminescence quantum yields in water have been greatly improved from 5.50% for pristine Eu8L12 to 44.04% for Eu8L12@MSNs-biotin, along with fast disassembly for the former and the optical performance has been maintained for the latter under acidic conditions (pH = 4). Moreover, compared to Eu8L12, Eu8L12@MSNs and Eu8L12@MSNs-NH2, the biotin-modified hybrid material Eu8L12@MSNs-biotin has exhibited much enhanced fluorescence-imaging ability toward the MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells, with significantly reduced dosage of the complex. Our work provides a useful strategy for the functionalization of multinuclear lanthanide organic assemblies toward their biosocial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing metal complexes to target the vulnerable redox balance in cancer cells is a promising strategy to realize successful cancer therapy. The synthesized stable nitridomanganese(V) complex MnV(N) (salen) not only reacts with GSH to achieve in situ Mn(V)–Mn(III) transformation to down-regulate the antioxidant system, but also catalyzes H2O2 to higher oxidation capacity ROS to up-regulate the intracellular oxidative level, finally resulting in cancer cell death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hypoxia is an important factor that contributes to chemoresistance and metastasis in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), and alleviating hypoxia microenvironment can enhance the anti-tumor efficacy and also inhibit tumor invasion. Methods: A near-infrared (NIR) responsive on-demand oxygen releasing nanoplatform (O2-PPSiI) was successfully synthesized by a two-stage self-assembly process to overcome the hypoxia-induced tumor chemoresistance and metastasis. We embedded drug-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) cores into an ultrathin silica shell attached with paramagnetic Gd-DTPA to develop a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)-guided NIR-responsive on-demand drug releasing nanosystem, where indocyanine green was used as a photothermal converter to trigger the oxygen and drug release under NIR irradiation. Results: The near-infrared responsive on-demand oxygen releasing nanoplatform O2-PPSiI was chemically synthesized in this study by a two-stage self-assembly process, which could deliver oxygen and release it under NIR irradiation to relieve hypoxia, improving the therapeutic effect of chemotherapy and suppressed tumor metastasis. This smart design achieves the following advantages: (i) the O2 in this nanosystem can be precisely released by an NIR-responsive silica shell rupture; (ii) the dynamic biodistribution process of O2-PPSiI was monitored in real-time and quantitatively analyzed via sensitive MR imaging of the tumor; (iii) O2-PPSiI could alleviate tumor hypoxia by releasing O2 within the tumor upon NIR laser excitation; (iv) The migration and invasion abilities of the TNBC tumor were weakened by inhibiting the process of EMT as a result of the synergistic therapy of NIR-triggered O2-PPSiI. Conclusions: Our work proposes a smart tactic guided by MRI and presents a valid approach for the reasonable design of NIR-responsive on-demand drug-releasing nanomedicine systems for precise theranostics in TNBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein we demonstrate a new strategy by introducing Se atom with strong polarization effects to obtain highly bioactive organoselenium with electrophilic center. Organoselenium interact with Cys16 and Thr18 of PDGFB in malignant osteosarcoma MG63 cells through non-covalent bond, which further block the activation of intracellular AKT/JNK and downstream signaling pathways to promote cancer cells apoptosis. [Display omitted] • Organic selenium with high bioactivity electrophilic center was synthesized. • Org-Se can target PDGFB protein in MG63 cells and promote apoptosis. • Org-Se combined with radiotherapy can promote apoptosis of MG63 cells. Growth factor-like proteins play an important role in promoting oncogenesis. Therefore, designing specific inhibitors of such targets would facilitate the development of targeted drugs with low toxicity. However, low affinity and poor specificity between drugs and target proteins always affect the selectivity and action efficacy. Herein we demonstrates a new strategy by introducing selenium (Se) atom with strong polarization effects to obtain highly bioactive organoselenium with electrophilic center. The results of target-capturing analysis reveals that organoselenium interact with Cys16 and Thr18 of the platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGFB) protein in malignant osteosarcoma MG63 cells through non-covalent bond, thus inhibiting the expression and activity of PDGFB, which further block the activation of intracellular protein kinase B/c-Jun N-terminal kinases (AKT/JNK) and downstream signaling pathways to promote cancer cells apoptosis. Taken together, we have developed a novel strategy by introducing Se-based electrophilic centers for the development of targeted therapeutic agents for malignant tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article "Selenoprotein-Regulated Hydrogel for Ultrasound-Controlled Microenvironment Remodeling to Promote Bone Defect Repair," Hongmei Liu, Tianfeng Chen, and their colleagues introduce an innovative hydrogel platform that can be controlled by ultrasound to promote the repair of bone injuries. The hydrogel contains a thin-shell silicon incorporated with selene and oxygen, which is released under ultrasound control. This process helps to remodel the microenvironment of bone defects by addressing hypoxia and high levels of reactive oxygen species. The researchers believe that this hydrogel platform shows promising potential for promoting bone regeneration. [Extracted from the article]

Radiotherapy is still the recommended treatment for cervical cancer. However, radioresistance and radiation-induced side effects remain one of the biggest clinical problems. Selenium (Se) has been confirmed to exhibit radiation-enhancing effects for cancer treatment. However, Se species dominate the biological activities and which form of Se possesses better radiosensitizing properties and radiation safety remains elusive. Here, different Se species (the valence state of Se ranged from - 2, 0, +4 to + 6) synergy screen was carried out to identify the potential radiosensitizing effects and radiation safety of Se against cervical cancer. We found that the therapeutic effects varied with the changes in the Se valence state. Sodium selenite (+4) displayed strong cancer-killing effects but also possessed severe cytotoxicity. Sodium selenate (+6) neither enhanced the killing effects of X-ray nor possessed anticancer activity by its alone treatment. Although nano-selenium (0), especially Let-SeNPs, has better radiosensitizing activity, the - 2 organic Se, such as selenadiazole derivative SeD (-2) exhibited more potent anticancer effects and possessed a higher safe index. Overall, the selected Se drugs were able to synergize with X-ray to inhibit cell growth, clone formation, and cell migration by triggering G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis, and SeD (-2) was found to exhibit more potent enhancing capacity. Further mechanism studies showed that SeD mediated p53 pathway activation by inducing DNA damage through promoting ROS production. Additionally, SeD combined with X-ray therapy can induce an anti-tumor immune response in vivo. More importantly, SeD combined with X-ray significantly inhibited the liver metastasis of tumor cells and alleviated the side effects caused by radiation therapy in tumor-bearing mice. Taken together, this study demonstrates the radiosensitization and radiation safety effects of different Se species, which may shed light on the application of such Se-containing drugs serving as side effects-reducing agents for cervical cancer radiation treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas therapy (GT) has attracted increasing attention in recent years as a new cancer treatment method with favorable therapeutic efficacy and reduced side effects. Several gas molecules, such as nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), have been employed to treat cancers by directly killing tumor cells, enhancing drug accumulation in tumors or sensitizing tumor cells to chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy or radiotherapy. Despite the great progress of gas therapy, most gas molecules are prone to nonspecific distribution when administered systemically, resulting in strong toxicity to normal tissues. Therefore, how to deliver and release gas molecules to targeted tissues on demand is the main issue to be considered before clinical applications of gas therapy. As a specific and noninvasive stimulus with deep penetration, near-infrared (NIR) light has been widely used to trigger the cleavage and release of gas from nano-prodrugs via photothermal or photodynamic effects, achieving the on-demand release of gas molecules with high controllability. In this review, we will summarize the recent progress in cancer gas therapy triggered by NIR light. Furthermore, the prospects and challenges in this field are presented, with the hope for ongoing development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bladder cancer (BC) is a common malignancy in the genitourinary system and the current theranostic approaches are unsatisfactory. Sensitivity and specificity of current diagnosis methods are not ideal and high recurrence and progression rates after initial treatment indicate the urgent need for management improvements in clinic. Nanotechnology has been proposed as an effective method to improve theranosis efficiency for both non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). For example, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been developed for simple, fast and sensitive urinary sample test for bladder cancer diagnosis. Nanoparticles targeting bladder cancers can facilitate to distinguish the normal and abnormal bladder tissues during cystoscopy and thus help with the complete removal of malignant lesions. Both intravenous and intravesical agents can be modified by nanotechnology for targeted delivery, high anti-tumor efficiency and excellent tolerability, exhibiting encouraging potential in bladder cancer treatment. Photosensitizers and biological agents can also be delivered by nanotechnology, intermediating phototherapy and targeted therapy. The management of bladder cancer remained almost unchanged for decades with unsatisfactory effect. However, it is likely to change with the fast-developed nanotechnology. Herein we summarized the current utility of nanotechnology in bladder cancer diagnosis and treatment, providing insights for the future designing and discovering novel nanoparticles for bladder cancer management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The design of stable and biocompatible black phosphorus-based theranostic agents with high photothermal conversion efficiency and clear mechanism to realize MRI-guided precision photothermal therapy (PTT) is imminent. Results: Herein, black phosphorus nanosheets (BPs) covalently with mono-dispersed and superparamagnetic ferrous selenide (FeSe2) to construct heteronanostructure nanoparticles modified with methoxy poly (Ethylene Glycol) (mPEG-NH2) to obtain good water solubility for MRI-guided photothermal tumor therapy is successfully designed. The mechanism reveals that the enhanced photothermal conversion achieved by BPs-FeSe2-PEG heteronanostructure is attributed to the effective separation of photoinduced carriers. Besides, through the formation of the P-Se bond, the oxidation degree of FeSe2 is weakened. The lone pair electrons on the surface of BPs are occupied, which reduces the exposure of lone pair electrons in air, leading to excellent stability of BPs-FeSe2-PEG. Furthermore, the BPs-FeSe2-PEG heteronanostructure could realize enhanced T2-weighted imaging due to the aggregation of FeSe2 on BPs and the formation of hydrogen bonds, thus providing accurate PTT guidance and generating hyperthermia to inhabit tumor growth under NIR laser with negligible toxicity in vivo. Conclusions: Collectively, this work offers an opportunity for fabricating BPs-based heteronanostructure nanomaterials that could simultaneously enhance photothermal conversion efficiency and photostability to realize MRI-guided cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scavenging free radicals and reducing inflammatory reaction to relieve the secondary damage are important issues in the spinal cord injury (SCI) therapeutic strategy. Nanozymes attract more attention in the drug development of SCI due to the high stability, long-lasting catalytic capacity, and multienzyme-like properties. Herein, we constructed a Rapamycin (Rapa)-loaded and hollow mesoporous Prussian blue (HMPB)-based nanozyme (RHPAzyme) to realize the combined antioxidation and anti-inflammation combination therapy of SCI. Furthermore, activated cell penetrating peptide (ACPP) is modified onto nanozyme to endow the effectively ability of lesion area-targeting. This RHPAzyme exhibits ROS scavenging capacity with the transformation of Fe2+/Fe3+ valance and cyanide group of HMPB to achieve multienzyme-like activity. As expected, RHPAzyme scavenges the ROS overproduction and reduces inflammation in oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced damage via inhibiting MAPK/AKT signaling pathway. Furtherly, RHPAzyme exhibits the combined antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in vivo , which can effectively alleviate neuronal damage and promote motor function recovery in SCI mice. Overall, this study demonstrates the RHPAzyme induces an effective treatment of SCI by inhibiting oxygen-mediated cell apoptosis and suppressing inflammation-induced injury, thus reduces the nervous impairment and promotes motor function recovery. [Display omitted] • Hollow mesoporous structure endows the stronger oxygen radical scavenging effect and higher Rapa loading capacity. • RHPAzyme achieves effectively ROS scavenging mainly attributes to the valance transformation of Fe2+/Fe3+. • RHPAzyme exhibits the dual roles of anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory in SCI treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiotherapy is an important therapeutic modality in the treatment of cancers. Nevertheless, the characteristics of the tumor microenvironment (TME), such as hypoxia and high glutathione (GSH), limit the efficacy of radiotherapy. Manganese-based (Mn-based) nanomaterials offer a promising prospect for sensitizing radiotherapy due to their good responsiveness to the TME. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms of radiosensitization of Mn-based nanosystems, including alleviating tumor hypoxia, increasing reactive oxygen species production, increasing GSH conversion, and promoting antitumor immunity. We further illustrate the applications of these mechanisms in cancer radiotherapy, including the development and delivery of radiosensitizers, as well as their combination with other therapeutic modalities. Finally, we summarize the application of Mn-based nanosystems as contrast agents in realizing precision therapy. Hopefully, the present review will provide new insights into the biological mechanisms of Mn-based nanosystems, as well as their applications in radiotherapy, in order to address the difficulties and challenges that remain in their clinical application in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Biological functions and chemical characteristics of Se. • Intuitionistic connections between chemical and physiological properties of Se and their biomedical applications. • Summary of research status and characteristics of fluorescent probes for active Se species. • Current challenges of fluorescent probes in specifically identifying active Se species and their biomedical application. Selenium (Se) is of fundamental importance to human health as an essential trace element, mainly through regulation of selenoproteins (SePs). Therefore, monitoring Se transformation in living systems and revealing cellular functions of SePs are of great significance for diverse disease treatment. However, the lack of probing tools for in situ monitoring of Se species severely hinders its development in bio-analysis. Thus, the discovery of fluorescent probes with specific recognition and responses to SePs/Se-containing species are promising for investigating the biological actions of Se. Herein, we summarized the chemical properties of various active Se species and discussed the rational design of basic structures of fluorescent probes for Se species and their biomedical applications. We also highlighted the key findings on fluorescent probes for Se species inside living systems, and proposed a network for rational design and biomedical applications of fluorescent probes for biological Se-containing substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical cancers, radiotherapy sensitizers, X-ray-responses, zeolitic imidazolate frameworks Keywords: cervical cancers; radiotherapy sensitizers; X-ray-responses; zeolitic imidazolate frameworks EN cervical cancers radiotherapy sensitizers X-ray-responses zeolitic imidazolate frameworks 1 1 1 03/27/23 20230323 NES 230323 B Cervical Cancer-Targeting Radiosensitization b In article number 2213364, Xueqiong Zhu, Tianfeng Chen, and co-workers report zeolitic imidazolate framework-capped Mn SB 3 sb O SB 4 sb nanoparticles modified with folic acid with X-ray response properties. This nanoparticle possesses a high oxygen vacancies rate and Mn SP 3+ sp ratio, promoting H SB 2 sb O SB 2 sb and glutathione degradation, producing more singlet oxygen under X-ray, increasing reactive oxygen species level, and alleviating hypoxia within the tumor microenvironment. [Extracted from the article]

The article offers information of the article in the periodical on the application of nanomaterials-based bladder cancer theranostics.

This study demonstrates a facile strategy by using chemically-synthesized lentinan-functionalized selenium nanoparticles (LNT-SeNPs) that could be simply obtained in large scale and display high antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities to treat postoperative cognition dysfunction (POCD), and suggests that the use of translational LNT-SeNPs could be further developed as potent strategy for prevention and therapy of surgery-induced cognitive impairment. [Display omitted] • Our chemically-synthesized LNT-SeNPs that could be simply obtained in large scale. • LNT-SeNPs increased detoxifying selenoproteins in both serum and hippocampus. • LNT-SeNPs supplements significantly improved surgery-induced cognitive dysfunction. • LNT-SeNPs alleviated surgery-induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. • LNT-SeNPs also improved gut microbiome and intestinal barrier function. Postoperative cognition dysfunction (POCD) describes a condition of persistent deficits in attention, learning and memory following surgery. The mechanisms of POCD are far from being understood and the therapeutic strategies are limit. Surgery-induced oxidative stress and peripheral inflammation form a feedforward loop and eventually resulted in neuroinflammation, which underpin the pathogenesis of POCD. Therefore, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis are tightly regulated by detoxifying enzymes, most of which are recognized as selenoproteins. The putative neuroprotective function of this trace element was investigated in this study using aged mice with POCD. Herein we demonstrate a facile strategy by using chemically-synthesized lentinan-functionalized selenium nanoparticles (LNT-SeNPs) that could be simply obtained in large scale and display high antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities, to treat POCD. As expected, we found that, dietary supplements of LNT-SeNPs were effectively ingested and increased the levels of detoxifying selenoproteins in both serum and hippocampus of our aged mice. Behavioral assessments showed that LNT-SeNPs significantly improved the surgery-induced cognitive dysfunction, by alleviating surgery-induced oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. In addition, dietary supplementation of LNT-SeNPs might protect central nervous system (CNS) function by improving gut microbiome and intestinal barrier function. Collectively, our results suggest that the use of translational LNT-SeNPs could be further developed as potent strategy for therapy of surgery-induced cognitive impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The higher corrosion rates of aluminum alloys limit applications. In order to provide the service life, this paper uses anodic oxidation as a transition layer, adopts the layer-by-layer self-assembly technology was used to prepare anodized/perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane (POTS)/polypropylene (PP) (APP) composite films on aluminum alloys, and the film-forming mechanism was studied by molecular dynamics simulation and quantum chemical calculation. The APP composite film has excellent superhydrophobicity (contact angle of 157°), thermal shock stability and abrasion resistance. Electrochemical tests show that the resistance value of the super-hydrophobic composite film is increased from 103 to 109 Ω cm2, and the corrosion current density is reduced from 10−5 to 10−9 A/cm2. Acid-base test and salt spray test show excellent corrosion resistance and stability, can be widely used in complex environments, and have broad application prospects. [Display omitted] • Fabrication of densely structured APP superhydrophobic coatings by layer-by-layer self-assembly. • I corr was 4 orders of magnitude lower, and the corrosion inhibition efficiency reaches 99.97%. • Through the interaction of PP-g-MAH chain and PP chain, the film has excellent stability and adhesion. • The film can still maintain excellent corrosion resistance in harsh environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disrupting redox homeostasis in the tumor microenvironment (TME), like excessive H 2 O 2 , glutathione (GSH) and weak acidity, has been proved as an effective tumor therapeutic strategy. Herein, we constructed a TME-responsive nanozyme, DOX@HMSN/Mn 3 O 4 (R), with reversible Mn3+/Mn2+ transition in situ triggered by TME to perturb the intrinsic redox homeostasis and catalyze reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction. In addition, this nanozyme could react with excess GSH in TME to produce GSSG, resulting in the consumption of reducing agents to suppress ROS clearance. Density functional theory calculations further confirmed that the nanozyme mainly exhibited the oxidase-like activity to catalyze the formation of hydroxyl radicals from O 2 , thus strengthening the oxidation environment in the TME. Combined with radiotherapy, the high-energy X-ray could excite the outer-layer electrons in the nanozyme, forming photoelectrons that participate in the oxidase-like enzymatic reaction, thus intensifying ROS accumulation and amplifying the radio-/chemotherapeutic efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone metastasis is the major cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. To avoid further osteolysis, current treatment ideas focus on tumor cell and the inhibition of osteoclast. Herein, zeolitic imidazolate framework-8–capped Cu 2-X Se composite nanoplatform (ICG@Cu 2-X Se-ZIF-8) is developed for chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) treatment of malignant breast cancer bone tumors. The rational design of ZIF-8 encapsulation greatly reduces the accumulation of Cu 2-X Se to damage the normal cells. Under acidic microenvironment in tumor, ZIF-8 is cleaved to release Cu 2-X Se, which can subsequently degrade into Cu (+) and Cu (2+) ions to initiate a Fenton-like reaction inducing CDT. Meanwhile, Cu 2-X Se is used to be an effective photothermal transduction agent for exerting the PTT effect. What's more, the selenium element in Cu 2-X Se can regulates selenoprotein to inhibit tumor cells and osteoclasts. Of note, the hyperthermia induced by PTT can further enhance the CDT effect in tumor, achieving a synergistic PTT/CDT effect. Based on these advantages, ICG@Cu 2-X Se-ZIF-8 effectively suppresses the tumor cells in bone tissue, and reduces the erosion of bone tissue via suppressing osteoclastogenesis. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential action mechanism of ZIF-8–capped nanomedicine against osteolysis in bone metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study not only provides a simple method for synthesis of a specific DNA-SeNPs, which is a simple and cost-saving nanosystem, for recognition and removal of anti-dsDNA autoantibodies both in serum from 128 clinically identified systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and kidney from 36 clinically identified lupus nephritis (LN) patients, but also sheds light on the possible action mechanisms of anti-dsDNA antibodies in the pathogenesis and progression of SLE. [Display omitted] • SLE-specific targeting DNA-SeNPs with perfect biocompatibility. • DNA-SeNPs highly efficient remove anti-dsDNA autoantibodies in serum of SLE patients. • DNA-SeNPs could visualize the distribution of anti-dsDNA antibodies in the LN. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with increasing morbidity and mortality rate is characterized by multisystem damage and diverse autoantibodies production, such as anti-double stranded (ds) DNA antibodies. It is noted that anti-dsDNA antibodies are essential in the pathogenesis and progression of SLE and lupus nephritis (LN), however; anti-dsDNA antibodies could not be specifically recognized and quickly removed in clinic. Therefore, it is urgently needed to develop SLE-specific targeting agents to improve the diagnose and treatment of SLE. Herein, a selenium nanosystem (DNA-SeNPs) with surface decoration of calf thymus DNA (ctDNA) was constructed to specifically recognize and remove anti-dsDNA autoantibodies in the serums of 128 SLE patients and in the kidneys of 36 LN patients. The nanotherapeutics exhibited perfect biocompatibility and safety in patients to directly eliminate anti-dsDNA antibodies. In addition, the clearance ratio of anti-dsDNA antibodies by DNA-SeNPs was notably higher than other products widely used in clinical practice, implying that the excellent removal efficiency of this nanotherapeutics. Importantly, DNA-SeNPs not only help to visualize the distribution of anti-dsDNA antibodies in the lesions of kidney, but also semi-quantify the deposition of these antibodies, which are the key cause of the local damage. To sum up, this study provides a simple approach for rational design of nanoscale SLE-targeting nanomedicine to improve the diagnose and treatment of SLE, also sheds light on the possible mechanisms of anti-dsDNA antibodies in the pathogenesis and progression of SLE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein a bioactive component of mannose-rich oligosaccharides with potent anti-inflammatory capacity was employed to functionalize SeNPs to achieve high stability, biocompatibility and therapeutic potential by promoting macrophages reprogramming leading to inflammation resolution. This study not only provides strategy for functionalization of nanomedicines using structure-optimized MRO, but also reveals the action mechanism on successful treatment of IBD and other intestinal diseases. [Display omitted] • Bioactive mannose-rich oligosaccharides were produced by enzymatic hydrolysis. • Functionalized MRO-SeNPs reprograms macrophage towards M2 polarization. • MRO-SeNPs effectively alleviates DSS-induced colitis in mice. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a global disease and usually classified into Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), in which the inflammatory response is known to play a pivotal role. Herein, a bioactive component of mannose-rich oligosaccharides (MRO) was produced by enzymatic hydrolysis with most potent anti-inflammation and employed to functionalize selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), aming to solve of inflammation in UC by accelerating the reprogramming of macrophages. In this study, SeNPs was prepared by selenite and MRO with ascorbic acid reduction. The stability and biocompatibility of SeNPs was obviously improved by the functionalization of MRO, resulting in spheres (2 µM Se) carrying around 26 ng/ml MRO (MRO-SeNPs) with an average diameter of 70 nm remained stable in 60 d. In addition, efficient cellular uptake of MRO-SeNPs in macrophages was detected by contribution of MRO targeted to the receptors of macrophages. As expected, MRO-SeNPs exhibited improvement of macrophage reprogramming in vitro , thus leading to a typical M2 polarization profile of cytokine expression. Furthermore, in DSS-induced mouse colitis model, MRO-SeNPs effectively mitigated colitis by suppressing the pro-inflammatory such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-12 and MCP-1 cytokines in situ , and exerted salient antioxidant capacity in colon tissues. As a result, MRO-SeNPs exhibited therapeutic potential by promoting macrophages reprogramming leading to inflammation resolution. Taken together, this study not only provides strategy for functionalization of nanomedicines using structure-optimized MRO, but also reveals the action mechanism on successful treatment of IBD and other intestinal diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discovery of effective chemical sensitizers to synergize with natural killer cells immunotherapy is urgently desired to overcome its unsatisfactory efficacy in clinic. Herein, we design a series of ruthenium (Ru) polypyridyl complex to systematically explore their potentials in facilitating NK cells treatment. Intriguingly, the chemical structure greatly determines the activity of Ru complexes, while only RuPOP effectively regulates the immuno-suppressors and target proteins within tumor cells. This unique property contributes to its good capability in enhancing the sensitivity of MDA-MB-231 cells to NK cells from cancer patients. Furthermore, besides directly damaging tumor cells, RuPOP pretreatment together with NK cells can also induce robust ROS generation, activate multiple apoptosis-related receptors like TNF-R1, DR5, Fas and maximize the interactions between NK and tumor cells via up-regulating NKG2D and its multiple ligands to trigger caspase 3-dependent apoptosis. Moreover, the combination treatment exhibits high in vivo therapeutic efficacy against breast tumor through boosting the infiltration of NK cells and reducing the protumoral capability of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). This study sheds lights for designing metal complexes to potentiate NK cells immunotherapy with clear action mechanisms and provides important information for developing more effective adoptive cell transfer therapy in clinic. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of metal-based anticancer drugs is of considerable interest and significance in inorganic medicine. In contrast to noble metal-based small molecules, the anticancer property of earth abundant metal-based small molecules is much less explored which are usually essential trace element for the human body. Among earth abundant metals, chromium (Cr) in the +3 valent is an essential trace element for the human body to low down the blood lipids and maintain the blood sugar; on the other hand, Cr(VI) are known to be highly toxic due to their oxidation power. To design stable high-valent Cr small molecules to construct Cr(high-valent)-Cr(III) in-situ transition system to achieve low-toxic and highly efficient anti-cancer therapy is a very desirable approach. Herein we report the Cr(V)–Cr(III) in-situ transition system promotes ROS generation to achieve efficient cancer therapy in vivo and in vitro. To the best of our knowledge, these Cr-based small molecules are the first stable Cr(V) compounds with potent anticancer efficacy, especially towards malignant cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]